Terrestrial ecosystems occur on land and are distinguished from aquatic ecosystems by lower water availability and greater temperature fluctuations. The six primary terrestrial ecosystems are tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest, grasslands, and desert. Major plant taxa in terrestrial ecosystems include flowering plants, conifers, and mosses and liverworts. Major animal taxa are insects, birds, and mammals. Organisms in terrestrial ecosystems have adaptations for obtaining and transporting water, withstanding temperature and climate extremes, and transporting gametes with limited fluid flow.
ecosystem topic will help you in understanding the basic means and other components like structure, functions, types, ecological pyramid, energy flow in ecosystem and many more environment related studies.
animal distribution is directly related with the environmental changes. These changes affect the over all life cycle of the animal. This further leads to adaptation in the organisum
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
It tackles about ecosystem and helps students and teachers to understand from being complex into simple presentation plus adding quiz for class progress
Schoolyard Habitats: How to Guide - Part 2, Gardening for Wildlife
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
ecosystem topic will help you in understanding the basic means and other components like structure, functions, types, ecological pyramid, energy flow in ecosystem and many more environment related studies.
animal distribution is directly related with the environmental changes. These changes affect the over all life cycle of the animal. This further leads to adaptation in the organisum
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
It tackles about ecosystem and helps students and teachers to understand from being complex into simple presentation plus adding quiz for class progress
Schoolyard Habitats: How to Guide - Part 2, Gardening for Wildlife
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. WHAT IS TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM?
• A community of organisms and their environment that occurs on the
land masses of continents and islands
• Distinguished from aquatic ecosystem by the lower availability of
water and the consequent importance of water as a limiting factor.
• Characterized by greater temperature fluctuations on both a
diurnal and seasonal basis than occur in aquatic ecosystems in similar
climates.
• Segmented into a subterranean portion from which most water and
ions are obtained, and an atmospheric portion from which gases are
obtained and where the physical energy of light is transformed into the
organic energy of carbon-carbon bonds through the process of
photosynthesis.
• There are six primary terrestrial ecosystem that exist:
tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest,
grassland and desert.
3. SIX PRIMARY ECOSYSTEM
• Tundra is type of biome where the tree growth is hindered
by low temperatures and short growing seasons.
4. • Taiga is a biome characterized by coniferous
forests.
5. • Temperate deciduous forests or temperate broad-leaf
forests are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each
year. They are found in areas with warm, moist summers and
mild winters
6. • Tropical rainforests occur in areas of tropical rainforest
climate in which there is no dry season – all months
have an average precipitaton value of at least 60 mm –
and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial
evergreen rainforest
7. • Grasslands are areas where the vegetaton is dominated
by grasses, however sedge and rush families can also be
found.
8. • A desert is a barren area of land where
litle precipitaton occurs and consequently
living conditons are hostle for plant and animal
life
9. In the history of life (the first terrestrial organisms
appeared in the Silurian period, about 425 million years ago)
and occupy a much smaller portion of Earth's surface than
marine GUCCI FLIP FLOPS ecosystems
10. • Terrestrial ecosystems occupy 55,660,000 mi²
(144,150,000 km²), or 28.26% of Earth's surface
• Terrestrial ecosystems have been a major site of adaptive
radiation of both plants and animals.
12. Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) - are the most diverse
group of land plants, with about 350,000 species.
Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants;
they are distinguished from gymnosperms by
characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the
seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds.
13. Pinophyta(conifers) - there are about
500 species. also known as division
Coniferophyta or Coniferae, are one
of 12 extant division-level taxa within the
kingdom Plantae and 10 within the extant
land plants. Pinophytes are
gymnosperms, cone- bearing seed plants
with vascular tissue.
14. Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts), of which there are
about 24,000 species, are also important in some terrestrial
ecosystems.
Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to
all embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true vascular
tissue and are therefore called "non-vascular plants".Some
bryophytes do have specialized tissues for the transport of
water; however, since these do not contain lignin, they are not
considered to be true vascular tissue
16. Insecta (insects) - about 900,000 species. are
a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that
have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body
(head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of
jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae.
17. Aves (birds) - with 8,500 species. a group
of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers,
a beak with no teeth, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a
high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a
lightweight but strong skeleton.
18. Mammalia (mammals) - approximately 4,100 species.
are any members of a clade of endothermic amniotes
distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of
a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear
bones, and mammary glands. The mammalian brain regulates
body temperature and the circulatory system, including the
four-chambered heart.
19. Organisms in terrestrial ecosystems have adaptatons
that allow them to obtain water when the entre body is no
longer bathed in that fluid, means of transportng the
water from limited sites of acquisiton to the rest of the
body, and means of preventng the evaporaton of water
from body surfaces. They also have traits that provide body
support in the atmosphere, a much less buoyant medium
than water, and other traits that render them capable of
withstanding the extremes of temperature, wind, and
humidity that characterize terrestrial ecosystems. Finally,
the organisms in terrestrial ecosystems have evolved many
methods of transportng gametes in environments where
fluid flow is much less effectve as a transport medium.