history of pharmacy

1. Course Title: Physical
Pharmacy I
Lecture No: 2
By Ms. Eesha Tariq Bhatty
MPhil Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics), Pharm D., R.Ph

2. Pharmacy History

3. Pharmacy in ancient times
• It was practiced in prehistoric times as people used the water, plants and
earth around them for soothing compresses on wounds and ailments.
• Babylonian healing practitioners combined the responsibilities of priest,
physician, and pharmacist
• some oldest pharmacy records are found in Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets
that date about 200 B.C.

4. Pharmacy in ancient times
• An ancient china (circa 200 B.C)-investigation of the medical properties of
hundreds of herbs
• Retailers of drugs were concentrated on certain street in Babylon by 211 B.C

5. Pharmacy in ancient times
• Egyptian priest, prepared medicines. The Ebers papyrus dates from 1900-
1100 B.C . it contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs, of particular note in
the papyrus is inclusion of quantities of substances.
• Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers papyrus (gargles,
snuffs, inhalations, lotions, ointments…..)

6. Pharmacy in ancient times
• Ancient Greece lived the father of botany, Theophrastus (300 B.C) , his
observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs have proven to be very
accurate
• Hippocrates surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of bad
humors

7. Pharmacy in ancient times
• Ancient Rome, Galen (A.D 130-200) .
• Developed principles of preparing and compounding medicinal agents

8. Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
• Pharmaceutical knowledge and the number of drugs available grew
considerably during the Middle Ages, thanks primarily to the Arabic world.
• Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately owned
pharmacies were established in Islamic lands.
• First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 18th century, and
the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during wars and other
excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France

9. Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
• Ibn Sina Canon Medicinae brought together the best knowledge of the
Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text

10. Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages
• German emperor Frederick II issued an edict in about 1240 that legally
separated pharmacy from medicine in southern Italy and Sicily. Known as the
Magna Carta of Pharmacy, the edict contained three decrees:
1- The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the medical
profession
2- The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially
3- pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably, according to
skilled art, and in a uniform suitable quality.

11. The Arabian Influence
The advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry led
medicine in medieval Islam substantially to develop pharmacology.
Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) (865-915), for instance, acted to
promote the medical uses of chemical compounds.

12. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi(Abulcasis) (936-1013) started the preparation
of medicines by sublimation and distillation.
Ibn Sina too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, mode of
action and their indications.

13. Sabur Ibn Sahl (869), was, however, the first physician to initiate
pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs for diseases.
Al-Biruni(973-1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on
pharmacology entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), where
he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and
summarized the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the
pharmacist.

14. The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
• Following the middle ages, many parts of European society Re-examined the
Greek and roman studies.

15. The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too
• Pharmacy become separated from medicine
• Pharmacy Regulation Began
• University education for pharmacists was now required
• Extensive Pharmaceutical Literature was created
• New chemicals were introduced

16. Pharmacy in the united state: the early days
• With the Increased recognition and application of the scientific method in
the 1700s, modern pharmacy emerged.
• Progress in organic, inorganic chemistry, immunology, and chemotherapy
began to change pharmacy from empirically based profession to a knowledge
based one

17. Pharmacy in the united state: the early days
• Many types of pharmacist could be found in the Americas by the 18th
century: the dispensing physician, the apothecary shop, the general store,
and the wholesale druggist.
• Dispensing physicians became less and less common, dying out around the
end of the nineteenth century.

18. Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century
• 1800s states were issuing licenses to apothecaries
• 1st licenses to apothecaries was south Carolina
• 1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy (PCP) was founded, 1st pharmacy
organization in the united states , other schools followed quickly

19. Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century
• Begin manufacturing And selling chemical in the late 1700s, this was the
basis of establishing pharmaceutical companies
• World was changing from agriculturally based economy to an industry based
one and pharmacy found itself caught in this shift.
• Manufacturing of some drugs using newly discovered principles of chemistry

20. Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century
• In the later half of the nineteenth century, pharmacy apprentices with
several years’ experience in apothecary shops would attend school for a
limited amount of time before coming licensed pharmacist

21. Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession
• More and more products were produced ready to dispense,
pharmaceutical industry become stronger

22. Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession
• Problems with adulteration and quackery caused the united
states congress to pass the pure food and drug act in 1906.
• In Germany, new discoveries in organic chemistry were
making possible the increased rational design of drugs

23. Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession
• The technology, scientific knowledge and need were present all at once and
post-world war II pharmaceutical industry began producing drugs that were
much more powerful and specific than those available previously.

24. Twentieth century pharmacy
• The art of compounding rapidly become less important.
• The knowledge about the drugs, their mechanisms of actions, and their side
effects become much more complicated.

25. Eras
• Ancient Era Beginning of time to 1600 AD
• Empiric Era – 1600 to 1940
• Industrialization Era -1940 to 1970
• Patient Care Era 1970 to present

26. Patient Care Era
New problems – complications like allergic reactions , multiple drug
interactions with other drugs and foods
Increased the therapeutic duties of patient care in the pharmacies and
hospitals