Practical research and it's characteristics, processes, and ethics

1. CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES, & ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
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GROUP-1

2. PRIETO, ET.AL. (2017) STATED THAT THE FOLLOWING ARE THE
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
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1. EMPIRICAL
2. SYSTEMATIC
3. CONTROLLED
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS
5. ANALYTICAL
6. OBJECITVE
7. ORIGINAL WORK

3. EMPIRICAL
-is based on observations and experiments of
theories.
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Example: Studying the Growth of Plants Under Different
Light Conditions
Let's say a researcher wants to investigate how different
light conditions affect the growth of a specific plant species.
The researcher sets up an experiment where identical plants
are placed in three different environments: one with natural
sunlight, one with artificial light, and one in complete
darkness. Over a period of several weeks, the researcher
measures the height and number of leaves,

4. SYSTEMATIC 4
-follows orderly and sequential procedures,
based on valid procedures and principles.
Example:
To systematically bake a cake, first, choose a recipe
and gather ingredients. Preheat the oven and prepare
pans. Mix dry ingredients and combine wet ingredients
separately. Gradually mix dry into wet to form batter. Pour
into pans, bake, and check for doneness. Cool, then frost
and decorate. This methodical approach ensures a well-
made cake.

5. CONTROLLED 5
- In research, all variables, except those that are
tested/ experimented on, are kept constant or the
same.
Example:
Does a specific fertilizer (Fertilizer X) enhance the growth of
tomato plants compared to no fertilizer?
Independent Variable: Application of Fertilizer X (treatment group)
or no fertilizer (control group).
Dependent Variable: Plant growth, measured by height or number
of leaves.

6. Controlled Variable:
 Environment: Keep all plants in the same environment with
consistent light, temperature, and humidity.
 Watering: Water all plants equally to control the amount of
water each receives.
 Pot Size: Ensure all plants are in pots of the same size and
type

7. 7
-refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and solutions to
problems.
EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS
Example:
Research Question: Does giving water to a group of potted plants affect their
growth compared to a group of plants that receive no water?
Hypotheses:
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the growth of potted
plants that receive water and those that receive no water.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Potted plants that receive water will show a
significant difference in growth compared to those that receive no water.

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Two groups of potted plants are set up—one receiving
regular watering and the other receiving no water. The
researcher regularly measures the height or number of
leaves of each plant to monitor their growth. Upon
comparing the growth of the two groups, if a substantial
difference is observed, the researcher may conclude that
water has a observable effect on plant growth.
In summary, employing hypotheses in research
involves the systematic use of these statements to guide
the entire research process, from formulating research
questions to drawing conclusions based on empirical
evidence. Hypotheses provide a structured and testable
framework for scientific inquiry.

9. 9
-shows analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and or case study.
ANALYTICAL
Example:
Exploring the impact of classical music on students' concentration, the
researcher asks if listening to such music improves focus. They set up two
groups: one listens to classical music while studying, and the other studies in
silence. Using analytical skills, the researcher compares data on concentration
levels between the two groups to determine any significant differences. The
results are then interpreted to assess if the group with music shows improved
concentration. This analysis contributes insights into the potential effects of music
on students' focus during study sessions.

10. 10
-it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically
based on real-life situations.
OBJECTIVE
Example:
The Impact of Social Media Use on Mental Health Among Teenagers
The research findings are grounded in the experiences and behaviors of
teenagers in real-life situations. The study uses surveys, interviews, or behavioral
observations to gather data directly from teenagers about their social media usage
patterns and mental health experiences.

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- it requires its own examination and produces the
data needed to complete the study.
ORIGINAL WORK
Original research refers to a type of research that involves the collection
and analysis of new and original data to answer a specific research
question or to test a hypothesis. This type of research is conducted by
researchers who aim to generate new knowledge or add to the existing
body of knowledge in a particular field or discipline.

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It is said that research can be done in different ways. It can
be either a well-planned and methodical process that is based
on keen observation and concrete and valid evaluation.
Integration is the best way to evaluate the validity of a
certain study.
Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following are involved in
the Research Processes:

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1. DEFINE THE PROBLEM:
 What is the problem?
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:
 What evidence is already presented
3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS:
 How are we going to find/look for the answer to
questions being studied?

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4. RESEARCH DESIGN:
 Where will the study be shown and with what
population?
5. COLLECTING DATA:
 Are we ready to gather the data?
 Where do we find the data?

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6. ANALYZING DATA:
 How do the data answer the research queries
7. INTERPRET AND REPORT:
 What are the implications of the results?

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According to Resnik (2007), ethical norms are
significant in conducting research studies as explained in
the following:
First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth,
and credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to
collaborative work.
Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable
in every act that the researcher/s undertake.

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Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to
the public.
Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public
awareness. This can be evaluated by the researcher before
conducting the study because this may help a certain
population in an area once the study is completed

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Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 2007
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will
follow codes and policies for research:
 Honesty- Maintain all communication. Data should not be
faked
 Objectivity- Avoid biases in experimental designs, data
analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects
of research.
 Integrity- Keep your promises and agreements.
 Carefulness- Avoid careless errors and negligence.

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Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 2007
 Openness- Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
 Confidentiality- Protect confidential communication.
 Responsible Publication- Avoid duplicating publications.
 Responsible Mentoring- Help to educate, mentor, and
advise others.

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Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 2007
 Respect Colleagues- Treat all peers fairly.
 Social Responsibility- Strive to promote social good. Avoid
social harm.
 Non- Discrimination- avoid discrimination against
colleagues or students on the basis of sex, races, ethnicity,
and or others.

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Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 2007
 Legality- Be informed and obey relevant laws and institutional
governmental policies.
 Respect of Intellectual Property- Give proper acknowledgment
or credits to all researchers.
 Human Subject- Minimize risks that involve human
lives, dignity and privacy.

22. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Members:
Sarno, Vanissa
Maruhom, Fuhaika
Sibay. Hannah
Pila, Francis Clark
Timagos, Maynard
Undac, Al Hassan