The document summarizes information about drug storage and stability at United Hospital Ltd's pharmacy department. It discusses proper storage conditions and categories for drugs. Factors like temperature, humidity, light exposure etc. can affect drug stability over time. Expiry dates indicate the last date a drug should be used by. The document provides guidance on first-in-first-out practices and maintaining appropriate inventory controls for drug stock.
Hospital pharmacy functions,organisation and responsibilitiesajitha27
This document provides an overview of hospital pharmacy, including its definition, services, and operational structure. A hospital pharmacy is managed by a licensed pharmacist and deals with supplying, storing, dispensing, and manufacturing drugs. Key functions of hospital pharmacists include dispensing medications, managing drug stores and records, manufacturing products, providing drug information, and counseling patients. The operational structure consists of a drug distribution center, clinical pharmacist center, and patient center. An ideal hospital pharmacy setup includes sufficient space, storage areas, a packaging area, and offices. Pharmacists are responsible for indoor and outdoor dispensing, patient care, education, and ensuring policies are followed.
This document discusses the layout, objectives, and inventory control of a drug store. It outlines the following key points:
1. A drug store stocks and supplies prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications to hospitals and customers. It should have adequate storage facilities to prevent deterioration of drugs from moisture or heat.
2. The objectives of a drug store are to stock all required drugs, procure drugs from different sources, supply drugs to departments, and preserve purchase and inventory records.
3. Inventory control aims to supply drugs on time, reduce excess stock, avoid shortages, and minimize waste. Techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis, and economic order quantity are used to analyze drug expenditure and inventory
Clinical pharmacy involves pharmacists taking a patient-centered approach to medication therapy to promote health and wellness. It requires advanced clinical knowledge and skills beyond traditional dispensing roles. Clinical pharmacists work directly with patients, physicians, and other healthcare providers to optimize medication use, identify and resolve medication-related problems, educate patients, and ensure the safe, effective, and economical use of medications. They are integral members of the healthcare team across various clinical practice settings and specialties.
The document discusses guidelines for proper drug storage, maintenance, and security. Key points include:
- Drugs should be stored in a secure area under proper temperature, humidity, and light conditions to prevent contamination and deterioration.
- Drugs should be arranged alphabetically and by dosage on sturdy shelves. Older stock should be placed behind newer stock.
- Controlled drugs require double locking and regular counts by two licensed staff. All use and discards must be thoroughly documented.
- Proper expiration dating, cleanliness, and first in/first out practices help ensure effective and safe drug distribution.
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
The document describes the process for handling medication orders and prescriptions in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Key steps include verifying orders, selecting the appropriate drug and dose, generating labels, filling the order, and documenting administration. Important information is captured in the patient's profile. Labels contain required elements to ensure safe medication use. Pharmacists and technicians work to enter, prioritize, and fulfill orders accurately and in a timely manner.
The document defines a hospital and hospital pharmacy. A hospital pharmacy is responsible for supplying medications to patients and is headed by a qualified pharmacist. The goals of hospital pharmacy are to provide qualified pharmacists, establish standards, promote research, and disseminate pharmaceutical knowledge. Key components are procurement, distribution, and drug information. Minimum standards require administration, facilities, drug control/distribution, information, and assuring rational drug therapy. Pharmacy technicians' roles include receiving prescriptions, verifying information, preparing medications, and maintaining patient profiles.
Hospital pharmacy functions,organisation and responsibilitiesajitha27
This document provides an overview of hospital pharmacy, including its definition, services, and operational structure. A hospital pharmacy is managed by a licensed pharmacist and deals with supplying, storing, dispensing, and manufacturing drugs. Key functions of hospital pharmacists include dispensing medications, managing drug stores and records, manufacturing products, providing drug information, and counseling patients. The operational structure consists of a drug distribution center, clinical pharmacist center, and patient center. An ideal hospital pharmacy setup includes sufficient space, storage areas, a packaging area, and offices. Pharmacists are responsible for indoor and outdoor dispensing, patient care, education, and ensuring policies are followed.
This document discusses the layout, objectives, and inventory control of a drug store. It outlines the following key points:
1. A drug store stocks and supplies prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications to hospitals and customers. It should have adequate storage facilities to prevent deterioration of drugs from moisture or heat.
2. The objectives of a drug store are to stock all required drugs, procure drugs from different sources, supply drugs to departments, and preserve purchase and inventory records.
3. Inventory control aims to supply drugs on time, reduce excess stock, avoid shortages, and minimize waste. Techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis, and economic order quantity are used to analyze drug expenditure and inventory
Clinical pharmacy involves pharmacists taking a patient-centered approach to medication therapy to promote health and wellness. It requires advanced clinical knowledge and skills beyond traditional dispensing roles. Clinical pharmacists work directly with patients, physicians, and other healthcare providers to optimize medication use, identify and resolve medication-related problems, educate patients, and ensure the safe, effective, and economical use of medications. They are integral members of the healthcare team across various clinical practice settings and specialties.
The document discusses guidelines for proper drug storage, maintenance, and security. Key points include:
- Drugs should be stored in a secure area under proper temperature, humidity, and light conditions to prevent contamination and deterioration.
- Drugs should be arranged alphabetically and by dosage on sturdy shelves. Older stock should be placed behind newer stock.
- Controlled drugs require double locking and regular counts by two licensed staff. All use and discards must be thoroughly documented.
- Proper expiration dating, cleanliness, and first in/first out practices help ensure effective and safe drug distribution.
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
The document describes the process for handling medication orders and prescriptions in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Key steps include verifying orders, selecting the appropriate drug and dose, generating labels, filling the order, and documenting administration. Important information is captured in the patient's profile. Labels contain required elements to ensure safe medication use. Pharmacists and technicians work to enter, prioritize, and fulfill orders accurately and in a timely manner.
The document defines a hospital and hospital pharmacy. A hospital pharmacy is responsible for supplying medications to patients and is headed by a qualified pharmacist. The goals of hospital pharmacy are to provide qualified pharmacists, establish standards, promote research, and disseminate pharmaceutical knowledge. Key components are procurement, distribution, and drug information. Minimum standards require administration, facilities, drug control/distribution, information, and assuring rational drug therapy. Pharmacy technicians' roles include receiving prescriptions, verifying information, preparing medications, and maintaining patient profiles.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical compounding and related topics. It discusses drugs and their sources, classifications, uses and dose forms. Key points include: drugs can come from natural, synthetic or semisynthetic sources; they are classified as over-the-counter, prescription, or controlled substances; and have therapeutic, diagnostic or preventative uses. Solid dose forms include tablets, capsules and other types; liquid forms include solutions and suspensions; and delivery systems can control drug release rates. The document aims to define important terms and compare different drug properties and formulations.
Pharmacy compounding - Importance, Non sterile compounding and Sterile compounding, Regulations of US Pharmacoepia, Compounded Products
For any suggestions and questions regarding this ppt please comment below.
The hospital pharmacy department deals with the procurement, storage, preparation, dispensing, and distribution of drugs. It is responsible for forecasting drug demand, selecting reliable suppliers, manufacturing sterile preparations, quality control, dispensing drugs to outpatients, providing drug information, and maintaining liaison between medical and nursing staff. Drugs must be stored properly according to their temperature requirements, with refrigerated items kept between 2-8°C and frozen items between -10 to -25°C. Inventory management systems like FIFO, LIFO, and FEFO are used to ensure older products are used first before their expiration date. The chief pharmacist oversees the pharmacy staff and is responsible for regulatory compliance.
The document discusses good dispensing practices for pharmacists. It emphasizes that pharmacists have an ethical duty to ensure patients receive the right drug, dosage, and instructions to avoid harm. A good dispensing environment is clean, organized and provides a professional space for patients. When handling prescriptions, pharmacists must carefully check for completeness and accuracy before dispensing to avoid mistakes. They should also counsel patients thoroughly about their medication to ensure safe use.
Hospital pharmacy is a specialized field that forms an integrated part of patient healthcare. It comprises selecting, preparing, dispensing, and advising on medicines and devices. The profession strives to maintain and improve medication management and pharmaceutical care of patients to the highest standards in a hospital setting.
Hospital pharmacy departments are organized into divisions to efficiently manage services like dispensing, manufacturing, purchasing, and providing drug information. Larger hospitals may separate divisions for inpatient, outpatient, and specialized services like radiopharmacy and intravenous admixtures. The director of pharmacy oversees all divisions and processes to monitor safe and quality medication use for hospital patients.
This document discusses guidelines for the proper storage of pharmaceutical products. It outlines good storage practices that should be followed by manufacturers, importers, wholesalers, and pharmacies. Personnel must be trained and facilities must meet requirements for storage conditions, security, documentation, and monitoring. Specific medications like IV drugs may require refrigeration or special handling. Recalled products and returns must be evaluated and handled according to procedure.
Hospital pharmacy involves the practice of pharmacy within a hospital setting under the supervision of a pharmacist. Key functions include forecasting drug demand, purchasing drugs, manufacturing sterile or non-sterile preparations, quality control, distribution, dispensing, providing drug information, studies on drug utilization, patient counseling, and maintaining relationships between medical staff and patients. Objectives are to professionalize pharmaceutical services, ensure drug availability at affordable costs, perform management functions like inventory, counsel on drugs, serve as an information source, manufacture critical drugs, implement committee decisions, conduct research and education, and interact with other hospital departments.
This document discusses various methods of drug dispensing to inpatients in hospitals. It describes four main systems: individual drug order system, floor stock system, combined individual/floor stock system, and unit dose distribution system. The floor stock system involves storing drugs on patient floors while the unit dose system dispenses single doses from a central pharmacy. Newer methods like automated dispensing cabinets aim to improve efficiency by electronically transmitting orders and dispensing medications directly from computerized cabinets. Overall the document provides an overview of traditional and emerging approaches to delivering medications to hospitalized patients.
14ab1t0024 roles and responsibilities of hospital pharmacistRamesh Ganpisetti
Hospital pharmacists play several important roles in ensuring patients receive the most appropriate treatment. They advise patients and medical staff on all aspects of medications, including type, dosage, and administration method based on individual needs. Pharmacists can recommend the best form of medication such as tablets, injections, or inhalers. They are also seen as experts who can advise on safe drug combinations and solutions to specific patient problems. In addition, pharmacists monitor treatment effects to ensure safety, effectiveness, and appropriateness for each user.
The document discusses clinical pharmacy services provided at hospitals. It focuses on ward round participation, drug therapy review, and pharmacist interventions. Key services discussed include participating in ward rounds to optimize patient treatment, monitoring drug therapy through activities like therapeutic drug monitoring and medication order review, endorsing medication charts to prevent errors, and performing clinical reviews to evaluate treatment response and safety. The pharmacist plays an important role as part of the clinical team in these activities to enhance patient outcomes.
Medication adherence is defined as a patient conforming to a healthcare provider's recommendations regarding timing, dosage, and frequency of medication. It involves filling prescriptions and refilling on time. Non-adherence can be caused by patient factors like forgetfulness or cost barriers, physician factors like complex regimens, and health system factors like fragmented care. Pharmacists can improve adherence through education on medication purpose, usage, and side effects. Adherence is especially important for chronic conditions and can be monitored through patient assessments.
I. Drug distribution in hospitals can be either in-patient distribution, which involves transferring drugs from storage to patients' bedsides, or out-patient distribution for non-admitted patients.
II. There are several systems for drug distribution, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock systems, unit dose systems, and non-floor stock systems.
III. Proper control and documentation of drug distribution is important, especially for controlled substances, to prevent errors and misuse while ensuring patients receive needed treatment.
The document discusses the labelling of dispensed medications. There are three main types of labels: main labels which indicate the brand name and logo; auxiliary labels which provide additional instructions for patients; and pictograms which use graphic images to convey safety information and proper usage instructions without words. Effective labelling of dispensed medications is important for communicating necessary information to patients and ensuring their safe and proper use of medicines.
This document discusses controlled substances and their regulations. It defines controlled substances as drugs with potential for abuse or dependence. It categorizes controlled substances into 5 schedules based on their abuse potential and accepted medical use. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of various parties like administration, pharmacists, and nurses in properly ordering, storing, dispensing and recording controlled substances in hospitals. It discusses policies around prescribing, administering, and charging patients for controlled substances.
Drug distribution in hospital pharmacyRaju Sanghvi
The document discusses various aspects of hospital pharmacy operations including definitions, inpatient and outpatient dispensing systems, and controlled drug handling. It describes the key functions of hospital pharmacies like procurement, storage, manufacturing and distribution of medications. For inpatients, it explains individual prescription ordering as well as floor stock systems including charge, non-charge and unit dose methods. Outpatient dispensing involves dispensing medications to patients not admitted. Proper storage, documentation and authorization are needed for controlled substances.
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
The document discusses hospital formularies, which are lists of approved medications used in hospitals. A pharmacy and therapeutics committee is responsible for developing and revising the formulary. This includes adding and removing drugs based on efficacy, safety, and cost. The formulary provides guidelines for procuring, prescribing, dispensing, and administering drugs in the hospital. It aims to promote rational and cost-effective drug use. Restrictions may be placed on certain drugs to ensure appropriate usage. Exceptions can be made for nonformulary drugs in special cases.
This document defines and outlines the functions and objectives of a hospital pharmacy. It discusses that a hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include purchasing and inventory control, dispensing, manufacturing, teaching and providing drug information. The objectives are to ensure availability of correct medications at low cost and participate in research and education. It also discusses the location, layout, personnel, space and equipment requirements for an effective hospital pharmacy.
Hospital pharmacy is a service department of a hospital that receives, stores, dispenses and supplies drugs and medications to patients under the supervision of a qualified pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include dispensing drugs and preparing medications, maintaining drug inventories, ensuring drug quality, providing drug information to medical staff, and manufacturing drugs in-house when necessary. An effective hospital pharmacy aims to provide the right medication to patients at the right time, in the right dose and at minimum cost, while maintaining high professional standards. It requires qualified pharmacists and adequate space and facilities to fulfill its important clinical and administrative roles safely and effectively within the hospital.
This document provides definitions and information about drug storage, stability, and food interactions. It defines key terms like drugs, substandard medicines, spurious drugs, and management. It discusses the importance of proper drug storage and maintenance conditions like temperature, light exposure, and moisture. Specific storage guidelines are provided for different drug categories and vaccines. Factors affecting drug stability like temperature, pH, moisture, and light are explained. Common degradation processes of hydrolysis, oxidation, and photodegradation are also summarized. The document concludes with a brief introduction to drug-food interactions.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical compounding and related topics. It discusses drugs and their sources, classifications, uses and dose forms. Key points include: drugs can come from natural, synthetic or semisynthetic sources; they are classified as over-the-counter, prescription, or controlled substances; and have therapeutic, diagnostic or preventative uses. Solid dose forms include tablets, capsules and other types; liquid forms include solutions and suspensions; and delivery systems can control drug release rates. The document aims to define important terms and compare different drug properties and formulations.
Pharmacy compounding - Importance, Non sterile compounding and Sterile compounding, Regulations of US Pharmacoepia, Compounded Products
For any suggestions and questions regarding this ppt please comment below.
The hospital pharmacy department deals with the procurement, storage, preparation, dispensing, and distribution of drugs. It is responsible for forecasting drug demand, selecting reliable suppliers, manufacturing sterile preparations, quality control, dispensing drugs to outpatients, providing drug information, and maintaining liaison between medical and nursing staff. Drugs must be stored properly according to their temperature requirements, with refrigerated items kept between 2-8°C and frozen items between -10 to -25°C. Inventory management systems like FIFO, LIFO, and FEFO are used to ensure older products are used first before their expiration date. The chief pharmacist oversees the pharmacy staff and is responsible for regulatory compliance.
The document discusses good dispensing practices for pharmacists. It emphasizes that pharmacists have an ethical duty to ensure patients receive the right drug, dosage, and instructions to avoid harm. A good dispensing environment is clean, organized and provides a professional space for patients. When handling prescriptions, pharmacists must carefully check for completeness and accuracy before dispensing to avoid mistakes. They should also counsel patients thoroughly about their medication to ensure safe use.
Hospital pharmacy is a specialized field that forms an integrated part of patient healthcare. It comprises selecting, preparing, dispensing, and advising on medicines and devices. The profession strives to maintain and improve medication management and pharmaceutical care of patients to the highest standards in a hospital setting.
Hospital pharmacy departments are organized into divisions to efficiently manage services like dispensing, manufacturing, purchasing, and providing drug information. Larger hospitals may separate divisions for inpatient, outpatient, and specialized services like radiopharmacy and intravenous admixtures. The director of pharmacy oversees all divisions and processes to monitor safe and quality medication use for hospital patients.
This document discusses guidelines for the proper storage of pharmaceutical products. It outlines good storage practices that should be followed by manufacturers, importers, wholesalers, and pharmacies. Personnel must be trained and facilities must meet requirements for storage conditions, security, documentation, and monitoring. Specific medications like IV drugs may require refrigeration or special handling. Recalled products and returns must be evaluated and handled according to procedure.
Hospital pharmacy involves the practice of pharmacy within a hospital setting under the supervision of a pharmacist. Key functions include forecasting drug demand, purchasing drugs, manufacturing sterile or non-sterile preparations, quality control, distribution, dispensing, providing drug information, studies on drug utilization, patient counseling, and maintaining relationships between medical staff and patients. Objectives are to professionalize pharmaceutical services, ensure drug availability at affordable costs, perform management functions like inventory, counsel on drugs, serve as an information source, manufacture critical drugs, implement committee decisions, conduct research and education, and interact with other hospital departments.
This document discusses various methods of drug dispensing to inpatients in hospitals. It describes four main systems: individual drug order system, floor stock system, combined individual/floor stock system, and unit dose distribution system. The floor stock system involves storing drugs on patient floors while the unit dose system dispenses single doses from a central pharmacy. Newer methods like automated dispensing cabinets aim to improve efficiency by electronically transmitting orders and dispensing medications directly from computerized cabinets. Overall the document provides an overview of traditional and emerging approaches to delivering medications to hospitalized patients.
14ab1t0024 roles and responsibilities of hospital pharmacistRamesh Ganpisetti
Hospital pharmacists play several important roles in ensuring patients receive the most appropriate treatment. They advise patients and medical staff on all aspects of medications, including type, dosage, and administration method based on individual needs. Pharmacists can recommend the best form of medication such as tablets, injections, or inhalers. They are also seen as experts who can advise on safe drug combinations and solutions to specific patient problems. In addition, pharmacists monitor treatment effects to ensure safety, effectiveness, and appropriateness for each user.
The document discusses clinical pharmacy services provided at hospitals. It focuses on ward round participation, drug therapy review, and pharmacist interventions. Key services discussed include participating in ward rounds to optimize patient treatment, monitoring drug therapy through activities like therapeutic drug monitoring and medication order review, endorsing medication charts to prevent errors, and performing clinical reviews to evaluate treatment response and safety. The pharmacist plays an important role as part of the clinical team in these activities to enhance patient outcomes.
Medication adherence is defined as a patient conforming to a healthcare provider's recommendations regarding timing, dosage, and frequency of medication. It involves filling prescriptions and refilling on time. Non-adherence can be caused by patient factors like forgetfulness or cost barriers, physician factors like complex regimens, and health system factors like fragmented care. Pharmacists can improve adherence through education on medication purpose, usage, and side effects. Adherence is especially important for chronic conditions and can be monitored through patient assessments.
I. Drug distribution in hospitals can be either in-patient distribution, which involves transferring drugs from storage to patients' bedsides, or out-patient distribution for non-admitted patients.
II. There are several systems for drug distribution, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock systems, unit dose systems, and non-floor stock systems.
III. Proper control and documentation of drug distribution is important, especially for controlled substances, to prevent errors and misuse while ensuring patients receive needed treatment.
The document discusses the labelling of dispensed medications. There are three main types of labels: main labels which indicate the brand name and logo; auxiliary labels which provide additional instructions for patients; and pictograms which use graphic images to convey safety information and proper usage instructions without words. Effective labelling of dispensed medications is important for communicating necessary information to patients and ensuring their safe and proper use of medicines.
This document discusses controlled substances and their regulations. It defines controlled substances as drugs with potential for abuse or dependence. It categorizes controlled substances into 5 schedules based on their abuse potential and accepted medical use. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of various parties like administration, pharmacists, and nurses in properly ordering, storing, dispensing and recording controlled substances in hospitals. It discusses policies around prescribing, administering, and charging patients for controlled substances.
Drug distribution in hospital pharmacyRaju Sanghvi
The document discusses various aspects of hospital pharmacy operations including definitions, inpatient and outpatient dispensing systems, and controlled drug handling. It describes the key functions of hospital pharmacies like procurement, storage, manufacturing and distribution of medications. For inpatients, it explains individual prescription ordering as well as floor stock systems including charge, non-charge and unit dose methods. Outpatient dispensing involves dispensing medications to patients not admitted. Proper storage, documentation and authorization are needed for controlled substances.
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
The document discusses hospital formularies, which are lists of approved medications used in hospitals. A pharmacy and therapeutics committee is responsible for developing and revising the formulary. This includes adding and removing drugs based on efficacy, safety, and cost. The formulary provides guidelines for procuring, prescribing, dispensing, and administering drugs in the hospital. It aims to promote rational and cost-effective drug use. Restrictions may be placed on certain drugs to ensure appropriate usage. Exceptions can be made for nonformulary drugs in special cases.
This document defines and outlines the functions and objectives of a hospital pharmacy. It discusses that a hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include purchasing and inventory control, dispensing, manufacturing, teaching and providing drug information. The objectives are to ensure availability of correct medications at low cost and participate in research and education. It also discusses the location, layout, personnel, space and equipment requirements for an effective hospital pharmacy.
Hospital pharmacy is a service department of a hospital that receives, stores, dispenses and supplies drugs and medications to patients under the supervision of a qualified pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include dispensing drugs and preparing medications, maintaining drug inventories, ensuring drug quality, providing drug information to medical staff, and manufacturing drugs in-house when necessary. An effective hospital pharmacy aims to provide the right medication to patients at the right time, in the right dose and at minimum cost, while maintaining high professional standards. It requires qualified pharmacists and adequate space and facilities to fulfill its important clinical and administrative roles safely and effectively within the hospital.
This document provides definitions and information about drug storage, stability, and food interactions. It defines key terms like drugs, substandard medicines, spurious drugs, and management. It discusses the importance of proper drug storage and maintenance conditions like temperature, light exposure, and moisture. Specific storage guidelines are provided for different drug categories and vaccines. Factors affecting drug stability like temperature, pH, moisture, and light are explained. Common degradation processes of hydrolysis, oxidation, and photodegradation are also summarized. The document concludes with a brief introduction to drug-food interactions.
The document discusses modified release drug products, specifically extended release dosage forms. It defines extended release as releasing the drug over a longer period, usually twice as long as immediate release, to reduce dosing frequency and control blood concentrations. The document discusses the advantages of extended release including reduced dosing frequency and side effects. It also discusses factors that influence extended release kinetics like variable gastrointestinal conditions and the need to release the drug before it reaches the colon. Finally, it briefly outlines different types of extended release dosage forms.
This document discusses various endocrine and reproductive drugs, including their mechanisms of action, indications, and nursing responsibilities. It covers thyroid hormones, anti-thyroid medications, steroids, diabetes drugs like insulin and oral hypoglycemics, and reproductive hormones. Nursing responsibilities for these drugs include monitoring for side effects, ensuring proper administration, teaching patients about self-care, and evaluating therapeutic effectiveness.
A drug can be given three possible operational definitions:
A chemical substance that affects the processes of the body or mind;
Any chemical compound used on or administered to humans or animals as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease, or other abnormal condition, for the relief of pain or suffering, or to control or improve any physiologic or pathologic state.
A substance used recreationally for its effects on the central nervous system.
Drug standards and legislation are governed by laws in every country. Internationally, the first law to regulate drugs was passed in 1906 requiring drugs be free of adulterants. The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 required all drugs be tested for safety and approved by the FDA for marketing. The Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962 were passed after thalidomide caused birth defects, requiring increased drug testing. In Pakistan, several acts have been passed over time to regulate drugs including the Poisonous Act of 1919, Dangerous Drugs Act of 1930, and Pharmacy Act of 1967. The Drug Act of 1976 regulates the pharmaceutical industry and drug quality and safety.
This document provides an overview of administering and monitoring schedule 8 medications. It discusses the nurse's role and responsibilities when administering medications, including being aware of the drug's effects and reasons for prescription. It also covers medication preparations, routes of administration, pharmacology, adverse drug reactions, principles of safe administration, opioid analgesics, and regulations for storing and administering schedule 8 drugs.
Introduction to the course Clinical PharmacyEneutron
Clinical pharmacy differs from traditional pharmacy by focusing on analyzing population needs related to medication use, administration, and effects on patients. The overall goal of clinical pharmacy is to promote appropriate medication use by maximizing clinical effects, minimizing risks, and reducing healthcare costs. Clinical pharmacists influence medication use at multiple levels, including involvement in clinical trials, formulary decisions, and patient counseling before, during, and after prescriptions.
This document summarizes the pharmacology of several endocrine and reproductive drugs. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of hormones that regulate the thyroid, adrenal glands, diabetes treatment including insulin and oral hypoglycemics, and reproductive hormones including contraceptives. Nursing responsibilities are outlined for monitoring patients and educating about safe administration and side effect management.
This document discusses considerations for dosage form design, including reasons drugs are incorporated into dosage forms, types of dosage forms, and information needed for preformulation studies. It covers drug degradation mechanisms, drug instability, stability studies, and approaches to stabilize drugs. Factors in dosage form design include therapeutic use, administration route, patient age and condition. Common oral dosage forms are tablets and capsules, while injections can be used for emergency or inability to take oral medications. Design must also consider issues like difficulty swallowing, multiple medication therapy in elderly patients, and performulation studies to characterize the drug substance.
This document provides an overview of dosage form design and formulation considerations. It discusses the need for dosage forms to safely deliver accurate drug doses. Key points covered include preformulation studies to characterize drug substances, approaches to incorporating different physical forms of drugs into dosage forms, and general design considerations for factors like therapeutic use, patient age and condition, and stability. The document also outlines various dosage form types and reasons for their use.
This document provides information on oral medication administration procedures. It discusses key terminology like enteric coated and sustained release medications. It outlines best practices for oral medication administration, including positioning, use of fluids, and monitoring swallowing. Safety considerations are mentioned. The document then covers pharmacokinetic concepts like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, therapeutic effects, toxic effects, and allergic reactions. It also discusses tolerance, dependence and addiction. Finally, it touches on concepts like onset, peak and duration of medication effects.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. The chapter covers drug nomenclature, classifications of prescription, non-prescription, and controlled substances. Drugs are derived from natural sources like plants and animals, or they can be synthetic. Absorption is the first step in a drug's pharmacokinetic phase once in the body. Many factors influence a drug's absorption including its route of administration, bodily conditions, blood flow to the site, and the drug's pH level.
Nursing responsibilities in MEDICATION-ADMINISTRATION.pptxQMMCEA2021Qawani
The document discusses safe medication administration. It defines key terms and outlines objectives related to administering medication properly. It discusses factors that affect drug action, legal implications, common abbreviations, and calculating dosages. The document also covers medication assessment, types of medication orders, routes of administration, and safety measures like the "five rights" to prevent errors.
This document contains information related to pharmacy services and medication management standards. It discusses topics like the pharmacy and therapeutics committee, hospital formulary development and management, medication prescribing, storage and dispensing practices, and definitions of high-risk medications. The document emphasizes that pharmacy services and medication usage must follow written guidance and procedures to ensure safety.
The document provides information about pharmacology, the nursing process related to medication administration, dosage calculations, and various drug classifications. It discusses key topics such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, the nursing process steps of assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. It also covers dosage calculation methods, conversions, the six rights of medication administration, and prototypes, mechanisms of action, indications and considerations for different drug classes affecting the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and mental functioning.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Drug storage and Stability
1. UNITED HOSPITAL LTD.
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
DRUG
STORAGE & ITS STABILITY
GENERAL IDEA ABOUT MEDICATION
Presented By
Presented By
Mohammad Alauddin,
B.Pharm (ADUST)
Pharmacist- United Hospital Ltd
2. INTRODUCTION
Hospital pharmacy may be defined as department of
hospital wherein procurement, storage, compounding,
packaging, dispensing, distribution & monitoring of
medication are performed by graduate Pharmacist.
4. INTRODUCTION
Function of Pharmacy:
To ensure the availability of the right medication,
at the right time, in the right dose, at the minimum
possible cost to the patients.
To provide information concerning medications to
physicians and nurses.
To serve as a counseling department
To dispense all narcotic drugs and its monitoring
Inventory control
So on
5. DRUG STORAGE
Proper storage of medication is always an important
consideration during periods of extreme heat or cold.
Drugs can undergo physical, chemical & microbial
changes on storage.
Recommended storage conditions:
Store below -50C (freeze)
Store between (2 to 8)0C (refrigerate, do not freeze)
Store below 250C (air conditioning)
Store below 300C (room temperature)
6. DRUG STORAGE
Drug Storage Room Standards:
A lockable room
Adequate lighting
A temperature of below 250C, with air conditioning units that
operate 24 hrs per day & are connected to an emergency
power supply.
A vaccine refrigerator for storage of vaccines & anti-venom.
A nominated refrigerator for cold storage of pharmaceutical
products that requires refrigeration.
Adequate shelving for appropriate storage of the different
categories of drugs.
7. DRUG STORAGE
All drugs are grouped in the following categories:
Refrigerated ( Heat sensitive products)
Oral ( solid & liquid )
Injectable
Topical
Infusion
Inhalation
Non Drug
15. DRUG STORAGE
In the Central pharmacy or Pharmacy main store, all
drugs are displayed or kept in different ways regarding
the most easiest way to dispense.
Like Alphabetically
Therapeutic
class wise
Brand wise and so on.
17. DRUG STORAGE
Drug storage Room Stock Control
Stock Inventory
1. Annual inventory
2. Bi- annual inventory
3. Monthly inventory
4. Weekly inventory
5. Real time inventory
18. DRUG STORAGE
To uphold quality standards in drug storage
room:
Rotate stock so that the stock closest to expiry
date is kept in front.
Maintain FEFO / FIFO / LIFO procedure.
Make sure that there is no expired drugs on
the shelves.
21. DRUG STABILITY
If the expiry date is expressed as month/year only
(e.g., 3/2013), this shall be interpreted to mean that
the drug may be safely used through the last day of
that month, i.e., 3/31/2013.
If the expiration date is expressed as
month/day/year (e.g., 15/3/2013), this shall be
interpreted to mean that the drug may be safely used
through that day only.
27. DRUG STABILITY
Factors affecting drug stability:
Temperature: high temperature accelerate oxidation,
reduction & hydrolysis reaction which leads to drug
degradation.
PH: acidic & alkaline pH influence the rate of
decomposition of most drugs. Many drugs are stable
between pH 4 - 8.
Moisture: water catalyses chemical reactions as
oxidation, hydrolysis & reduction reaction. Water
promotes microbial growth.
Light: affects drug stability through its energy or thermal
effect which leads to oxidation.
30. DRUG STABILITY
Degradation processes mainly include:
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Photodegradation
This is because of the chemistry of the functional
groups in drug molecules and the presence of water
and oxygen. Even when factors such as water, oxygen
and light have been controlled, degradation will still
occur, but at a reduced rate.
34. Drug-food interaction
What is a drug-food interaction?
The interaction of medications and food is very complex
and needs to be individualized for each patient and each
medication. However, there are some generalizations
that can be made.
A drug-food interaction happens when the food you eat
affects the ingredients in a medicine you are taking so the
medicine cannot work the way it should.
36. Drug-food interaction
Are all medicines affected by food?
Not all medicines are affected by food, but many medicines can
be affected by what you eat and when you eat it.
The food may delay or decrease the absorption of the drug. This
is why some medicines (like azithromycin) should be taken on
an empty stomach (1 hour before eating or 2 hours after
eating).
On the other hand, some medicines are easier to tolerate when
taken with food. Aspirin & Clopidogrel are irritating to the GI
tract, so they should be taken after food.
37. Timing of Drugs - Before or After Food
Taking Drugs Before Food
For quick action/fast absorption
For acid sensitive drugs
Some drugs need to be absorbed quickly to have an
effect, such as nitrates in angina, drugs to help sleep
(hypnotics), drugs to reduce agitation (sedatives) &
drugs to reduce vomiting . As food can slow the
absorption of these drugs, they need to be taken on
an empty stomach.
38. Timing of Drugs - Before or After Food
The acid in the stomach breaks down some drugs, so
delayed emptying will mean that more of the drug is
broken down, and less of the drug is available, so it will
be less effective.
Some Medications which should be taken on an EMPTY
stomach:
Alendronate, Bisacodyl, Captopril, Sucralfate,
Azithromycin, Co-trimoxazole, Omeprazole,
Lansoprazole, Levothyroxine, loratadine, Rifampin,
Methotrexate Mycophenolate, Tetracycline ……….etc.
39. Timing of Drugs - Before or After Food
Taking Drugs With or After Food
For drugs causing stomach upset
For less soluble drugs
The acid in the stomach changes some drugs, making
them more soluble and so more easily absorbed. This
means that the drug will be more effective.
40. Timing of Drugs - Before or After Food
NSAIDs can cause stomach upsets by increasing
gastric secretion. Taking these drugs with food can
reduce the irritation to the stomach lining.
41. Timing of Drugs - Before or After Food
Some drugs have to be taken during or
after meals to be effective – for example,
Orlistat is designed to block the
absorption of some of the fat in food as a
treatment for obesity.
42. Timing of Drugs - Before or After Food
Some Medications which should beTaken with FOOD:
Allopurinol, Clopidogrel, Co-Amoxycillin, Aspirin,
Amiodarone, Diclofenac, Carbamazepine,
Chloroquine, Spironolactone, Griseofulvin,
Metronidazole, Valproic acid, Prednisone, Iron
preparations, Bromocriptin, Ticlopidine, fenofibrate,
mebendazole ………….etc.
44. TIPS TO AVOID DRUG-FOOD
INTERACTIONS
Take medicine with a full glass of water.
Don't stir medicine into your food because
this may change the way the drug works.
Don't take vitamin pills at the same time you
take medicine because vitamins and minerals
can cause problems if taken with some drugs.
Don't mix medicine into hot drinks because
the heat may keep the drug from working.
Never take medicine with alcoholic drinks
46. Over the Counter (OTC) medications
OTC medications are those medicines that do not require a
prescription from a physician and are readily available to the
public. This does not mean that they do not need to be taken
carefully.
The most commonly used OTC medicines are :
Pain Relievers
Antihistamines
Decongestants
Cough medicines
47. Over the Counter (OTC) medications
Pain Relievers
NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
such as paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen,ketoprofen
etc.
NSAIDS work by blocking the synthesis
prostaglandins, which are involved in injury or
infection and thus reduce pain, fever and
inflammation.
48. Over the Counter (OTC) medications
NSAIDS can cause stomach upset and occasional
gastrointestinal bleeding.
Antihistamines
Histamines are chemicals in our bodies that produce
itching and allergy responses. Antihistamines block
these. Some common antihistamines are
diphenhydramine HCl , chlorpheniramine etc.
49. Over the Counter (OTC) medications
Antihistamines can cause drowsiness. Be careful
driving or doing any dangerous work. But, the Nonsedating antihistamines do not cause drowsiness and
are now OTC. Some common antihistamines are
loratadine, desloratadine, cetrizine & fexofenadine.
Decongestants
These medicines work by shrinking/constricting
blood vessels in the nose and decrease congestion.
The only over the counter decongestant is
pseudoephedrine.
50. Over the Counter (OTC) medications
Cough Medicines
Cough medicines are two types: antitussives (anti cough)
and expectorants (mucous reducer)
Dextromethorphan is the antitussive in most cough
medicines.
Guaifensin is the expectorant that is mostly used.
Cough Medicines can cause agitation and confusion for
some users.
51. Medication Safety Tips to avoid serious
medication errors
Never take medication intended for someone else
Never keep medications that are expired
Never combine multiple medications in the same bottle
Never take medication that is not clearly marked
Don't expect immediate results
Don't stop taking your medication just because you feel
better especially, antibiotics.
Keep all medication away from children
To know clearly about existing drug-drug interactions.
54. Patient Safety Solutions
Some proprietary (brand name) and non-proprietary
names (generic name) sound or appear to be similar to
other drugs when written or spoken. The existence of
confusing drug names is the most common causes of
medication errors & is of concern worldwide. There are
many look and sound alike drugs that would result in
medication error.
These errors may cause harm or even death to patients.
57. Patient Safety Solutions
HOW TO PREVENT THESE MEDICATION ERRORS ?
Manufacturers
Choose unique drug names, easily to write and
pronounce
to ensure that there is no drug with similar name in the
market.
58. Patient Safety Solutions
Physicians
Clearly write the prescriptions with specific dosage
form & strength
Avoid using short forms or abbreviation of drug names
Avoid verbal prescriptions to a maximum extent
59. Patient Safety Solutions
Pharmacists/Nurses
Keeping LASA drugs separated from one another
Double checking the drug
Contacting the physician in case of any clarification
regarding the prescription
Becoming familiar with LASA drugs
Emphasize LASA drug name differences on computer
screen by using methods such as --------
60. Patient Safety Solutions
“Tall Man “ lettering
The practice of writing part of a drug’s name in upper
case letters to help distinguish sound-alike, look-alike
drugs from one another in order to avoid medication
errors.
61. “Tall Man “ lettering
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) encourages
manufacturers to use Tall Man lettering labels to visually
differentiate their drugs' names, and a number of hospitals,
clinics, and health care systems use Tall Man lettering.
Examples…
BetaLOC vs. BetaNOL
COdopa vs. CARdopa
IMIgra vs. EDEgra
SedNO vs. sedRON
DOBUTamine vs. DOPamine
hydrALAZINE vs. hydrOXYzine
vinBLAStine vs. vinCRIStine