Pre-colonial China STS 40
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China had an organic view of the world and nature, in contrast to Europe's mechanical view. Chinese science focused more on fields like algebra, optics, and magnetism, while adopting a wave theory. Chinese maps were disc-shaped rather than geometric. Chinese engineering excelled in areas like iron casting, gunpowder, and linkwork for equine animals. Scientists and engineers fell into groups like high officials, commoners, enslaved people, and minor officials. Skilled workers included metallurgists and technicians. Strengths included numerous inventions across fields and a civil tradition utilizing talent, while weaknesses included an organic view of the universe and limited geometry knowledge.
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Here are 5 examples of art in Region 2:
1. Sculptures of the Ivatan people of Batanes, made of wood and stone depicting local folk deities and animals.
2. Weavings from the Ilocos region made from abaca fiber depicting local legends and motifs.
3. Pottery from Pangasinan decorated with geometric designs and patterns.
4. Metal sculptures from La Union crafted into figures of saints and folk heroes.
5. Murals in the churches of Pampanga painted with biblical scenes and images of the local flora and fauna.
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The earliest inhabitants of the Philippines arrived over 22,000 years ago, as evidenced by the discovery of the oldest human fossil found in the country. Pre-Spanish Philippine society consisted of diverse ethnic groups like the Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays, who introduced various cultural traditions over subsequent centuries. The ancient Filipinos exhibited rich artistic traditions in areas like music, dance, architecture, sculpture, pottery, weaving, tattooing, and literature that were integral parts of their daily lives and cultural practices.
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The oldest human remains found in the Philippines date back 22,000 years ago. The first inhabitants were Negritos who arrived during the Old Stone Age by walking across land bridges. They were later joined by maritime Indonesians during the New Stone Age. Malays also immigrated and introduced festivals, codes of law, and contributed to Iron Age culture. Ancient Filipinos had developed music, architecture like native houses, and art forms including pottery, wood carvings, tattoos, and petroglyph cave paintings as early as 3000 BC.
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The oldest human remains found in the Philippines date back 22,000 years ago. The first inhabitants were Negritos who arrived during the Old Stone Age by walking across land bridges. They were later joined by maritime Indonesians during the New Stone Age. Malays also immigrated and introduced festivals, codes of law, and contributed to Iron Age culture. Ancient Filipinos had developed music, architecture like native houses, and art forms including pottery, wood carvings, tattoos, and petroglyph cave paintings as early as 3000 BC.
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Pre-colonial China STS 40
- 2. China and the West Europe China Concept of Natural Law Presence of divine deity in nature Absence of divine deity in nature View of the world Mechanical Organic Mathematics Geometric Algebraic Invention and Labor power Labor power served as hindrance to invention Labor power did NOT serve as hindrance to invention
- 3. China and the West Europe Science • • Geography & Cartography Engineering • China mechanics and dynamics relatively advanced wave-particle antithesis: atomistic view • Discoid cosmographic world maps (discshaped) • advanced survey methods and the making of relief maps (quantitative cartography, use of rectangular grid) • efficient harness for equine animals (linkwork) mastery of iron casting 15 centuries before its achievement in Europe first appearance of gunpowder (9th century A.D.), vigorous development of explosive weapons some three centuries before they appeared in Europe (and from A.D. 1000 onwards) • • • Optics, acoustics and magnetism, geological sciences and meteorology wave-particle antithesis: wave theory connected with yin-yang
- 4. Types of Science in Ancient China ORTHODOX NEUTRAL Astronomy Mathematics Physics Hydraulic Engineering Medicine NON-ORTHODOX Alchemy
- 5. The Social Position of Scientists and Engineers of Traditional China SCHOLARS FARMERS ARTISANS MERCHANTS The Chinese Social Stratification
- 6. The Social Position of Scientists and Engineers of Traditional China Chief categories into which lives of scientists and engineers seem to fall 1. HIGH OFFICIALS 2. COMMONERS 3. MEMBERS OF THE SEMI-SERVILE GROUPS 4. THOSE WHO WERE ACTUALLY ENSLAVED 5. A VERY SIGNIFICANT GROUP OF MINOR OFFICIALS, (scholars who were not able to make their way upwards in the ranks of the bureaucracy)
- 7. The Social Position of Scientists and Engineers of Traditional China Skilled Workers Metallurgists Well-drillers Weavers and paper makers Technicians
- 8. Strengths numerous inventions in various fields inclination to field theories strong civil tradition allowing state to utilize population’s brightest
- 9. Weaknesses organic view of the universe (Taoism) limited knowledge of geometry science shrouded in semi-secrecy