3. 1
In case you don’t like the way it looks, it can easily be removable with
baby oil.
Pre-wash the area before you place a tatoo. While the area is still wet,
you can fix it on the correct spot by moving it slightly. Wash the area
afterwards and pat it down lightly with a dry towel.
A cool trend for the “in” crowd this summer.
4. No anúncio acima, observamos como as palavras podem sofrer transformações, gerando
outras dentro do mesmo campo semântico. Por exemplo:
Prefixos Sufixos
wash pre- wash washable
move removable moving
tribe tribal
slight slightly
O conhecimento de como as palavras podem ser transformadas auxilia consideravelmente
o entendimento de um texto e a ampliação de vocabulário. A partir do estudo dos elementos que
formam as palavras, chamados de prefixos, sufixos e raízes, podemos imaginar ou deduzir o
significado de centenas de palavras em inglês.
Aprendendo sobre esses elementos
Raiz / Roots
Comecemos com a raiz (root) que traz o significado básico da palavra, como o próprio
nome já diz. Certos elementos podem ser adicionados ao começo de uma raiz (prefixos) ou ao seu
final (sufixos).
Na maioria das vezes a raiz está clara (como em vocal – está claro que a raiz é voc),
outras vezes é necessário um olhar mais criterioso. Você consegue encontrar a raiz em dehydrate?
Nesse caso temos que retirar um morfema de cada lado da palavra e veremos que hydra é a raiz.
Prefixos
Prefixo (prefix) é um elemento adicionado ao começo de uma raiz. Um prefixo tem
significado próprio e muda o significado da raiz.
Re- é um prefixo em rebuild e recall. Ele tem dois significados “again” e “back”. Rebuild
significa, então, “to build again” e recall “to call back.”
Cuidado!! Algumas palavras que parecem iniciar com um prefixo, na realidade não são
assim. Receive, por exemplo, não contém o prefixo re- . Para determinar se uma palavra tem um
prefixo, observe o que restou com a omissão.
Reorder torna-se order, que é a raiz, e “to order again” faz sentido. Receive, contudo,
torna-se ceive, uma palavra que não existe. Portanto, lembre-se de que nem todas as palavras contêm
prefixos.
Sufixos
Sufixo é um elemento adicionado ao final de uma raiz. E como o prefixo, também tem
significado próprio.
Algumas vezes, a grafia de uma raiz muda quando ele é adicionado. Por exemplo, uma
letra pode ser retirada (love ⇒ lovable). Outras vezes a consoante final pode ser dobrada (win ⇒
winner), ou ainda trocada (happy ⇒ happiness).
A seguir mostramos uma lista das raízes, prefixos e sufixos mais comuns, com seus
significados e exemplos. A idéia não é memorizar essa vasta quantidade de elementos, mas é
importante ter esse material para referência e estudo. Utilize-a para entender as respostas comentadas
dos testes que as seguem.
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5. Roots
Root Meaning Example
agr field, farm agriculture
anthro man anthropoid
aqua water aquatic
astro star astrology
aud hear auditorium
biblio book bibliography
bio life biology
celer speed, hasten accelerate
chronos time chronology
cap, capt, cip take capture
cep, cept, ceive take reception
ced, cess, cede go, move along success
cid kill suicide, genocide
clud, clus close, shut seclusion
cosmo world cosmopolitan
crat power democrat
cred believe, trust credit
cur, curr run current
demo people demography
dict say diction
duc, duct lead induce, educate
fac, fact make, do manufacture, factory
fec, fect make, do effect
fer carry, bear infer
fic, fict make, do fiction
flect bend inflection
frater brother fraternal
fund, fus pour effusive
gen, gener birth, race generation
geo earth geography
glot tongue polyglot
gram written telegram
graph write autograph
gress, grad go, step progress
hydra water dehydrate
ject, jact throw project,
jud judgement judicial
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6. lect, leg read, choose legend, elect
logo, log, logy study anthropology
loq, loc speak eloquent
manu, mani hand manuscript
mar sea maritime, submarine
mater mother maternal
med middle intermediary
min smaller, less diminish
mit, mis send, let go missionary
mort death mortal
mot, mob, mo move, start motion
naut sailor nautical
necro death necropolis
neuro nerve neurology, neurotic
nom name nomenclature
nomo knowledge, law autonomy
pater father paternal
patho suffering, ill pathology
ped, pod foot pedal
pend hang, weigh depend
philo love philanthropist
phobo fear phobia
phone sound, voic telephone
photo light photography, photosynthesis
plex, pli, ply fold complexity
plic fold complicate, duplicate
poli city cosmopolitan
port carry import
pos, pon place, put position
psych of the mind psychology
reg, rect rule, manage regulate
rupt break rupture
scop watch/look at telescope
scrib, scrip write inscribe
soph wise sophisticated
spec, spic see, watch inspect
sta,stat stand station
stit, sist to set up, establish constitution, insist
tact, tang touch tangible
ten, tain, tin hold, keep contain
tend, tens, tent stretch, weaken extend
typo image typical, typewriter
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7. vacu empty vacuum, evacuate
vem love venerate
vem come prevent, intervene
voca call vocal
vora eat, devour voracious, carnivorous
Prefixes (prefixos)
Prefix Meaning Example
a-, an- not amoral, atypical
ab- away from abnormal, abstain
ad- toward, to administer, adapt
ante- before, in front of antecedent, antedate
anti- against, opposite antidote, antiseptic
arch- chief, prime archbishop, archangel
auto- self automatic, automobile
be- to cause, intensely beware, befuddled
bene- well benefit, benevolent
bi- two bifocal, bigamy
circum- around, on all sides circumscribe, circumvent
con- with conversation, convoy
col- with collage, collapse
cor- with correspond, correct
co- with co-worker, co-exist, co-author
contra against, opposite contradict, contravene
counter against, opposite counteract, counterbalance
de- not, away from, down from descend, deviate
di- apart, away, not diminish, divorce
di- twice fold, double dichotomy, dilemma
dia- through, completely diameter, diaper, Diaspora
dif- apart, away, not diffuse, difficult
dis- apart, away, not disinterested, disorder
en- make, create engage, entrust
epi- above, around, additional epidemic, epidermis
equi- equal equivalent, equilibrium
ex-, e- out from, former exit, ex-governor, exhale
extra- outside, beyond extraordinary, extravagant
hetero- different heterogeneous, heterosexual
homo- same homogeneous, homosexual
hyper- extremely hyperactive, hyperbole
hypo- below, beneath hypocrisy, hypotenuse
in- into, not inhale, innocent
im- into, not imbalance, immoral
il- into, not illiterate, illegible
ir- into, not irregular, irresponsible
inter- between, at intervals intermittent, intervene
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8. intra- within intracellular
intro- motion inward introduce, introspective
macro- large macrobiotics, macro-organism
mal- ill, badly, bad, wrong malfunction, malnutrition,
malevolent
mega- big Megaphone, megalopolis
micro- small microscope, microphone
mini- small, little miniskirt, minimal
mis- wrong, wrongly, not misunderstanding, mistrust
mono- single, one monophonic, monologue
multi- many multiplex, multivitamin
neo- new neoclassical, neonatal
non not nonpayment, nonconformist
ob against obstinate, obscure
pan all, whole, completely Pan African, panorama,
pandemic
para- beyond, outside, near Parabola, paramedic
pen- almost peninsula, penultimate
per- motion through, thoroughly perfect, perceive
peri- around, about, enclosing perimeter, periscope
poly- many polygamy, polyglot
post- behind, after posthumous, postscript
pre- before, earlier, in front of preconceived, predict
pro- forward, before, in favor of propulsion, project
proto- earliest, first, original prototype, protocol
re- back, again reappear, recapture, return
retro- backwards retrospect
se- aside, apart secede, seduce
semi- half, partly semiannual, semicircle
simil- like similar
sub- under, below subway, submarine
super- over, above, extra supernatural, superfluous
sur- above, additional survey, surface
syn-, sym- together synthesis, sympathy
tele- distant telepathy, television
trans- across, over, through, beyond transition, transcend
tri- three trimester, trillion
ultra- beyond, excessively ultramodern, ultraviolet
un- not unimportant, unattractive
uni- one uniform, unique
vice- one who takes the place of
another
vice-president, vice-consul
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9. Noun Suffixes (sufixos que formarão substantivos)
Suffix Meaning Example
-ance, -ence Act of Attendance, precedence
-ancy, -ency state of presidency, consistency
-age action, condition, collection message, bondage, marriage,
postage, baggage
-ant, -ent one who, that which stimulant, student, president
-ar one who liar, beggar
-ary, -ory, one who, place where, secretary, history, conservatory
-ery, -ry study of bakery, chemistry
-dom domain, condition of freedom, wisdom
-ee one who is employee, refugee
-eer one who racketeer, pamphleteer
-er one who painter, receiver, baker
-ess one who (female) actress, lioness
-hood state of falsehood, manhood
-ian one who beautician, musician
-ics science, art, or practice of graphics, mathematics,
dramatics
-ion, -ation, state, action, fixation, starvation, foundation,
-sion, -tion institution organization, preservation,
suspension
-ism doctrine, point of view idealism, realism
-ist one who, believer realist, cyclist
-ity state, quality sanity, elasticity
-ment state, quality, act of amazement, payment
-ness state of fullness, shyness, sickness
-ocracy system style of government democracy, autocracy
-or one who actor, governor, inspector
-ship state, condition friendship, membership
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10. Adjective Suffixes (sufixos que formarão adjetivos)
Suffix Meaning Example
able, -ible -capable of capable, visible
-al like, pertaining to practical, musical
-ary, ory connected with, engaged in ordinary, compensatory
-ed covered with, affected by clothed, blessed
-en made of, resembling wooden, silken
-ful full of, having hopeful, successful
-ic like, pertaining to democratic, specific
-ish like, pertaining to childish, selfish
-ive like, pertaining to active, explosive
-less without speechless, harmless
-like having the qualities of childlike, statesmanlike
-ly having the qualities of manly, worldly
-oid like, resembling humanoid, paranoid
-ous like, pertaining to courageous, ambitious
-ward manner, position awkward, backward, forward
Adverb Suffixes (sufixos que formarão advérbios)
Suffix Meaning Example
-ly in a ____manner happily, strangely
-ward(s) direction of movement backward(s), homeward
-wise in the manner of_____, clockwise, corkscrew-wise
as far as _____is concerned education-wise, weather-wise
Verb Suffixes (sufixos que formarão verbos)
Suffix Meaning Example
-ate to cause, to make indicate, irritate
-en to become, to make ripen, widen
-ify to cause, to make diversify, simplify
-ize to cause, to make simbolize, hospitalize
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11. Exercícios
01. What adjective suffix would be most suitable in the sentences below?
01 Janet is ________________________ (RESPONSE) for the whole Accountancy Department.
02. The cave is only _________________ (ACCESS) by boat.
03. Workers at nuclear plants are constantly screened to avoid exceeding maximum
____________________ (PERMIT) levels of radiation.
04. Many politicians’ activities cannot be morally ___________________ (DEFEND)
a. able
b. ible
c. ful
d. like
e. Ive
02. A que classe de palavra pertence os termos em negrito das sentenças abaixo.
01. American and Canadian women are always among the very best in figure skating
championships.
02. Izabel has just given birth and she seems to be enjoying motherhood.
03. The magician’s tricks bewildered the audience.
04. Brian and Chris are admired by the constancy of affection which exists between them.
a. adjectives
b. verbs
c. adverbs
d. nouns
e. adjectives and nouns
03. A congenital condition is _______________________.
a. a necessary condition
b. a doubtful condition
c. a condition present at birth
d. a condition beneath awareness
e. a not-biased condition
04. A viable idea is _______________________.
a. workable
b. charitable
c. famous
d. fair
e. Balanced
05. Genocide is _______________________.
a. a large amount of destruction, especially by fire or heat
b. something that acts against harm
c. the crime of intentionally killing a person
d. to murder a famous or important person for political reasons or in exchange for money
e. murder of an entire group or race
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12. 06. The company president, Ms. Lopez, was so busy that her _______________________ had to handle
many details for her.
a. subdue
b. subservient
c. submissive
d. subsidiary
e. Subordinate
07. The _______________________ decision enabled everyone to feel that justice had been served.
a. equitable
b. equivalent
c. equinox
d. equilateral
e. Equilibrium
08. Match each word in the left-hand column with a definition from the right-hand column. Then find the
alternative that has the correct sequence:
01. antithesis ( ) self-governing, independent
02. extricate ( ) to violate
03. autonomous ( ) cautious
04. antagonis ( ) the exact opposite
05. circumspectm ( ) strong dislike or opposition
06. transgress ( ) to free from difficulty
a. 5, 1, 3, 6, 4, 2
b. 3, 6, 5, 1, 4, 2
c. 4, 1, 2, 3, 6, 5
d. 3, 5, 1, 2, 6, 4
e. 1, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5
09. Socrates, whose teachings inspire many young people, was among the most famous citizens of
Athens. Unfortunately, he criticized many city leaders, and in 399 B. C., he was brought to trial for
corrupting youth. Emotions wee so strong that it was difficult to be _______________________ in the
debate. Socrates was condemned to die by drinking the poison hemlock. Although the city elders
thought they had acted with _______________________, others disagreed. Among Socrates’ most
famous pupils was the philosopher Plato, author of The Republic.
a. autonomy, autonomous
b. ingenious, ingenuity
c. extricated, extricate
d. impartial, impartiality
e. exploited, exploitation
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13. 10. Study these words and their definitions:
Pandemonium is total confusion.
Panorama is a wide view that covers a very large area.
Panacea is something that people think will make everything better and solve all their problems.
Pan-Arabism is the political union of all Arabs
We can conclude that the meaning of the prefix pan is
a. behind, after
b. above, additional
c. all, whole, completely
d. earliest, first, original
e. beyond, excessively
11. Study these words and their definitions:
To induce is to persuade someone to do something, or to cause something to happen.
To abduct is to take a person away by force.
To educate is to give knowledge or understanding of a particular subject to someone.
To conduct is to organize and direct a particular activity.
We can conclude that the meaning of the root duc / duct is
a. lead, direct
b. go, move along
c. speed, hasten
d. believe, trust
e. carry, bear
12. Decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Then find the alternative that has the
correct sequence:
( ) An appendix that is about to burst should be extracted from your body.
( ) People hope that enjoyment will be transitory.
( ) If a person retracts a statement, he is pleased with it.
( ) A perverse person is likely to enjoy transgressing rules.
( ) Your adversary would be happy if your authority were circumscribed.
( ) You might circumvent a long wait at a store by placing your order by phone.
a. T, F, F, T, F, F
b. F, F, F, T, F, T
c. T, T, T, T, T, F
d. T, F, T, F, T, F
e. T, F, F, T, T, T
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14. 13. Read the newspaper headlines. You answered yes to questions:
MAN WINS RENOWN UNDER PSEUDONYM
1. Is the man famous now? _______
2. Do most people know the man’s real name? _______
USE OF BIODEGRADABLE CARTONS SHOWN TO BE BENEFICIAL TO COMPANIES
3. Can the cartons be broken down by natural processes? _______
4. Does the use of cartons harm the companies? _______
IN UNILATERAL DECISION, DEPARTMENT HEAD CUTS BILINGUAL PROGRAMS
5. Did the department head consult others? _______
6. Will there be more education in two languages? _______
a. 1, 3, 5
b. 1, 3
c. 4, 5, 6
d. 2, 4
e. 1, 2, 4
Gabarito
01. Alternativa b.
A forma – ible é mais encontrada nas palavras de origem latina. Todos as palavras em parenteses o
são. Assim a forma correta dos adjetivos é: responsible, accessible, permissible e defensible.
02. Alternativa d.
Os sufixos –ship, -hood, -ian, -cy são utilizados para a formação de substantivos.
03. Alternativa c..
O adjetivo congenital é formado pelo prefixo latino com- (together; with / junto, com) e pela raiz
latina gen (birth / nascimento). Assim, se você tem algo congênito, você nasceu com ele.
04. Alternativa a.
O adjetivo viable é formado a partir do prefixo latino vit- (life / vida). Assim sendo, essa palavra pode
significar:
– capable of living
– capable of success
e portanto workable, que quer dizer praticável, exeqüível, viável.
05. Alternativa e.
O substantivo genocide é formado pelo prefixo grego gen- (type / tipo) e pela raiz latina cidium (killing
/ matança). Em Grego antigo, genos significava raça, então genocídio quer dizer killing of an entire
race, ou seja, assassinato planejado de um grupo inteiro.
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15. 06. Alternativa e.
O substantivo subordinate é formado a partir do prefixo latino sub- (under / abaixo). Assim,
subordinate é aquela pessoa que ocupa uma posição em menor rank ou valor. O significado da
sentença é então o seguinte: A presidente da companhia estava tão ocupada que sua subordinada
teve que cuidar de muitos detalhes para ela.
07. Alternativa a.
O adjetivo equitable é formado a partir do prefixo latino equi- (equal / igual) e significa, portanto,
igual, justo. Uma decisão que desse a todos a sensação de que a justiça tinha sido feita é uma
equitable decision, uma decisão justa.
08. Alternativa b.
Vamos à formação de cada uma das palavras:
– antithesis: prefixo grego anti- (against) + palavra grega tithenai (to put), portanto a palavra
antithesis significa the exact opposite, contrast.
– extricate: prefixo latino ex- (out) + palavra latina tricae (difficulties), portanto a palavra extricate
significa to free from difficulty.
– autonomous: prefixo grgo auto- (self) + palavra grega nomos (law), portanto a palavra
autonomous significa self-governing, independent.
– antagonism: prefixo grego anti- (against) + palavra grega agon (contest), portanto a palavra
antagonism significa hostility, rivalry, strong dislike, opposition.
– circumspect: prefixo latino circum- (around) + palavra latina spec (to look), portanto a palavra
circumspect significa to look around, to be careful, cautious.
– transgress: prefixo latino trans- (across) + palavra latina gradi (to step), portanto a palavra significa
transgress to go beyond what is proper or good, to violate.
09. Alternativa d.
Temos aí um adjetivo (impartial) e um substantivo (impartiality). Ambos são formados pelo prefixo
latino im- (not) e pela palavra latina pars (part). Significam, portanto, não tomar parte, buscando ser
justo e imparcial.
10. Alternativa c.
O prefixo pan vem do grego e significa all / todo. As palavras-chave para chegarmos a essa conclusão
foram:
Pandemonium is total confusion.
Panorama is a wide view that covers a very large area.
Panacea is something that people think will make everything better and solve all their problems.
Pan-Arabism is the political union of all Arabs
Interessante: a palavra pandemonium é formada pelo prefixo grego all e pela palavra graga daimon /
demônio. É por isso que ela significa total confusion.
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16. 11. Alternativa a.
A raiz duc / duct vem do latim e significa liderar, conduzir, direcionar.
12. Alternativa e.
Vamos verificar porque a 2.a e a 3.a sentenças estão erradas:
People hope that enjoyment will be transitory – é justamente o contrário, as pessoas esperam que o
divertimento e o prazer sejam duradouros e não transitory que quer dizer transitório, temporário.
If a person retracts a statement, he is pleased with it – o problema dessa sentença é o verbo retract.
Essa palvara vem do latim e é formada por re- (back) + tract (pull), e quer dizer, portanto, to pull
something back, to withdraw a promise or statement. Assim, analisando a sentença concluiremos que
a person who is pleased with a statement, would not retract it.
13. Alternativa b.
Vamos analisar as três manchetes de jornal:
MAN WINS RENOWN UNDER PSEUDONYM
RENOWN – do latim: re- (again) + nom (to name). Uma pessoa que é chamada / lembrada
constantemente se torna famosa.
PSEUDONYM - do grego: pseudes- (false) + yom (name).
Assim,
1. Is the man famous now? yes
2. Do most people know the man’s real name? no
USE OF BIODEGRADABLE CARTONS SHOWN TO BE BENEFICIAL TO COMPANIES
BIODEGRADABLE - do grego: bio- (life) + do latim de- (down) + gradus (step). Assim, um produto
biodegradável pode ser quimicamente “quebrado” por processos biológicos naturais.
BENEFICIAL - do latim: bene- (well) + facere (to do).
Assim,
3. Can the cartons be broken down by natural processes? yes
4. Does the use of cartons harm the companies? no
IN UNILATERAL DECISION, DEPARTMENT HEAD CUTS BILINGUAL PROGRAMS
UNILATERAL – prefixo latino uni- (one). Portanto, uma decisão unilateral foi arbitrária e “levou em
conta só um lado da questão, só uma parte das pessoas”.
BILINGUAL - prefixo latino bi- (two). Assim, bilingual programs são programas em duas línguas /
idiomas.
Assim,
7. Did the department head consult others? no
8. Will there be more education in two languages? no
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