The bearing strength of foundation soil is a major design criteria for civil engineering structures. This study aims to estimate the bearing strength, namely California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and ultimate bearing capacity, from simple and easy measured soil index properties. Comprehensive literature concerning bearing strength characteristics and their prediction equations proposed by previous researchers were reviewed. Laboratory investigation was conducted on two different soils compacted at various placement conditions (i.e. moisture content and dry density) and tested using CBR and triaxial tests. Based on test results, linear relationships of unsoaked CBR and ultimate bearing capacity with the consistency factor which is formed by combining placement conditions and soil intrinsic parameters had been developed.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COIR FIBRE REINFORCED FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: By using the fly residue as option substance to bond in concrete it reduces the usage of normal Portland cement in usual concrete which results in the development of Geopolymer concrete furthermore in the lessening of CO2 levels which thusly reduces the Global Warming. Methods/Statistical analysis: This paper presents the trial examination done on the execution of coir fibre reinforced fly residue based geopolymer concrete subjected to severe ecological conditions. The mixes were considered for molarity of 10M. The basic arrangement utilized for present revise is the blend of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide arrangement with the proportion of 1:2.5. Coir fibre with the varying percentages of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 are used as fibre reinforcement. The test specimens of 150mmx150mmx150mm cubes, 150mmx300mm cylinders, 1000mmx150mmx150mm beams are cast and cured under encompassing temperature conditions. Findings: The geopolymer solid examples are tried for their compressive quality, flexural and split tractable tests at 7days, 14days and 28days.The test grades demonstrate that the blend of fly ash and coir fibre can be used for the improvement of geopolymer concrete. Applications: It possesses superior distinctiveness such as high strength, very little drying shrinkage , low creep, durable nature, eco-friendly, fire proof ,better compressive strength etc to be used as an alternative of OPC
OPTIMUM DESIGN FOR HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT WITH STONE COLUMNIAEME Publication
In this paper discusses how to design the highway embankment with an optimum process to
get a minimum area of the highway embankment to reduce the cost of construction, and the
problems of soft clay soil in southern of Iraq when construction highway embankment as low
bearing capacity and excessive settlement and the way to treat it.At beginning a model of the
high way embankment without improving of soft clay soil for height of highway embankments
(H=2m and H=3m) was built to note the problems which will be faced when construction of
highway embankment in the future. When the height of embankment is (H=2m) the excessive
settlement appears but when the height of embankment is (H=3m) the low bearing capacity as
well as the excessive settlement will appear. To avoid these problems, the soft clay soil will be
improved by using stone columns and design the stone columns also with optimum process to
get minimum area of stone columns that can carry the applied load without any problem like
low bearing capacity or excessive settlement with lowest cost. When the stone columns are
used to improve the soft clay soil, it can note reduce in settlement by (99%) for height of
highway embankment (H=2m), and increase in bearing capacity to (15%) for height of
highway embankment (H=3m) for certain diameter as minimum increase can carry the load
applied on foundation. The highway embankment with stone column modeling with ANSYS
software program and this program very useful to help to find optimum design by optimization
tool, and use geo slope program to find slope stability for highway embankment by Bishop’s
method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET-Soil-Structure Effect of Multideck R.C.C. StructuresIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the soil-structure interaction effects on multideck reinforced concrete structures. It models the soil as springs to capture the flexibility of the soil-foundation system and how it impacts the structural response.
2. Static and response spectrum analyses are performed on a 10-story building model considering bare frame, infill frame, and shear wall conditions. The building is analyzed considering soft soil conditions.
3. The results show that considering soil-structure interaction through flexible soil springs leads to reduced structural demands like base shear and displacements compared to fixed-base analysis. The presence of infill and shear walls further reduces the response.
Study of Cost Effectiveness of Reinforced Earth Wall Over Conventional Retain...ijtsrd
Reinforced Earth Wall RE Wall is an internally stabilized wall. Reinforced earth is a composite material formed by the friction between the earth and the reinforcement. By means of friction the soil transfers to the reinforcement the forces built up in the earth mass. The reinforcement thus develops tension and the earth behaves as if it has cohesion.Significant increase in the traffic and congestion across urban areas creates a demand for a better, efficient and economical soil retention system for bridges, underpasses, flyover and any other type of grade separator so the reduce the cost of the construction also to make structure more durable, reduce problem of the construction following points as has been studied. The objective of this study is to study the Cost Effectiveness between Retaining wall and Reinforced Earth Wall at different heights. The economic benefit achieved from the Reinforced Earth Wall increases with the increase in the height of the wall. Further, RE wall can be made more cost economical by using the combinations of different types of Geo grid and back fill material based on the soil and loading conditions Sami Raj Sahu | Deeksha Shrotriya | Barun Kumar "Study of Cost Effectiveness of Reinforced Earth Wall Over Conventional Retaining Wall Considering Different Heights" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47577.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47577/study-of-cost-effectiveness-of-reinforced-earth-wall-over-conventional-retaining-wall-considering-different-heights/sami-raj-sahu
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study on Soil-Foundation Interaction under a Bridge Pierijtsrd
This study focuses on the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier. In 2016, August 25, a magnitude of 6.8 happened near Bagan region. Pakokku Bridge, the longest of the bridges over the Irrawaddy, is situated on 37.8 miles from the epicentre of 2016 Chauk earthquake. That is why the safety performance of long-span Bridge especially for the safety of the foundation system subjected to soil-foundation interaction is necessary to investigate for static and seismic excitation. So, study on the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction under Bridge pier in static condition is presented in this study. Firstly super structural loadings on the pile cap are estimated by using STAAD PRO V8i. And then, theoretical ultimate soil resistance pcr and pcd due to wedge and flow failure are determined to produce critical depth xcr. Based on the value of critical depth, p-y curves are generated by Reese 1974 method for the static condition. After that, finite element software ABAQUS is used for the analysis of soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier. In this study, the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction such as deflections, settlements, shear stresses and shear strains are produced. According to the analysis results, it is found that the vertical and horizontal displacements at the pile tip are 1.27mm and 4.68mm respectively. Maximum shear stress and strain are found out the base of the pile cap. Finally it is found that the soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier presented in this study is reliable and reasonable with the limitation of AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Zin May Hnin | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Kyaw Kyaw "Study on Soil-Foundation Interaction under a Bridge Pier" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19008.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/19008/study-on-soil-foundation-interaction-under-a-bridge-pier/zin-may-hnin
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COIR FIBRE REINFORCED FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: By using the fly residue as option substance to bond in concrete it reduces the usage of normal Portland cement in usual concrete which results in the development of Geopolymer concrete furthermore in the lessening of CO2 levels which thusly reduces the Global Warming. Methods/Statistical analysis: This paper presents the trial examination done on the execution of coir fibre reinforced fly residue based geopolymer concrete subjected to severe ecological conditions. The mixes were considered for molarity of 10M. The basic arrangement utilized for present revise is the blend of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide arrangement with the proportion of 1:2.5. Coir fibre with the varying percentages of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 are used as fibre reinforcement. The test specimens of 150mmx150mmx150mm cubes, 150mmx300mm cylinders, 1000mmx150mmx150mm beams are cast and cured under encompassing temperature conditions. Findings: The geopolymer solid examples are tried for their compressive quality, flexural and split tractable tests at 7days, 14days and 28days.The test grades demonstrate that the blend of fly ash and coir fibre can be used for the improvement of geopolymer concrete. Applications: It possesses superior distinctiveness such as high strength, very little drying shrinkage , low creep, durable nature, eco-friendly, fire proof ,better compressive strength etc to be used as an alternative of OPC
OPTIMUM DESIGN FOR HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT WITH STONE COLUMNIAEME Publication
In this paper discusses how to design the highway embankment with an optimum process to
get a minimum area of the highway embankment to reduce the cost of construction, and the
problems of soft clay soil in southern of Iraq when construction highway embankment as low
bearing capacity and excessive settlement and the way to treat it.At beginning a model of the
high way embankment without improving of soft clay soil for height of highway embankments
(H=2m and H=3m) was built to note the problems which will be faced when construction of
highway embankment in the future. When the height of embankment is (H=2m) the excessive
settlement appears but when the height of embankment is (H=3m) the low bearing capacity as
well as the excessive settlement will appear. To avoid these problems, the soft clay soil will be
improved by using stone columns and design the stone columns also with optimum process to
get minimum area of stone columns that can carry the applied load without any problem like
low bearing capacity or excessive settlement with lowest cost. When the stone columns are
used to improve the soft clay soil, it can note reduce in settlement by (99%) for height of
highway embankment (H=2m), and increase in bearing capacity to (15%) for height of
highway embankment (H=3m) for certain diameter as minimum increase can carry the load
applied on foundation. The highway embankment with stone column modeling with ANSYS
software program and this program very useful to help to find optimum design by optimization
tool, and use geo slope program to find slope stability for highway embankment by Bishop’s
method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET-Soil-Structure Effect of Multideck R.C.C. StructuresIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the soil-structure interaction effects on multideck reinforced concrete structures. It models the soil as springs to capture the flexibility of the soil-foundation system and how it impacts the structural response.
2. Static and response spectrum analyses are performed on a 10-story building model considering bare frame, infill frame, and shear wall conditions. The building is analyzed considering soft soil conditions.
3. The results show that considering soil-structure interaction through flexible soil springs leads to reduced structural demands like base shear and displacements compared to fixed-base analysis. The presence of infill and shear walls further reduces the response.
Study of Cost Effectiveness of Reinforced Earth Wall Over Conventional Retain...ijtsrd
Reinforced Earth Wall RE Wall is an internally stabilized wall. Reinforced earth is a composite material formed by the friction between the earth and the reinforcement. By means of friction the soil transfers to the reinforcement the forces built up in the earth mass. The reinforcement thus develops tension and the earth behaves as if it has cohesion.Significant increase in the traffic and congestion across urban areas creates a demand for a better, efficient and economical soil retention system for bridges, underpasses, flyover and any other type of grade separator so the reduce the cost of the construction also to make structure more durable, reduce problem of the construction following points as has been studied. The objective of this study is to study the Cost Effectiveness between Retaining wall and Reinforced Earth Wall at different heights. The economic benefit achieved from the Reinforced Earth Wall increases with the increase in the height of the wall. Further, RE wall can be made more cost economical by using the combinations of different types of Geo grid and back fill material based on the soil and loading conditions Sami Raj Sahu | Deeksha Shrotriya | Barun Kumar "Study of Cost Effectiveness of Reinforced Earth Wall Over Conventional Retaining Wall Considering Different Heights" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47577.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47577/study-of-cost-effectiveness-of-reinforced-earth-wall-over-conventional-retaining-wall-considering-different-heights/sami-raj-sahu
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study on Soil-Foundation Interaction under a Bridge Pierijtsrd
This study focuses on the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier. In 2016, August 25, a magnitude of 6.8 happened near Bagan region. Pakokku Bridge, the longest of the bridges over the Irrawaddy, is situated on 37.8 miles from the epicentre of 2016 Chauk earthquake. That is why the safety performance of long-span Bridge especially for the safety of the foundation system subjected to soil-foundation interaction is necessary to investigate for static and seismic excitation. So, study on the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction under Bridge pier in static condition is presented in this study. Firstly super structural loadings on the pile cap are estimated by using STAAD PRO V8i. And then, theoretical ultimate soil resistance pcr and pcd due to wedge and flow failure are determined to produce critical depth xcr. Based on the value of critical depth, p-y curves are generated by Reese 1974 method for the static condition. After that, finite element software ABAQUS is used for the analysis of soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier. In this study, the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction such as deflections, settlements, shear stresses and shear strains are produced. According to the analysis results, it is found that the vertical and horizontal displacements at the pile tip are 1.27mm and 4.68mm respectively. Maximum shear stress and strain are found out the base of the pile cap. Finally it is found that the soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier presented in this study is reliable and reasonable with the limitation of AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Zin May Hnin | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Kyaw Kyaw "Study on Soil-Foundation Interaction under a Bridge Pier" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19008.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/19008/study-on-soil-foundation-interaction-under-a-bridge-pier/zin-may-hnin
Study of Reinforced Retaining Wall Over Predictable Considering Different Hei...ijtsrd
The use of geo textiles in MSE walls started after the beneficial effect of reinforcement with geo textiles was noticed in highway embankments over weak sub grades. The first geo textile reinforced wall was constructed in France in 1971, and the first structure of this type in the United States was constructed in 1974. Since about 1980, the use of geo textiles in reinforced soil has increased significantly. The first wall to use this technology in the United States was built in 1972 on California State Highway 39, north east of Los Angeles. In the last 25 years, more than 23,000 Reinforced Earth structures representing over 70 million m2 750 million ft2 of wall facing have been completed in 37 countries. More than 8,000 walls have been built in the United States since 1972. The highest wall constructed in the United States was of height 30 meters 98 feet Sami Raj Sahu | Deeksha Shrotriya | Abhay Kumar Jha "Study of Reinforced Retaining Wall Over Predictable Considering Different Heights" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47578.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47578/study-of-reinforced-retaining-wall-over-predictable-considering-different-heights/sami-raj-sahu
Topographic influence on stability for gas wells penetrating longwall mining ...legend314
Gas wells that penetrate mineable coal seams may be subject to distress caused by ground movements due to longwall mining. Especially important are the lateral shear offsets and axial distortion, which are most damaging for wellbores. To replicate typical conditions in the Appalachian basin, a geological model that considers the combined effects of topography, weak interfaces between monolithic beds and various mining depths is presented in the foregoing. These conditions adequately represent the principal features of the anticipated response of gas wells that are near-undermined by longwall panels. We examine the magnitudes of longitudinal distortions, lateral shear offsets, delaminations, and vertical and lateral strains along vertical wells drilled to intersect the seam at various locations within the longwall pillar. We analyze the distribution of these deformations and predict areas where the most severe deformation would occur.
Baghdad subgrade resilient modulus and liquefaction evaluation for pavement d...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study evaluating the resilient modulus and liquefaction potential of soils in Baghdad, Iraq. The study uses cyclic triaxial tests to directly measure resilient modulus according to AASHTO standards. It also develops a neural network model to predict resilient modulus using basic soil properties. The study finds that Baghdad soils have resilient modulus values ranging from 40-100 MPa but would be classified as fair to poor subgrades. It also indicates the soils showed little potential for liquefaction under cyclic loading conditions. The document provides background on resilient modulus testing standards and factors that influence resilient modulus values.
Analysis of PSC Bridge for Highway Structures using Softwareijtsrd
Bridge is most useful structure for highway Structures and River and Canal structures in without any obstruction of water, traffic is flow out on structures. In Bridge structures many sort of vehicles like little vehicles, light vehicles and substantial vehicles are streaming in inevitably, so primary idea of bridge is the manner by which to end up a safe under different kinds of stacking state of vehicles in a single bearing. By and large the vehicles are stream in structure, the heap of vehicles are Both side scatter in 45 degree from edge of feel burnt out on vehicle in both longitudinal and parallel bearings implies ranges heading and length of Structure headings. So this scattering of load is specifically influenced to best of bridge Deck section and after that longitudinal support and in addition cross brace. After that the long individual from bridge superstructure like brace is transported the heap towards the substructure of Bridge and afterward establishment to soil. The plan of superstructure is by and large utilized with RCC, however nowa days in length range individual from Bridge utilizing with PSC, forget significantly more preferred standpoint and security of Structure. Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Analysis of PSC Bridge for Highway Structures using Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47576.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47576/analysis-of-psc-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-software/nitin-singh-raghuwanshi
1) The document discusses the effect of replacing soil with more competent granular fill materials like mixtures of 6mm metal and sand.
2) Direct shear tests were conducted on mixtures of white metal, black metal, and sand in various proportions. The tests showed that angle of internal friction increases with higher percentages of metal, with the 2:1 and 3:1 metal to sand ratios providing the best strength.
3) One dimensional compression tests were also conducted by replacing soil with the granular fill materials. The tests showed the granular materials have a much higher initial coefficient of subgrade reaction, indicating greater stiffness compared to the soils tested.
C. Sachpazis & Eleyas A - Probabilistic Slope Stability evaluation for the ne...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
This document summarizes a probabilistic slope stability evaluation of a new railway embankment in Ethiopia. It describes the site location and geology, which includes stiff to very stiff clay soils. It outlines the soil properties and seismic conditions of the area. Various slope stability analyses were performed to evaluate stability under different loading conditions, including static, long-term, and seismic (pseudostatic) analyses. The minimum factors of safety were above the required levels, though uncertainties were incorporated using a probabilistic approach. Sensitivity analysis showed that the cohesion of a clay layer most influenced stability.
Effect of vertical cross sectional shape of foundation and soil reinforcementIAEME Publication
This document discusses an experimental study on the effect of vertical cross-sectional shape of foundations and soil reinforcement on the settlement and bearing capacity of soils. Models of shallow foundations with rectangular, wedge, and T-shaped vertical cross-sections were tested on both unreinforced and reinforced soft clay soils. The study found that soil reinforcement under foundations reduces settlement and increases bearing capacity. Foundations with rectangular cross-sections had higher bearing capacity ratios than those with wedge or T-shaped cross-sections.
Slope Stability Evaluation for the New Railway Embankment using Stochastic & ...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Evaluation of Slope stability is one of the day-to-day practices of geotechnical engineers. Nowadays, different methods are available to evaluate the stability of a particular slope. Despite the advances that have been made in site exploration, evaluating the stability of slopes remains a challenge. Recently, Ethiopia has been trying to construct a newly planned railway routes to connect the country’s development centers and link with ports of neighboring countries. However, this newly planned railway routes will pass in the heart of highly fragile mountainous terrains and earthquake prone regions. Therefore, the prime objective of this paper is to investigate the stability of the railway embankment by using three different stochastic approaches (First Order Reliability Method, Point Estimate Method and Monte Carlo Simulation) with commercially available finite element programs. Moreover, the seismic response of the railway embankment was studied by using a nonlinear analysis (FLAC2D v 7.0) program. The first order reliability method (FORM), Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and Point-estimate method (PEM) gave 3.2%, 4.14% and 1.5% of probability of failure respectively. In the mean time, there was no any indication of liquefaction observed due to stiff foundation clay soils and deep groundwater table.
Experimental Study of Load Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Different Ver...theijes
The document presents results from an experimental study of load bearing capacity and settlement of shallow foundations with different vertical cross-sectional shapes, including rectangular, wedge, and T-shapes. Testing was conducted on three different modeled subsoil conditions. The results show that foundations with rectangular shapes derive most of their load resistance from soil beneath the base, while wedge and T-shaped foundations distribute loads both beneath and along the vertical stems through the soil. Foundations with wedge and T-shapes can help distribute structural loads to deeper soil layers, especially when stronger layers underlie weaker ones.
Overview of Ground Control Research for Underground Coal Mines.
Just the sample of research paper.In the stage of learning and how to do research and write!!
UNDERSTANDING THE PERFORMANCE OF DEEP MIXED COLUMN IMPROVED SOILS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
The essence of ground improvement is to enhance the engineering properties of weak soils to provide stability and sufficient bearing capacity for construction and other engineering purposes. Deep soil mixing is one method that has been widely employed for this purpose due to the
environmental nature and efficiency of this method. In deep soil mixing, the amount of binder to be mixed with the weak soil depends on the initial moisture content of the surrounding soil. Several researchers have reported on this method of soil improvement through laboratory experiments, in situ testing and numerical modelling.
Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000ijtsrd
In this study, a comparative study supported two differing types of bridges i.e. Deck type and Pre stressed deck type using finite element analysis in SAP 2000 is ready , considering same loading class 70 R as per I.R.C. loading. During this study well also prepare a price analysis of both the structures using S.O.R. C.P.W.D. 2014. This sort of bridges is more preferred when it involves connectivity to short distances. So, its necessary to update the analysis and style methods. Here, during this paper, theres an effort to review the comparison of maximum bending moment thanks to super load during a girder and slab bridge an equivalent bridge is analyzed as a three dimensional model in finite element software as SAP2000, apply an equivalent loading finished conventional methods and compared the results. The utmost bending moment results obtained from finite element model. Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47575.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47575/design-and-analysis-of-a-girder-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-sap-2000/nitin-singh-raghuwanshi
The document discusses the use of the RMi rock mass characterization system for designing rock support in underground excavations. It begins by outlining the goals of underground excavation design and some current methods for stability analysis and rock support estimation. These include classification systems, ground-support interaction analysis using Fenner-Pacher curves, and key block analysis. The chapter then reviews factors influencing stability, defines key terms, and describes various modes of failure in underground openings including block failures, overstressing of intact rock or jointed materials, and special considerations for faults and weakness zones.
A raft foundation is a large concrete slab that interfaces columns with the base soil. It can support storage tanks, equipment, or tower structures. There are different types including flat plate, plate with thickened columns, and waffle slab. The structural design uses conventional rigid or flexible methods. It involves determining soil pressures, load eccentricities, moment and shear diagrams for strips, punching shear sections, steel reinforcement, and checking stresses. A beam-slab raft foundation design follows the same process as an inverted beam-slab roof.
IRJET - Critical Appraisal on Footing Subjected to MomentIRJET Journal
This paper summarizes several studies on the moment capacity of foundations subjected to lateral loads, including experimental and numerical modeling work. Key findings include:
1) Centrifuge and numerical modeling show moment capacity increases with pier length, depth, and dense soil packing, but decreases with higher pier aspect ratios.
2) Experiments and modeling of pile groups and piled rafts found rafts increase lateral resistance over pile groups alone due to base contact pressure.
3) Testing of circular footings on clay found moment-rotation curves are nonlinear and moment limits increase with footing depth and width.
The effect of soil improvement on foundation super structure designIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effects of soil improvement on raft and folded plate foundation design. The authors used Winkler and continuum modeling methods to analyze raft foundations with and without soil strength increases below high settlement areas. They found that localized soil improvement significantly reduced settlement and allowed for reductions in foundation and superstructure material requirements like concrete and steel reinforcement. Selectively increasing soil stiffness parameters like modulus of subgrade reaction (ks) and modulus of elasticity (E) provided benefits to both flat raft and folded plate foundation designs in terms of reduced settlement, moments, and reinforcement needs.
1. The bearing capacity of a foundation refers to the ability of the soil to carry the loads from structures placed on it without shear failure or excessive settlement.
2. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory separates the failure zone under a foundation into triangular and radial shear zones, and considers the equilibrium of forces within these zones to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity.
3. The allowable bearing capacity is calculated by applying a safety factor to the ultimate capacity to avoid shear failure. Settlement criteria may further limit the allowable capacity.
This document discusses sheet pile walls and braced cuts. It describes different types of sheet piles (timber, reinforced concrete, steel), their uses, and common sheet pile structures. Methods for analyzing the depth of embedment and bending moments in free cantilever sheet pile walls are presented for cases with the water table at a great depth or within the backfill. Approximate depths of embedment are provided based on relative soil density.
IRJET- Seismic Behavior of Tall Building using Piled Raft FoundationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the seismic behavior of a 25-story tall building using a piled raft foundation. Two models of the building are created in ETABS - one with just a raft foundation, and one with a piled raft foundation. The building is analyzed for different seismic zones to compare the seismic performance. Key parameters like story drift, displacement, base shear, modal shapes, periods, and frequencies are compared between the two foundation models in each zone. The piled raft foundation combines the load bearing advantages of piles with the rigidity and load distribution of the raft. This study aims to understand how these two foundation types perform differently under seismic conditions in tall buildings.
IRJET- Investigations of Granular Pile Anchors in Granulated Soil Subject...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study investigating the uplift capacity of granular pile anchors (GPA) in granulated soil. The study used PLAXIS 3D software to model GPA systems with varying pile diameters, spans, and soil properties. It found that as the pile diameter, span, soil friction angle, and relative density increased, the uplift capacity of the GPA also increased to varying degrees. However, increasing the span to diameter ratio beyond 10 did not significantly affect the load sharing. The study aims to understand how changing characteristics of the pile and surrounding soil impact the resistance of GPA systems to uplifting forces.
IRJET- Effect of Roughness of Rectangular Combined Footing based on Ultimate ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the results of an experimental study on the effect of roughness of the base of a rectangular combined footing on its ultimate bearing capacity and settlement in cohesive soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on model footings placed in a steel tank filled with locally sourced cohesive soil. Tests were performed with footing bases that were smooth and rough. The tests measured settlement under increasing loads. The results showed that rough footing bases experienced less settlement than smooth bases under the same loads, indicating that roughness improves a footing's bearing capacity and reduces settlement in cohesive soils. Prior research that found soil confinement around footings improves bearing capacity in granular soils is also cited.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BRIDGES AND PILE FOUNDATION SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC LOADSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing the structural performance of bridge foundations and piles subjected to seismic loads. A numerical model was developed using ANSYS software to evaluate the behavior of bridge structures and pile foundations made of different materials, including carbon fiber reinforced steel, epoxy fiber reinforced steel, and structural steel. The model subjected the structures to varying seismic loading conditions. Results showed that carbon fiber reinforced structural steel performed better than epoxy fiber reinforced steel and structural steel, with less displacement observed under seismic loads. The objectives of the research were to study the performance of different bridge pile foundation materials and bridge structures under seismic loads and vibrations. The methodology involved modeling the bridge and pile foundations in ANSYS and applying seismic loads to analyze structural
Study of Reinforced Retaining Wall Over Predictable Considering Different Hei...ijtsrd
The use of geo textiles in MSE walls started after the beneficial effect of reinforcement with geo textiles was noticed in highway embankments over weak sub grades. The first geo textile reinforced wall was constructed in France in 1971, and the first structure of this type in the United States was constructed in 1974. Since about 1980, the use of geo textiles in reinforced soil has increased significantly. The first wall to use this technology in the United States was built in 1972 on California State Highway 39, north east of Los Angeles. In the last 25 years, more than 23,000 Reinforced Earth structures representing over 70 million m2 750 million ft2 of wall facing have been completed in 37 countries. More than 8,000 walls have been built in the United States since 1972. The highest wall constructed in the United States was of height 30 meters 98 feet Sami Raj Sahu | Deeksha Shrotriya | Abhay Kumar Jha "Study of Reinforced Retaining Wall Over Predictable Considering Different Heights" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47578.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47578/study-of-reinforced-retaining-wall-over-predictable-considering-different-heights/sami-raj-sahu
Topographic influence on stability for gas wells penetrating longwall mining ...legend314
Gas wells that penetrate mineable coal seams may be subject to distress caused by ground movements due to longwall mining. Especially important are the lateral shear offsets and axial distortion, which are most damaging for wellbores. To replicate typical conditions in the Appalachian basin, a geological model that considers the combined effects of topography, weak interfaces between monolithic beds and various mining depths is presented in the foregoing. These conditions adequately represent the principal features of the anticipated response of gas wells that are near-undermined by longwall panels. We examine the magnitudes of longitudinal distortions, lateral shear offsets, delaminations, and vertical and lateral strains along vertical wells drilled to intersect the seam at various locations within the longwall pillar. We analyze the distribution of these deformations and predict areas where the most severe deformation would occur.
Baghdad subgrade resilient modulus and liquefaction evaluation for pavement d...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study evaluating the resilient modulus and liquefaction potential of soils in Baghdad, Iraq. The study uses cyclic triaxial tests to directly measure resilient modulus according to AASHTO standards. It also develops a neural network model to predict resilient modulus using basic soil properties. The study finds that Baghdad soils have resilient modulus values ranging from 40-100 MPa but would be classified as fair to poor subgrades. It also indicates the soils showed little potential for liquefaction under cyclic loading conditions. The document provides background on resilient modulus testing standards and factors that influence resilient modulus values.
Analysis of PSC Bridge for Highway Structures using Softwareijtsrd
Bridge is most useful structure for highway Structures and River and Canal structures in without any obstruction of water, traffic is flow out on structures. In Bridge structures many sort of vehicles like little vehicles, light vehicles and substantial vehicles are streaming in inevitably, so primary idea of bridge is the manner by which to end up a safe under different kinds of stacking state of vehicles in a single bearing. By and large the vehicles are stream in structure, the heap of vehicles are Both side scatter in 45 degree from edge of feel burnt out on vehicle in both longitudinal and parallel bearings implies ranges heading and length of Structure headings. So this scattering of load is specifically influenced to best of bridge Deck section and after that longitudinal support and in addition cross brace. After that the long individual from bridge superstructure like brace is transported the heap towards the substructure of Bridge and afterward establishment to soil. The plan of superstructure is by and large utilized with RCC, however nowa days in length range individual from Bridge utilizing with PSC, forget significantly more preferred standpoint and security of Structure. Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Analysis of PSC Bridge for Highway Structures using Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47576.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47576/analysis-of-psc-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-software/nitin-singh-raghuwanshi
1) The document discusses the effect of replacing soil with more competent granular fill materials like mixtures of 6mm metal and sand.
2) Direct shear tests were conducted on mixtures of white metal, black metal, and sand in various proportions. The tests showed that angle of internal friction increases with higher percentages of metal, with the 2:1 and 3:1 metal to sand ratios providing the best strength.
3) One dimensional compression tests were also conducted by replacing soil with the granular fill materials. The tests showed the granular materials have a much higher initial coefficient of subgrade reaction, indicating greater stiffness compared to the soils tested.
C. Sachpazis & Eleyas A - Probabilistic Slope Stability evaluation for the ne...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
This document summarizes a probabilistic slope stability evaluation of a new railway embankment in Ethiopia. It describes the site location and geology, which includes stiff to very stiff clay soils. It outlines the soil properties and seismic conditions of the area. Various slope stability analyses were performed to evaluate stability under different loading conditions, including static, long-term, and seismic (pseudostatic) analyses. The minimum factors of safety were above the required levels, though uncertainties were incorporated using a probabilistic approach. Sensitivity analysis showed that the cohesion of a clay layer most influenced stability.
Effect of vertical cross sectional shape of foundation and soil reinforcementIAEME Publication
This document discusses an experimental study on the effect of vertical cross-sectional shape of foundations and soil reinforcement on the settlement and bearing capacity of soils. Models of shallow foundations with rectangular, wedge, and T-shaped vertical cross-sections were tested on both unreinforced and reinforced soft clay soils. The study found that soil reinforcement under foundations reduces settlement and increases bearing capacity. Foundations with rectangular cross-sections had higher bearing capacity ratios than those with wedge or T-shaped cross-sections.
Slope Stability Evaluation for the New Railway Embankment using Stochastic & ...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Evaluation of Slope stability is one of the day-to-day practices of geotechnical engineers. Nowadays, different methods are available to evaluate the stability of a particular slope. Despite the advances that have been made in site exploration, evaluating the stability of slopes remains a challenge. Recently, Ethiopia has been trying to construct a newly planned railway routes to connect the country’s development centers and link with ports of neighboring countries. However, this newly planned railway routes will pass in the heart of highly fragile mountainous terrains and earthquake prone regions. Therefore, the prime objective of this paper is to investigate the stability of the railway embankment by using three different stochastic approaches (First Order Reliability Method, Point Estimate Method and Monte Carlo Simulation) with commercially available finite element programs. Moreover, the seismic response of the railway embankment was studied by using a nonlinear analysis (FLAC2D v 7.0) program. The first order reliability method (FORM), Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and Point-estimate method (PEM) gave 3.2%, 4.14% and 1.5% of probability of failure respectively. In the mean time, there was no any indication of liquefaction observed due to stiff foundation clay soils and deep groundwater table.
Experimental Study of Load Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Different Ver...theijes
The document presents results from an experimental study of load bearing capacity and settlement of shallow foundations with different vertical cross-sectional shapes, including rectangular, wedge, and T-shapes. Testing was conducted on three different modeled subsoil conditions. The results show that foundations with rectangular shapes derive most of their load resistance from soil beneath the base, while wedge and T-shaped foundations distribute loads both beneath and along the vertical stems through the soil. Foundations with wedge and T-shapes can help distribute structural loads to deeper soil layers, especially when stronger layers underlie weaker ones.
Overview of Ground Control Research for Underground Coal Mines.
Just the sample of research paper.In the stage of learning and how to do research and write!!
UNDERSTANDING THE PERFORMANCE OF DEEP MIXED COLUMN IMPROVED SOILS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
The essence of ground improvement is to enhance the engineering properties of weak soils to provide stability and sufficient bearing capacity for construction and other engineering purposes. Deep soil mixing is one method that has been widely employed for this purpose due to the
environmental nature and efficiency of this method. In deep soil mixing, the amount of binder to be mixed with the weak soil depends on the initial moisture content of the surrounding soil. Several researchers have reported on this method of soil improvement through laboratory experiments, in situ testing and numerical modelling.
Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000ijtsrd
In this study, a comparative study supported two differing types of bridges i.e. Deck type and Pre stressed deck type using finite element analysis in SAP 2000 is ready , considering same loading class 70 R as per I.R.C. loading. During this study well also prepare a price analysis of both the structures using S.O.R. C.P.W.D. 2014. This sort of bridges is more preferred when it involves connectivity to short distances. So, its necessary to update the analysis and style methods. Here, during this paper, theres an effort to review the comparison of maximum bending moment thanks to super load during a girder and slab bridge an equivalent bridge is analyzed as a three dimensional model in finite element software as SAP2000, apply an equivalent loading finished conventional methods and compared the results. The utmost bending moment results obtained from finite element model. Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47575.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47575/design-and-analysis-of-a-girder-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-sap-2000/nitin-singh-raghuwanshi
The document discusses the use of the RMi rock mass characterization system for designing rock support in underground excavations. It begins by outlining the goals of underground excavation design and some current methods for stability analysis and rock support estimation. These include classification systems, ground-support interaction analysis using Fenner-Pacher curves, and key block analysis. The chapter then reviews factors influencing stability, defines key terms, and describes various modes of failure in underground openings including block failures, overstressing of intact rock or jointed materials, and special considerations for faults and weakness zones.
A raft foundation is a large concrete slab that interfaces columns with the base soil. It can support storage tanks, equipment, or tower structures. There are different types including flat plate, plate with thickened columns, and waffle slab. The structural design uses conventional rigid or flexible methods. It involves determining soil pressures, load eccentricities, moment and shear diagrams for strips, punching shear sections, steel reinforcement, and checking stresses. A beam-slab raft foundation design follows the same process as an inverted beam-slab roof.
IRJET - Critical Appraisal on Footing Subjected to MomentIRJET Journal
This paper summarizes several studies on the moment capacity of foundations subjected to lateral loads, including experimental and numerical modeling work. Key findings include:
1) Centrifuge and numerical modeling show moment capacity increases with pier length, depth, and dense soil packing, but decreases with higher pier aspect ratios.
2) Experiments and modeling of pile groups and piled rafts found rafts increase lateral resistance over pile groups alone due to base contact pressure.
3) Testing of circular footings on clay found moment-rotation curves are nonlinear and moment limits increase with footing depth and width.
The effect of soil improvement on foundation super structure designIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effects of soil improvement on raft and folded plate foundation design. The authors used Winkler and continuum modeling methods to analyze raft foundations with and without soil strength increases below high settlement areas. They found that localized soil improvement significantly reduced settlement and allowed for reductions in foundation and superstructure material requirements like concrete and steel reinforcement. Selectively increasing soil stiffness parameters like modulus of subgrade reaction (ks) and modulus of elasticity (E) provided benefits to both flat raft and folded plate foundation designs in terms of reduced settlement, moments, and reinforcement needs.
1. The bearing capacity of a foundation refers to the ability of the soil to carry the loads from structures placed on it without shear failure or excessive settlement.
2. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory separates the failure zone under a foundation into triangular and radial shear zones, and considers the equilibrium of forces within these zones to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity.
3. The allowable bearing capacity is calculated by applying a safety factor to the ultimate capacity to avoid shear failure. Settlement criteria may further limit the allowable capacity.
This document discusses sheet pile walls and braced cuts. It describes different types of sheet piles (timber, reinforced concrete, steel), their uses, and common sheet pile structures. Methods for analyzing the depth of embedment and bending moments in free cantilever sheet pile walls are presented for cases with the water table at a great depth or within the backfill. Approximate depths of embedment are provided based on relative soil density.
IRJET- Seismic Behavior of Tall Building using Piled Raft FoundationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the seismic behavior of a 25-story tall building using a piled raft foundation. Two models of the building are created in ETABS - one with just a raft foundation, and one with a piled raft foundation. The building is analyzed for different seismic zones to compare the seismic performance. Key parameters like story drift, displacement, base shear, modal shapes, periods, and frequencies are compared between the two foundation models in each zone. The piled raft foundation combines the load bearing advantages of piles with the rigidity and load distribution of the raft. This study aims to understand how these two foundation types perform differently under seismic conditions in tall buildings.
IRJET- Investigations of Granular Pile Anchors in Granulated Soil Subject...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study investigating the uplift capacity of granular pile anchors (GPA) in granulated soil. The study used PLAXIS 3D software to model GPA systems with varying pile diameters, spans, and soil properties. It found that as the pile diameter, span, soil friction angle, and relative density increased, the uplift capacity of the GPA also increased to varying degrees. However, increasing the span to diameter ratio beyond 10 did not significantly affect the load sharing. The study aims to understand how changing characteristics of the pile and surrounding soil impact the resistance of GPA systems to uplifting forces.
IRJET- Effect of Roughness of Rectangular Combined Footing based on Ultimate ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the results of an experimental study on the effect of roughness of the base of a rectangular combined footing on its ultimate bearing capacity and settlement in cohesive soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on model footings placed in a steel tank filled with locally sourced cohesive soil. Tests were performed with footing bases that were smooth and rough. The tests measured settlement under increasing loads. The results showed that rough footing bases experienced less settlement than smooth bases under the same loads, indicating that roughness improves a footing's bearing capacity and reduces settlement in cohesive soils. Prior research that found soil confinement around footings improves bearing capacity in granular soils is also cited.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BRIDGES AND PILE FOUNDATION SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC LOADSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing the structural performance of bridge foundations and piles subjected to seismic loads. A numerical model was developed using ANSYS software to evaluate the behavior of bridge structures and pile foundations made of different materials, including carbon fiber reinforced steel, epoxy fiber reinforced steel, and structural steel. The model subjected the structures to varying seismic loading conditions. Results showed that carbon fiber reinforced structural steel performed better than epoxy fiber reinforced steel and structural steel, with less displacement observed under seismic loads. The objectives of the research were to study the performance of different bridge pile foundation materials and bridge structures under seismic loads and vibrations. The methodology involved modeling the bridge and pile foundations in ANSYS and applying seismic loads to analyze structural
This document is a seminar report on foundations and their types. It discusses shallow foundations like isolated, wall, combined, and strap footings as well as raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations like pile foundations. Pile foundations transfer loads through skin friction and end bearing. Piles can be friction piles that transfer load through skin friction or end bearing piles that transfer load through end bearing. The report provides details on pile foundation classification and properties that affect foundation selection like soil bearing capacity, properties, and distribution of base pressure. It aims to study different foundation types and their uses based on soil and structural load conditions.
Comparative Study of SMRF Structure in the Different Conditions of Soil: A Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews several research papers on the comparative study of Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF) and Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF) under different soil conditions. Some key findings include:
1) SMRFs perform better than OMRFs in reducing bending moments, member sizes, and base shear. They provide more ductility and are more effective in seismic zones.
2) Soil flexibility can increase the natural period of structures, altering seismic responses. Accounting for soil-structure interaction is important, especially on soft soils.
3) Research has found higher base shear, inter-story shears, and moments in OMRFs compared to SMRFs
Effect of Replacement Layers on Bearing Capacity of Silty Clay LayerIJAEMSJORNAL
Soil conditions often pose significant challenges for soil and foundation engineers engaged in construction projects. In response to these challenges, researchers and engineers have dedicated considerable efforts to developing solutions to construct on weak soil layers. The replacement layer is one of the most efficient and effective methods to increase the ultimate bearing capacity under foundation. There are many advantages for replacement layer using such as its low cost, material availability, easy construction, quick construction time, simple testing procedures. There is a few of studies that determine the actual values of the ultimate bearing capacity of replacement layers. Most research and studies focus on theoretical and mathematical values of the ultimate bearing capacity for foundations replacement layers. The site selected for this study was located in Al-Qalyubia Governorate. The use of replacement layers in this study indicated that there is an increase in the ultimate bearing capacity for the studied site. In addition to that, engineering properties of replacement layer and natural soil condition plays a role in the ultimate bearing capacity values.
Performance based seismic design of the multi-storied reinforced concrete bui...IRJET Journal
The document discusses performance-based seismic design of multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. It provides a literature review of previous studies that have analyzed buildings using nonlinear static pushover analysis to evaluate seismic performance. The goal of performance-based seismic design is to carefully assess how a structure will perform under earthquake loads by identifying performance objectives and evaluating the structure's capacity through nonlinear analysis. Previous studies have found that performance metrics like story displacement, drift, and base shear can be used to evaluate if a design meets life safety or other performance objectives. The document concludes that further research on nonlinear dynamic analysis and energy dissipation systems could help improve seismic performance estimation of reinforced concrete structures.
THE EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT SURROUNDING SOIL ON BORED PILE FRICTION CAPACITY IAEME Publication
There is very close relation between the pile capacity and surrounding soil conditions. In cohesionless soil the bored pile effected on surround soil byloosen , deposits through a combination of pile volume replacement and exist of pile case used for installation of bored pile. .the pile foundation usually designed to exceed the weak soil to the firm deposit .in this study improvement of the weak soil surround the pile and observing the effect of improvement on pile capacity for bored pile. The improvement soil surround pile model was design to be as one block and kept this block will effect noticeably on pile load capacity results. the improvement suggested in this study is compacting and replacement for surrounding soil .
Design of Flexible Pavements for an Existing RoadIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of flexible pavements for an existing road. It begins by introducing the authors and their affiliations. It then provides background on flexible pavements, noting that they are designed to be flexible under loads with low flexural strength. The document outlines the key components of flexible pavement design, including the soil subgrade, sub-base course, base course, and surface course. It also lists factors that must be considered in pavement design, such as traffic loads, subgrade soil properties, climate, and material selection. The remainder of the document provides details on the specific flexible pavement design project for a road in Paratwada, India, including conducting soil tests and determining layer thicknesses based on traffic and sub
This document discusses the design of tower foundations. It notes that tower foundations make up 20-40% of total tower costs. The document presents a computer program written in BASIC to optimally design tower foundations. The program uses concepts like calculating the uplift resistance provided by soil weight in an inverted cone or pyramid shape. It considers factors like soil type, depth, and dimensions to calculate safety factors against uplift and sliding. The overall goal of the program is to aid in producing economical and reliable tower foundation designs.
IRJET- A Review on R.C.C. Structure with Fully, Partially and without Infille...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures with fully, partially, and no masonry infill walls in different seismic zones of India. It discusses how infill walls can increase structural strength, stiffness, and seismic resistance by interacting with the RC frame. The document summarizes several studies that found infill walls reduce displacements, drifts, and bending moments in frames while increasing base shear and axial column forces. It proposes analyzing an RC frame building with and without infill walls using the STAAD PRO software to understand how infill walls affect seismic response. The methodology section outlines steps for modeling the structure and applying loads and seismic analysis.
Effect of Soil Structure Interaction on Seismic Response of Multistorey BuildingIRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of a 10-storey building with piled raft foundation. A finite element model of the building-foundation system was created in ANSYS and subjected to static cyclic and dynamic response spectrum analysis considering 3 different soil types - stiff clay, silty sand, and hard rock. The results were compared to a fixed base model without soil. Both the total deformation and equivalent stresses were found to be greater for flexible base models compared to fixed base, and highest for the silty sand soil, indicating soil properties significantly influence the seismic response of structures. Considering soil-structure interaction is important for accurate seismic analysis of multi-storey buildings.
A Building Frame Experimental Study Supported On PilesIRJET Journal
This study examines the impact of beam stiffness on a model building frame supported by a single pile embedded in red soil. Static load testing was performed on an aluminum building frame model supported by a pile, with dial gauges used to measure deflections of the beam and pile under increasing loads. The results indicate that beam stiffness significantly affects displacements at the base of the building frame columns and along the length of the embedded pile.
The document is a seminar report on soil nailing submitted by Ankush Choudhury to fulfill requirements for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. It discusses the key components of soil nailing including the nails, shotcrete facing, and interactions between the native soil, reinforcement, and facing. It provides background on the origin and development of soil nailing, favorable ground conditions for its use, design requirements, and construction sequences. The report aims to explain the technique of soil nailing for slope stabilization and retaining walls.
A Review on Comparative Analysis of Raft Foundation, Raft with Drop & Pile Ra...IRJET Journal
This document presents a review on the comparative analysis of three foundation systems: raft foundation, raft foundation with drop, and pile raft foundation. It aims to analyze the structural and geotechnical behavior of these foundations under different loading scenarios and soil profiles using advanced analysis software. The analysis focuses on factors like load distribution, stress concentrations, settlement features, and overall structural performance. It is anticipated that the results of this comparative study will provide insights to practitioners on selecting suitable foundation systems for various soil and seismic conditions. The document discusses several research papers on topics like the design of raft foundations for high-rise buildings, parametric studies of piled raft foundations, and comparing the performance of raft, pile, and piled ra
The document describes a reliability index approach for assessing the reliability of tall buildings subjected to earthquake loading. The reliability index (β) model measures the level of reliability based on a building's response to earthquake loading according to its design code. The β value depends on factors like building height, drift index, roof displacement, and load factors in the design code. An interaction chart using β is a useful tool for determining building drift during preliminary design. The model was used to analyze simulated, tested and actual buildings, with β values below 3.5 indicating unreliable performance. Increasing building strength through larger columns and shear walls can increase reliability. A case study of a tested building in Japan validated the reliability index approach.
The document discusses the analysis and design of retaining walls, deck slabs, and cantilever deck slabs for bridge structures. It provides an overview of the design process, including geotechnical investigations and laboratory testing to determine soil properties. It describes the design of retaining walls using lateral earth pressure theories like Rankine's method. It also covers the design of concrete slabs and cantilever slabs, and checking the stability of retaining walls against overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity failure. Design codes used for highway bridge structures in India are also listed.
IRJET- Comparative Study on CFST and Steel Diagrid Structural System for High...IRJET Journal
This study compares the performance of composite cross-sectional steel tube (CFST) diagrid and steel diagrid structural systems for high-rise buildings under seismic loading. 12 building models of G+42 and G+30 storeys were analyzed using ETABS software. The buildings were located in different seismic zones with medium soil. Results showed that steel diagrid structures performed better than CFST diagrid structures, with steel diagrid exhibiting lower storey displacements and drifts. Diagrid structures in general were found to effectively distribute lateral loads and reduce the impact of dynamic loading on high-rise buildings.
IRJET- Behaviour of Reinforced Soil using GeogridIRJET Journal
This document investigates the behavior of reinforced soil using geogrid. Laboratory tests were conducted including liquid limit, plastic limit, proctor compaction, and unconfined compression tests. The optimum moisture content of the soil was determined to be used in testing. Unreinforced soil samples were tested to establish a baseline shear strength of 1.03 N/mm2. Reinforced soil samples with geogrid placed at different depths were then tested, finding the highest shear strength of 1.43 N/mm2 when the geogrid was placed at a depth of 1/3 from the top of the sample. The results indicate that geogrid reinforcement can significantly increase the shear strength of soil.
IRJET-Effects of Soil Structure Interaction on Infilled Building Frame with R...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a study analyzing the effects of soil structure interaction on an infilled reinforced concrete building frame with a raft foundation.
2) The building is modeled as both a fixed base system and flexible base system accounting for soil structure interaction, and the results are compared in terms of story shear, floor displacement, story drift, and time period.
3) The study finds that accounting for the flexibility of the soil and allowing movement at the base increases story shear, floor displacement, story drift, and time period compared to the fixed base model.
A Review Paper on Analysis and Design of Precast Box Culvert BridgeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the analysis and design of precast box culvert bridges. It begins with an abstract stating that box culverts are monolithic structures used to bridge roads and waterways. The document then reviews different types of IRC live load considerations for design, including Class 70R, Class A, and Class B loads. It discusses design considerations for box culverts like earth pressure effects, cushion depth, and structural elements to withstand bending moments and shear stresses. The methodology section outlines the steps used in modeling and analyzing a box culvert in STAAD Pro software. It also compares results for monolithically cast and separately cast top slabs. The conclusion states that box culverts are a robust, rigid
Similar to PREDICTING BEARING STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS FROM SOIL INDEX PROPERTIES (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. Predicting Bearing Strength Characteristics From Soil Index Properties
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1. INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering works in highways, buildings, dams and other structures have
strong relationship with soil. These structures need a strong and stable layer of
foundation soil to build on. Therefore, soil must be able to carry imposed loads from
any structure placed upon it without shear failure or destructive unallowable
settlements [1]. Furthermore, any weakness or failure in soil may lead to severe
damage or collapse of structure. Thus, proper estimation of bearing strength of
foundation soil is very essential for safety and performance of the structure.
In pavement design, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a common test
currently practiced to predict the bearing strength of subgrade soil. Due to its
simplicity and relatively low cost, this method has been widely used across the world
for flexible pavement design. Even though, highway engineers encounter some
difficulties in obtaining representative CBR value for pavement design.
In geotechnical engineering, the bearing capacity of underlying soil plays a vital
role in foundation design. The bearing capacity is governed by shear strength of the
soil. Terzaghi [2] was the first researcher to propose a comprehensive theory for
measuring the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations. After Terzaghi, many
researchers such as Meyerhof [3], Hansen [4], Vesic [5], and others have offered
theories for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity. However, the different bearing
capacity formulae show wide degree of variability while estimating bearing capacity
of different type of soils.
The purpose of this study is to establish correlations for unsoaked CBR and
ultimate bearing capacity with simple and easy measured soil index properties. These
correlations can be used in prediction of the bearing strength parameters for design
and evaluation purposes. .
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The bearing strength of soil is quite important for stability and performance of any
structure founded on it. Therefore, foundation soil must be capable to withstand the
structural loads placed upon it without undergoing shear failure and consequent large
settlements [6]. Rupture surfaces are formed in the soil mass upon exceeding a certain
stress condition. The bearing strength of foundation soil is characterized by California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) and bearing capacity.
2.1. California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was first introduced by the California State
Highway Department in the 1920’s. The US Army Corps of Engineers then adapted
the method in the 1940’s for military airfields. After the Second World War, the CBR
method was also used in the UK and its use spread to European countries [7], [8].
CBR is defined as the ratio of the resistance to penetration of a material to the
penetration resistance of a standard crushed stone base material. The CBR test is
essentially a measure of the bearing resistance of a soil at certain moisture and dry
density conditions. It can be carried out both in laboratory and field and the method of
measuring CBR is standardized in ASTM [9], [10].
The CBR has been known as an important parameter to characterize the bearing
capacity of earth structures such as earth dams, road embankments, bridge abutments
and pavements. The CBR is the most widely used strength parameter for fine-grained
subgrade soils in flexible pavement design, while research into the use of the resilient
3. Magdi M. E. Zumrawi and Hussam Elnour
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modulus in pavement design continues [11]. Several countries have developed or
adopted pavement design methods based on the CBR value of the materials. The
design of pavement thickness requires the strength of subgrade soil, subbase and base
materials to be expressed in terms of CBR, so that stable and economical design
achieved. The value of CBR is an indicator of the type of subgrade soil. If the CBR
value of subgrade is high, it means that the subgrade is strong and as a result, the
design of pavement thickness can be reduced. Conversely, if the subgrade soil has low
CBR value it indicates that the thickness of pavement shall be increased in order to
spread the traffic load over a greater area of the weak subgrade or alternatively, the
subgrade soil shall be subjected to stabilization.
2.2. Soil Bearing Capacity
The soil bearing capacity is defined as the capacity of the underlying soil to support
the loads applied to the ground without undergoing shear failure and without
accompanying large settlements [6]. The theoretical maximum pressure which can be
supported without failure is called ultimate bearing capacity (UBC). While the
allowable bearing capacity (ABC) is the UBC divided by the factor of safety (FS).
The established theory on ultimate bearing capacity is based on ideal condition of soil
profiles. In reality, the soil profiles are not always homogenous and isotropic.
Therefore, rational judgment and experiences are always necessary in adopting proper
soil parameters to be used in calculations of ultimate bearing capacity. The pioneer to
propose the early theory to evaluate bearing capacity of soil is Terzaghi [2]. The
ultimate bearing capacity expressed by Terzaghi, using equilibrium analysis is shown
below:
B
Where NC, Nq, N : are Terzaghi bearing capacity coefficients obtained from
friction angle (ϕ); C: Cohesion of soil; q: overburden pressure; : density of soil; B:
width of foundation.
Failure due to bearing capacity occurs as the soil supporting the foundation fails in
shear, which may involve either a general, local or punching shear failure mechanism
[1]. The mechanism of bearing failure depends on the density of soil. Denser soil fails
along a well defined slip plane, loose soil fails locally, and very loose soil exhibits
punching shear failure. For these different failure types, different methods of analysis
are used [1]. Estimation and prediction of the ultimate bearing capacity of a
foundation is one of the most significant and complicated problems in geotechnical
engineering [1].
2.3. Previous Correlations
Over the years, many correlations have been developed for the bearing strength
parameters for different type of soils. Most of the correlations were applied according
to the particular circumstances of the soil such as soil type, water content, dry density
and other soil properties.
Field CBR testing is a time-consuming operation requiring a skilled operator,
and can be hazardous for the evaluation teams in hostile environments. Engineers
always experience some difficulties in obtaining representative CBR values for
design. On the other hand, the laboratory CBR test is not only laborious and time
consuming, but, sometimes, the results are not accurate due to the sample disturbance
and poor quality of the laboratory testing conditions. Therefore, the development of
4. Predicting Bearing Strength Characteristics From Soil Index Properties
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prediction correlations might be useful and become a base for the judgment of the
validity of the CBR values. Many correlations have been developed by various
researchers for the prediction of CBR, including the dynamic cone penetrometer
(DCP), undrained shear strength and Clegg impact hammer [12]-[14]. In addition,
there have been several attempts to predict CBR values based on the soil index
properties [15]-[17]. Some of the correlations are presented as follows:
Kleyn and Harden [12] established a relationship between the field CBR and the
DCP as follows:
A study was carried out to correlate the CBR and the unconfined compression
strength σc (MPa) by Behera and Mishra [13] on fly ash-lime mixture at 7 and 28 day
curing periods. The correlations proposed are written in equation (2) and (3)
respectively:
Al-Amoudi et al [14] studied the efficacy of the Clegg impact hammer (CIH)
for estimating the CBR value of compacted soils. They performed CBR and CIH tests
for soils compacted with three different compactive efforts and different molding
moisture contents (see Fig 1). They developed a general model to predict CBR values
from CIV data.
Figure 1 CBR test results for the various compactive efforts (source [14])
Agarwal and Ghanekar [15] tried to develop a correlation between the CBR and
the liquid limit, plastic limit or plasticity index. However, they were not able to find
any significant correlation among these parameters. Instead, they found an improved
correlation when optimum moisture content (OMC) and liquid limit were included.
Hence, they suggested a correlation that was only of sufficient accuracy for the
preliminary identification of material. This correlation is:
5. Magdi M. E. Zumrawi and Hussam Elnour
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 270 editor@iaeme.com
The National Cooperative Highway Research Program [16] had developed a
correlation for soils contain 12% fines and exhibit some plasticity. The soil index
properties chosen to correlate CBR are the percentage passing 0.075mm size sieve
(w) and plasticity index (PI). The suggested equation by NCHRP is given below.
A correlation of CBR with plasticity and grading using the concept of suitably
index was developed by de Graft-Johnson and Bhatia [17] on the Ghana lateritic soil.
The soil samples were compacted to maximum dry density at optimum moisture
content and soaked for 4 days according to the Ghana standard of compaction. In this
case, the relationship between CBR and suitability index is shown as follows:
where: SI: Suitability Index value of de Graft-Johnson and Bhatia; A: Percentage
passing 2.0 mm sieve size; LL: Liquid Limit; PI: Plasticity Index.
Black [18] and Black [19] proposed a correlation between the ultimate bearing
capacity (qu) and the CBR of cohesive soil. Black suggested that the developed
correlation depends on the type of soil and method of compaction (static or dynamic).
The proposed correlation is:
9)
A correlation between CBR and Bearing Capacity was proposed by the Portland
Cement Association (PCA) [20] as given in equation (10) below.
Attempts have been made to predict CBR using a single factor that combines
placement parameter. Mohamed [21] introduced the placement condition factor (F)
which combines two placement parameters, dry density ( d) and moisture content (w)
and is defined as:
Mohamed [21] applied "F" to unsoaked CBR data of compacted cohesive soils
from Sudan and found that "F" predicts very well the unsoaked CBR value. Zumrawi
[22] modified the placement factor (F) to a new one called the initial state factor, Fi
and is defined by:
where w: is density of water and e : is the void ratio. A linear relationship was
found between "Fi" and unsoaked CBR for the same soil, the coefficients of which
depends on plasticity index and clay content. It is noted that the two factors (F and Fi)
considered only placement parameters, i.e, moisture content, dry density and void
ratio. Therefore, this study aims to combine both the placement conditions and the
soil intrinsic properties such as liquidity index in a factor and to investigate its
relationship with CBR and ultimate bearing capacity values.
6. Predicting Bearing Strength Characteristics From Soil Index Properties
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3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
To achieve the research objective, laboratory investigation was conducted on two
different soils. Soil 1 is fine-grained soil and was obtained from Halfayah in
Khartoum north where as Soil 2 is coarse-grained soil and was obtained from Hatab in
eastern Nile.
3.1. Specimen Preperation
Initially, the two soils were air dried and pulverized. The soil samples were
subdivided and each sub-sample was mixed with distilled water to bring the sub-
sample to the desired moisture content. Each soil was prepared by compacting at five
different moisture contents and dry densities. All samples were manually compacted
in CBR mould. Soil specimens of 38 mm diameter and 76 mm long and enclosed in
thin cylindrical membranes were prepared for triaxial tests.
3.2. Testing Procedure
The tests program started with determination of the basic soil properties such as grain
size analysis, Atterberg's limits, compaction and specific gravity. Then, the
compacted specimens at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density were
tested using CBR and triaxial tests. The tests results of the two soils are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1 The properties of the tested soils
Test Property Soil 1 Soil 2
Sieve analysis
Gravel, % 23 67
Sand, % 14 15
Silt / Clay, % 63 18
Atterberg’s Limit
Liquid Limit, % 55 37
Plastic Limit, % 27 16
Plasticity Index, % 28 21
Compaction
Max. Dry Density, g/cm3
1.580 2.202
Optimum Moisture Content, % 27.7 8.7
Unsoaked CBR CBR, % 19.0 37.0
Triaxial Compression
Cohesion, kN/m2
110 73.0
Angle of nternal riction, 4.5 23.5
Specific Gravity 2.78 2.70
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) CH GC
Five test specimens were prepared, for each soil, for the CBR and triaxial tests.
The samples were prepared with different water contents and compacted into a
standard CBR mould to different dry densities. To relate unsoaked CBR and ultimate
bearing capacity results at the same water content and density a pair of identical
samples were prepared. The first was subjected directly to the CBR penetration test as
unsoaked CBR and the second was used for Triaxial test.
In the CBR test, the compacted sample subjected directly to penetration test to
measure the unsoaked CBR. The CBR tests were performed in accordance to BS
standard [23]. The penetration resistance load is then plotted against the penetration
depth and correction is made for the load-penetration curve. Using the corrected value
taken from the load-penetration curve for 2.54 mm and 5.08 mm penetration, the
7. Magdi M. E. Zumrawi and Hussam Elnour
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bearing ratio is calculated by dividing the corrected load by the corresponding
standard load, multiplied by 100.
The triaxial test performed in this study is undrained unconsolidated method.
The prepared soil specimen subjected to an all round hydrostatic pressure (cell
pressure), together with vertical compression load (deviator stress) acting through a
piston. The strain dial gauge reading was taken and the corresponding proving ring
reading was recorded. The experiment stopped when the soil failed or at 15% strain.
The maximum compressive stress at failure and the corresponding strain and cell
pressure were recorded. The stress results of the series of triaxial tests at increasing
cell pressure were plotted on Mohr stress diagram. Then the shear strength
parameters, namely friction angle () and cohesion (C) were determined. The ultimate
bearing capacity was computed using Terzaghi equation (1).
The test results and the computed values of ultimate bearing capacity (qu) and
unsoaked CBR for the studied soils are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 Summary of tests results for Soil 1 and Soil 2
Soil
Dry density
(g/cm³)
Moisture
content (%)
Unsoaked
CBR (%)
qu
(kPa)
Soil 1
1.505 24.0 17 1124
1.508 25.0 18 942
1.547 27.0 19 1073
1.520 30.0 7 348
1.480 31.0 6 300
Soil 2
2.052 6.0 28 1922
2.166 7.5 36 2588
2.202 8.7 37 2626
2.141 9.5 30 2129
2.059 10.5 27 1426
4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The use of soil index properties to predict CBR and ultimate bearing capacity is
preferred because it is simple and easy measured and it enables rapid estimation of
bearing strength parameters. Several correlations developed to predict bearing
strength values are available in the literature. This paper aims to develop correlations
of unsoaked CBR and ultimate bearing capacity with soil index parameters. The
placement conditions parameters (i.e. water content, dry density, void ratio) and soil
intrinsic properties (i.e. Atterberg limits) are combined in away reflecting the
influence of each of them on CBR and ultimate bearing capacity. These soil
parameters are combined as described by a new concept, factor of soil consistency.
This factor was developed from easy measured soil index properties such as water
content, dry density, void ratio, liquid limit and plasticity index.
4.1. The Consistency Factor
The consistency factor of compacted soil was introduced by Mohamed [21] and then
modified by Zumrawi [22] (see equations (11) and (12)). The consistency factor (Fc)
is defined as a combination of the soil index parameters such as dry density ( d),
moisture content (w), void ratio (e) and soil consistency index (CI) and can be
expressed thus:
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The consistency index (CI) is arithmetically 1-LI (where LI is the Liquidity
index) as given in equation (14) below.
CI is 1.0 when moisture content equals the plastic limit and zero when moisture
content equals the liquid limit.
4.2. The Relationship between the Consistency Factor and CBR
To investigate the relationship between the developed consistency factor Fc (equation
13) and unsoaked CBR, the test results and the data reported by Al-Amoudi et al [14]
as shown in Fig. 1 were analyzed. The unsoaked CBR versus the consistency factor
are plotted as given in Figs. 2 and 3. From figures, it can be observed that very good
linear relationship (R2 > 0.90) is found for all the data analyzed. This result confirms
the dependent of unsoaked CBR on soil index properties which is a combination of
placement conditions and intrinsic properties of the tested soils. For the two soils, the
linear equations of the best fit are expressed thus:
For soil 1
For soil 2
Figure 2 Unsoaked CBR and consistency factor relationship for soil 1and 2
y = 25.99x - 33.16
R² = 0.912
y = 2.228x + 7.436
R² = 0.939
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
UnsoakedCBR(%)
Consistency Factor ,Fc
Soil 1 Soil 2 Linear (Soil 1) Linear (Soil 2)
9. Magdi M. E. Zumrawi and Hussam Elnour
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Figure 3 Unsoaked CBR and the consistency factor for the data reported by Al-Amoudi [14]
4.3. The Relationship between the Consistency Factor and Ultimate
Bearing Capacity
The tests results were analyzed and used to investigate the relationship between the
constancy factor, Fc and the ultimate bearing capacity (qu). The data analysis of soils
1 and 2 are drawn in Fig. 4. The plots in this figure clearly indicate that a linear
relationship exists between the consistency factor, Fc and the ultimate bearing
capacity. The best fit linear equations developed for the two soils are expressed as:
For soil 1
For soil 2
Figure 4 Ultimate bearing capacity and consistency factor relationship for soil 1 and 2
y = 16.49x - 123.1
R² = 0.907
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
UnsoakedCBR(%)
Consistency Factor ,Fc
y = 1678x - 2231
R² = 0.927
y = 251.5x - 585.5
R² = 0.970
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
qu(kPa)
Consistency Factor ,Fc
Soil 1 Soil 2 Linear (Soil 1) Linear (Soil 2)
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4.4. The CBR and Ultimate Bearing Capacity Relationship
As a result, the developed linear relationships between the consistency factor and
unsoaked CBR and ultimate bearing capacity (equations (15) and (18)) can be used to
establish a correlation between them for different soils as expressed by equations (19)
and (20) below.
The data trend shown in the Fig. 5 below indicate that there is a good agreement
between the measured and predicted bearing capacity values and this proved the
validity of the developed equations (19) and (20). This result shows that bearing
capacity could be predictive from unsoaked CBR value for different types of soils.
Figure 5 Comparison of measured/predicted ultimate bearing capacity for the tested soils
5. CONCLUSION
In the current study, the relationship of ultimate bearing capacity and unsoaked CBR
with the developed factor of soil consistency was investigated. The soil consistency
factor (Fc) is described by the combination of placement conditions parameters (i.e.
dry density, moisture content and void ratio) and intrinsic properties of soil (i.e. liquid
limit and plasticity index). For two different soils, the CBR and triaxial tests were
conducted at five different moisture contents and dry densities. Based on the test
results, the following conclusions are drawn:
Analysis results demonstrates very clearly that a direct linear relationship exists
between the consistency Factor, Fc and the soil bearing strength measured by unsoked
CBR and ultimate bearing capacity. For all the data studied, the regression coefficient
of this relationship was found to be more than 0.9. This result indicates the linearity
of the developed relationships and the validity of the soil consistency factor.
Based on these linear relationships, reliable and strong correlations have been
established to predict the unsoked CBR and ultimate bearing capacity for different
type of soils. Furthermore, very good correlations between the unsoaked CBR and
ultimate bearing capacity for cohesive and cohesionless soils were developed.
Comparison between the measured ultimate bearing capacity and Unsoaked CBR
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Calculatedqu(kPa)
Measuredqu (kPa)
Linear (equiline)
11. Magdi M. E. Zumrawi and Hussam Elnour
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values and the calculated results using the developed equations clearly indicated the
reliability of these equations.
The developed correlations are reliable and useful in prediction of bearing strength
characteristics of foundation soils, subgrade, and embankments for design purposes.
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