Agricultural field’s production is commonly measured through the performance of the crops in terms of sow amount, climatology, and the type of crop, among other. Therefore, prediction on the performance of the crops canaid cultivators to make better informed decisions and help the agricultural field. This research work presents a prediction on wheat crop using the fuzzy set theory and the use of optimization techniques, in both; traditional methods and evolutionary meta-heuristics. The performance prediction in this research has its core on the following parameters: biomass, solar radiation, rainfall, and infield’s water extractions. Besides, the needed standards and the efficiency index (EFI) used come from already developed models; such standards include: the root-mean-square error (RMSE), the standard deviation, and the precision percentage. The applicationof a genetic algorithm on a Takagi-Sugeno system requires and highly precise prediction on wheat cropping;being, 0.005216 the error estimation, and 99,928 the performance percentage.
The document discusses using random forests and KNN algorithms to segment and classify brain tumors. It proposes using selective search segmentation to extract important regions from images before applying random forests, in order to address issues with random patch selection. The goals are to increase discriminative power and accuracy of the random forest classifier by selecting more informative image patches from the segmentation. Literature on using decision tree ensembles for biomarker identification and classification is also reviewed. Performance is measured using metrics like accuracy, ROC curves, and error rates.
Jianqiang Ren_Simulation of regional winter wheat yield by EPIC model.pptgrssieee
The document describes a study that used a crop growth model combined with remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) data to simulate regional winter wheat yield in northern China. The study area covered 11 counties. Researchers used the EPIC crop growth model optimized with the SCE-UA algorithm. Remotely sensed MODIS LAI data were input to the model. The model was able to accurately simulate winter wheat sowing dates, plant density, fertilizer application rates, and yields compared to field investigation data, demonstrating the potential of the approach for crop monitoring and yield forecasting.
IRJET - Analysis of Crop Yield Prediction by using Machine Learning AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes crop yield prediction using machine learning algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine. It discusses collecting agricultural data from various regions on factors like rainfall, humidity, temperature, area, yield, soil type and location. The data is preprocessed, transformed and split into training and testing sets. Both KNN and SVM are applied to the data and SVM is found to have higher accuracy and faster execution time compared to KNN in predicting suitable crops and estimated yields. The proposed system provides farmers an efficient way to predict crops and yields for their region using modern machine learning techniques.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
IRJET- Crop Prediction and Disease DetectionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed system for crop prediction and disease detection using data mining techniques and image processing. The system would use algorithms like Apriori and C4.5 to predict crop yields based on past climate data like temperature and rainfall. It would also allow farmers to upload images of crop diseases to identify the disease and recommended treatments. The goal is to help farmers make better decisions around crop selection and disease management given expected climate conditions.
Crop Recommendation System to Maximize Crop Yield using Machine Learning Tech...IRJET Journal
This document describes a crop recommendation system that uses machine learning techniques to maximize crop yields. The system collects soil data from testing labs and combines the data with crop information from experts. It then uses an ensemble model with majority voting to recommend crops for specific soil parameters. The ensemble uses support vector machine and artificial neural network learners to make recommendations with high accuracy. The goal is to help farmers choose crops best suited to their soil needs and increase productivity.
CENTROG FEATURE TECHNIQUE FOR VEHICLE TYPE RECOGNITION AT DAY AND NIGHT TIMESijaia
This work proposes a feature-based technique to recognize vehicle types within day and night times. Support vector machine (SVM) classifier is applied on image histogram and CENsus Transformed
histogRam Oriented Gradient (CENTROG) features in order to classify vehicle types during the day and night. Thermal images were used for the night time experiments. Although thermal images suffer from low image resolution, lack of colour and poor texture information, they offer the advantage of being unaffected by high intensity light sources such as vehicle headlights which tend to render normal images unsuitable
for night time image capturing and subsequent analysis. Since contour is useful in shape based categorisation and the most distinctive feature within thermal images, CENTROG is used to capture this feature information and is used within the experiments. The experimental results so obtained were
compared with those obtained by employing the CENsus TRansformed hISTogram (CENTRIST). Experimental results revealed that CENTROG offers better recognition accuracies for both day and night times vehicle types recognition.
This document discusses using machine learning techniques to build models for predicting agricultural crop yields. It first provides background on the importance of feature selection and engineering for accurate modeling. It then outlines the proposed system, which would acquire dataset on weather, soil parameters, and past yields, preprocess the data, perform clustering, feature selection, and classification to predict future crop yields. The goal is to help farmers choose optimal crops and improve farm management. The document reviews several related works applying data mining and machine learning to agricultural data and concludes the proposed approach could effectively optimize feature selection and model performance.
The document discusses using random forests and KNN algorithms to segment and classify brain tumors. It proposes using selective search segmentation to extract important regions from images before applying random forests, in order to address issues with random patch selection. The goals are to increase discriminative power and accuracy of the random forest classifier by selecting more informative image patches from the segmentation. Literature on using decision tree ensembles for biomarker identification and classification is also reviewed. Performance is measured using metrics like accuracy, ROC curves, and error rates.
Jianqiang Ren_Simulation of regional winter wheat yield by EPIC model.pptgrssieee
The document describes a study that used a crop growth model combined with remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) data to simulate regional winter wheat yield in northern China. The study area covered 11 counties. Researchers used the EPIC crop growth model optimized with the SCE-UA algorithm. Remotely sensed MODIS LAI data were input to the model. The model was able to accurately simulate winter wheat sowing dates, plant density, fertilizer application rates, and yields compared to field investigation data, demonstrating the potential of the approach for crop monitoring and yield forecasting.
IRJET - Analysis of Crop Yield Prediction by using Machine Learning AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes crop yield prediction using machine learning algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine. It discusses collecting agricultural data from various regions on factors like rainfall, humidity, temperature, area, yield, soil type and location. The data is preprocessed, transformed and split into training and testing sets. Both KNN and SVM are applied to the data and SVM is found to have higher accuracy and faster execution time compared to KNN in predicting suitable crops and estimated yields. The proposed system provides farmers an efficient way to predict crops and yields for their region using modern machine learning techniques.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
IRJET- Crop Prediction and Disease DetectionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed system for crop prediction and disease detection using data mining techniques and image processing. The system would use algorithms like Apriori and C4.5 to predict crop yields based on past climate data like temperature and rainfall. It would also allow farmers to upload images of crop diseases to identify the disease and recommended treatments. The goal is to help farmers make better decisions around crop selection and disease management given expected climate conditions.
Crop Recommendation System to Maximize Crop Yield using Machine Learning Tech...IRJET Journal
This document describes a crop recommendation system that uses machine learning techniques to maximize crop yields. The system collects soil data from testing labs and combines the data with crop information from experts. It then uses an ensemble model with majority voting to recommend crops for specific soil parameters. The ensemble uses support vector machine and artificial neural network learners to make recommendations with high accuracy. The goal is to help farmers choose crops best suited to their soil needs and increase productivity.
CENTROG FEATURE TECHNIQUE FOR VEHICLE TYPE RECOGNITION AT DAY AND NIGHT TIMESijaia
This work proposes a feature-based technique to recognize vehicle types within day and night times. Support vector machine (SVM) classifier is applied on image histogram and CENsus Transformed
histogRam Oriented Gradient (CENTROG) features in order to classify vehicle types during the day and night. Thermal images were used for the night time experiments. Although thermal images suffer from low image resolution, lack of colour and poor texture information, they offer the advantage of being unaffected by high intensity light sources such as vehicle headlights which tend to render normal images unsuitable
for night time image capturing and subsequent analysis. Since contour is useful in shape based categorisation and the most distinctive feature within thermal images, CENTROG is used to capture this feature information and is used within the experiments. The experimental results so obtained were
compared with those obtained by employing the CENsus TRansformed hISTogram (CENTRIST). Experimental results revealed that CENTROG offers better recognition accuracies for both day and night times vehicle types recognition.
This document discusses using machine learning techniques to build models for predicting agricultural crop yields. It first provides background on the importance of feature selection and engineering for accurate modeling. It then outlines the proposed system, which would acquire dataset on weather, soil parameters, and past yields, preprocess the data, perform clustering, feature selection, and classification to predict future crop yields. The goal is to help farmers choose optimal crops and improve farm management. The document reviews several related works applying data mining and machine learning to agricultural data and concludes the proposed approach could effectively optimize feature selection and model performance.
Optimization techniques on fuzzy inference systems to detect Xanthomonas camp...IJECEIAES
The document describes four fuzzy inference system models optimized to detect the Xanthomonas campestris disease in bean plants. The best performing model was a Mamdani fuzzy system with six membership functions in the input sets, optimized using a genetic algorithm. This model achieved 99.68% accuracy on the training pixel data and 94% accuracy at detecting the disease in test images of bean leaves. The genetic algorithm optimization produced better results than a Quasi-Newton method, reducing the error between predicted and expected outputs. This optimized fuzzy system model shows potential for early detection of the Xanthomonas campestris disease in beans.
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and developmentPV. Viji
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and development , Statistical Modeling , Descriptive Versus Mechanistic Modeling , Statistical Parameters Estimation , Confidence Regions , Non Linearity at the Optimum , Sensitivity Analysis , Optimal Design , Population Modeling
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses applications of data mining techniques in agriculture. It begins by explaining how data mining can extract useful patterns from large datasets and how fuzzy sets are well-suited for handling incomplete agricultural data involving human factors. Next, it summarizes several common data mining techniques like clustering, association rules, functional dependencies, and data summarization and provides examples of each applied to agriculture, such as for weather forecasting, soil classification, and yield prediction. The document concludes by comparing statistical analysis to data mining and finding data mining superior for analyzing agricultural datasets for speed, ease of use, and accuracy.
This document discusses how precision farming and big data can help improve agriculture. It notes that a majority of India's population depends on agriculture but farmers often lack information which can hurt crop yields. New technologies using sensors, cloud computing, and mobile phones can now provide farmers real-time data on soil conditions, weather, and crop health to help maximize production. Data mining techniques like classification and clustering can analyze large agricultural data sets to predict outcomes and identify patterns. This information can help farmers choose optimal crops and growing practices and help businesses anticipate supply and demand trends to better match production and pricing.
This document discusses the development of a probabilistic network-level pavement management system using Markov processes. Pavements are grouped into families with similar characteristics. Markov transition probability matrices are developed for each family to model the uncertain deterioration of pavements over time. The Markov models are integrated with dynamic programming and prioritization programs to determine optimal maintenance and rehabilitation recommendations under budget constraints and provide the highest network performance. The developed system is applied to an airport pavement network as an example.
A Survey and Comparative Study of Filter and Wrapper Feature Selection Techni...theijes
Feature selection is considered as a problem of global combinatorial optimization in machine learning, which reduces the number of features, removes irrelevant, noisy and redundant data. However, identification of useful features from hundreds or even thousands of related features is not an easy task. Selecting relevant genes from microarray data becomes even more challenging owing to the high dimensionality of features, multiclass categories involved and the usually small sample size. In order to improve the prediction accuracy and to avoid incomprehensibility due to the number of features different feature selection techniques can be implemented. This survey classifies and analyzes different approaches, aiming to not only provide a comprehensive presentation but also discuss challenges and various performance parameters. The techniques are generally classified into three; filter, wrapper and hybrid.
Medical informatics growth can be observed now days. Advancement in different medical fields
discovers the various critical diseases and provides the guidelines for their cure. This has been possible
only because of well heeled medical databases as well as automation of data analysis process. Towards
this analysis process lots of learning and intelligence is required, the data mining techniques provides the
basis for that and various data mining techniques are available like Decision tree Induction, Rule Based
Classification or mining, Support vector machine, Stochastic classification, Logistic regression, Naïve
bayes, Artificial Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithms. This paper provides the basic of
data mining with their effective techniques availability in medical sciences & reveals the efforts done on
medical databases using data mining techniques for human disease diagnosis.
IRJET- Agricultural Crop Classification Models in Data Mining TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Naive Bayes classification to classify agricultural crop types using Landsat satellite imagery data. The researchers analyzed Landsat data using Naive Bayes and evaluated the accuracy of crop classification using various performance metrics. On the training dataset, Naive Bayes correctly classified 211 instances and incorrectly classified 238 instances. On the testing dataset, it correctly classified 49 instances and incorrectly classified 45 instances. The researchers concluded Naive Bayes can achieve reasonably high accuracy for crop classification but plan to compare its performance to other algorithms in future work.
This document summarizes different analytical models that can be used for crop prediction, including classification models. It discusses feature selection methods like principal component analysis and information gain that are important for crop prediction models. The document reviews different machine learning techniques used in previous studies for crop yield prediction, such as linear regression, k-nearest neighbors, neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees. It aims to compare the performance of these classification techniques for predicting crop yields based on parameters like temperature, rainfall, soil characteristics, and more.
Agriculture crop yield prediction using inertia based cat swarm optimizationIJECEIAES
Crop yield prediction is among the most important and main sources of income in the Indian economy. In this paper, the improved cat swarm optimization (ICSO) based recurrent neural network (RNN) model is proposed for crop yield prediction using time series data. The inertia weight parameter is added to position equation that is selected randomly, and a new velocity equation is produced which enhances the searching ability in the best cat area. By using inertia weight, the ICSO enhances performance of feature selection and obtains better convergence in minimum iteration. The RNN is applied to produce direct graph using sequence of data and decides current layer output by involving all other existing calculations. The performance of the model is estimated using coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) on the yield from the years 2011 to 2021 with an annual prediction for 120 records of approximately 8 million nuts. The evaluated result shows that the proposed ICSO-RNN model delivers metrics such as R2, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of 0.99, 0.77, 0.68, and 0.82 correspondingly, which ensures accurate yield prediction when compared with the existing methods which are hybrid reinforcement learning-random forest (RL-RF) and machine learning (ML) methods.
Selection of crop varieties and yield prediction based on phenotype applying ...IJECEIAES
In India, agriculture plays an important role in the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and is also a part of civilization. Countries’ economies are also influenced by the amount of crop production. All business trading involves farming as a major factor. In order to increase crop production, different technological advancements are developed to acquire the information required for crop production. The proposed work is mainly focused on suitable crop selection across districts in Tamil Nadu, considering phenotype factors such as soil type, climatic factors, cropping season, and crop region. The key objective is to predict the suitable crop for the farmers based on their locations, soil types, and environmental factors. This results in less financial loss and a shorter crop production timeframe. Combined feature selection (CFS)-based machine regression helps increase crop production rates. A brief comparative analysis was also made between various machine learning (ML) regression algorithms, which majorly contributed to the process of crop selection considering phenotype factors. Stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) classifiers outperformed other decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and logistic regression (LR) with a prediction accuracy of 93% with the lowest classification accuracy metrics. The proposed method can help us select the perfect crop for maximum yield.
IRJET- Crop Prediction System using Machine Learning AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document describes a crop prediction system that uses machine learning algorithms. The system aims to help farmers choose which crops to grow in a particular region by analyzing various attributes like soil properties, weather conditions, and historical crop yield data. It discusses how machine learning techniques like decision trees and KNN can be applied to large datasets to identify patterns and predict optimal crops and harvest times. The system is intended to help farmers maximize yields and guide decisions around crop selection, timing, and inputs.
IRJET- Agricultural Data Modeling and Yield Forecasting using Data Mining...IRJET Journal
This document proposes using data mining techniques to develop a predictive model for forecasting crop yields. It involves collecting agricultural data on factors like rainfall, temperature, seed quality, and sowing procedures. Data preprocessing and clustering techniques like K-means are applied. Classification algorithms like Support Vector Machine and Naive Bayes are used to predict crop yield as low, medium, or high. The predictive model aims to help farmers plan cultivation for high crop yields by identifying the best combinations of agricultural factors.
IMPLEMENTATION PAPER ON AGRICULTURE ADVISORY SYSTEMIRJET Journal
This document presents an implementation paper on an agriculture advisory system that uses machine learning algorithms to predict optimal crops and recommend fertilizers. It first reviews previous literature on similar crop prediction systems using data mining techniques. It then describes the proposed system's methodology, which involves 8 steps: data collection, preprocessing, training, supervised learning using Naive Bayes for crop prediction and KNN for fertilizer recommendation, priority-based crop recommendation, location- and year-based recommendations, output of results, and visual representation of recommendations. The system aims to help farmers select profitable crops and increase agricultural output by providing customized recommendations based on soil analysis and other input data. It concludes the proposed system could help address issues farmers face by streamlining information and facilitating efficient
Internet of things (IoT) smart technology enables new digital agriculture. Technology has become necessary to address today's challenges, and many
sectors are automating their processes with the newest technologies. By maximizing fertiliser use to boost plant efficiency, smart agriculture, which is based on IoT technology, intends to assist producers and farmers in
reducing waste while improving output. With IoT-based smart farming, farmers may better manage their animals, develop crops, save costs, and
conserve resources. Climate monitoring, drought detection, agriculture and production, pollution distribution, and many more applications rely on the weather forecast. The accuracy of the forecast is determined by prior
weather conditions across broad areas and over long periods. Machine learning algorithms can help us to build a model with proper accuracy. As a result, increasing the output on the limited acreage is important. IoT smart farming is a high-tech method that allows people to cultivate crops cleanly
and sustainably. In agriculture, it is the use of current information and
communication technologies.
IRJET- Survey on Crop Suggestion using Weather AnalysisIRJET Journal
The document discusses a proposed model to predict the most suitable crop for a given location based on weather analysis and soil parameters. It would use fuzzy logic, Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithm, and R Neuralnet Package. The model aims to address the problems of crop failure, food shortage, and increasing farmer suicides by recommending crops suited to the climatic conditions and soil quality of a particular site. It would provide suggestions on both crop yield and suitable crop types to maximize agricultural productivity. The inputs to the system would be meteorological and soil data, and it would analyze past and future weather data to recommend crops.
Comparison of time series temperature prediction with autoregressive integrat...IJECEIAES
The region of Beni Mellal, Morocco is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector as its primary source of income. Accurate temperature prediction in agriculture has many benefits including improved crop planning, reduced crop damage, optimized irrigation systems and more sustainable agricultural practices. By having a better understanding of the expected temperature patterns, farmers can make informed decisions on planting schedules, protect crops from extreme temperature events, and use resources more efficiently. The lack of data-driven studies in agriculture impedes the digitalization of farming and the advancement of accurate long-term temperature prediction models. This underscores the significance of research to identify the optimal machine learning models for that purpose. A 22-year time series dataset (2000-2022) is used in the study. The machine-learning model autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and deep learning models simple recurrent neural network (SimpleRNN), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and long short-term memory (LSTM) were applied to the time series. The results are evaluated based on the mean absolute error (MAE). The findings indicate that the deep learning models outperformed the machine-learning model, with the GRU model achieving the lowest MAE.
Plant Disease Detection and Severity Classification using Support Vector Mach...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that used support vector machines (SVM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) to detect plant diseases and classify their severity using images. The researchers trained their models on a dataset containing images of four plant species with different diseases. SVM was used for disease detection, achieving 80-90% accuracy. CNN models like DenseNet and EfficientNet were used to classify disease severity. The goal of the study was to help farmers identify plant diseases early to mitigate losses and improve food security.
A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ON AGRICULTURE ADVISORY SYSTEMIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review and proposed methodology for an agricultural advisory system using data science techniques. It discusses several past studies that used machine learning algorithms like Naive Bayes, KNN, decision trees, and clustering for crop prediction and recommendations. The proposed system would collect agricultural data on parameters like rainfall, temperature and soil composition. It would preprocess, train and apply a supervised learning algorithm like Naive Bayes to provide priority-based crop recommendations to farmers based on location and year. The goal is to help farmers select suitable high-profit crops using data-driven techniques.
Optimization techniques on fuzzy inference systems to detect Xanthomonas camp...IJECEIAES
The document describes four fuzzy inference system models optimized to detect the Xanthomonas campestris disease in bean plants. The best performing model was a Mamdani fuzzy system with six membership functions in the input sets, optimized using a genetic algorithm. This model achieved 99.68% accuracy on the training pixel data and 94% accuracy at detecting the disease in test images of bean leaves. The genetic algorithm optimization produced better results than a Quasi-Newton method, reducing the error between predicted and expected outputs. This optimized fuzzy system model shows potential for early detection of the Xanthomonas campestris disease in beans.
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and developmentPV. Viji
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and development , Statistical Modeling , Descriptive Versus Mechanistic Modeling , Statistical Parameters Estimation , Confidence Regions , Non Linearity at the Optimum , Sensitivity Analysis , Optimal Design , Population Modeling
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses applications of data mining techniques in agriculture. It begins by explaining how data mining can extract useful patterns from large datasets and how fuzzy sets are well-suited for handling incomplete agricultural data involving human factors. Next, it summarizes several common data mining techniques like clustering, association rules, functional dependencies, and data summarization and provides examples of each applied to agriculture, such as for weather forecasting, soil classification, and yield prediction. The document concludes by comparing statistical analysis to data mining and finding data mining superior for analyzing agricultural datasets for speed, ease of use, and accuracy.
This document discusses how precision farming and big data can help improve agriculture. It notes that a majority of India's population depends on agriculture but farmers often lack information which can hurt crop yields. New technologies using sensors, cloud computing, and mobile phones can now provide farmers real-time data on soil conditions, weather, and crop health to help maximize production. Data mining techniques like classification and clustering can analyze large agricultural data sets to predict outcomes and identify patterns. This information can help farmers choose optimal crops and growing practices and help businesses anticipate supply and demand trends to better match production and pricing.
This document discusses the development of a probabilistic network-level pavement management system using Markov processes. Pavements are grouped into families with similar characteristics. Markov transition probability matrices are developed for each family to model the uncertain deterioration of pavements over time. The Markov models are integrated with dynamic programming and prioritization programs to determine optimal maintenance and rehabilitation recommendations under budget constraints and provide the highest network performance. The developed system is applied to an airport pavement network as an example.
A Survey and Comparative Study of Filter and Wrapper Feature Selection Techni...theijes
Feature selection is considered as a problem of global combinatorial optimization in machine learning, which reduces the number of features, removes irrelevant, noisy and redundant data. However, identification of useful features from hundreds or even thousands of related features is not an easy task. Selecting relevant genes from microarray data becomes even more challenging owing to the high dimensionality of features, multiclass categories involved and the usually small sample size. In order to improve the prediction accuracy and to avoid incomprehensibility due to the number of features different feature selection techniques can be implemented. This survey classifies and analyzes different approaches, aiming to not only provide a comprehensive presentation but also discuss challenges and various performance parameters. The techniques are generally classified into three; filter, wrapper and hybrid.
Medical informatics growth can be observed now days. Advancement in different medical fields
discovers the various critical diseases and provides the guidelines for their cure. This has been possible
only because of well heeled medical databases as well as automation of data analysis process. Towards
this analysis process lots of learning and intelligence is required, the data mining techniques provides the
basis for that and various data mining techniques are available like Decision tree Induction, Rule Based
Classification or mining, Support vector machine, Stochastic classification, Logistic regression, Naïve
bayes, Artificial Neural Network & Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithms. This paper provides the basic of
data mining with their effective techniques availability in medical sciences & reveals the efforts done on
medical databases using data mining techniques for human disease diagnosis.
IRJET- Agricultural Crop Classification Models in Data Mining TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Naive Bayes classification to classify agricultural crop types using Landsat satellite imagery data. The researchers analyzed Landsat data using Naive Bayes and evaluated the accuracy of crop classification using various performance metrics. On the training dataset, Naive Bayes correctly classified 211 instances and incorrectly classified 238 instances. On the testing dataset, it correctly classified 49 instances and incorrectly classified 45 instances. The researchers concluded Naive Bayes can achieve reasonably high accuracy for crop classification but plan to compare its performance to other algorithms in future work.
This document summarizes different analytical models that can be used for crop prediction, including classification models. It discusses feature selection methods like principal component analysis and information gain that are important for crop prediction models. The document reviews different machine learning techniques used in previous studies for crop yield prediction, such as linear regression, k-nearest neighbors, neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees. It aims to compare the performance of these classification techniques for predicting crop yields based on parameters like temperature, rainfall, soil characteristics, and more.
Agriculture crop yield prediction using inertia based cat swarm optimizationIJECEIAES
Crop yield prediction is among the most important and main sources of income in the Indian economy. In this paper, the improved cat swarm optimization (ICSO) based recurrent neural network (RNN) model is proposed for crop yield prediction using time series data. The inertia weight parameter is added to position equation that is selected randomly, and a new velocity equation is produced which enhances the searching ability in the best cat area. By using inertia weight, the ICSO enhances performance of feature selection and obtains better convergence in minimum iteration. The RNN is applied to produce direct graph using sequence of data and decides current layer output by involving all other existing calculations. The performance of the model is estimated using coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) on the yield from the years 2011 to 2021 with an annual prediction for 120 records of approximately 8 million nuts. The evaluated result shows that the proposed ICSO-RNN model delivers metrics such as R2, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of 0.99, 0.77, 0.68, and 0.82 correspondingly, which ensures accurate yield prediction when compared with the existing methods which are hybrid reinforcement learning-random forest (RL-RF) and machine learning (ML) methods.
Selection of crop varieties and yield prediction based on phenotype applying ...IJECEIAES
In India, agriculture plays an important role in the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and is also a part of civilization. Countries’ economies are also influenced by the amount of crop production. All business trading involves farming as a major factor. In order to increase crop production, different technological advancements are developed to acquire the information required for crop production. The proposed work is mainly focused on suitable crop selection across districts in Tamil Nadu, considering phenotype factors such as soil type, climatic factors, cropping season, and crop region. The key objective is to predict the suitable crop for the farmers based on their locations, soil types, and environmental factors. This results in less financial loss and a shorter crop production timeframe. Combined feature selection (CFS)-based machine regression helps increase crop production rates. A brief comparative analysis was also made between various machine learning (ML) regression algorithms, which majorly contributed to the process of crop selection considering phenotype factors. Stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) classifiers outperformed other decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and logistic regression (LR) with a prediction accuracy of 93% with the lowest classification accuracy metrics. The proposed method can help us select the perfect crop for maximum yield.
IRJET- Crop Prediction System using Machine Learning AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document describes a crop prediction system that uses machine learning algorithms. The system aims to help farmers choose which crops to grow in a particular region by analyzing various attributes like soil properties, weather conditions, and historical crop yield data. It discusses how machine learning techniques like decision trees and KNN can be applied to large datasets to identify patterns and predict optimal crops and harvest times. The system is intended to help farmers maximize yields and guide decisions around crop selection, timing, and inputs.
IRJET- Agricultural Data Modeling and Yield Forecasting using Data Mining...IRJET Journal
This document proposes using data mining techniques to develop a predictive model for forecasting crop yields. It involves collecting agricultural data on factors like rainfall, temperature, seed quality, and sowing procedures. Data preprocessing and clustering techniques like K-means are applied. Classification algorithms like Support Vector Machine and Naive Bayes are used to predict crop yield as low, medium, or high. The predictive model aims to help farmers plan cultivation for high crop yields by identifying the best combinations of agricultural factors.
IMPLEMENTATION PAPER ON AGRICULTURE ADVISORY SYSTEMIRJET Journal
This document presents an implementation paper on an agriculture advisory system that uses machine learning algorithms to predict optimal crops and recommend fertilizers. It first reviews previous literature on similar crop prediction systems using data mining techniques. It then describes the proposed system's methodology, which involves 8 steps: data collection, preprocessing, training, supervised learning using Naive Bayes for crop prediction and KNN for fertilizer recommendation, priority-based crop recommendation, location- and year-based recommendations, output of results, and visual representation of recommendations. The system aims to help farmers select profitable crops and increase agricultural output by providing customized recommendations based on soil analysis and other input data. It concludes the proposed system could help address issues farmers face by streamlining information and facilitating efficient
Internet of things (IoT) smart technology enables new digital agriculture. Technology has become necessary to address today's challenges, and many
sectors are automating their processes with the newest technologies. By maximizing fertiliser use to boost plant efficiency, smart agriculture, which is based on IoT technology, intends to assist producers and farmers in
reducing waste while improving output. With IoT-based smart farming, farmers may better manage their animals, develop crops, save costs, and
conserve resources. Climate monitoring, drought detection, agriculture and production, pollution distribution, and many more applications rely on the weather forecast. The accuracy of the forecast is determined by prior
weather conditions across broad areas and over long periods. Machine learning algorithms can help us to build a model with proper accuracy. As a result, increasing the output on the limited acreage is important. IoT smart farming is a high-tech method that allows people to cultivate crops cleanly
and sustainably. In agriculture, it is the use of current information and
communication technologies.
IRJET- Survey on Crop Suggestion using Weather AnalysisIRJET Journal
The document discusses a proposed model to predict the most suitable crop for a given location based on weather analysis and soil parameters. It would use fuzzy logic, Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithm, and R Neuralnet Package. The model aims to address the problems of crop failure, food shortage, and increasing farmer suicides by recommending crops suited to the climatic conditions and soil quality of a particular site. It would provide suggestions on both crop yield and suitable crop types to maximize agricultural productivity. The inputs to the system would be meteorological and soil data, and it would analyze past and future weather data to recommend crops.
Comparison of time series temperature prediction with autoregressive integrat...IJECEIAES
The region of Beni Mellal, Morocco is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector as its primary source of income. Accurate temperature prediction in agriculture has many benefits including improved crop planning, reduced crop damage, optimized irrigation systems and more sustainable agricultural practices. By having a better understanding of the expected temperature patterns, farmers can make informed decisions on planting schedules, protect crops from extreme temperature events, and use resources more efficiently. The lack of data-driven studies in agriculture impedes the digitalization of farming and the advancement of accurate long-term temperature prediction models. This underscores the significance of research to identify the optimal machine learning models for that purpose. A 22-year time series dataset (2000-2022) is used in the study. The machine-learning model autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and deep learning models simple recurrent neural network (SimpleRNN), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and long short-term memory (LSTM) were applied to the time series. The results are evaluated based on the mean absolute error (MAE). The findings indicate that the deep learning models outperformed the machine-learning model, with the GRU model achieving the lowest MAE.
Plant Disease Detection and Severity Classification using Support Vector Mach...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that used support vector machines (SVM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) to detect plant diseases and classify their severity using images. The researchers trained their models on a dataset containing images of four plant species with different diseases. SVM was used for disease detection, achieving 80-90% accuracy. CNN models like DenseNet and EfficientNet were used to classify disease severity. The goal of the study was to help farmers identify plant diseases early to mitigate losses and improve food security.
A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ON AGRICULTURE ADVISORY SYSTEMIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review and proposed methodology for an agricultural advisory system using data science techniques. It discusses several past studies that used machine learning algorithms like Naive Bayes, KNN, decision trees, and clustering for crop prediction and recommendations. The proposed system would collect agricultural data on parameters like rainfall, temperature and soil composition. It would preprocess, train and apply a supervised learning algorithm like Naive Bayes to provide priority-based crop recommendations to farmers based on location and year. The goal is to help farmers select suitable high-profit crops using data-driven techniques.
Supervise Machine Learning Approach for Crop Yield Prediction in Agriculture ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using machine learning techniques like linear regression to predict crop yields in the agricultural sector. Specifically, it aims to build models using past agricultural data to help farmers predict yields before planting and determine how to allocate resources for maximum profit. The proposed system would analyze factors like environment, soil, water, temperature and use ML algorithms to forecast yields and provide smart recommendations to farmers. It discusses previous related work on crop yield prediction using machine learning and the limitations of existing systems. The goal is to develop an accurate predictive model using a supervised learning approach that farmers can use to make informed financial decisions.
Constrained discrete model predictive control of a greenhouse system temperatureIJECEIAES
In this paper, a constrained discete model predictive control (CDMPC) strategy for a greenhouse inside temperature is presented. To describe the dynamics of our system’s inside temperature, an experimental greenhouse prototype is engaged. For the mathematical modeling, a state space form which fits properly the acquired data of the greenhouse temperature dynamics is identified using the subspace system identification (N4sid) algorithm. The obtained model is used in order to develop the CDMPC starategy which role is to select the best control moves based on an optimization procedure under the constraints on the control notion. For efficient evaluation of the proposed control approach MATLAB/Simulink and Yalmip optimization toolbox are used for algorithm and blocks implementation. The simulation results confirm the accuracy of the controller that garantees both the control and the reference tracking objectives.
Mineral nutrients and nutrition
Micro nutrients
Macro nutrients
Primary nutrients
Secondary nutrients
Mobile nutrients
Immobile nutrients
Classification of essential nutrients
Classification based on amount required
Classification in the basis amount present in plant tissue
Classification based on biochemical and physiological functions
Classification based on nutrient mobility in the plants
Partially mobile nutrients
Nitrogen uptake
SADCNN-ORBM: a hybrid deep learning model based citrus disease detection and ...IJECEIAES
Citrus disease has a significant influence on agricultural productivity these days, so technology based on artificial intelligence has been developed for creating computer vision (CV) models. By spotting disease in its early stages and enabling necessary productivity actions, CV in agriculture improves the production of agricultural goods. In this paper, we developed a CV-based citrus disease detection model called the self-attention dilated convolutional neural network−optimized restricted Boltzmann machine (SADCNNORBM) model, which consists of two crucial parts: a SADCNN for disease segmentation and an ORBM optimized by the self-adaptive coati optimization (SACO) algorithm to improve the classification performance of diseases, which successfully divides the disease type into three groups: anthracnose, melanose, and brown spot. Numerous feature sets, such as texture features, three-channel red, green, blue (RGB) features, local binary pattern (LBP) features, and speeded-up robust features (SURF) features, are combined and given as input into the classification layer in the proposed model. We compare our proposed model's performance with existing methods by using several evaluation metrics. The findings demonstrate the SADCNN-ORBM model's superiority in precisely recognizing and classifying citrus illnesses, outperforming all available techniques.
Netica is a Bayesian network modeling and inference software package developed by Norsys Software Corp. It allows users to build and evaluate causal probabilistic models known as Bayesian networks.
R: R is a programming language and software environment for statistical analysis, graphics, and statistical computing. It is a GNU project which is similar to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues.
Weka: Weka is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either be applied directly to a dataset or called from your own Java code. Weka contains tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules
Computer applications can help integrate technology advances into sustainable agriculture. Models and systems like crop simulation, remote sensing, GIS, and expert systems analyze complex agricultural information and help farmers make decisions. Models like DSSAT, CERES, and WOFOST simulate crop growth based on processes like photosynthesis and environmental impacts, aiding areas like yield forecasting and climate change analysis. Precision agriculture benefits from technologies like GPS, GIS, and sensors to optimize efficient, low-input farming.
Efficiency of Prediction Algorithms for Mining Biological DatabasesIOSR Journals
This document analyzes the efficiency of various prediction algorithms for mining biological databases. It discusses prediction through mining biological databases to identify disease risks. It then evaluates several prediction algorithms (ZeroR, OneR, JRip, PART, Decision Table) on a breast cancer dataset using measures like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. The results show that the JRip and PART algorithms generally had the highest accuracy rates, around 70%, while ZeroR had the lowest accuracy. However, ZeroR had a perfect positive predictive value. The study aims to assess the most efficient algorithms for predictive mining of biological data.
This document describes a web application called Agro-Farm Care that aims to help farmers by predicting crops, fertilizers, and detecting diseases from images using machine learning models. The application takes in soil parameters and recommends suitable crops. It also takes in soil and crop details to recommend fertilizers. Additionally, it can detect diseases by analyzing leaf images. The system was developed using tools like Flask, Python, HTML, CSS and aims to benefit farmers by providing crop, fertilizer and disease predictions and recommendations.
Famer assistant and crop recommendation systemIRJET Journal
This document describes a farmer assistant and crop recommendation system developed by researchers in India. The system uses machine learning algorithms to analyze soil quality parameters and weather data to recommend profitable crops for farmers to plant based on their location. It also predicts the best time and place for farmers to sell their crops to maximize profits. The system is designed as a web application that farmers can access using smartphones, providing crop recommendations, pricing information, and other services to help farmers increase yields and earnings. The researchers used an XGBoost classifier trained on agricultural data to predict soil fertility and suitable crops. The system aims to help farmers get higher profits through improved agricultural decision making.
Similar to Predictions on wheat crop yielding through fuzzy set theory and optimization techniques (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Predictions on wheat crop yielding through fuzzy set theory and optimization techniques
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 6, December 2020, pp. 3011~3018
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i6.15870 3011
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Predictions on wheat crop yielding through fuzzy set theory
and optimization techniques
Julio Barón Velandia, Norbey Danilo Muñoz Cañón, Brayan Leonardo Sierra Forero
Facultad de ingeniería, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Colombia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 18, 2020
Revised May 25, 2020
Accepted Jun 25, 2020
Agricultural field’s production is commonly measured through the
performance of the crops in terms of sow amount, climatology, and the type of
crop, among other. Therefore, prediction on the performance of the crops can
aid cultivators to make better informed decisions and help the agricultural
field. This research work presents a prediction on wheat crop using the fuzzy
set theory and the use of optimization techniques, in both; traditional methods
and evolutionary meta-heuristics. The performance prediction in this research
has its core on the following parameters: biomass, solar radiation, rainfall, and
infield’s water extractions. Besides, the needed standards and the efficiency
index (EFI) used come from already developed models; such standards
include: the root-mean-square error (RMSE), the standard deviation, and the
precision percentage. The application of a genetic algorithm on a Takagi-
Sugeno system requires and highly precise prediction on wheat cropping;
being, 0.005216 the error estimation, and 99.928 the performance percentage.
Keywords:
Agriculture
Crops
Fuzzy set theory
Optimization techniques
Performance
Prediction
Wheat
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Brayan Leonardo Sierra Forero,
Facultad de ingeniería,
Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas,
Carrera 7 No. 40B – 53, Bogotá D. C. República de Colombia.
Email: blsierraf@correo.udistrital.edu.co
1. INTRODUCTION
To predict any natural event requires a logical analysis on the occurrence frequency and the nature of
the event itself [1]. Therefore, to apply any process aimed to develop a prediction model, researchers must take
advantage of those methods that handle uncertainty better than the traditional ones do [2]; this, allow them to
create models that would improve the outcomes (depending on the context and goals establishment) and
the model’s significance and accuracy. Some of those methods suitable for prediction are the fuzzy logic systems,
the artificial neural networks, and the adaptive neural-fuzzy systems. Such methods used widely in the prediction of
agricultural performance and the estimation of variables and parameters [3] as crop, soils, climatology, the
convenience [4-6] or suitability of a specific crop in a determined geographical zone [7, 8], and even, the optimization
of processes related to the nature of the systems itself [9, 10]. Furthermore, other methods, specialized on
optimization, also allow researchers to create prediction models. Such, are divided into traditional methods
(focused on local search and general solution) and heuristic methods (stochastic or probabilistic, and focused
on solution or target population) [11]; optimization techniques are algorithms intended to find optimal solutions
to specific problems [12]. The latter usually include gradient based algorithms, free gradient algorithms,
evolutionary algorithms, and nature-inspired meta-heuristics [13].
A gradient-based algorithm is an iterative method that cycles the target’s function gradient
information throughout the iterations of the process [13]; the generic Quasi-Newton method has a super-linear
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convergence rate that separates it from other traditional methods as the gradient descent method (linear
convergence rate) and the Newton-Raphson method (squared convergence rate) [14]. Otherwise, genetic
algorithms (GA) imply the coding of the target function as bits matrices or character chains that depict
chromosomes; the manipulation of those chains by genetic operators; and the selection of suitable solutions to
a give problem [13]. In contrast to the other stochastic methods, GAs conceptual development is supported on
mathematical theory, greatly on the Scheme Theorem, which conjugates fitness, crossbreeding, and mutation
to establish how survival and solution propagation would be affected [11].
Crops’ outcome is measured regarding its performance and considering the factors (climatic, biotic,
and edaphic) that could affect them; such factors and its constituents impact on the crops is never isolated, on
the contrary, it is interdependent [15]. According to Syngenta, sub-factors as solar radiation (growing); rainfall
volume and soil (limiting); and plagues and illnesses (reduction), directly affect the crops’ performance.
Furthermore, biomass is synthesized via biotic organic components in which water intercede as the vehicle for
chemical reactions and solar radiation supports the energetic needs of the crop [16]. Therefore, biomass, rainfall
volume, solar radiation, and in-field water extractions, will be the sub-factors established to develop
the prediction model for wheat crop in this research.
This research presents an evaluation of the predictive model performance through comparison of two
configurations based on the fuzzy set theory for the forecasting of a wheat crop yielding: generic Quasi-Newton
gradient algorithm (traditional optimization) and GA (heuristic method). This document will define
the research method; its configurations and the optimization techniques used; and will present a brief
description regarding the APSim data-set used and the data extracted from [17].
2. RELATED RESEARCH
Modified GAs can solve multi target issues where stochastic optimization is a must and can help
cultivators to make better decisions regarding the cost/utility ratio on agricultural operations [18]; one of its
uses can be seen in the estimation on the change times for medium size macadamia nut crops. As part of
the modern agricultural practices, greenhouse cropping requires accurate models for plant growing (and other
parameters) under a series of climatic factors. To solve such problem research was carried out through a double
GA in which the primary algorithm parameterize the model, while the secondary one defines the initial
algorithmic parameters [19].
An optimization method, based on an ACO and on an advanced Process-focused cropping model, and
tested on a corn crop in Colorado (USA), was carried out to reduce the water and fertilizer use to its minimum
taking into account the bio system’s reference [20]. GAs implementation on rice crops would derive on models
to improve both, productivity and quality, while optimizing its yielding. On the model proposed for rise
cultivation 16 parameters are minded to alter the performance of the cereal drops in Thailand, on this example
risk management is included as an outcome and throughout iterations on the risk level over the rice crops
the lesser risk solution was attained [21].
Stochastic algorithms can be combined to generate hybrid meta-heuristics. In this case, the particle
swarm optimization (PSO), imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), and support vector regression (SVR) were
combined to predict the performance of apricot crops in Abarkuh Yazd (Iran): 61 variables were considered,
18 of those were more influential on the crops’ performance according to the use of the hybrid algorithm [22].
Another manner to accurately estimate the performance of a crop is using data and indexes from crop-growing
simulation tools. For instance, this research assumed biomass and dosel covers coming from the vegetation
indexes on the aqua crop simulation model (FAO), through a PSO, to obtain more accurate estimations for
those factors on corn crops. The outcome was validated through an root-mean-square error (RMSE) and
compared to other vegetation indexes [23].
3. RESEARCH METHOD
The application of an experimental method allows the adaptation of the environment to obtain an
expected result, looking for the characteristics and properties relevant in the experiment [24]. It focuses on
the analysis of the set of records that describe crop behavior in terms of critical variables and yield. This section
describes the flow of activities carried out to obtain the optimal value for performance. Each subsection
represents a configuration as follows: the first corresponds to the configuration of the fuzzy systems and
the second to the implementation of optimization techniques. This research used 680 daily compiled datasets
regarding wheat crops from the APSim framework:
3.1. Fuzzy set configuration
In MATLAB, two configurations were set; both with the above mentioned four input factors and a
single outcome (crop performance) responding to the interaction of the input data. The first configuration is
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Predictions on wheat crop yielding through fuzzy set theory and… (Julio Barón Velandia)
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based on Mamdani model with a simple structure of operators “min -max”; 16 fuzzy inference rules are
adjusted; and each input and output are assigned with 3 belonging trimf functions: low, medium and high.
The second configuration uses the Takagi-Sugeno model, this has extra options regarding implication, adding,
and un-fuzzing processes; 10 fuzzy inference rules are adjusted; and each input and output is assigned with 3
belonging gaussmf functions. Figure 1 shows the configuration’s definition.
Figure 1. Definition of the two configurations of fuzzy systems
3.2. Optimization techniques
Two optimization algorithms were applied to each configuration defined: the first one is a
gradient-based optimization established to find the functions’ minimum for each parameter; the fuzzy set is
adjusted for each iteration based on the mean-square error (MSE). The second one is GAs optimization intended
to create the ranges for each belonging function according to the parameter dataset; those ranges are adjusted
according to the difference operation between real and predicted data. This algorithm, applied on
the fuzzy system, requires the maximum setting on the values iterations and optimization time. Figure 2 shows
how these optimization algorithms work.
Figure 2. General operation of optimization algorithms
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Figure 3 describes the process flow that represents the experimental method applied to configure fuzzy
systems and optimization algorithms. The procedure begins with the collection and preprocessing of the data;
next, membership functions are designed and inference rules are configured; afterwards the fuzzy systems and
the respective optimization are implemented using the algorithms defined to finally obtain the optimal value of
the performance through the validation and comparison of the results.
Figure 3. Process flow for fuzzy systems using optimization algorithms
4. OUTCOMES AND DISCUSSION
This section presents the results obtained from the implementation of the four proposed configurations
for the fuzzy sets and their respective optimization techniques. Tables describe the performance indices in
terms of accuracy and error. On the other hand, the figures represent the temporal behavior of the forecasting
made by the best models.
4.1. Generic Quasi-Newton gradient algorithm
Configuration 1: Mamdani system (trimf function) 16 rules.
Configuration 2: Sugeno system (gaussmf function) 10 rules.
Table 1 shows the performance index related to the two configurations for a gradient-based method:
error on the first configuration was 0.005433 and 0.006365 on the second. The accuracy percentage was
99.926 and 99.920 accordingly; as the first configuration has the better accuracy and lesser error is declared
the best performance outcome. Figures 4 and 5 show the MSE in the first 50 dataset for both configurations.
Figures 6 and 7 show the comparison between the real and estimated data for both configurations in a range of
50 datasets. This would allow the researches to exemplify the behavior of the series.
Table 1. Performance indices for configurations applied to the gradient base method
Config
Minimum
error
Maximum
error
Mean
Squared Error
(MSE)
Standard
deviation (STD)
Root Mean
Squared Error
(RMSE)
Performance
percentage (%)
1 0,000681 0,254324 0,005434 0,442794 0,073712 99,926
2 0,000284 0,447477 0,006365 0,439664 0,079781 99,920
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Figure 4. MSE error corresponding to the first
configuration for the Quasi-Newton
gradient technique
Figure 5. MSE error corresponding to the second
configuration for the Quasi-Newton
gradient technique
Figure 6. Comparison of real values with those predicted from the first configuration for
the Quasi-Newton gradient technique
Figure 7. Comparison of real values with those predicted from the second configuration for
the Quasi-Newton gradient technique
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4.2. Genetic algorithm
Configuration 1: Mamdani system (trimf function) 16 rules.
Configuration 2: Sugeno system (gaussmf function) 10 rules.
Table 2 shows the performance index related to the two configurations for a GA method: error on
the first configuration was 0.015139 and 0.005216 on the second. The accuracy percentage was 99.877 and
99.928 accordingly.10 iterations were made in each scenario. The results imply that the second configuration
is the one with the lesser error value. Also, the greatest accuracy value on the first configuration is never greater
than the lower accuracy value on the second one; this occurs likewise on the MSE and RMSE values. Therefore,
as the second configuration is the one with the better accuracy and lesser error, it is declared the best outcome.
Figures 8 and 9 show the MSE in the first 50 dataset for both configurations. Figures 10 and 11 show
the comparison between the real and estimated data for both configurations in a range of 50 datasets. Table 3
shows the best values obtained through both configurations. When compared this best values obtained to fuzzy
models and ANFIS; MLR and ANN; and SVMs [1, 25, 26] the used methods (combined with an optimization
technique) show similar or more accurate outcomes.
Table 2. Performance indices for configurations applied to the method of genetic algorithms
Config #
Minimum
Error
Maximum
error
Mean Squared
Error (MSE)
Standard
deviation (STD)
Root Mean Squared
Error (RMSE)
Performance
percentage (%)
1 1 0,000284 1,366100 0,022797 0,427430 0,150987 99,849
2 0,000278 1,366100 0,036932 0,357980 0,192178 99,808
3 0,001158 1,366100 0,023437 0,422067 0,153091 99,847
4 0,000205 1,366100 0,018454 0,435044 0,135847 99,864
5 0,001818 1,366100 0,043785 0,356455 0,209248 99,791
6 0,000577 1,366100 0,027878 0,417412 0,166967 99,833
7 0,000496 1,366100 0,020045 0,385376 0,141580 99,858
8 0,001740 1,366100 0,019911 0,402591 0,141105 99,859
9 0,000206 1,366100 0,021751 0,419310 0,147482 99,853
10 0,000165 1,366100 0,015139 0,402565 0,123039 99,877
2 1 0,000027 0,616483 0,005295 0,430868 0,072770 99,927
2 0,000943 1,049269 0,012609 0,409509 0,112289 99,888
3 0,001675 1,255310 0,014424 0,407473 0,120102 99,880
4 0,000346 0,452209 0,005216 0,442515 0,072224 99,928
5 0,000152 0,280286 0,007739 0,457475 0,087969 99,912
6 0,000153 0,772559 0,006130 0,428681 0,078293 99,922
7 0,000111 0,573503 0,009309 0,443502 0,096483 99,904
8 0,000072 0,640330 0,009869 0,455229 0,099341 99,901
9 0,000050 0,525823 0,006461 0,459987 0,080383 99,920
10 0,000027 1,160378 0,012500 0,413769 0,111805 99,888
Figure 8. MSE error of the first configuration for
the genetic algorithm method
Figure 9. MSE error of the second configuration for
the genetic algorithm method
Table 3. Summary table of the best values obtained
Final comparison
Genetic Gradient
MSE RMSE MSE RMSE
Mamdani - 16 rules 0,015139 0,123039 0,005434 0,073712
Sugeno - 10 rules 0,005216 0,072224 0,006365 0,079781
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Figure 10. Comparison of real values with those predicted from the first configuration for
the genetic algorithm method
Figure 11. Comparison of real values with those predicted from the second configuration for
the genetic algorithm method
5. CONCLUSION
The optimization algorithms used in this research offer an improvement on accuracy for fuzzy sets
prediction models and guarantee a great degree of comprehensibility. Nevertheless, an adequate setting on
aspects as iteration quantity and optimization time is needed to accomplish the best possible outcome while
staying within the average computational resource demand. Performance and error values for
the configurations Mamdani (gradient-based algorithm) and Takagi-Sugeno (GA) are relatively close,
differentiated only on the fourth decimal for MSE; likewise do RMSE and accuracy. However, it can be
concluded which one is the best for wheat crop performance prediction.
The Takagi-Sugeno configuration (GA, 10 rules) showed the best performance for the given
quantitative data: its outcomes were 99.928% on performance, 0.005216 on MSE, and 0.072224 on RMSE.
Such values are the lowest obtained in the process. Regarding the use of fuzzy sets, the Takagi-Sugeno system
reacts more accurately to a GA, and the Mamdani system to a gradient-based algorithm. This would give an
insight on how fuzzy sets respond to different optimization techniques, both deterministic or meta-heuristic.
The use of these techniques for the prediction of wheat crop performance is an advisable alternative to improve
the performance of the agricultural field.
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