This document provides an overview of the main patterns of academic text structure: narration, description, definition, classification and exemplification. It defines each pattern and provides examples. Narration describes events in a story-like manner. Description provides details about objects, people or locations. Definition explains the meaning and characteristics of something. Classification divides things into categories, while exemplification provides specific examples to illustrate categories or ideas. The document also discusses characteristics of each pattern such as using sensory details for description and logical progression of events for narration.

1. Structure
of
Academ
ic Text

2. P S K A O H
L R B Y O C
S T O R Y

3. T P C E O V
P A E L R N
E V E N T

4. L V R I T C W
E I E D A S V
V I V I D

5. R G T K O I R S I
A Y M A S N E H
N A R R A T E

6. Y I G N L E
S D F M K P
S K I L L

7. event narrate
N A R R A T I O N
ski l l
vi vi d

8. I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
- describes how, when, and where an
event or occurrence actually happened
-used to tell a story or focus on a set of
related events

9. Components of Narrative Text
1. LogicalActions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene

10. Example
It was late afternoon, the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't
coming to see him. But he stood there anyway,
waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.

11. 2. Way of Narration
-refers to how the writer presents the
story
-includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time
to the events of the story makes a
good writing.

12. Clipped Narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.
Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
out of the driveway, and drove off to return
home.”

13. 3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration
* Writers must choose how to address
terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.

14. - words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have physical
manifestation in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
Concrete Terms

15. Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible
Examples:
love, freedom, feminism

16. General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example: furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component of
the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs

17. Concrete: “He was shivering violently
from the cold.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air was
palpable.”
General: “He gave her a piece of
jewelry.”
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in
its facets.”

18. Larry suddenly woke up from a deep sleep. The door to his room was
closed; the house was immersed in some sort of reckless silence. He
slowly got out of his bed and approached the bench right next to the
window. For a moment, he thought, he heard a tapping sound coming
from the attic. Then again he heard the sound, only this time it seemed
to be somewhat closer. He looked outside the window and saw a man
going by the left side of the road. On seeing Larry, the man approached
his garden’s fence and whistled. At this point, Larry recognized Nick and
waved his hand. He quickly got dressed and was about to get down to
open the gate, but he again heard someone murmuring in the other
part of the house. Larry decided to go to the attic and see what was
causing this, now buzzing, sound. He got to the second floor of his
house and looked toward the attic. He quickly opened its door and
looked inside. Nothing was found. He was about to turnback and attend
to his guest when he, suddenly, slipped on the stairs and fell. He called
out to Nick to help him get up

19. R E M H G T N
A L S P D U B
D E T A I L

20. O N A S O Y D N I
G R C E A T L U
S E N S O R Y

21. Y O E M K A
L N I E O
L O O K

22. U C A E Q S A C Y
I E L K O T R D
T Y
Q U A L I T Y

23. I L U A P R E C M
S TE R S I B A T E
R E A L I S T I C

24. sensory l ook
D E S C R I P T I O
N
realistic
qual i ty

25. II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance
What does it look like?
What are its characteristics?

26. Characteristics of Description
● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose
●uses sensory details and precise
words
● presents details in a logical order

27. There is science everywhere, from the time you open your eyes,
till you close them. All of our day to day activities contain
science. From the clothes you wear to the food you eat, science
is everywhere. You cannot neglect it either it is Agriculture,
Education, Entrainment, Electricity, etc.
Science has made our life easy. It has become an essential part
of our life. We cannot expect a life without electricity, mobile
phones, and various other things, which are very much helpful in
dealing with day to day life.
Science can help you in sleeping in terms of sleeping pills, and
wake you up with the help of an alarm, you can make your
breakfast on induction, take shower, drive your car to your office,
and etc. all are examples of the wonders of science. Many
things have been invented and many are in the queue. All these
things show how science has become an integral part of our life.
Life becomes easy with the help of science.

28. Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description
- looks into factual and scientific
characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible
* The writer stays away from emotional
impressions or responses and instead,
describes the scene as it is.

29. Examples
"On one corner of my dresser sits a smiling toy clown on a tiny
unicycle―a gift I received last Christmas from a close friend. The
clown's short yellow hair, made of yarn, covers its ears but is parted
above the eyes. The blue eyes are outlined in black with thin, dark
lashes flowing from the brows. It has cherry-red cheeks, nose, and
lips, and its broad grin disappears into the wide, white ruffle around
its neck. The clown wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. The left
side of the outfit is light blue, and the right side is red. The two colors
merge in a dark line that runs down the center of the small outfit.
Surrounding its ankles and disguising its long black shoes are big pink
bows. The white spokes on the wheels of the unicycle gather in the
center and expand to the black tire so that the wheel somewhat
resembles the inner half of a grapefruit. The clown and unicycle
together stand about a foot high. As a cherished gift from my good
friend Tran, this colorful figure greets me with a smile every time I
enter my room."

30. "My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped
blond guitar―the first instrument I taught myself how
to play. It's nothing fancy, just a Blond folk guitar, all
scuffed and scratched and fingerprinted. At the top is a
bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked
through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are
stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the
wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and
picking notes. The body of the Blond guitar is shaped
like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly
damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been
chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick
guard fell off years ago. No, it's not a beautiful
instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that
I will always treasure it."

31. 2. Subjective Description
-a sort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character
-also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.

32. Examples
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.

33. The major reason why I like mathematics is that I do not
have to memorize everything like a parrot like I have to
do in other subjects. To acquire good marks in
mathematics you just need to have sufficient mental
logic for the subject. This subject is also demanding in
various education fields. This is the only subject in which
you can score full marks and raise your overall
percentage.
The most amazing part of this subject is that you just
have to remember some formulas to solve the problems.
It is needless to say that mathematics is a very logical
subject and does not require any kind of boring memory
work like other subjects especially Geography & History.

34. Scientific innovations or technology is the most
amazing thing that has ever happened to humankind.
In this modern world, technology is no more a luxury; it
has become a necessity. Life without technology is
next to impossible since humans have become
dependent on technological advancements. For every
human activity, we need a machine, and then there
comes technology. It has made all our lives easier and
more convenient and has also made transportation,
education, labor, etc., more accessible. Technological
breakthroughs change from time to time in today’s fast-
paced, ever-changing world. However, in today’s world,
technology plays a critical role in strengthening a
country’s economy and people’s lives.

35. Writing Activity
Write a narrative text
about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give as much detail as
possible.

36. Rubri
c
Focu
s
30
％
Organizatio
n
Integration
25
％
25
％
Conventio
n
20％
100
％

37. Writing Activity
You are a writer of a travel
magazine. The editor of the magazine
asks you to write a travel article that
tells about a beautiful place where one
can spend a vacation. Your task is to
write a five-paragraph descriptive
article.

38. Rubri
c
Focu
s
30
％
Organizatio
n
Integration
25
％
25
％
Conventio
n
20％
100
％

39. N I E T I N W A
F D O R M E G
M E A N I N G

40. T F B U N E L
S M S R I K
I N F O R M

41. L A N P B U G T
O R I X E C S
E L A B O R A T E

42. T P L N O G I X E
I C H E U N B A N
E N L I G H T E N

43. T Y N C G I N M O
R O U E B R T V
C O N T R O V E R S Y

44. D E F I N I T I O N
inform
controversy

45. III. Definition
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc

46.  As the name suggests a
definition paragraph is a
paragraph that initiates with
the topic defining statement.
This statement can be followed
or supported by various events,
happenings, examples, or
details.

47. Varieties of Definition
1. Scientific Definition
- defines concepts in the most factual
way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts

48.  The topic is developed by defining a term
connected to the topic. Defining a term may be
divided into three (3) parts namely:
1. TERM- the word to be defined
2. GENUS- where the term belongs and be
classified
3. DIFFERENTIA OR DIFFERENTIATION-
includes the remaining parts and other information
revolving on the term that is defined. It also states
the factor that distinguishes an entity, state or class
from another

49.  A gene is a chemical unit of atomic proportions buried in
every living cell. It determines the structure of an
organism and frequently it's ways. It is capable of self
production, and is inheritable. The gene develops as the
determinants of life, in all probability, in the long
beginnings of Pre-Cambrian simplicity, but genes are
required to handle the complexities of higher animals.
And mutation is the abrupt change in the character of a
gene in a productive cell resulting in an abrupt and
usually disastrous change in the character of the
descendant organism. And while, one might think that
the change of a single gene among, say a thousand,
would have a small consequence, still is not so, for genes
modify the value of other genes.

50. 2. Subjective Definition
-defines the objects in a more personal
way
-usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
-often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting

51. The term could be emphasized by the
following:
1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin

52. Signal Words for
Definition
is defined as means to define
as defined refers to to illustrate

53. Examples
“Covid 19 or as we commonly known as
the Corona Virus is a disease that is
caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2.
The disease is infectious and can spread
rapidly. It is an airborne disease that
can just spread vividly. Symptoms of
this virus include fever, loss of taste and
smell, weakness, and many more. “

54.  An email refers to a non-tangible thing that you send
electronically to your recipient. An email is a digital mail
that one send to the recipient via the internet; hence
one does not require a stamp to send it. Due to
technological advances, one can send an email
anytime to any place, depending on the internet
connection. One does not require to wait for the post
office to open before sending it. Your role is to write the
draft, proofread the content and hit the send button.
The person sending this mail does not require a
postage stamp but rather the cost of internet access.
Email is the fastest way for communication which
several businesses use by only pushing a button.
Physical emailing is declining as email communication
is taking over rapidly.

55.  A racist is defined as a person who likes
discriminating against people by race or
outer appearance. Racism starts be one
raising a child and injecting negative
thoughts relating to personal reasons. For
instance, a racist’s family will radicalize the
kids hate other people of a different color. If
one visits a different country and encounters
discrimination based on race. Racism is a
vice that shows a form of hatred toward
certain people. Most racism uses mental
abuse, or they can extend it to injure you
physically.

56. D A V E S I T
O G I R C N I
C A T E G O R Y

57. A T S G N X A R L
E L E I T P O S M
E X A M P L E

58. I N T
I D A Y R L U O
E A Q C
C R I T E R I A

59. I L M G L K U F A
S TC A I N R H E T
I L L U S T R A T I O N

60. CLASSIFICATION
AND
EXEMPLIFICATION
criteria

61. IV.Classification and Exemplification
Classification
-divides things into groups, classes, or
categories
-organizes ideas into divisions based
on criteria or standards

62. Example
The whole Hindu population of India can be
divided into four castes or varna. The highest
of these castes is that of the Brahmans or
priests (Singh, 2002). The next highest is the
varna of the warriors, known as the
Kshatriya, or sometimes the Rajput caste
(Pashwar, 2004). Below this comes the
Vaishya or merchant caste and the lowest
caste is known as the Sudra caste (Singh,
2002). While castes are traditionally
associated with a type of occupation, in
modern India, occupations are not a reliable

63. Exemplification
-provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
-presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea

64. Signal Words for
Classification
another classifie
d as
one kind the
last
group
anothe
r
kind
final type the first
categor
y
the
next
part

65. Signal Words for
Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is
as an
exampl
e
in
other
words
put
anothe
r way
to be
specifi
c
consider
the
following
in particular specifically to clarify
for example in short stated
differentl
to illustrate

66. Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.

67. Writing Activity
(Individual)
Think of a favorite thing,
food or pet, etc.
Compose a one-
paragraph essay about it
using definition in
developing your
paragraph.

68. Writing Activity
(Group)
Task: You are a sales manager.A
customer sent you an e-mail asking about
the different types of products you sell.
You need to respond to the e-mail
indicating the classification of your
products. Your message must contain the
product's category and specific features.

69. M A U R D I N R
L LI E S C L A
S I M I L A R

70. F U S R T L E K N
O E I B C E D S
S
D I F F E R E N C E

71. A H U W E S D
O C Y R C T I
C H O I C E

72. M A U L I G T O
E P S E Y N C
E L E M E N T

73. COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST

74. V. Comparison and
Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one another
a.separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b.side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
comparison

75. Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the
same
way
similarly
as in a
similar
fashion
like to compare
both in
compariso
n
likewise

76. Signal Words for
Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as
oppos
ed to
even
thoug
h
nevertheless the
fact
remain
s
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the
contrar
whereas

77. Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small
and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is
much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is
hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around
other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie
will always stand his ground, never giving up until he
is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same
way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so
different in everything they do.

78. Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a film critic. You are to
write a comparative review of two
films of the same genre. Use the
comparison and contrast pattern of
text development in your review.

79. A X Y L N A P O
R C N I E U D
E X P L A I N

80. O R U N E F C O S
N T S E M C U Y
C O N S E Q U E N C E

81. E K C H
T A R B G I O L
U Q C
C R I T I C A L

82. N A S O R C P I O
S I C N E U T N L A
C O N N E C T I O N

83. A S N U T O L
F FE D R I C B
R E A S O N

84. N A F E
O I T Q Y H A R
S B L
F I S H B O N E

85. CAUSE AND
EFFECT
reason

86. VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something happens
or what results a particular event
produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause
b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

87. Signal Words for Cause
as for in view
of (the
fact)
owing
to (the
fact)
because
(of the
fact)
for the
reason
that
inasmuc
h as
seeing that
being that in that one reason since
due to
(the fact
that)

88. Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in
consequenc
e
so that
as a
consequenc
e
for
this
reaso
n
so therefore
as a
result
(of this)
hence so much
(so)
that
thus
becaus

89. Example
-The surface of the Earth is divided
into pieces called “tectonic plates.”
These plates move. When the
plates rub against each other, they
do not move smoothly. When the
plates do not move smoothly,
earthquakes result. Some parts of
the world get more earthquakes
than other parts. The parts of the
earth that get most earthquakes
are near the edges of these plates.

90. Writing Activity
(Group)
Typhoon Yolanda took the lives of
over 6,300 Filipinos and displaced
thousands of others. Write a text that
explains why there were so many
casualties even when they were warned
of a storm surge beforehand by the
officials. Use the cause and effect
pattern of development in writing.

91. O P T E M Y N U
N H C A G C L I
C O N C E R N

92. T U B N D A I
Q E X L C O
C A U S E

93. A T C I U N A M I
Y I B F O S L C E
S C I E N T I F I C

94. PROBLEM-
SOLUTION

95. VII. Problem-Solution
- focuses on either a problem
or solution in a particular area
or situation

96. Signal Words for Problem-
Solution
but the
proble
m
one
soluti
on is
first, second the
solutio
n
one way is
nonetheless one
reason

97. Example
-

98. Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a marketing manager. You are to
send business proposals to your clients about
a new product/service your company is
offering. Write the main text of the proposal
using the problem-solution pattern of
development. Your writing must be concise,
organized, and clear. Remember to use
language appropriate to your audience and
purpose. Use a professional tone and
positive words.

99. V
N
O
C I N
C
E
N A S O P N U Y
V D C E V E W I

100. L E R I M N Q
A E K M D C
I
A
L
C M

101. U
G
R
A M E
N
T
R I S
U Q E A G O R L
N T D P

102. D
I
V
E E N C
E
N C Y
E T A M I S O D I
N X E T

103. C I S E T U
F JB D A H
C
F A T

104. P E R S U A S I O N
fact

105. VIII. Persuasion
- convinces readers to agree to
an argument or claim about a
particular topic.

106. Signal Words for
Emphasizing a
Point
again in
that
case
to
emphasiz
e
truly
for
this
reaso
n
indeed to repeat with
this in
mind

107. Signal Words for Concluding
and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshel
l
all in all due to in
conclusio
n
on
the
whol
e
therefore
as a result finally in short since thus
as I in in in to

108. Signal Words for Conceding a
Point
admittedly it is
true
that
obviously true
assuredly needles
s to
say
of course undoubtedly
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably
granted

109. Example
-

110. Writing Activity
(G
roup)
You are an editor of a newpaper. You would
like to react strongly to a new government
policy in the editorial section of the
newspaper. Your editorial must contain a
well-supported argumentative thesis, and
counter-arguments for opposing viewpoints.
It must also encourage a certain course of
action. The criteria in assessing your
editorial are its appeal to the readers,
accuracy of information, and adherence to
the style and format.