تحليل الغازات analysis gases of power transformer by MOHAMMED SHAMKHY SHAREEFmohammed shareef
ان الفحوصات واالختبارات المتوفرة حاليا ونقصد بها الفحوصات التقليدية مثل فحوصات نسبة التحويل RATIO
TESTوفحص مقاومة الملفاتWINDING DC وفحص عازلية الملفات TEST INSULATION وفحص الممانعة
تعطي حالة المحولة صالحة او عاطلة فقط بينما فحوصات الزيت مثل البلمرة POLYMERIZATION OF DGREE
وفحوصات الفوران ANALYSIS FURAN وفحوصات Sا ANALYS GAS تعطي العمر الزمني للمحولة وكذلك امكانية
تجنب انهيار المحوالت,واطالة عمرها والمعروف عالميا ان العمر الزمني في المنظومات المستقرة للمحوالت هو على االقل 45
سنة وربما يتجاوزها اعتماد على الظروف التشغيلية وتاريخ المحولة من حيث عمرها وتعرضها لالعطال السابقة وكذلك نسبة
الرطوبة في الزيت ويلزم تصميم مخطط شامل لألغراض التشخيصية نتيجة المتغيرات العديدة التى تحدد أو تؤثر على نوع أو
كمية الغازات المتولدة والبيانات التاريخية للمحولة مثال تاريخ دخولها العمل وعدد مرات اجراء الفلترة على زيتها وكذلك
الفحوصات التي اجريت عليها وكذلك المعلومات الموجودة على لوحة المحولة ونوع نظام حماية زيت المحول وغيرها تمدنا
بمعلومات مهمة تستخدم فى تشخيص حالة المحولة والعمر الزمني لها تم استخدام تحليل الغازات الذائبة فى الزيت كأداة تشخيصية
منذ سنين عدة لتحديد حالة المحوالت وعمرها الزمني، ويتم مراجعة المعيار المستخدم فى تقييم بيانات الغازات الذائبة فى الزيت
بشكل مستمر .ولقد بنى هذا المعيار على الخبرات المتراكمة من المحوالت المنهارة والمحوالت ذات األخطاء الناشئة والمحاكاة
Furnace Improvements provides low-cost solutions for improving fired heaters and boilers. They have over 15 years of experience and 40 professionals with over 300 years combined experience. Their services include revamping, capacity increase, efficiency improvement, NOx reduction, and heater design. They have successfully completed over 200 projects for clients in refineries and petrochemical plants. Their patented technologies include split flow technology and inclined firing systems to improve heater performance.
This document provides information on dissolved gas analysis (DGA), a technique used to detect faults in oil-filled transformers. It discusses how DGA works, standards and guidelines, gas extraction methods, common fault gases and their sources, analysis using gas chromatography, and approaches to interpreting DGA results including key gas ratios and levels that indicate different fault conditions. DGA allows early detection of transformer issues and monitoring of transformer health through analysis of the gases dissolved in transformer oil.
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) of transformer oil detects gases generated within oil-filled transformers that can indicate internal faults. Key gases include hydrogen, methane, ethylene and acetylene, which can identify thermal or electrical issues. DGA interpretation methods like the key gas method or IEC gas ratio method analyze individual and total dissolved combustible gas concentrations to evaluate transformer condition and risk of failure. Regular oil sampling per ASTM standards from the drain point helps assess the internal condition of transformers to support effective maintenance.
1. The document discusses different types of transformers used in power plants including power transformers, service transformers, and measuring transformers.
2. It describes key components of transformers like the core, windings, cooling systems, and protections devices. Transformer connections, vector groups, and voltage classifications are also covered.
3. Various transformers used in thermal power plants are discussed including generator transformers, station transformers, unit auxiliary transformers, and those used for distribution within the plant.
The oil analysis report is a vital tool for a smooth running operation. Going deeper than the report summaries and knowing how to analyze the oil analysis report can help prevent equipment breakdown and unnecessary equipment teardowns. During this educational webinar you will learn from analyst, Dwon Ruffin, his process for reviewing and analyzing oil analysis reports. Dwon will review some of the most common tests run on industrial equipment and teach you how to read test reports. He will also walk you through marginal and critical reports and teach you how to decipher various alarms. You will walk away with an improved knowledge of oil analysis report interpretation.
This document provides an overview of crude oil characteristics and refinery products. It discusses the chemical composition of crude oil and how properties like API gravity, sulfur and metal content, oxygen and nitrogen compounds affect refining. It also describes different types of crude oils and how their characteristics influence refinery configuration and product selection. The key factors affecting crude oil selection for a refinery are discussed.
تحليل الغازات analysis gases of power transformer by MOHAMMED SHAMKHY SHAREEFmohammed shareef
ان الفحوصات واالختبارات المتوفرة حاليا ونقصد بها الفحوصات التقليدية مثل فحوصات نسبة التحويل RATIO
TESTوفحص مقاومة الملفاتWINDING DC وفحص عازلية الملفات TEST INSULATION وفحص الممانعة
تعطي حالة المحولة صالحة او عاطلة فقط بينما فحوصات الزيت مثل البلمرة POLYMERIZATION OF DGREE
وفحوصات الفوران ANALYSIS FURAN وفحوصات Sا ANALYS GAS تعطي العمر الزمني للمحولة وكذلك امكانية
تجنب انهيار المحوالت,واطالة عمرها والمعروف عالميا ان العمر الزمني في المنظومات المستقرة للمحوالت هو على االقل 45
سنة وربما يتجاوزها اعتماد على الظروف التشغيلية وتاريخ المحولة من حيث عمرها وتعرضها لالعطال السابقة وكذلك نسبة
الرطوبة في الزيت ويلزم تصميم مخطط شامل لألغراض التشخيصية نتيجة المتغيرات العديدة التى تحدد أو تؤثر على نوع أو
كمية الغازات المتولدة والبيانات التاريخية للمحولة مثال تاريخ دخولها العمل وعدد مرات اجراء الفلترة على زيتها وكذلك
الفحوصات التي اجريت عليها وكذلك المعلومات الموجودة على لوحة المحولة ونوع نظام حماية زيت المحول وغيرها تمدنا
بمعلومات مهمة تستخدم فى تشخيص حالة المحولة والعمر الزمني لها تم استخدام تحليل الغازات الذائبة فى الزيت كأداة تشخيصية
منذ سنين عدة لتحديد حالة المحوالت وعمرها الزمني، ويتم مراجعة المعيار المستخدم فى تقييم بيانات الغازات الذائبة فى الزيت
بشكل مستمر .ولقد بنى هذا المعيار على الخبرات المتراكمة من المحوالت المنهارة والمحوالت ذات األخطاء الناشئة والمحاكاة
Furnace Improvements provides low-cost solutions for improving fired heaters and boilers. They have over 15 years of experience and 40 professionals with over 300 years combined experience. Their services include revamping, capacity increase, efficiency improvement, NOx reduction, and heater design. They have successfully completed over 200 projects for clients in refineries and petrochemical plants. Their patented technologies include split flow technology and inclined firing systems to improve heater performance.
This document provides information on dissolved gas analysis (DGA), a technique used to detect faults in oil-filled transformers. It discusses how DGA works, standards and guidelines, gas extraction methods, common fault gases and their sources, analysis using gas chromatography, and approaches to interpreting DGA results including key gas ratios and levels that indicate different fault conditions. DGA allows early detection of transformer issues and monitoring of transformer health through analysis of the gases dissolved in transformer oil.
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) of transformer oil detects gases generated within oil-filled transformers that can indicate internal faults. Key gases include hydrogen, methane, ethylene and acetylene, which can identify thermal or electrical issues. DGA interpretation methods like the key gas method or IEC gas ratio method analyze individual and total dissolved combustible gas concentrations to evaluate transformer condition and risk of failure. Regular oil sampling per ASTM standards from the drain point helps assess the internal condition of transformers to support effective maintenance.
1. The document discusses different types of transformers used in power plants including power transformers, service transformers, and measuring transformers.
2. It describes key components of transformers like the core, windings, cooling systems, and protections devices. Transformer connections, vector groups, and voltage classifications are also covered.
3. Various transformers used in thermal power plants are discussed including generator transformers, station transformers, unit auxiliary transformers, and those used for distribution within the plant.
The oil analysis report is a vital tool for a smooth running operation. Going deeper than the report summaries and knowing how to analyze the oil analysis report can help prevent equipment breakdown and unnecessary equipment teardowns. During this educational webinar you will learn from analyst, Dwon Ruffin, his process for reviewing and analyzing oil analysis reports. Dwon will review some of the most common tests run on industrial equipment and teach you how to read test reports. He will also walk you through marginal and critical reports and teach you how to decipher various alarms. You will walk away with an improved knowledge of oil analysis report interpretation.
This document provides an overview of crude oil characteristics and refinery products. It discusses the chemical composition of crude oil and how properties like API gravity, sulfur and metal content, oxygen and nitrogen compounds affect refining. It also describes different types of crude oils and how their characteristics influence refinery configuration and product selection. The key factors affecting crude oil selection for a refinery are discussed.
Presentations about Oil & Gas separators, fundamentals and how they work in the industry developed by Hector Nguema having Petroskills course as a reference
This document provides details on routine testing and maintenance services for transformers. It lists various tests and services conducted before and after overhauling a transformer to improve its performance and efficiency. These include routine testing of components like Buchholze relays, OTI/WTI meters, radiators, conservator tanks and maintenance of parts like the main tank, core and windings. The aim is to check operation and insulation, calibrate instruments, replace gaskets and clean components to enhance the transformer's lifespan.
Dissolve gas anylysis measurement and interpretation techniqueArun Ramaiah
DGA measurement & interpretation technique: it is a testing of insulating oil of transformer, which give the data about the internal damage, gases produce in the oil occurs due to overheating, acring etc. interpretation technique- gives the idea about he fault that causes by gases.
The document provides an overview of inplant training at MRPL, including:
- MRPL is a subsidiary of ONGC located in Mangalore, Karnataka.
- The refinery's units include a crude distillation unit, vacuum distillation unit, hydrocracker unit, hydrogen unit, and gas oil hydrodesulfurization unit.
- Each unit is described briefly, outlining its key processes and products. The presentation aims to educate trainees on MRPL's refinery operations and configuration.
1) The document describes the governing system and components of a steam turbine. It includes throttle controlled governing and discusses advantages like avoiding overspeeding and adjusting droop.
2) It lists the different oils used like trip oil, auxiliary trip oil, and control oil and describes what each oil is used for like tripping the stop valve or hydraulic governing.
3) The main elements of the governing system are described including remote trip solenoids, main trip valve, speeder gear, and follow-up piston valves that control steam flow and turbine speed.
The document discusses transformer insulating oil, which serves as both an electrical insulator and coolant in power transformers. There are two main types of transformer oil - paraffin-based and naphtha-based. The key parameters used to evaluate transformer oil quality include electrical parameters like dielectric strength and resistivity, chemical parameters like water content and acidity, and physical parameters like viscosity and pour point. Maintaining high standards for these parameters helps ensure the oil can safely and effectively insulate and cool the transformer over time.
This document provides an overview of gas turbine fundamentals and components. It discusses the gas turbine course topics which include the lubrication oil system, hydraulic oil system, trip oil system and other key systems. It then summarizes the components and operation of a GE 9001E gas turbine, including descriptions of the compressor, combustion system, turbine, bearings and lubrication oil system.
Dissolved gas analysis is a maintenance tool for determining transformer health by analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil. When faults occur in transformers, different gases are produced depending on the type and severity of the fault. The main gases analyzed are hydrogen, hydrocarbons like methane and ethylene, and atmospheric gases. Samples are extracted from the transformer oil and analyzed using gas chromatography. Faults are identified by comparing the gas ratios and concentrations to interpretation standards which indicate issues like thermal faults or arcing. Case studies analyze real sample results and diagnose the type of fault based on ratios between different gases.
Condition monitoring of rotating machines pptRohit Kaushik
This document discusses condition monitoring of rotating machines. It covers various techniques for monitoring parameters like temperature, vibration, electrical signals and fluxes to detect faults in machines like motors and generators. Local temperature can be monitored using devices embedded in the insulation near hot parts like the winding or core. Vibration is commonly monitored at various frequencies to analyze faults in components. Electrical signals like current and flux are also monitored to detect issues in windings or rotors. Overall, condition monitoring aims to continuously evaluate equipment health and detect early-stage faults in machines.
Dissolved Gas Analysis of conventional diagnosis techniques for transformer Hardikarathod
This presentation based on conventional transformer diagnosis techniques which is dissolved gas analysis. In the technique included topics such as Key Gas Method, Gas Ratio Methods, Duval's Triangle, Effect of Stray Gassing in DGA, Partial Discharge Identification using DGA.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
The document contains lessons learned from various piping, support, and equipment installation projects. Key lessons include: properly communicating scope and ensuring drawings are accurate and detailed to avoid rework; finalizing specifications before starting work; and considering erection feasibility when designing supports. Frequent changes from clients increased costs and delays. Ensuring drawings are clear and issues are caught early can save time and money on installation projects.
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a substance can form an ignitable vapor. The fire point is the temperature at which the vapor will continue burning for at least 5 seconds after ignition. The Pensky Martens apparatus is used to determine the flash point and fire point of a substance. It consists of an oil cup heated in an air bath with a thermometer, stirrer, and mechanism to introduce a test flame briefly and relight a pilot flame. The sample is heated while stirring, and the temperature is recorded when a flash or sustained burning is observed.
Anshul Bhandari completed a summer internship from June to August 2016 at Honeywell UOP in Gurgaon, India. The internship report describes the Merox process used at UOP to remove sulfur from petroleum products. It discusses how the process uses a catalyst to convert mercaptans to less objectionable disulfides. The report provides details on how the Merox extraction and sweetening units operate and the chemistry involved in the catalytic oxidation process. It also includes a flow diagram of typical Merox extraction equipment.
Steam turbine over speed trip systems (6)Prem Baboo
This document discusses steam turbine overspeed trip systems. It describes how the tripping device works by draining governing oil pressure when the turbine needs to be tripped, causing the stop valve piston disc and control valves to close. It also discusses the overspeed governor, which protects the turbine from speeds higher than safe operating value. The overspeed governor uses an eccentric pin within the turbine shaft that moves outward at a preset trip speed due to centrifugal force, actuating the tripping device. Finally, it describes an eccentric pin mechanical overspeed system that is separate from the governing systems and uses an unbalanced pin to trigger a trip at a preset overspeed threshold.
The document discusses condition monitoring for steam turbines. It outlines several key points:
1. Condition monitoring methods for steam turbines include monitoring steam conditions and flow rates, vibration, lubrication conditions, bearing condition, rotor speed, noise levels, and auxiliary system operation.
2. Common failure modes of steam turbines include bearing failures from loss of lubrication or contamination, blade failures from foreign object damage or fatigue, and valve failures from solid particle damage or erosion.
3. Condition monitoring is important for identifying faults early to allow corrective action to save assets and avoid production losses. Monitoring methods help ascertain equipment condition while failure modes can be prevented through monitoring and preventive maintenance.
In this day and age of automated computer control valve sizing, the logic and theories behind it are invisible. In his presentation, Al Holton of Allagash Valve & Controls will look at the basic principles that apply and how they affect the application and installation of a wide range of control valve types. He will also review the reasoning behind valve type selection.
This document discusses troubleshooting issues that can occur in sulfur recovery units (SRUs). It begins with an overview of sulfur chemistry and the Claus process for converting hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. Common problems that can cause conversion losses or pressure drops are then examined, such as carbon deposits, leaks, catalyst deactivation, and improper air-to-acid gas ratios. Specific case studies are presented on troubleshooting carbon deposits from hydrocarbon contamination and identifying leaks from declining steam production and rising pressure drops. The document emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and preventative maintenance to address problems in SRUs before catastrophic failures occur.
من دراسة طرق وبرامج الصيانة الخاصة بالمحولات وجد انه لابد من عمل الفحوصات والاختبارات المختلفة بالدقة المطلوبة وعند تجميع المحول وقبل تشغيله يجب ملاحظة الأمور الآتية:
Presentations about Oil & Gas separators, fundamentals and how they work in the industry developed by Hector Nguema having Petroskills course as a reference
This document provides details on routine testing and maintenance services for transformers. It lists various tests and services conducted before and after overhauling a transformer to improve its performance and efficiency. These include routine testing of components like Buchholze relays, OTI/WTI meters, radiators, conservator tanks and maintenance of parts like the main tank, core and windings. The aim is to check operation and insulation, calibrate instruments, replace gaskets and clean components to enhance the transformer's lifespan.
Dissolve gas anylysis measurement and interpretation techniqueArun Ramaiah
DGA measurement & interpretation technique: it is a testing of insulating oil of transformer, which give the data about the internal damage, gases produce in the oil occurs due to overheating, acring etc. interpretation technique- gives the idea about he fault that causes by gases.
The document provides an overview of inplant training at MRPL, including:
- MRPL is a subsidiary of ONGC located in Mangalore, Karnataka.
- The refinery's units include a crude distillation unit, vacuum distillation unit, hydrocracker unit, hydrogen unit, and gas oil hydrodesulfurization unit.
- Each unit is described briefly, outlining its key processes and products. The presentation aims to educate trainees on MRPL's refinery operations and configuration.
1) The document describes the governing system and components of a steam turbine. It includes throttle controlled governing and discusses advantages like avoiding overspeeding and adjusting droop.
2) It lists the different oils used like trip oil, auxiliary trip oil, and control oil and describes what each oil is used for like tripping the stop valve or hydraulic governing.
3) The main elements of the governing system are described including remote trip solenoids, main trip valve, speeder gear, and follow-up piston valves that control steam flow and turbine speed.
The document discusses transformer insulating oil, which serves as both an electrical insulator and coolant in power transformers. There are two main types of transformer oil - paraffin-based and naphtha-based. The key parameters used to evaluate transformer oil quality include electrical parameters like dielectric strength and resistivity, chemical parameters like water content and acidity, and physical parameters like viscosity and pour point. Maintaining high standards for these parameters helps ensure the oil can safely and effectively insulate and cool the transformer over time.
This document provides an overview of gas turbine fundamentals and components. It discusses the gas turbine course topics which include the lubrication oil system, hydraulic oil system, trip oil system and other key systems. It then summarizes the components and operation of a GE 9001E gas turbine, including descriptions of the compressor, combustion system, turbine, bearings and lubrication oil system.
Dissolved gas analysis is a maintenance tool for determining transformer health by analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil. When faults occur in transformers, different gases are produced depending on the type and severity of the fault. The main gases analyzed are hydrogen, hydrocarbons like methane and ethylene, and atmospheric gases. Samples are extracted from the transformer oil and analyzed using gas chromatography. Faults are identified by comparing the gas ratios and concentrations to interpretation standards which indicate issues like thermal faults or arcing. Case studies analyze real sample results and diagnose the type of fault based on ratios between different gases.
Condition monitoring of rotating machines pptRohit Kaushik
This document discusses condition monitoring of rotating machines. It covers various techniques for monitoring parameters like temperature, vibration, electrical signals and fluxes to detect faults in machines like motors and generators. Local temperature can be monitored using devices embedded in the insulation near hot parts like the winding or core. Vibration is commonly monitored at various frequencies to analyze faults in components. Electrical signals like current and flux are also monitored to detect issues in windings or rotors. Overall, condition monitoring aims to continuously evaluate equipment health and detect early-stage faults in machines.
Dissolved Gas Analysis of conventional diagnosis techniques for transformer Hardikarathod
This presentation based on conventional transformer diagnosis techniques which is dissolved gas analysis. In the technique included topics such as Key Gas Method, Gas Ratio Methods, Duval's Triangle, Effect of Stray Gassing in DGA, Partial Discharge Identification using DGA.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
The document contains lessons learned from various piping, support, and equipment installation projects. Key lessons include: properly communicating scope and ensuring drawings are accurate and detailed to avoid rework; finalizing specifications before starting work; and considering erection feasibility when designing supports. Frequent changes from clients increased costs and delays. Ensuring drawings are clear and issues are caught early can save time and money on installation projects.
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a substance can form an ignitable vapor. The fire point is the temperature at which the vapor will continue burning for at least 5 seconds after ignition. The Pensky Martens apparatus is used to determine the flash point and fire point of a substance. It consists of an oil cup heated in an air bath with a thermometer, stirrer, and mechanism to introduce a test flame briefly and relight a pilot flame. The sample is heated while stirring, and the temperature is recorded when a flash or sustained burning is observed.
Anshul Bhandari completed a summer internship from June to August 2016 at Honeywell UOP in Gurgaon, India. The internship report describes the Merox process used at UOP to remove sulfur from petroleum products. It discusses how the process uses a catalyst to convert mercaptans to less objectionable disulfides. The report provides details on how the Merox extraction and sweetening units operate and the chemistry involved in the catalytic oxidation process. It also includes a flow diagram of typical Merox extraction equipment.
Steam turbine over speed trip systems (6)Prem Baboo
This document discusses steam turbine overspeed trip systems. It describes how the tripping device works by draining governing oil pressure when the turbine needs to be tripped, causing the stop valve piston disc and control valves to close. It also discusses the overspeed governor, which protects the turbine from speeds higher than safe operating value. The overspeed governor uses an eccentric pin within the turbine shaft that moves outward at a preset trip speed due to centrifugal force, actuating the tripping device. Finally, it describes an eccentric pin mechanical overspeed system that is separate from the governing systems and uses an unbalanced pin to trigger a trip at a preset overspeed threshold.
The document discusses condition monitoring for steam turbines. It outlines several key points:
1. Condition monitoring methods for steam turbines include monitoring steam conditions and flow rates, vibration, lubrication conditions, bearing condition, rotor speed, noise levels, and auxiliary system operation.
2. Common failure modes of steam turbines include bearing failures from loss of lubrication or contamination, blade failures from foreign object damage or fatigue, and valve failures from solid particle damage or erosion.
3. Condition monitoring is important for identifying faults early to allow corrective action to save assets and avoid production losses. Monitoring methods help ascertain equipment condition while failure modes can be prevented through monitoring and preventive maintenance.
In this day and age of automated computer control valve sizing, the logic and theories behind it are invisible. In his presentation, Al Holton of Allagash Valve & Controls will look at the basic principles that apply and how they affect the application and installation of a wide range of control valve types. He will also review the reasoning behind valve type selection.
This document discusses troubleshooting issues that can occur in sulfur recovery units (SRUs). It begins with an overview of sulfur chemistry and the Claus process for converting hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. Common problems that can cause conversion losses or pressure drops are then examined, such as carbon deposits, leaks, catalyst deactivation, and improper air-to-acid gas ratios. Specific case studies are presented on troubleshooting carbon deposits from hydrocarbon contamination and identifying leaks from declining steam production and rising pressure drops. The document emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and preventative maintenance to address problems in SRUs before catastrophic failures occur.
من دراسة طرق وبرامج الصيانة الخاصة بالمحولات وجد انه لابد من عمل الفحوصات والاختبارات المختلفة بالدقة المطلوبة وعند تجميع المحول وقبل تشغيله يجب ملاحظة الأمور الآتية:
تتكون الدورة الديناميكية الحرارية من سلسلة من العمليات الديناميكية الحرارية التي تنقل الحرارة
في حين تتغير الضغوط ودرجات الحرارة ومتغيرات الحالة الأخرى ، مما يؤدي في ، Work والشغل
النهاية إلى عودة النظام إلى حالته الأولية . في عملية المرور خلال هذه الدورة ، قد يقوم النظام بتنفيذ شغل
. Heat Engine وبالتالي يعمل كمحرك حراري ، Surroundings على البيئة المحيطة به
معدل الحرارة وكفاءة الأداء للمحطات الغازية لتوليد الكهرباء.pdfAdnanBahjat
إن المعدل الحراري للوحدة Heat Rate (HR) مؤشر مهم جدا لتقييم كفاءة الوحدة الحرارية لذا يجب أن يكون هدف ومسعى أية محطة تشغيل الوحدة التوليدية ضمن الحدود التصميمية للمعدل الحراري قدر الإمكان ، إضافة إلى أن تحسين المعدل الحراري للمحطة يساعد على تقليل التلوث الناجم من تشغيل الوحدات .
تقليل معدل الحرارة يؤدي إلى تقليل أستهلاك الوقود وتوفير الوقود
31. A sudden increase in key gases and the rate of gas production is
more important in evaluating a transformer than the amount of gas.
Any generation of amount of gas in ppm indicate high energy arcing.
Can
be generate a very hot thermal fault (1000o
C)
Acetylene generated by internal arcing, sampling should be taken
weekly to determine if there is an additional generation of gas.
If no additional acetylene is found and level is within the standard the
transformer may continue in service.
Increase of Acetylene level the transformer has an internal arc and
should be taken out of service.
Operating transformer with high value of acetylene is extremely
hazardous.
32. ل طبقا المحول داخل الممكنة األعطال تحديد
IEC 60599-2007 &
IEEE C57.104-2008
- The Key Gases.
- The Ratio Methods.
- The Duval Triangle.
44. Rogers Ratio Method (IEEE C57.104.2008)
Case
R1
CH4/H2
R2
C2H2/C2H4
R3
C2H4/C2H6
Suggested
fault
diagnosis
0 >0.1 to <1.0 <0.1 <1.0 Unit normal
1 <0.1 <0.1 <1.0 Low-energy density
arcing-PD
2 0.1 to 1.0 0.1 to 3.0 >3.0 Arcing-High energy
discharge
3 >0.1 to <1.0 <0.1 1.0 to 3.0 Low temperature
thermal
4 >1.0 <0.1 1.0 to 3.0 Thermal <700oC
5 >1.0 <0.1 >3.0 Thermal >700oC
45. Basic Gas Ratios (IEC 60599-2007-05)
C2H2 / C2H4 CH4 / H2 C2H4 / C2H6 Suggested Fault
Type
NS <0.1 <0.2 Partial Discharge
>1.0 0.1 – 0.5 >1.0 Discharge of Low
Energy (D1)
0.6 – 2.5 0.1 – 1.0 >2.0 Discharge of High
Energy (D2)
NS >1.0 <1.0 Thermal Fault,
<300oC (T1)
<0.1 >1.0 1.0 – 4.0 Thermal Fault,
<300oC -
<700oC(T2)
<0.2 >1.0 >4.0 Thermal Fault,
>700oC (T3)
46. OLTC’s ( On Load Tap Changer ) produce gases
corresponding to discharges of low energy.
The pattern of oil decomposition in the OLTC
differs from the pattern of oil decomposition in
the main tank resulting from low energy
discharges.
If oil or gas contamination (communication)
exists between the OLTC and the main tank, an
incorrect diagnosis of the main tank may result.
A C2H2/H2 ratio ≥3.0 in the main tank indicates
possible OLTC contamination.
C2H2 /H2 Ratio (IEC 60599-2007-05)
47. CO2 / CO Ratio
• A popular ratio to detect paper involvement is
the CO2/CO ratio.
• CO2/CO ratio = 3 to 11, a healthy cellulose
insulation
• If the CO2/CO ratio is <3, this is a strong
indication of a fault in paper, either a hot spot
or electrical arcing.
• If the CO2/CO ratio is >11, indicates cellulose
ageing from thermal heating.
• CO2/CO ratio becomes significant when
individual gases are above 5000/500 ppm.
49. DUVALTRIANGLE
• The triangle methods plots the relative
% of CH4, C2H4, and C2H2 on each side
of the triangle from 0% to 100%.
• The 6 main zones of faults are
indicated in the triangle, plus a DT
zone (mixture of thermal and
electrical faults)
50.
51. How to use the triangle
If for example the DGA lab results are:
CH4 = 100 ppm
C2H4 = 100 ppm
C2H2 = 100 ppm
First calculate: CH4+C2H4+C2H2
100+100+100 = 300 ppm
52. • Relative % of CH4 = 100 / 300 = 33.3 %
• Relative % of C2H4 = 100 / 300 = 33.3 %
• Relative % of C2H2 = 100 / 300 = 33.3 %
These values are the triangular coordinates to be
used on each side of the triangle.
To verify that the calculation was done correctly,
the sum of these 3 values should always give
100%, and should correspond to only ONE point in
the triangle.
Then calculate the relative % of each gas:
53.
54. • Each DGA analysis received from the lab will
always give only ONE point in the triangle.
• The zone on which the point falls in the triangle
will identify the fault responsible for the DGA
results.
• The Triangle, being a graphical method allows to
easily follow the evolutions of faults with time, for
instance from a thermal fault to a potentially much
more severe fault such as D2.
• Several software packages are available for DGA
interpretation using the triangle method.