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### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
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Practical Implementation of BGP Community with Geotags
1. Practical Implementation of BGP Community
with Geotags
Muhammad Moinur Rahman
1Asia Alliance Communication Ltd
moin@1asia-ahl.com
2. GeoTAGS
• Geographical Identification Metadata
• A form of GeoSpatial Metadata
– Applicable to objects that have GeoGraphic Extent
– Or applicable to objects with some position on this
Earth
– Objects like Photo, Audio/Video Files, SMS Messages
– Unlikely but true DNS information (LOC resources)
• Facebook Check-in or Photos @
– Adds Geotaggs in our Facebook updates
– Adds Geotaggs in our Facebook Photos
3. Geotags in BGP Routes
• A router is a device which intelligently
routes packets
– Not a Phone
– Not a Camera
– Not a GPS Device
• How can we add metatags in a route?
– GeoCoding
4. Geocoding
• A process of enriching description of a
location
• Most frequently a postal address/place with
GeoGraphic co-ordinates
– From a Spatial Reference Data
• Or reverse Geocoding
• Enriching a GeoGraphic Co-ordinate with a
postal address/place
– Facebook/Google Plus and other social sites use
reverse Geocoding for our Check-in
5. BGP routes with location
information
• Routers don’t have a builtin GPS device
• Need a process to manually Geocode it’s
route-origin
• Need to add a tag to the route objects or
group of routes
• Answer : BGP Communities
6. BGP Communities
• A BGP attribute (RFC1997)
• A mechanism for coloring or (GEO)tagging
route destinations or a group of route
destinations
• A 4-byte value (RFC1998)
• Two types of communities
– Regular
– Extended
7. BGP Communities(Contd)
• A 32-bit integer isn’t always easy to work with
– More common convention is to split into two 16-bit values
– Commonly <local-ASN>:value e.g 10102:0 (Sorry no help
for 4 byte ASNs)
– Specially reserved (0:0 – 0:65535 and 65535:0 –
65535:65535)
– First value is intended to define the scope or “target”
• So you know if this community is “for you” or someone else
• So two networks don’t do conflicting things with the same data
– Second value is arbitrary data for the targeted network
• Whatever data you’re trying to encode
8. BGP Community Tags
• Can be added to a particular prefix
– set community 10102:100
– Set community 10102:90 additive
• Can be matched by route-map
– ip community-list PEER-ROUTES 10102:6600
– community-set PEER
10102:31021
end-set
• Can be deleted from particular prefixes
• Full control over community tags
9. Cause
• A scalable network needs them for its own use
– Be able to identify customers, transits, peers, etc
– To perform traffic engineering and export controls
– There is no other truly acceptable implementation
• But customers love using them as well
– “Power user” customers demand this level of control.
– Having self-supporting customers doesn’t hurt either.
– The more powerful you make your communities, the
more work it will save you in the long run.
10. Practical consideration
• Most routers parse BGP communities as strings
rather than integers, using Regular Expressions.
– Design your community system with this in mind.
– Think strings and character positions, not numbers.
– For Example, 10102:1234 can easily be parsed as
• Field #1, Value 1
• Field #2, Value 23
• Field #3, Value 4
– But can’t easily be parsed numerically
• For example as “larger than 1233”.
– Remember not to exceed 65535 as a 16-bit value.
(65536 options) to represent
• Carried across AS
11. Types of Implementation
• Practical BGP Communities Implementation can
essentially be classified into two types:
• Informational tags
– Communities set by and sent from a provider network, to
tell their customers (or other interested parties) something
about that route.
• Action tags
– Communities set by and sent from a customer network, to
influence the routing policies of the provider network
– Alter route attributes on demand
– Both globally and within own network
– Control the import/export of routes
12. Informational tags
• Information communities typically focus on
– Where the route was learned
• AKA Geographic data (continent, country, region, city, etc in
short geotag)
– How the route was learned
• AKA Relationship data (transit, peer, customer, internal, etc)
– There is no other good way to pass on this data
• This data is then used to make policy decisions
– Either by you, your customer, or an unknown third party.
– Exporting this data to the Internet can provide invaluable
assistance to third party networks you may never even
know about. This is usually a good thing for everyone.
13. Ways to encode Information
• Encode simple arbitrary data
– No standards, each network defines its own
mapping
• Which must be published somewhere like ASN
description in IRR for others to use
– Ex: Continent (1 = Asia, 2 = Africa, etc)
– Ex: Relationship (1 = Transit, 2 = Public Peer, etc)
• Standards based encoding
– Ex: ISO 3166 encodes Country Codes into 2
digits
14. Providing information
• As always, the exact design decision
depends on specific network and footprint.
• Networks in only a few major cities may want
to focus on enumerating those cities in a
short list.
• Networks in a great number of cities may
want to focus on regional aggregation
specific to their scope.
• Plan for the future!
– Changing community design after it is already
being used by customers may prove impossible.
15. Practical Use of Informational Tags
• Make certain that Informational Tags from your
Action Tags can easily be distinguished
• Ex: Make Informational Tags always 5 characters
in length, and action tags to be 4 characters or
less.
• This allow to easily match Info tags: “10102:.{5}”
• Filter communities from neighbors
– None is allowed to send Informational tags, these
should only be set by Service Provider, and these
should be stripped from all BGP neighbors
(customers, transits, peers, etc).
– Otherwise there is a massive security problem.
16. A simple approach towards
providing information
• For example: 10102:TCCCP
– T Type of Relationship
– C Continent Code
– CC Country Code
– P POP Code
• The community 10102:21021 could be
parsed as:
– Public Peer
– Asia
– Singapore
– Equinix
17. Definitions - Types
• Type of routes
– 1XYYP – Transit
– 2XYYP – Public Peer
– 3XYYP – Private Peer
– 4XYYP – Customer
– 5XYYP – Internal
18. Definitions (Contd)
• Continents
– T0YYP – Asia
– T1YYP – Africa
– T2YYP – Europe
– T3YYP – North America
– T4YYP – South America
– T5YYP – Australia
– T6YYP – Antarctica
20. Definitions (Contd)
• PoP
– T0011 – Central NOC
– T0021 – Singapore Global Switch
– T0022 – Singapore Equinix
– T2011 – United Kingdom Telehouse North
– T3011 – United States TelX
– So on ..
22. References
1. Using Communities for Multihoming (
http://bgp4all.com/ftp/isp-workshops/BGP%20Presentations/09-
BGP-Communities.pdf)
2. BGP Techniques for Internet Service Providers – Philip Smith
3. BGP Communities: A guide for Service Providers – Richard A.
Steenbergen & Tom Scholl