Resrach methodology Mphil course for postgradatepptx

Research methodology
•Dr Naeemullah
• Asst. Prof.
• Chem. Dept.

Research Methodology and Chemical Data Handling: By Dr.
Naeemullah
2
MEANING OF RESEARCH
A search for…………………..
A search for knowledge
There is a lot of debates on Philosophy about knowledge
Historically perspective there are two concept about knowledge
Dualistic Perspective of knowledge (Dualism) :This was considered
to be the 1st perspective of knowledge
Relativist Perspective of Knowledge :This was
considered the beginning of Research
Research is questioning arising in human mind
about the reality

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MEANING OF RESEARCH
Knowledge
Knowledge is defined as justified true
belief
Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the
theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.
Experience is knowledge or skill in a
particular job or activity that you have
gained because you have done that job
or activity for a long time. .. direct
observation of or participation in events
as a basis of knowledge.
Education
the field of study that deals mainly with
methods of teaching and learning in
schools.
And non justified true belief

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A process of systematic data
collections
Analysis
Interpretation
In order to find solution of a problem.
A Journey FromThe KnownToThe Unknown
Research is endless journey

 A search for knowledge. Is an Art of scientific investigation.
 Research is a scientific and systematic search for new and useful
information on a particular topic.
 It is an investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social
problems through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for
knowledge, that is, a discovery of hidden truths. Here knowledge
means information about matters. The information might be collected
from different sources like experience, human beings, books, journals,
nature, etc. A research can lead to new contributions to the existing
knowledge. Only through research is it possible to make progress in a
field.
 Research is not confined to science and technology only. There are
vast areas of research in other disciplines such as languages,
literature, history and sociology. Whatever might be the subject,
research has to be an active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry
in order to discover, interpret or revise facts, events, behaviours and
theories. Applying the outcome of research for the refinement of
knowledge in other subjects, or in enhancing the quality of human life
also becomes a kind of research and development.
MEANING OF RESEARCH
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 ‘Science’ refers to the body of systematic and organised
knowledge which makes use of scientific method to acquire
knowledge in a particular field of enquiry.
 Scientific method is the systematic collection of data (facts)
and their theoretical treatment through proper observation,
experimentation and interpretation.
 Scientific method attempts to achieve a systematic
interrelation of facts by experimentation, observation, and
logical arguments from accepted postulates and a combination
of these three in varying proportions.

 A search for knowledge.
 Research is a scientific and systematic search for new and useful
information on a particular topic.
 It is an investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social
problems through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for
knowledge, that is, a discovery of hidden truths. Here knowledge
means information about matters. The information might be collected
from different sources like experience, human beings, books, journals,
nature, etc. A research can lead to new contributions to the existing
knowledge. Only through research is it possible to make progress in a
field.
 Research is not confined to science and technology only. There are
vast areas of research in other disciplines such as languages,
literature, history and sociology. Whatever might be the subject,
research has to be an active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry
in order to discover, interpret or revise facts, events, behaviours and
theories. Applying the outcome of research for the refinement of
knowledge in other subjects, or in enhancing the quality of human life
also becomes a kind of research and development.
MEANING OF RESEARCH
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Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, comparison
and reasoning. For example, we know that cigarette smoking is injurious to
health; heroine is addictive; cow dung is a useful source of biogas; malaria is due
to the virus protozoan plasmodium; AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome) is due to the virus HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus). How did we
know all these? We became aware of all these information only through research.
More precisely, it seeks predictions of events, explanations, relationships and
theories for them.

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What are the Objectives of Research?
(1) to discover new facts
(2) to verify and test important
facts
(3) to develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories to solve
and understand scientific and nonscientific problems
(4) to find solutions to scientific,
nonscientific and social problems
(5) to overcome or solve the problems
occurring in our every day life.
The prime objectives of research are

1) to get a research degree (Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)) along with its benefits like
better employment, promotion, increment in salary, etc.
(2) to get a research degree and then to get a teaching position in a college or university
or become a scientist in a research institution
(3) to get a research position in countries like U.S.A.,Canada, Germany, England, Japan,
Australia, etc. and settle there
(4) to solve the unsolved and challenging problems
(5) to get joy of doing some creative work
(6) to acquire respectability
(7) to get recognition
(8) curiosity to find out the unknown facts of an event
(9) curiosity to find new things
(10) to serve the society by solving social problems.
MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
What makes people to undertake research?
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This is a fundamentally important question. No person would like to do research unless
there are some motivating factors. Some of the motivations are the following:

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Importance of Research
Research is important both in scientific and nonscientific fields. In our life new problems,
events, phenomena and processes occur every day. Practically, implementable solutions
and suggestions are required for tackling new problems that arise. Scientists have to
undertake research on them and find their causes, solutions, explanations and
applications. Precisely, research assists us to understand nature and natural
phenomena.
(1) A research problem refers to a difficulty which a researcher or a scientific community or an
industry or a government organization or a society experiences. It may be a theoretical or a
practical situation. It calls for a thorough understanding and possible solution.
(2) Research provides basis for many government policies. For example, research on the needs
and desires of the people and on the availability of revenues to meet the needs helps a
government to prepare a budget.
(3) It is important in industry and business for higher gain and productivity and to improve the
quality of products.
4) It leads to the identification and characterization of new materials, new living things, new
stars, etc.
(5) Only through research inventions can be made; for example, new and novel phenomena and
processes such as superconductivity and cloning have been discovered only through research.
(6) Social research helps find answers to social problems. They explain social phenomena and
seek solution to social problems.
(7) Research leads to a new style of life and makes it delightful and glorious.

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Types of Research
Research is broadly classified into two main classes:
1) Basic or Fundamental Research
1) Theoretical
2) Expanding knowledge
Attempts to find answers to the following questions actually form basic research.
Why are birds arrange them in ‘>’ shape when flying in a group?
Fundamental research leads to a new theory or a new property of matter or even the
existence of a new matter, the knowledge of which has not been known or reported
earlier. For example, fundamental research on
(1) Astronomy may leads to identification of new planets or stars in our galaxy
(2) Elementary particles results in identification of new particles

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Types of Research
1) Applied Research
1) Practical
2) Immediate solution of problem
Applied research is helpful for basic research. A research, the outcome of which has
immediate application is also termed as applied research. Such a research is of practical
use to current activity. For example, research on social problems have immediate use.
Applied research is concerned with actual life research such
as research on increasing efficiency of a machine, increasing gain factor of production
of a material, pollution control, preparing vaccination for a disease, etc. Obviously, they
have immediate potential applications.

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Basic or Fundamental Research
Applied Research

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Quantitative and Qualitative research
The basic and applied researches can be quantitative or qualitative or even both.
Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Some
of the characteristics of qualitative research/method are:
• It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies statistics or mathematics and uses
numbers.
•The results are often presented in tables and graphs.
• It is conclusive.
Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon involving quality.
Some of the characteristics of qualitative research/method are:
• It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies reasoning and uses words.
• Its aim is to get the meaning, feeling and describe the situation.
• Qualitative data cannot be graphed.
• It is exploratory.
Explaining how digestion of food takes place in our body is a qualitative description.
It does not involve any numbers or data and quantities.

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Quantitative - conclusions are derived by means of numerical analysis.
Qualitative - conclusions are derived by non-numerical analysis means.
100 rupees 100 rupees

• .
Research Methodology and Chemical Data Handling:
By Dr. Faheem Shah
17
. OtherTypes of Research
Other types of research include action research (fact findings
to improve the quality of action in the social world),
explanatory research (searching explanations for events and
phenomena, for example finding answer to the question why
are the things like what they are?), exploratory research
(getting more information on a topic) and comparative
research (obtaining similarities and differences between
events, methods, techniques, etc.)

• an overview of previous research on your research topic
• a comprehensive review of all published research that is
relevant to your proposed investigation and guided by
your research objectives
•
• A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other
sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a
particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description,
summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to
offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.
A literature review
Review verb (THINK AGAIN) to think or talk , assesment ,
analysis, evaluation, inspection examination, investigation, enquiry
, exploration about something again, in order to make changes to it
or to make a decision about it:
Literature, written works, and published papers on a topic

Components of literature review
Literature review requires four stages:
• Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what
are its component issues?
• Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being
explored
• Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant
contribution to the understanding of the topic
• Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of
pertinent literature

Questions to Keep in Mind:
• What is known about the subject?
• Are there any gaps in the knowledge of the subject?
• Have areas of further study been identified by other researchers that
you may want to consider?
• Who are the significant research personalities in this area?
• Is there consensus about the topic?
• What aspects have generated significant debate on the topic?
• What methods or problems were identified by others studying in the
field and how might they impact your research?
• What is the most productive methodology for your research based
on the literature you have reviewed?
• What is the current status of research in this area?
• What sources of information or data were identified that might be
useful to you?

Purpose of a Literature Review
•Convey the depth and breadth of research that
has been accomplished on a subject
•Supports the motivation and significance of the
research
•Identify important issues and link to hypotheses
•Identify key areas of missing knowledge
•Describe methodologies used
•Describe existing data sets
•Link proposed research to previous and ongoing
research efforts -- provide context

• Helps you learn everything about your subject
• Helps you learn about the people in the field (important for
networking)
Purpose of a Literature Review

Identify Resources
• Books
• Journals
• Conference Papers
• Dissertations
• Maps
• Internet
• Indexes/Abstracts Printed
• Electronic Databases
• Theses
• Interviews and other unpublished research

How to do a Literature Review
•Define the research topic
•Compile and prioritize a list of keywords
•Identify sources of information
•Read, evaluate, analyze all the works
•Discuss findings and conclusions with others --
important for understanding context, gaps in
previous research
•Identify relationships between works in the literature
•Articulate how these apply to your research

Evaluate the Information
•determine the facts/points of view
•examine new findings
•question assumptions
•determine if methodology is appropriate
•are the objectives clearly outlined
•do the conclusions logically follow from the
objectives?

Literature
introduction
•Define or identify the general topic, issue, or
area of concern, thus providing an
appropriate context for reviewing the
literature.
•Point out overall trends in what has been
published about the topic; or conflicts in
theory, methodology, evidence, and
conclusions; or gaps in research; or a single
problem or new perspective of immediate
interest.

Literature introduction
(contd.)
•Establish the writer's reason (point of
view) for reviewing the literature;
explain the criteria to be used in
analyzing and comparing literature and
the organization of the review
(sequence); and, when necessary, state
why certain literature is or is not
included (scope).

Literature body (condt.)
•Provide the reader with strong
"umbrella" sentences at beginnings of
paragraphs, "signposts" throughout,
and brief "so what" summary sentences
at intermediate points in the review to
aid in understanding comparisons and
analyses.

Conclusion
•Summarize major contributions of significant
studies and articles to the body of knowledge
under review, maintaining the focus established
in the introduction.
•Evaluate the current "state of the art" for the
body of knowledge reviewed, pointing out
major methodological flaws or gaps in research,
inconsistencies in theory and findings, and areas
or issues pertinent to future study.
•Conclude by providing some insight into the
relationship between the central topic of the
literature review and a larger area of study such
as a discipline, a scientific endeavor, or a
profession.

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Types of Literature Review
Review Article
Thesis
Literature Review
(Chapter )

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RESEARCH METHODS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Is there any difference between booths?
All the methods used by a researcher
during a research study are termed as
research methods.
Research methods may be understood as
all those methods/techniques that are used
for conduction of research.
In other words, all those methods which are
used by the researcher during the course of
studying his research problem are termed as
research methods.
Research methodology is a way to
systematically solve the research problem. In
it we study the various steps that are
generally adopted by a researcher in
studying his research problem along with the
logic behind them.
the procedures by which researchers go
about their work of describing, explaining
and predicting phenomena are called
research methodology.
RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/techniques
but also the methodology. Researchers not only need to know how to develop certain
indices or tests, how to calculate the mean, the mode, the median or the standard
deviation or chi-square, how to apply particular research techniques, but they also need
to know which of these methods or techniques, are relevant and which are not, and
what would they mean and indicate and why.

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Thus, when we talk of research methodology we not only
talk of the research methods but also consider the logic
behind the methods we use in the context of our research
study and explain why we are using a particular method or
technique and why we are not using others so that
research results are capable of being evaluated either by
the researcher himself or by others.
RESEARCH METHODS AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

Types of Academic
Writings
• ResearchArticles or Research Papers
• ReviewArticles
• Research Reports
• Research Projects for Funding
• Patents
• Dissertation and Thesis

‛To be a successful writer
I know of only two methods;
read a lot and write a lot’
Stephen King

Articles
Letters
Communications
Research notes
Supplemental articles
Kinds of the Research Articles

Famous Quotes
“Publish or perish.”
“The best writing comes from
rewriting.”

REAL goals of an original research
article
Justify your academic existence
Get some research grant (re)funded
Get promoted
Enrich your curriculum vitae (CV)
Impress your friends (and enemies)

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writing a good research paper title
A good research paper title:
Condenses the paper’s content in a few words
Captures the readers’ attention
Differentiates the paper from other papers of the same subject area
So here are three basic tips to keep in mind while writing a title:
1] Keep it simple, short and attractive:
Avoid: Drug XYZ has an effect of muscular contraction for an hour in snails of
Achatina fulcia species
Better: Drug XYZ induces muscular contraction in Achatina fulcia snails
2] Use appropriate descriptive words:
Avoid: Effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: study of a multicenter mixed group
Better: Psychosocial effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: a multicenter
randomized controlled trial
3] Avoid abbreviations and jargon:
Avoid: MMP expression profiles cannot distinguish between normal and early
osteoarthritic synovial fluid
Better: Matrix metalloproteinase protein expression profiles cannot distinguish
between normal and early osteoarthritic synovial fluid
Word 10 to 12

What is an Introduction?
• Students often ask: What is the difference between an
introduction and a literature review?
• Answer:The literature review is part of your introduction
• It is likely to be the largest, most important part
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
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What is an Introduction?
• An introduction may be many different things, depending on the type of
writing you are doing
• In an empirical paper—a proposal or research paper—an introduction does
three things:
• Introduces your topic
• Reviews the literature of your topic
• States your hypotheses or research questions
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of
Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Lowell 40

Acknowledgements
Participants in the (clinical) study
Technicians, support staff, consultants
All grants or other funding sources

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Faheem Shah
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SYNOPPSIS

RESEARCH SYNOPSIS
• A synopsis is a brief summary of the major points of a subject or
written work or story.
• The research synopsis is the plan for your research . It provides
the rationale for the research, the research objectives, the
proposed methods for data collection and recording formats
and/or questionnaires and interview guides.
• Synopsis is the gist of your planned project submitted for
approval from competent authorities. It gives a panoramic view of
your research for quick analysis by the reviewers. Thus, a protocol
or a synopsis forms an integral part of a research project or a
thesis.
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For all students pursuing a course where
they are required to write a thesis and get
it submitted, it becomes necessary to
present their research synopsis. When
their chosen subject and topic of research
is accepted, they begin their actual
research work. After completion (exploring
the unknown and coming up with answers
to problems identified), the research has
to be submitted for approval. This is one
procedure that needs the research to be
presented in a standardized format known
as research report.
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SYNOPSIS

Research proposal and Synopsis
• Synopsis is summary of research which includes introduction,
review of literature, methodology, objective and conclusions.
This is usually submitted before submission of thesis.
• Research proposal is the description of research which includes
introduction, review of relevant literature, rationale of the
study, conceptual framework, research questions, research
objectives, hypotheses (if any), methodology, research design,
research limitations and plan of action. Research proposal is
submitted before you begin research.
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FORMAT OF SYNOPSIS
Before starting to work on dissertation/Thesis, the trainee has to send a Synopsis
to BASR and get it approved. The synopsis is a brief out line (about four A-4 size
pages or 1000 words is the maximum limit) of your future work.
TITLE: Should reflect the objectives of the study. It must be written after the whole
synopsis has been written so that it is a true representative of the plan (i.e. the
synopsis).
INTRODUCTION: Should contain brief background of the selected topic. It must
identify the importance of study, its relevance and applicability of results. It must
clearly state the purpose of the study
OBJECTIVES:An objective is an intent of what the researcher wants to do stated in
clear measurable terms.”
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
STUDY DESIGN: Mention the name of the appropriate study design.
SETTING: Name and place where the research work is to be conducted.
DURATION OF STUDY: How long will the study take with dates.
SAMPLE SIZE: How many patients will be included. If there are groups how
many per group?

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DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE: Relevant details naming software to be used,
which descriptive statistics and which test of significance if and when
required, specifying variables where it will be applied
SAMPLINGTECHNIQUE:Type of sampling technique employed.
SAMPLE SELECTION: Inclusion criteria: on what bases will patients be
inducted in the study. Exclusion criteria: On what bases will patients be
excluded from the study.
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE: A detailed account of how the researcher
will perform research; how s/he will measure the variable. It includes:
Identification of the study variables Methods for collection of data Data
collection tools (proforma/questionnaire)
DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE: Relevant details naming software to be used,
which descriptive statistics and which test of significance if and when
required, specifying variables where it will be applied

.
• What is Scope of Study Section?
• The Scope of study in the thesis or research paper is contains the
explanation of what information or subject is being analyzed. It is
followed by an explanation of the limitation of the research.
Research usually limited in scope by sample size, time and
geographic area. While the delimitation of study is the description
of the scope of study. It will explain why definite aspects of a
subject were chosen and why others were excluded. It also mention
the research method used as well as the certain theories that
applied to the data.
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(And why you should care!)
What is plagiarism?

Did You Know?
The word plagiarism comes from the
Latin plagiarius meaning "kidnapper"

“According to the Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary, to ‘plagiarize’ means
 to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of
another) as one's own
 to use (another's production) without crediting
the source
 to present as new and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source.
© 2013 Azman & Fox and used with permission.
What is plagiarism?

“In other words, plagiarism is an act of
fraud. It involves both stealing
someone else's work and lying
about it afterward.”
(http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-
plagiarism)
What is plagiarism?

 the act of using another person's words or ideas
without giving credit to that person
 what is plagiarize: to use another person's ideas or
work and pretend that it is your own:
 to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another)
as one's own
 to use (another's production) without crediting the
source
 to present as new and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source

Why does it happen?
 Lack of knowledge and skills
 Students are unaware of procedures for citation and paraphrasing
(Estow, Lawrence, & Adams, 2011; Walker, 2008)
 Cultural differences
 Martin (2012) found that individualist oriented students were more
likely to plagiarize (Western culture is more individualist)
 Cognitive issues
 Students do not perceive what they are doing as unethical (Walker,
2008)
Persistent plagiarism problem
Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and
understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

 Read Carefully 2) Make sure you understand 3) go
away and take a break 4) Return to rewrite on your
own words without looking, make sure to change
grammar and vocabulary 5) checked to see the
difference in words and grammer
 http://handymandanonline.com/Paraphrasing-
tool.html
 Cite the paraphrased specially but if it is common
knowledge there is no need to cite
 Breakfast is important this is common knowledge
The process of Paraphrasing

 Gawadar an engaging city with a vibrant ambiance
and exhilarating pace. Is one of the foremost tourist
destination in the world
 one of the most popular places in the world to visit is
gawadar, peoples loves to visit because it is exciting
and interesting
Sentence Level Change

 BPA a toxic resin found in most plastic can be detrimental to your
health, the international heath organization has done many studies that
support this hypothesis. Many scientist believed that the molecules in
small amount enter the body slowly over time, after year of cnsuming
food and drinks packed in plastic the amount of BPA can be dangerous.
 Identify Word which can and canot be changed
 BPA , international heath organization, molecules,
detrimental, studies, enter, body, consuming food, yaers and
dangerous
 BPA is a dangerous chemical, according to stuies by chemical
health organization and can have negative impact on
humanhealth. The scientific community has done many
reasrch from the food packaging make it into our body
slowly. Over time the amount of plastic incraese which can be
dangerous to our body.
Paragraph Level Change

Some of the things that you think you know
about plagiarism may be wrong.
It does not matter if the person whose work you have cited is alive or
dead. If it is not your own idea, you must cite your source!
If you translate or paraphrase something, you must still give a
citation.
If you use a picture from the Internet, you must cite the source.

Plagiarism is the act of taking another person's writing, conversation, song, or
even idea and passing it off as your own. This includes information from web
pages, books, songs, television shows, email messages, interviews, articles,
artworks or any other medium. Whenever you paraphrase, summarize, or take
words, phrases, or sentences from another person's work, it is necessary to
indicate the source of the information within your paper using an internal
citation. It is not enough to just list the source in a bibliography at the end of
your paper. Failing to properly quote, cite or acknowledge someone else's
words or ideas with an internal citation is plagiarism.
• the act of using another person's words or ideas without giving
credit to that person
• what is plagiarize: to use another person's ideas or work and
pretend that it is your own:
• to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
• to use (another's production) without crediting the source
• to commit literary theft
• to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
Faheem Shah
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http://classguides.lib.uconn.edu/content.php?pid=50827
&sid=386249

.
• .
Faheem Shah
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Types of plagiarism
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Direct Plagiarism
This sort of plagiarism is taking the exact words somebody else wrote, (in a website,
a book, another student's work, or any other source) and putting that into your
assignment, without pointing out that you are using someone else's and the majority
of the structure and words are the same, this is direct plagiarism.
Direct plagiarism is one of the worst types of plagiarism. It often results in expulsion
and, if it also violates copyright, possible criminal charges.

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Paying for Someone Else’sWork
If you pay someone to write an essay for you, it is plagiarism. The words
submitted are not yours and are therefore plagiarized. This also includes
having a friend or family member write your essay for you and handing it in
with your name on it.
That’s because a teacher doesn’t just assign a paper to have you produce one,
the goal of the assignment is to showcase your understanding of the subject,
your ability to communicate that information and how well you analyze and
draw conclusions from it. In short, essays are designed to test your skills as a
student and, if you simply pay someone else to write that paper, it is
impossible for your teacher to evaluate your understanding or you
Is it Plagiarism to Pay Someone to Write for Me?
Don't I OwnThat Work?

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Self-plagiarism
The idea of self-plagiarism seems almost ridiculous, but it is a
very real issue that has consequences. Self-plagiarism is the use of one's own
previous work in another context without citing that it was used previously.

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Paraphrasing Without a Source
Paraphrasing itself is not plagiarism so long as you
properly cite your sources. However, paraphrasing
becomes plagiarism when you read different sources,
pull out some key points and then rewrite these points
as if they were your own ideas.
If you do not cite your sources for all the non-original
ideas referenced in your paper, then you are
committing plagiarism.
Children of the poor at the turn of
the century received little if any
emotional or intellectual nurturing
from their mothers, whose main
charge was family survival.
Working for and organizing
household subsistence were what
defined mothering. Next to this,
even the children's basic comfort
was forced into the background
(Ross, 1995).
According to Ross (1993), poor children at the
turn of the century received little mothering in
our sense of the term. Mothering was defined
by economic status, and among the poor, a
mother's foremost responsibility was not to
stimulate her children's minds or foster their
emotional growth but to provide food and
shelter to meet the basic requirements for
physical survival. Given the magnitude of this
task, children were deprived of even the
"actual comfort" (p. 9) we expect mothers to
provide today.

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Copy-And-Paste Plagiarism
(Also known as Mosaic Plagiarism or Patchwork Plagiarism)
Copy-and-paste plagiarism is similar to paraphrasing with one very important
difference: It is when you copy and paste different texts together to create a new
text.This sometimes includes rewording pieces of sourced material while keeping the
structure of the original texts.
This type of plagiarism requires a little more effort and is more insidious than simply
paraphrasing a source. But it ultimately isn’t worth the effort since plagiarism
scanners can easily detect this kind of plagiarism.

72
HEC Plagiarism Policy
Aim: The aim of this policy is to explain students, teachers,
researchers and staff about Plagiarism and how it can be
avoided. It is also aimed at discouraging Plagiarism by regulating
and authorising disciplinary actions against those found guilty of
the act of Plagiarism.
Applicability:
The policy is applicable to students, teachers, researchers and staff of all institutions
and organizations in Pakistan who are involved in writing or publishing their work. In
this context a "Student" is a person who, on the date of submission of his / her paper /
work is a registered student of any University or Degree Awarding Institution recognized
by Higher Education Commission (HEC). "Teachers and Researchers" include faculty
members or equivalent of the University / Organization or/of a constituent or affiliated
college or researchers of an organization and such other persons as may be declared to
be so by regulations. “Staff” is any employee of an organization involved in writing and
publishing his / her work.

73
Responsibility of the Institutions & Organizations: All
institutions and organizations are responsible to explain their
students, teachers, researchers and staff of the definition,
implications and resulting punishments in case, after due
investigation, they are found guilty of plagiarism. The
institutions / organizations must notify their students, teachers,
researchers and staff with this policy and ensure that they are
fully aware that all authors are deemed to be individually and
collectively responsible for the contents of papers published by
Journals / Publishers etc. Hence, it is the responsibility of each
author, including the coauthors, to ensure that papers submitted
for publication should attain the highest ethical standards with
respect to plagiarism. To facilitate the institutions / organizations
in creating awareness about Plagiarism,

74
Reporting:
To inform HEC or respective Universities / Organizations of alleged plagiarism, a
complaint is to be made by email, post, fax or other means to HEC Quality
Assurance Division or respective Universities / Organizations. In case of lodging a
complaint in the form of a letter, copy may be sent to HEC. The following
information is to be provided:
a) “Citation of the original paper or document or idea which was plagiarized,
(paper title, author(s), publication title, month and year of publication if
available and the journal, in which published, with details). If the original paper
is unpublished (e.g. an institutional technical report, an on-line paper), the
complainant is to provide as much information as possible to ensure
authenticity of the claim.
b) Copies of both papers if possible.
c) d) Any other information that would help HEC or respective Universities /
Organizations to efficiently resolve the claim.”
d) [1] e) Name, designation, organization, address, e-mail address and telephone
number of the complainant.

75
Investigation: 8.
Upon receipt of an allegation of Plagiarism, the HEC Quality Assurance
Division will request the respective Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the
Organization to carry out investigation. The complaints received through HEC
or directly by a University / Organization will be dealt with by the Universities /
Organizations according to the procedures given below. The Vice Chancellor /
Rector / Head of the Organization will have the discretion of not taking any
action on anonymous complaints. For investigation of Plagiarism cases, the
Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of Organization will have an obligation to:

76
Constitute a “Plagiarism Standing Committee” consisting of 3 senior faculty
members, a subject specialist in that particular field is to be coopted, a senior student
(only if a student is being investigated upon) and a nominee of the HEC. The seniority of
the members of “Plagiarism Standing Committee” should be of a level keeping in view
the seniority of the individual being investigated upon and the nature and gravity of the
offence.
b) Provide a guideline, prepared by HEC for the functioning of the "Plagiarism Standing
Committee", to all members of the Committee.
c) Provide clear terms of reference to the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” for their
investigation.
d)The members of the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” are to sign a confidentiality
statement that during the investigation they will, under no circumstances, disclose any
individual author's name, paper titles, referees, or any other personal or specific
information concerning the plagiarism complaint under investigation, nor shall they
reveal the names of the committee members.
e) Provide opportunity to the author / authors under investigation to justify the
originality of their concepts and research work. Similar opportunity will also be provided
to the author whose paper is deemed to have been Plagiarized and / or the complainant,
to justify the complaint.
f) Provide every opportunity to the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” to use all
foreseeable means to investigate the plagiarism claim

77
The “Plagiarism Standing Committee” will submit its report with clear cut
findings and recommendations to the Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the
Organization within a specified period not exceeding sixty days. The Vice
Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization will have the judgment to
implement the recommendations after approval through the legislative
process and take punitive action against the offender as per penalties
prescribed under this policy or to forward the report to HEC or his / her parent
organization for further action
Penalties for Plagiarism
Plagiarism is an intellectual crime. As such the penalties for plagiarism should not
only take into account the severity and recurrence of the offence, but also the
intellectual standing of the offender. This entails a gradual increase in punitive
action with minimum punishment for a first time offence by a student who copies
a home work assignment to a maximum punishment for a
teacher/researcher/staff who attempts to present / publish, or actually presents /
publishes plagiarized material; as his own, in a conference / journal. Therefore, the
punishments for Plagiarism have been divided into two separate categories, i.e
those for "Teachers, Researchers and Staff" and those for the "Students".

78
Penalties forTeachers, Researchers and Staff:
When an act of plagiarism, as described earlier in paras 2 and 3, is found to have
occurred, the "Plagiarism Standing Committee" in its recommendations, DEPENDING
UPON THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE PROVEN OFFENCE, will advise the Competent
Authority of the Organization, to take any one or a combination of the following
disciplinary action(s) against the teacher, researcher and / or staff found guilty of the
offence:
Major Penalty:
In cases where most of the paper (or key results) have been exactly copied from any
published work of other people without giving the reference to the original work, then
(a) a major penalty of dismissal from service needs to be prescribed, along with (b) the
offender may be “Black Listed” and may NOT be eligible for employment in any
academic / research organization, and (c) the notification of “Black Listing” of the
author(s) may be published in the print media or may be publicized on different
websites at the discretion of theVice-Chancellor / Rector / Head of the organization.
Moderate Penalty:
In case where some paragraphs including some key results have been copied
without citation, then a moderate penalty involving any one or both of the
following needs to be imposed (a) demotion to the next lower grade, (b) the
notification of “Black Listing” of the author(s) which may be published in the print
media or may be publicized on different websites at the discretion of the Vice-
Chancellor / Rector / Head of the organization

Faheem Shah
79
Minor Penalty:
In case a few paragraphs have been copied from an external source without giving
reference of that work, then minor penalties need to be prescribed for a specified
period involving any one or more of the following: (a) warning, (b) freezing of all
research grants, (c) the promotions/annual increments of the offender may be stopped,
for a specified period and (d) HEC or the University / Organization may debar the
offender from sponsorship of research funding, travel grant, supervision of Ph.D.
students, scholarship, fellowship or any other funded program for a period as deemed
appropriate by the “Plagiarism Standing Committee”

80
Students: When an act of plagiarism is found to have occurred, the "Plagiarism
Standing Committee" in its recommendations, DEPENDING UPONTHE SERIOUSNESS
OFTHE PROVENOFFENCE, will advise theVice Chancellor / Head of the Organization,
to take any one or a combination of the following disciplinary action(s) against the
student(s) found guilty of the offence: (i) In the case of thesis the responsibility of
plagiarism will be of the student and not of the supervisor or members of the
Supervisory Committee. (ii) The offender may be expelled/ rusticated from the
University and from joining any institution of Higher Education in Pakistan for a period
as deemed appropriate by the "Plagiarism Standing Committee”. A notice may be
circulated among all academic institutions and research organization to this effect. (iii)
The offender may be relegated to a lower class. (iv)The offender may be given a failure
grade in the subject. (v) The offender may be fined an amount as deemed appropriate.
(vi) The offender may be given a written warning if the offence is minor and is
committed for the first time. (vii) The degree of a student may be withdrawn if AT ANY
TIME it is proven that he or she has presented Plagiarized work in his / her MS, MPhil or
PhD dissertation if the extent of plagiarism comes under the category of major penalty
as conveyed in Para 11(a-1). (viii) The notification of the plagiarism by the author(s)
may be published in the print media or may be publicized on different websites at the
discretion of theVice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization. (ix) HEC or the
University / Organization may debar the offender from sponsorship of research
funding, travel grant, scholarship, fellowship or any other funded program for a period
as deemed appropriate by the "Plagiarism Standing Committee". (x) Any other penalty
deemed fit by the “Plagiarism Standing Committee”

81
Additional Actions Required: In addition to the above punishments, the following
additional common actions must be taken if the offence of Plagiarism is established:
Appeal: As the penalties are severe, the affected person(s) will have the right to appeal to
the Chairman HEC /Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization for a review of the
findings or may submit a mercy petition within 30 days from the date of notification. Such
appeals / petitions will be disposed off within 60 days of receipt, by following the laid
down procedures regarding such appeals.
Penalty for Wrong Reporting / False Allegation: If the case of Plagiarism is not proved
and it is confirmed that a false allegation was lodged, theVice Chancellor / Rector /
Head of the Organization will inform the complainant’s Organization and will
recommend disciplinary action against the complainant, to be taken by his / her
parent organization.

83
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism in all kinds of work has made people to sit and think regarding
the ways to avoid plagiarism. Mainly two methods exist to avoid plagiarism.
Plagiarism prevention
Plagiarism Detection
PLAGIARISM PREVENTION
A collaborative effort should be made to recognize and to counter
plagiarism at every level.
We should educate students about the appropriate use and
acknowledgement of all forms of intellectual material.
Minimize the possibility of submission of plagiarized content while not
reducing the quality and inflexibility of assessment.
Installing highly visible procedures for monitoring and detecting
cheating.

84
6 Ways to Avoid Plagiarism
Paraphrase - So you have found information that is perfect for your research paper.
Read it and put it into your own words. Make sure that you do not copy exactly more
than two words in a row from the text you have found. If you do use more than two
words together, you will have to use quotation marks.We will get into quoting properly
soon.
Cite - Citing is one of the effective ways to avoid plagiarism. Follow the document
formatting guidelines (i.e.APA, MLA, etc.) used by your educational institution or the
institution that issued the research request. Citing is really that simple. Not citing
properly can constitute plagiarism.
Quoting -When quoting a source, use the quote exactly the way it appears. No one
wants to be misquoted. Most institutions of higher learning frown on “block quotes”. A
scholar should be able to effectively paraphrase most material. Quoting must be done
correctly to avoid plagiarism allegations.
Citing Quotes - Citing a quote can be different than citing paraphrased material.This
practice usually involves the addition of a page number, or a paragraph number in the
case of web content.
CitingYour Own Material - If some of the material you are using for your research
paper was used by you in your current class, a previous one, or anywhere else you must
cite yourself.Treat the text the same as you would if someone else wrote it. It may
sound odd, but using material you have used before is called self-plagiarism, and it is
not acceptable.

85
Referencing - One of the most important ways to avoid plagiarism is including a
reference page or page of works cited at the end of your research paper.Again, this
page must meet the document formatting guidelines used by your educational
institution.This information is very specific and includes the author(s), date of
publication, title, and source. Follow the directions for this page carefully.You will want
to get the references right.
Checking Research Papers
Be sure to edit your research paper carefully and check for plagiarism before turning it
in to the class.The steps above are essential for research paper writing. Using
plagiarism checker services such as WriteCheck is a great way to assess your
paraphrasing and other anti-plagiarism skills. Most educators and educational
institutions are using some kind of plagiarism checker software to check students’
papers. Do not take the chance of not checking your research paper. Plagiarism could
mean the loss of your academic degree or career.
Citation:You refer to particular resource. For example, you read a paragraph or a chapter
from a or book journal and write it with your own words.
Quotation:You write the paragraph from a particular resource word for word.
For example:
Quotation: According to Jonathan Clarke, "Professional diplomats often say that trying
to think diplomatically about foreign policy is a waste of time."
Citation: According to Jonathan Clarke, if you think diplomatically about foreign policy
you waste your time.

86
PLAGIARISM DETECTION
Plagiarism can be detected manually or with the help of software manual
detection takes more effort. Now the detectionTechniques is software programming
methods which are easier, simpler and faster to detect plagiarism.
Culwin and Lancaster define a four stage process for detecting plagiarism and is
shown in figure.

87
The collection stage may be defined as the process of electronically collecting
and pre-processing student submissions into a suitable format.
Analysis is defined as “where the submissions are compared with each other and
with documents obtained from theWeb and the list of those submissions, or pairs,
that require further investigation is produced.”
Verification (confirmation) is required to ensure that those pairs reported as
being suspicious are worth investigating with a view to possible disciplinary action
(this is a task normally undertaken by humans, since value judgements may be
involved).
The final stage, investigation, will determine the extent of the alleged misconduct
and will “also involve the process of deciding culpability and possible penalties.”
Plagiarism detection system
Most existing detectors are specially designed to process natural language text or
program source code. Systems designed for finding similarities in natural language
texts mainly searched the Internet for the possible matches. Text comparisons use
simple comparison methods aiming mostly at processing speed and wide coverage.
The program source code usually performs a pair wise comparison between single
submissions only. Though sophisticated procedures are being developed which
compares with multiple source code programs simultaneously…

88
Software for Preventing Plagiarism
The Plagiarism prevention software packages being extensively used in Universities are:
1. iThenticate, 2.Turnitin, 3. Urkund and 4.Viper
DISADVANTAGES OFTHE PLAGIARISM DETECTIONTECHNOLOGY
 Plagiarism Detection systems are built based on a few languages.To check for
plagiarism with the same software can be difficult.
 Most of the detection software checking is done with some repository situated
in an organization. Other people are unable to access it and verify for lagiarism.
 As the number of digital copies are going up the repository size should be large
and the plagiarism Detection software should be able to handle it.
 There is some plagiarism detection software available which ask us to load a
file to their link. Once done the file is copied to their database and then checked
for plagiarism.This also comes with an inherent chance of our data being
leaked or hacked for other purposes.
ADVANTAGES You save time, of a sort. Personally I don't consider this
much of an advantage, because the purpose of your time at university is
to learn this stuff, so you're pretty much wasting the opportunity.You
won't find the dedicated time so easily in future phases of your life.

89
1. iThenticate:
Internet: 62 billion web pages; iThenticate's proprietary Internet crawler is comparable
to major search engines.Archived back nearly a decade, iThenticate currently crawls 10
million web pages per day.
STM Publishers: 48 Million Journal articles, conference proceedings and books via
CrossCheck
powered by iThenticate from 590+ leading scientific, technical and medical (STM)
publishers, including:American Chemical Society,American Institute of Physics,American
Physical Society, Elsevier, IEEE, Institute of Physics, LippincottWilliams & Wilkins, Nature
Publishing, Ovid,Oxford University Press, Sage Publications, Springer,Taylor & Francis,
Wiley Blackwell
Content Partners: Online and offline subscription content and research titles from 30
leading
aggregators, databases and content providers, including:ABC CLIO, Cengage Learning,
EBSCOHost: 2.7m periodicals, biographies, brochures, encyclopedias, magazines,
journals, books, and abstracts, Emerald Journals, Gale: 86m articles, Pearson, McGraw‐Hill
andWiley: 2,000+ academic textbooks, ProQuest: 300,000+ theses and dissertations,
PubMed/MedLine: 1.4m abstracts and citations; medical resources, SAGE Reference: 160+
encyclopedia titles.

90
2.Turnitin
When a paper is submitted toTurnitin, it is compared against three vast databases of
content
from three primary sources
The Current and Archived Web: Similar to Google and Bing, Turnitin has built a web
crawler
that crawls the Internet and indexes content into a searchable form.Turnitin currently
contains
over 60 billion web pages from the current web as well as archived web pages.
Student Papers: Over 50 percent of plagiarism comes from other student’s work.
Turnitin
compares submitted papers to a database of over 337 million papers in the Turnitin paper
database. Each day, theTurnitin student database grows by 190,000 papers
Content Partnerships: Turnitin has partnered with leading content publishers,
including
library databases, text‐book publishers, digital reference collections, subscription‐based
publications, homework helper sites and books.These partnerships have contributed over
130 million additional articles to our databases
3. URKUND
URKUND system checks all documents against three central source areas: the Internet,
Published materials and previously submitted student material.

92
3. URKUND
URKUND system checks all documents against three central source areas: the Internet,
Published materials and previously submitted student material.
4.Viper:
Viper software scans over 10 billion resources
IThenticate andTurnitin search for content matches in the following 30 languages:
Chinese (simplified and traditional), Japanese,Thai, Korean, Catalan, Croatian, Czech,
Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Norwegian (Bokmal,
Nynorsk), Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish,
Arabic, Greek, Hebrew, Farsi, Russian, andTurkish. IThenticate will match text between
texts of the same language.
How to Use Plagiarism Prevention Tools
A good amount of knowledge is required for utilization and interpretation of the software
in a systematic way otherwise software becomes confusing.Originality report generated
by the software enables instructor to make judgments on the extent of identification of
matching text and the used sources.A comparison between matching text and original
source text has to be made to know whether the results are based on solid evidences.This
can help academicians to stay within the regulatory and ethical limits.

93
Document Submission Process and Files Limitations
Files limitations:
Documents of any type and size cannot easily be used to scan in the software. Format of file
types and sizes are standardized for easy upload. Software are designed to accept most
common word processing formats such as MSWord, PDF, HTML, and plain text. A file can be
up to 400 pages of maximum 40 MB can be uploaded in iThenticate similarly turnitin allows
files that are up to 400 pages of maximum 20 MB. Urkund is able to accept large files (63 MB
file is uploaded to check the allowed size.). Viper can accept afile of 200 words to maximum
30000 words. Images will not be recognized by in any of the software to compute similarity
index. It doesn’t necessarily mean that images are to be omitted from a document.
Document containing PPT slides will not be accepted, hence the slides to be removed before
uploading a file. Files can be chosen either from cloud environment database like Google
drive or Google dropbox or desktop. Depending on the length of file the scan can take time
to generate originality report.

94
Considering the limitation of document’s file size and page numbers, the
following suggestions are made to successfully upload a document
1. Since the software can support many file formats it is recommended to preferWord and
PDF file for easy upload.
2.Theses may have more than 400 pages, in such instances, it is strongly recommended
to consider only the contributory chapters starting from introduction to conclusion.
Reference part may be included depending on the choice of the instructor.
(Preliminary pages and annexure like Declaration, Certificate, and acknowledgement,
table of content and list of charts and figures, appendix, questionnaire may be
excluded). Font size can be minimized to visibility level.
3. PDF Compressor can be used when the file exceeds maximum limit.
4. No document should be password protected / encrypted otherwise uploading will not
be possible.
5. PPT slides are not to be incorporated in the document to be up‐loaded.
Similarity Index
Similarity index is the amount of text in the submitted document which matches text in
the database like iThenticate,Turnitin, Urkund andViper. It is not a grade to indicate an
occurrence of plagiarism.There is a clear cut difference betweena plagiarism and similarity
index. Plagiarism is copying an original data and ideas and to publish them by one's own
name, while similarity index is based on the similarity of words, sentences, phrases etc.
hence plagiarism cannot always be measured in percent. In researcher’s opinion, similarity
index is anomalous as it shows the similarity of the articles, phrases, helping verbs,
references etc.

95
Extent of permissible percentage of similarity index
Many universities use software to check papers for plagiarism.When students and
instructors use this software to check papers, a similarity index is given. A university will have
a standard percentage rate that is acceptable to them. Students must remain at that
percentage rate or lower than that for their papers to be satisfactory in regard to similarity.
Hence this is the question to be addressed to audience of all these software. In researcher’s
view the academic decisions should not be based on numerical measures of
similarity.Software will identify texts that appear similar to other writings if suspicious cases
are found. Instructor/researcher has to examine carefully.Software packages are not able to
decide whether the given text content constitutes plagiarism or not. In order to ensure the
originality of text in a thesis permissible percentage of similarity index may be fixed.This
may vary from institution to institution depending on the research integrity policy made by
concerned authority. Similarity index is not a plagiarism index. It depends on the nature of
the assignment and the way sources have been used.There are no grades to indicate the
quality of thesis and clear cut rules to decide what percentages are safe.0 % doesn’t
necessarily mean that the whole thing is acceptable with the paper or 75% doesn’t
necessarily mean that the work has to be revoked. Instructor has to look in to the case and
decide each and every highlighted text to decide the plagiarism.At some Universities, it is
expected to publish research papers from the content of thesis.Therefore, sometimes
similarity from publications which are composed of these chapters will appear. In such cases
percentage of similarity index may go beyond the permissible limit.Thus, the data and
publications from his/her own thesis may not be considered as either plagiarism or similarity.

96
ORIGINALITY REPORT
The Originality Report is generated by software to each document when a piece of work
is submitted.The originality report shows where matches have been found between the
submitted document and other existing sources in the software’s database. Side by side
comparison can be made between submitted document and the sources that were
compared against. Display format of matching text in all software is almost similar.
These sources include billions of internet documents, archived internet data that is no
longer available on the live web, a local repository of previously submitted papers, and
subscription repository of periodicals, journals, and publications.The comparison may be
against any or all of these repositories as set on a document by the instructor.
Selection of repositories/databases for scan
Instructor can select the available repositories/ set of databases to compare submissions
against already published sources.Within the folder settings, selection of database can
be made
to check against similar content. Available search sources in the software are mentioned
below:

97
iThenticateAvailable
search targets are:
1. CrossCheck‐ research articles, books, and conference proceedings provided by the
worlds scientific, technical and medical publishers.
2. Internet ‐ a database of archived and live publicly available internet pages
containing
billions of pages of existing content and tens of thousands of new pages added daily.
3. Publications ‐ third party periodical, journal, and publication content including many
major professional journals, periodicals, and business publications.
4. Customized Indexed Documents instructor
have the ability to create their own customizable database within their account to
compare against.This option can be had by additional purchase. Since iThenticate covers
CrosCheck database it can be preferred to scan the highly qualitative scholarly contents.
Most of the customers of the iThenticate are faculty and researchers.
TurnitinAvailable
search targets are:
1. Repository of Students’ papers: works previously submitted class assignments on
turnitin.
2. Institution paper repository: a repository of student papers of the institution.
3. Current and archived internet and
4. Periodicals, journals and publications: most of sources of these repositories are
almost similar to the sources in iThenticate.

98
Turnitin covers the repository of the papers of students instead of CrossCheck. So it can be
preferred to scan student’s assignments. Most of the customers/audience of the Turnitin is
students. Repositories/databases of iThenticate andTurnitin software have been
categorized in
to different types on the basis of forms of materials and option is provided either to
consider or
remove the above mentioned search target repositories to generate originality report.
Databases in Urkund: Urkund has its own archive of previously submitted students’
papers
along with internet and databases of scholarly materials like articles, books and
proceedings.
Unlike iThenticate andTurnitin, urkund doesn’t have different type of search targets but
an
entire database of Urkund / a particular website can be specified to remove from
generating
originality report.
Viper has no search targets as well as no option provided to exclude databases.

99
FILTER AND SETTINGS
iThenticate andTurnitin have side bar option which displays filter, settings and
exclusion list. Filter/settings can be used to exclude the quoted, bibliographic text and small
matches andsources. It is helpful in reviewing the entire document to identify the extent of
copied text, paraphrased text, quoted material and references.
Extent of excluding quoted material
Quotation should be for a specific purpose not to convey general information.When
someone else’s words are directly used in a piece of work quotation can be used giving
proper in text citation. Hence quotation can be considered as an effective mean to support
or illustrate points that are made in work. Being aware of this technique some researchers
have the habit of putting quotation marks around the copied texts to claim them as their
own.This actually doesn’t work in iThenticate, Turnitin and Urkund because software will
not automatically exclude quoted material. Default settings can be changed by an
instructor to exclude quoted material from Originality Reports. Unfortunately there is no
option to exclude quoted materials in Viper. Therefore any policies can’t be made on extent
of permissible quoted text in a research work because quoting text depends on the nature of
the work. Some kinds of writing (e.g. describing an experiment) will be very similar to other
texts, and will need a lot of quotations. Possible circumstances of quoting text in a work are
stated below. 1. When the author's ideas are complex and difficult to paraphrase.
2. While making specific reference to the work of another.

100
DOCUMENT STORAGE IN DATABASE
Securing the integrity ofscholarly materials is the fundamental duty of institutions or
research centers.When research works like PhD theses or scientific articles are uploaded
on to the software it becomes the responsibility of instructor to avoid the documents from
being used by others making them stored in the software’s database before the work is
awarded or published. So it is strongly recommend to not to store any documents in the
software. Except iThenticate other three software (Turnitin, Urkund andViper) have the
ability to store the submitted documents in the repository. In order to avoid the visibility
and availability of documents to others unsaving option is provided in software.
Instructor inTurnitin can modify in the settings by choosing the option “submit paper to no
repository”. It is useful when the two same documents are uploaded, software will not find
a match between them. Urkund has no default setting option to save the documents in
repository, once the document is uploaded confirmation receipt will be mailed to
instructor either to save or no to save in the repository.
Viper will not save any documents at the time of submission but 9 months after
completion of
scan automatically submitted document will be saved in the repository. So it is
advisednot use
theViper Software to scan copyrighted documents and the documents to which user is
going to
get copyright.

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