Research Question and Aims of the research Project
In today's world, women are often under great stress to be good mothers, to have a successful career outside the home, to be perfect wives, and to take care of household chores, which is a daunting task. Women who try to balance all of these roles spend less time with them because they do not give themselves time to reduce stress, therefore women are more depressed.
Women faces a lot of stress in various roles, and there are various factors that causes or leads to stress in her life.
Delhi, the capital of India, is a very strong, confident, and hopeful place in the world. On the human side, life is happy and free from stress. 87% of Indian women say they are under a lot of stress and 82% say they do not have time to rest. Unfortunately, Indian society does not live up to the expectations of society at home. Loss of social support and basic infrastructure (creches, reliable housing assistance, etc.) can be very stressful, especially for working women. Most of the females try to fit in with the role they play, add a lot of extra work, but only a very small amount, and this overcrowded job puts a lot of stress on them. “They have added a lot of extra work, but subtracted very little. It is this work overload that is creating stress for them”
In organizations, there is this talk of equality and there is no gender discrimination; Things are not quite the same at home. Consistency at work is important, not to do so at home. Communicating with people, going on business and late nights is important to furthering your career, but getting home on time is also important to meet expectations at home. This is the first time that many first-generation women have joined the workforce, “neither they are trained in the community nor prepared” to deal with the situation, which is one of the reasons for their stress.
On top of all of this, today's women have higher hopes than ever before. Performance and personal performance at all levels have increased the number of items they have measured themselves. A Nielsen study found that women in India are more likely to use the extra money they have for themselves over the next five years. About 96 percent said they expect to buy clothing, 77 percent say they use health and cosmetics and 44 percent use home electronics. At the age of 25, educated and well-employed Indian women have the desires and aspirations, which their ancestors perhaps rarely had. Finally, working with many Indian women is not a hobby or a luxury. Consumer housing needs a contribution to household income to maintain living standards. They must deal with all the compromises demanded by the community and in the midst of the stressors they face at work and at home.
With my background of Paramedical sciences, I assist and helped many people living with stress. The impact of stress on life is devastating, especially for women.). From their point of view women need to understand how to manage daily stress
My limbs quail, my mouth goes dry, my body shakes and my hair stands on end”
(from Bhagwat Gita Chapter I verse29)
This is a situation of a person going through the extremely stressful situation.
Overview of presentation
DEFINITION
TYPE OF STRESS
STRESSORS
SUICIDE : Stress is a big cause
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
STRESS MEASURMENT
EFFECT ON HEALTH
STRESS MANAGEMENT
STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
Stress is the body’s automatic response to any physical or mental demand placed on it.
Stress is the human reaction to events in our environment
Stress in my society is very prominent in both my personal as Ill as professional life. None of my occupation is free from stress. But the occupations that I consider more stressful are medical, teaching, office work, labors and police.
The aim of this paper was to identify the sources and consequences of stress. For this purpose I select sample size of 125 in which 25 Ire doc tors, 25 Ire teachers, 25 Ire employees working in office, 25 Ire labors and 25 Ire police officers.
Doctors Ire from Shifa International hospital, Teachers Ire from Educators, Comsats, Beacon house, Employees Ire from NPSL and PEPAC and also from NPB, and police officers were from Rescue 15 and police line.
Main focus of our study is on gender, hierarchy and age.
My limbs quail, my mouth goes dry, my body shakes and my hair stands on end”
(from Bhagwat Gita Chapter I verse29)
This is a situation of a person going through the extremely stressful situation.
Overview of presentation
DEFINITION
TYPE OF STRESS
STRESSORS
SUICIDE : Stress is a big cause
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
STRESS MEASURMENT
EFFECT ON HEALTH
STRESS MANAGEMENT
STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
Stress is the body’s automatic response to any physical or mental demand placed on it.
Stress is the human reaction to events in our environment
Stress in my society is very prominent in both my personal as Ill as professional life. None of my occupation is free from stress. But the occupations that I consider more stressful are medical, teaching, office work, labors and police.
The aim of this paper was to identify the sources and consequences of stress. For this purpose I select sample size of 125 in which 25 Ire doc tors, 25 Ire teachers, 25 Ire employees working in office, 25 Ire labors and 25 Ire police officers.
Doctors Ire from Shifa International hospital, Teachers Ire from Educators, Comsats, Beacon house, Employees Ire from NPSL and PEPAC and also from NPB, and police officers were from Rescue 15 and police line.
Main focus of our study is on gender, hierarchy and age.
Mental disorders can affect women and men differently. Some disorders are more common in women, such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. There are also certain disorders that are unique to women. For example, some women experience symptoms of depression at times of hormone change, such as during or after pregnancy (perinatal depression), around the time of their period (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), and during menopause (perimenopause-related depression).
When it comes to other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found sex differences in the rates at which they are diagnosed. But certain symptoms may be more common in women than men, and the course of illness can be affected by a person’s sex. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact mental health.What are symptoms of mental disorders in women?
Women and men can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions, but they may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessness
Misuse of alcohol, drugs, or both
Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits
Appetite and/or weight changes
Decreased energy or fatigue
Excessive fear or worry
Seeing or hearing things that are not there
Extremely high and low moods
Aches, headaches, or digestive problems without a clear cause
Irritability
Social withdrawal
Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attemptsWhat are symptoms of mental disorders in women?
Women and men can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions, but they may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessness
Misuse of alcohol, drugs, or both
Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits
Appetite and/or weight changes
Decreased energy or fatigue
Excessive fear or worry
Seeing or hearing things that are not there
Extremely high and low moods
Aches, headaches, or digestive problems without a clear cause
Irritability
Social withdrawal
Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attemptsWhat are symptoms of mental disorders in women?
Women and men can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions, but they may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessness
Misuse of alcohol, drugs, or both
Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits
Appetite and/or weight changes
Decreased energy or fatigue
Excessive fear or worry
Seeing or hearing things that are not there
Extremely high and low moods
Aches, headaches, or digestive problems without a clear cause
Irritability
Social withdrawal
Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attemptsWhat are symptoms of mental disorders in women?
Women and men can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions, but they may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessn
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Mental disorders can affect women and men differently. Some disorders are more common in women, such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. There are also certain disorders that are unique to women. For example, some women experience symptoms of depression at times of hormone change, such as during or after pregnancy (perinatal depression), around the time of their period (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), and during menopause (perimenopause-related depression).
When it comes to other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found sex differences in the rates at which they are diagnosed. But certain symptoms may be more common in women than men, and the course of illness can be affected by a person’s sex. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact mental health.What are symptoms of mental disorders in women?
Women and men can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions, but they may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessness
Misuse of alcohol, drugs, or both
Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits
Appetite and/or weight changes
Decreased energy or fatigue
Excessive fear or worry
Seeing or hearing things that are not there
Extremely high and low moods
Aches, headaches, or digestive problems without a clear cause
Irritability
Social withdrawal
Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attemptsWhat are symptoms of mental disorders in women?
Women and men can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions, but they may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessness
Misuse of alcohol, drugs, or both
Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits
Appetite and/or weight changes
Decreased energy or fatigue
Excessive fear or worry
Seeing or hearing things that are not there
Extremely high and low moods
Aches, headaches, or digestive problems without a clear cause
Irritability
Social withdrawal
Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attemptsWhat are symptoms of mental disorders in women?
Women and men can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions, but they may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessness
Misuse of alcohol, drugs, or both
Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits
Appetite and/or weight changes
Decreased energy or fatigue
Excessive fear or worry
Seeing or hearing things that are not there
Extremely high and low moods
Aches, headaches, or digestive problems without a clear cause
Irritability
Social withdrawal
Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attemptsWhat are symptoms of mental disorders in women?
Women and men can develop most of the same mental disorders and conditions, but they may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sadness or feelings of hopelessn
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Preliminary Research proposal.pptx
1. EFFECT OF STRESS ON WOMEN`S HEALTH: A STUDY OF
RESPONSIBLE FACTORS
By
ARUNA RANI
MUIT0117038032
Under the Supervision of Under the Co-Supervision of
Dr Rakesh Kumar Dr Sohini Singh
Professor Assistant Professor
Maharishi School of Humanities & Arts Amity
University, Noida
2. BACKGROUD &
SIGNIFICANCE
Today, there is a lot of pressure on
women to be good mothers, have
successful careers outside of the
home, be perfect wives and take care
of household chores, which can be a
tough balancing act.
Women who try to balance all these
roles probably spend less time on
themselves, because they don`t have
time to spent on reducing stress and
hereby women become more
stressed.
2
3. Introduction
Women have taken on multiple roles to adapt to changes in today’s society.
They continue to meet household and family responsibilities, while at the
same time working outside the home and trying to pursue personal interests.
Women can view these roles as challenges, or they can perceive them as
threats.
As the demands increase to fulfill these roles, women often feel a sense of
helplessness and loss of control, making them prone to stress and burnout.
For most women, stress ranks at the top of the list of daily problems. Women
are more likely candidates for stress than are men.
They strive to be perfect in all areas of their lives, but they do not spend
enough time taking care of themselves.
4. • Sociologists describe women as
struggling to achieve the "male standard"
at work, while trying to maintain the
perfect wife and mother standards at
home
• Women are also less likely to be in as
powerful positions as men to change
their environment.
• Women find it harder to say no to others'
requests and often feel guilty if they can't
please everyone.
• Women often spend less time nurturing
their own emotional and physical needs,
as that might be perceived as selfish
• As women progress through life's stages,
hormonal balance associated with
premenstrual, post-partum and
menopausal changes can affect
chemical vulnerability to stress and
depression.
5. PURPOSE OF STUDY
Stress is ubiquitous in everyday life, and chronic stress can have
negative consequences for health and social welfare. Although a
growing body of research addresses the relationships between
stress, health, and quality of life among women, but there is a gap in
the literature with regard to the effects of stress among women at
stages of midlife.
The purpose of this study is to review relevant studies about women
at midlife in order to identify unanswered questions about stress
This study also serves as an introduction of stress and women’s
midlife health where stress is examined in relation to a wide range of
symptom experiences
The goal of the study is to include women at midlife, and to examine
the coping mechanism, in order to direct future research and provide
relevant care for this growing population.
5
6. AIM & OBJECTIVE
6
The present proposal aims at achieving the following objectives:-
1. To explore the external causes of stress in women
2. To examine the stress in women due to their own perception
and attitude
3. To discuss the effect of stress on women`s physical and
mental health
4. To enlist the major types of stress that encounters women in
daily life as stress at workplace, house as well as social stress.
3. To enumerate the symptoms of stress.
4. To suggest the prevention and management of stress.
8. • In 1936 Selye Hans first introduced the term Stress ,derived from
the word stringere means physical hardship ,starvation , torture and
pain.
• In 1956 selye Hans define stress as any external event or internal
drive which threatens to upset the organismic equilibrium.
• In 1982 Belle D stated that depression tend to equally effect the
poor and the rich.
• Paul Rosch (1984) presented his findings that the greatest source of
stress for modern women appears to be ambitious in male
dominated professions.
• Labor research ,London (1999) stated that Women faces dual
burden of household and productive work
9. • Roberto, Gigliotti, and Husser (2005) examined the experiences of women
with multiple health conditions and the daily challenges they face in
maintaining independence.
• Women's health is not limited to reproductive health, but also to a variety of
health issues (Wechsberg 2001: 1).
• Women often experience depression in certain conditions or health
problems, including pregnancy, menopause, childbirth, menstruation and
cervical cancer (Women's Health Queensland Wide 1999b).
• Lazarus and Folkman (1984) reported that everyday life events affect health
more than contact with major life stressors
• Geographical diversity also appears to be a risk factor for stress-related
illnesses. (Baum et al.1994)
• There are other factors that contribute to the development of stress-induced
disease. Menopause at an early age is one of them (Women's Health
Queensland Wide 1999a)
• Studies have shown that working women have poor mental health and
higher level of depression compared to nonworking women. Data on mental
health among married working women in India is sparse.
9
10. Problem Formulation
• A variety of studies were conducted to deal with stress in women
and especially for older women or women who are already ill.
• Many of the details are related to women's health experiences, and
not related to the cognitive gap of young women under the age of
35, their perceptions of stress, and the factors that influence these
risks.
• It is often seen that most of the studies aimed at women tend to
focus on diagnostic results rather than the cause of it.
• Very little research was done on women between the ages of 20-35.
Most studies that target young women look at women under the age
of 40
10
11. Research methodology
• Research approach- Detailed Survey
design
• Research Purpose- Explanatory
• Research Design- correlational analysis
• Data source- Primary Data
• Data Collection Instrument- Survey
Questionnaire (5 point scale)
• Sampling Technique- Non- Probability(
Purposive Sampling)
• Target Population- Women (20-60 years)
• Sample size- 258
• Statistical Technique- ANOVA`s
11
12. Research Model
12
Questions
Which of the following types of stressors have you
experience since the last assessment (24 hrs):
Argument or disagreement with anyone, work or school
related event, home related event, Financial issues ,
Health concerns close friend or relative event that was
stressful for you, anything else that people would
consider stressful?
Stressor Type
13. 13
Type of Item Item(s)
Stressor Timing When did that happen?
What time of day did this happen?
Stressor Intensity How stressful was this for you?
Stressor Perceived Stress How much control did you have over the situation?
Stressor Resolution Is the issue resolved?
Stressor Primary Appraisals How much did it disrupt your daily routine?
How do you feel after the situation?
How much did it risk the way you feel about yourself?
What you do to cope with the situation?
How much did it risk your physical health or safety?
How much did it risk the health or well-being of someone you care
about?
14. Continued..
• 1. Are you stressed out in your personal life?
• 2. Is your stress level higher than you can
handle?
• 3. On a scale of 1 to 5, how stressed are you?
• 4. How much stress do you experience on a
daily basis?
• 5. On average, how much overtime do you do
each day?
• 6. How much stress do you get on normal days?
• 7. What stress do you have in the meantime?
14
15. Symptoms of stress
• Current physical health symptoms are
assessed into five categories based on
Larsen and Kasimatis (1991) checklist:
• (a) headache, back pain, and muscle
aches;
• (b) cough, sore throat, fever, cold or
other cold symptoms;
• (c) nausea, anorexia or other stomach
problems;
• (d) chest pain or dizziness;
• (e) others or discomforts
15
17. Do you feel stress in your private life?
17
19%
56%
25%
Very much
A little
Not at all
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Scale of stress
Very much A little Not at all
18. Does your stress level get higher than you can bear?
18
8%
20%
35%
26%
12%
Level 1
Level 2
level 3
Level 4
Level 5
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Stress Level
Level 1 Level 2 level 3 Level 4 Level 5
19. On a scale from 1 to 5, How stressed are you?
19
8%
20%
35%
26%
12%
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 4
LEVEL 5
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Stress Level
Level 1
Level 2
level 3
Level 4
Level 5
20. How stressed do you feel on daily basis?
20
24%
52%
20%
4%
Totally Stressed Out
A bit stressed
Not very stressed
Not stressed at all
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Stress
Totally Stressed Out A bit stressed Not very stressed Not stressed at all
21. How much overtime do you do on average per day?
21
33%
7%
3%
11%
23%
15%
15%
UNDER 30 MIN.
30-40 MINUTES
40-50 MIN.
50 MIN. TO 1 HR
1HR TO 2HRS
2-3 HRS
MORE THAN 3 HRS
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Daily stress
Under 30 min.
30-40 minutes
40-50 min.
50 min. to 1 hr
1hr to 2hrs
2-3 hrs
more than 3 hrs
22. How stressed do you feel on typical days?
22
Completely stressed ot
24%
A little stressed out
54%
Not very Stressed out
18%
Almost no stress at all
4%
Average stress
Completely stressed ot A little stressed out Not very Stressed out Almost no stress at all
23. What has been stressing you recently?
23
Work matters
31%
Private matters
12%
Both matters
41%
Nothing matters
16%
Typical days stress
Work matters Private matters Both matters Nothing matters
24. Survey Analysis
24
Measures
Total Sample
(258)
Young
20-35
years (86)
Middle 36-49
years (86)
Older 50-65
years (86)
(A)Physical Health symptoms 57% 59% 59% 53%
(B) Types of Daily stressors
Any Stressors 41% 45% 44% 32%
Interpersonal tensions 23% 28% 24% 17%
Work stressors 9% 10% 12% 4%
Home Stressors 9% 10% 9% 8%
Network stressors 7% 6% 7% 7%
Miscellaneous other stressors 6% 7% 8% 5%
Frequency of daily symptoms and stressors
25. Data collection-analysis and
interpretation
• The present study shows the relationship between the
age of daily symptoms and the frequency in the middle
life plateau from a young age
• Everyday symptoms are directly related to environmental
stresses and less related to biological factors
25
26. Results
• The results revealed that there were significant differences in stress levels
between young and older women. This research suggests that age plays
an important role in determining the level of stress that women experience
• Studies have shown that past experiences (in the form of contact with
situations or training and training to deal with a situation) can significantly
change the level of stress experienced subjectively and change the
response to stress.
• Although the cost of housekeeping and work may seem burdensome for
young mothers argue that they are effective in coping with challenges
because of spousal or family support for married women. social support
and social networks for unmarried women
26
27. • The results did not reveal significant statistical differences in the
experience of married / unmarried women in their work / family
conflict. This research suggests that women are no different when it
comes to work / family conflict.
• The results of these studies are surprising because one can expect
more responsible married women to be under more stress than
unmarried women. However, the results of this study contradict this
expectation. A possible explanation for this is that similar working
conditions for married and unmarried women are determined using a
flexible work schedule and a friendly organizational culture. Just as
married women face marriage, women also face stressful situations
such as financial difficulties for self-care and education e.g. Loving
life problems, looking for a spouse, looking after their siblings
27
28. Conclusion
• Research suggests that women's biological response to stress is actually
"sophisticated and friendly," that is, making sure children are safe and
networking with other women during stressful times
• In addition, the current study reveals meaningful information about women’s
quality of life. A small daily estimate of the effectiveness of the age-related
relationship for young and middle-aged women was found, and when
translated overtime, this figure indicates that these women had additional
health symptoms once every two weeks. It helps to better understand the
overall picture of women’s health, including one’s lifetime, physical discomfort
rate, frequency of disability days frequency visits, doctor visits and
prescription and non-prescription medications. As obstacles to achieving
better health. Such information can only serve to prevent women’s health
research by allowing us to modify our perceptions of what a “healthy woman”
means.
28
29. Specific Conclusion
(Contribution of the research)
• Daily stressors play an important role in the formation of everyday
symptoms, this study provides evidence for the psychological impact of
women’s health experience and helps dispel misconceptions about the
reality of women’s health.
• It is meaningful information that allows us to better understand the benefits
and policies of oppressors that affect women’s health status.
29
30. Further scope of research
30
Provide a shift in focus from Biological factors to psychological
factors contributing to women`s health.
Introduce the need for more research not only in aetiology, but
also in treatments that reduce the risks and consider the role of
biological and psychological factors in women's health.
Further research is needed to examine how these factors interact
to assess health risks and behaviors at young age.
Give insight into developmental changes and adaptive patterns
between daily health. Future studies are designed to ensure
better representation of all income groups and minority groups.
31. Reference
• Ackerman, R.J. (1990). Career developments and transitions of middle-aged women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14, 513-530.
• Annual estimate of women over age 29. American Heart Association, Heart & Stroke Facts, Dallas, TX; American Heart Association, 2003.
• Annual incidence of women of all ages. National Osteoporosis Foundation, Physician`s guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis,
Washington, DC; National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2003.
• Apter, T. (1995). Secrets paths: Women in the new midlife. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
• Baltimore: Lippincott. Dewar, A. (2001). Protecting strategies used by sufferers of catastrophic illnesses. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 10. 600-608.
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator – mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and
statistical considerations. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
• Beitz, J.M., & Goldberg, E. (2005). The lived experience of having a chronic wound: A phenomenological study. Medsurg Nursing. 14(1), 51-82.
• Birrer, R.B., & Vermi, S.P. (2004). Depression in later life: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. American Family Physician, 69(10), 2375-2380.
• Bolger, N., Delongis, A. Kessler, R.C.& Schiling, E.A. (1989). Effects of daily stress on negative mood. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 57, 808-818.
• Brown, G.W.& Harris, T.O. (1986). Social support and depression. In M.H. Appley, & R. Trumball (Eds).
• Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1989). Life events and illness. New York Guliford Press.
• Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (1993). The Practice of Nursing Research Conduct, Crisique, & Utilization (2"* ed). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Company.
31
32. • Hobfoll, S.E (1989). Conservation of resources A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
• Kanner, A. D. Coyne, 1. C. Schaefer, C., & Lazarus, R. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts vs major
life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 1-39.
• Kaplan, R. M (1985). Psychosocial aspects of chronic illness Direct and indirect associations with ischemic heart disease. In R. M. Kaplan, & M. H.
Crqui (Eds.). Behavioral epidemiology and disease prevention (NATO ASI series A: Life sciences, Vol 84. pp. 237 269) New York, NY: Plenum
Press.
• Khan, RL Wolfe, D.M. Quinn, RP Snock, J.D. & Rosenthal, R.A. (1964).
• Larsen, R. J & Kasimatis, M. (1991) Day-to-day physical symptoms Individual differences in the occurrence, duration, and emotional concomitants of
minor daily illnesses. Journal of Personality Special Issue Personality and Daily Experience, 59, 387-423
• Lazarus, R. S, & DeLongis, A. (1983) Psychological stress and coping process New York: McGraw-Hill
• Lazarus, RS, & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping New York Springer.
• Lepore, S. J. Miles, H. J. & Levy, J. S. (1997). Relation of chronic and episodic stressors to psychological distress, reactivity, and health problems.
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 39-59
• Levkoff, S. E.Cleary, P. D., & Wetle, T. (1987). Differences in the appraisal of health between aged and middle-aged adults. Journal of Gerontology,
42, 114 120.
• • Lewis, S. & European perspective. Human Resource Management Review. 5, 289 -305.
• Lief, A. (1948). The common-sense Psychiatry of Dr Adolph Meyer. New York: McGraw-Hill
32
33. Concept of Stress
Stress – Eustress
Distress
Selye - ‘Fight’ or ‘Flight ‘
Based on severity:-
– ACUTE STRESS
– CHRONIC STRESS
33
38. Psychological Stressors
Major shifts in one’s life that have far reaching and long lasting effects
• Divorce
• Illness in a family
• Changing a career or homes
• Catastrophic events
• potentially life-threatening experiences or traumas
• War/ Natural disaster
• Physical assault
38
39. 39
Common symptoms of stress in women
include:
•Physical. Headaches, difficulty
sleeping, tiredness, pain
overeating/under eating, skin problems,
drug and alcohol misuse, lack of energy,
upset stomach.
•Emotional. Anxiety, depression, anger,
unhappiness, irritability, mood swings,
frustration.
•Mental. Forgetfulness, worry, lack of
focus, boredom.
•Occupational. Work overload, poor
concentration.
•Social. Less intimacy, isolation, family
problems, loneliness.
•Spiritual. Apathy, loss of meaning,
emptiness, doubt, guilt.
Symptoms of stress
41. Stress & Mental Health
• Irritability, Hostility
• Anger
• Anxiety and Worry
• Headaches, Multiple aches and pains
• Depression, Chronic Minor Depr.
• Suicide/DSH
• Substance abuse – Alcohol, Tobacco
• Absenteeism
• Sexual issues
• Hysterical Symptoms
• Burnout
• Indecisiveness, Errors at work 41
42. Work & Stress
• Job
• Home Career interface
– one role leaving little time for the other
- Behavior appropriate in one not so in
other
- strain of one spills on to other
• Home
42
43. Work & Stress
• Multiplicity of Roles
• Role Ambiguity
• Role Overload
• Cultural/Gender Issues
All the above in both Work and Home
situation
43
44. METHODOLOGY
• Probability sampling method is used to
collect data.
• General role stress scale/ STANDARD
STRESS SCALE (SSS)/ (GRSS) is used
in the study( self-administered
questionnaire).
44
46. Circle of Positivity
Deals with
Negativity
Increases
Optimism /
Hope
Improves
Focus
Commitment
to the work
Enhances
Self –Esteem
due to
completion
CONTROL
OF
SITUATION
so
STRESS
Positive
Mood
46
Editor's Notes
Status of women in the society has been changing fast due to multiple factors such as urbanization, industrialization, increased level of education, awareness of rights, and media influence. More and more women prefer to be engaged in some kind of employment, so that they can contribute financially to their family. But the attitude towards women especially married women and their role in family has remained the same, as even today taking care of the family and children is considered as their primary responsibility.
Studies in Africa revealed that women work between 16and 18 hours a day, The women workers at the NOIDA export processing zone outside Delhi, start their day at 5 a.m. and returns from work to attend to household chores which go on until 11 p.m. Nielsen`s study 2011(6500 women of 21countries) revealed that poll result of 87% of Indian women claim feeling stressed most of the time, with an additional 82% asserting they had insufficient time to relax
Thus carrying out duties and responsibilities both at home and workplace overstrains a married working woman, thereby leading to various psychological problems like role conflict, job strain, mental fatigue, stress, anxiety, frustration, depression, anger, phobias, and other social and emotional distress. All of these problems can interactively affect the mental well-being of working women and more so in married working women.
the stress hormones adrenaline and cortisol
non-specific strain on the body caused by irregularities in normal body functions. General Adaptation Syndrom, had three stages Alarm reaction- flight or fight, Resistance-getting used to being stressed(not good for health, Exhaustion-collapses as the immune system becomes ineffective, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)
For quantitative data, statistical analysis methods to test relationships between variables. For qualitative data, thematic analysis to interpret patterns and meanings in the data.
Primary collect original data ourself,
Descriptive vs. experimental: Will you take measurements of something as it is, or will you perform an experiment
Correlationals analysis-You want to find out if there is a relationship between two variables, but you don’t expect to find a causal relationship between them.
To conduct an effective survey, follow these six steps:Determine who will participate in the survey, Decide the type of surveDesign , Distribute , Analyze the responses, Write up the results, Age-86, 20-35, 36-49, 50-65
Anova-Analysis of variance -Always,Often,Sometimes,Rarely,Never
Stressor- work, financial concerns, family, school work, health others
, we conducted additional analyses to examine whether other health patterns (i.e., chronic conditions) were more consistent with our previous findings. Therefore, we explored age differences in chronic health conditions using data from the health centre. We calculated the frequency of any chronic conditions from a list of 29 common conditions, including arthritis, hypertension, migraine headache, and diabetes. Consistent with previous literature, a linear increase in the frequency of chronic conditions was found, F=11.48, p<0.01. We next examined age differences in the types of daily stressors that respondents experienced. As shown in Table III, two significant age patterns were found. First, a linear decline.
This checklist assessed five constellations of symptoms: aches/pain (headaches, backaches, joint paint, and muscle soreness), gastrointestinal symptoms (poor appetite, nausea/upset stomach, constipation/diarrhea), symptoms associated with cardiovascular functioning (chest pain, dizziness, heart pounding), upper respiratory symptoms (cold/flu symptoms, allergy/hay fever symptoms) and a category for “other” physical symptoms or discomforts. 4 follow-up questions asked participants whether their physical symptoms limited 1) the amount of time they spent on work or other activities, 2) the extent to which they accomplished less than what they would like, 3) whether they felt limited in the activities they did, and 4) whether they experienced difficulty performing their work or other activities. Participants responded on a three-point scale: “not at all”, “slightly”, or “very much”.
It was observed that nearly one-third of women feels very much stressed
Table 1 presents the daily frequency of physical symptoms and daily stressors. The First column gives the results for the entire sample and the next three coloumns shows the daily frequency of each health and stressor variable for the three age groups. Overall, women reported to have physical symptoms on 57% of the study days and any stressors on 41% of the days. Interpersonal tensions were the most frequent specific types of stressors. Occurring on 21% of the study days, followed by work and home stressors The final three rows present the results for the age patterns. First, a series of regressions were conducted using the linear and the quadratic functions of age of the respondents
Participants completed a brief telephone conversation about their daily experiences each evening. The interview included questions about physical health symptoms and daily experiences in the last 24 hours about stress. Data collection takes an entire year in total