writing

1. Whencanw
esaythe
te
xtis we-lll-written?
And whe
n it’sn
o
t
?
1

2. P
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
faw
e
l
l
-
w
r
i
t
t
e
nt
e
x
t

3. O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
:
3
 Identifythedifferentpropertiesof awell-
writtentext;
 Citetheimportanceof awell-written text;
and
 Createashortwell-written paragraph
employingthepropertiesof awell-
writtentext.

4. Organization
Simplyput,isthelogicalprogression and
completenessof ideasinatext.
1

5. A well-organized pieceof
writingsupportsreadersby
makingiteasyfor themto
follow.
5

6. Instructioninorganizationfocuses
ontwoareas:textstructures
specifictotheparticulargenreand
thecohesiveelementsthattie
clauses,sentences,andparagraphs
togetherintoacohesive whole.
6

7. T
e
x
ts
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
7
Isthe frameworkof atext’sbeginning,
middle,and end.
Different narratives and expositorygenres
havedifferent purposes and different audiences,
sotheyrequiredifferent text structures.
Beginningsandendingshelp linkthetextintoa
coherentwhole.

8. Thebeginningalsocalledthelead
orthehook,orientsthereaderto
thepurposeof thewritingby
introducingcharactersorsetting
(for narrative)orthetopic,thesis,or
argument(for expository writing).
8

9. Theorganizationof themiddleof a
pieceof writingdependsonthe
genre.Researchershaveidentified
fivebasicorganizationalstructures:
sequence,description,causeand
effect,compareandcontrast,and
problemsand solution.
9

10. Thetypeof endinganauthorchooses
dependsonhisorherpurpose.When the
purposeistoentertain,endingsmaybe
happyortragic,orasurpriseendingmay
provideatwist.Endingscanbecircular,
looping backtothebeginningsoreaders
endwheretheybegan,ortheycanleavethe
readerhanging,wishingfor more.
1
0

11. If narrativeandexpositorystructures
aretheframework,cohesiveelements
suchastransitionwordsaretheglue
thatholdsthesestructuralelements
together.Transitionwordsshowthe
relationshipbetweendifferent
sentencesand ideas.
1
1

12. T
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
nW
o
r
d
s
Spatial order
Timeorder
Numerical order
Cause/effect order
Comparison/contras
t order
General/specific
order
1
2

13. S
p
a
t
i
a
lo
r
d
e
r
1
3
Words usedindescriptive
writingtosignalspatial
relationships,suchasabove,
below,beside,nearby,beyond,
inside,and outside.

14. T
i
m
eo
r
d
e
r
1
4
Words usedinwritingnarratives,
andinstructionstosignalchronological
sequence,suchasbefore,after,first,
next,then,when,finally, while,as,
during,earlier,later,and meanwhile.

15. N
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
o
r
d
e
r
1
5
Words usedinexpositorywriting
tosignalorderof importance,suchas
first,second,also,finally, inaddition,
equally important,andmoreorless
important.

16. C
a
u
s
e
/
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
r
d
e
r
1
6
Words usedinexpositorywriting
tosignalcausalrelationships,suchas
because,since,for, soasresult,
consequently,thus,and hence.

17. C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
/
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
o
r
d
e
r
1
7
Words usedinexpositorywritingto
signalsimilaritiesanddifferences,suchas(for
similarities)also,additionally,justas,asif, as
though,like,andsimilarly;and(for
differences)but,yet,only,although, whereas,
incontrast,conversely
,however,ontheother
hand,rather,instead,inspiteof,and
nevertheless.

18. G
e
n
e
r
a
l
/
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
1
8
Words usedindescriptivereports
andargumentstosignalmorespecific
elaborationonanidea,suchasfor
example,suchas,like,namely,for
instance,thatis,infact,inotherwords,
and indeed.

19. and end?
1
9
hooks the reader?
 Does your piece have a clear beginning, middle,
 Does your piece have a strong beginning that
 Does your piece have a strong ending that fits the
focus?
 Are the ideas and actions connected toeach other?
beginning to end?
 Can your reader follow the piece logically from
 Is it complete? Does it feelfinished?
Guiding questions for the organizatio
n:

20. Coherence and
Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the connectivity in the
text. Coherencerefers to how easyit is to
understand the writing.
2

21. A textiscohesiveif itselementsare
linkedtogether.A textiscoherentif it
makessense.Cohesionisaformalfeature
of texts(it givesthemtheirtexture),while
coherenceis“intheeyeof thebeholder”–
thatistosay
,itistheextenttowhichthe
reader(or listener)isabletoinferthe
writer’scommunicativeintentions.
2
1

22. C
o
h
e
s
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
n
oc
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
2
2
“Myfavoritecolorisblue.Bluesportscars
goveryfast.Driving inthiswayis
dangerousandcancausemanycar
crashes.Ihadacaraccidentonceand
brokemyleg. IwasverysadbecauseIhad
tomissaholidayinEuropebecauseof the
injury.”

23. C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
n
oc
o
h
e
s
i
o
n
2
3
“Myfavoritecolorisblue.I’mcalmand
relaxed.InthesummerIlie onthe
grassandlook up.”

24. L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
As awriter,itisimportantnotonly tothink
aboutwhatyousaybuthowyousayit.
3

25. Onemustalsothinkaboutthestyle,tone,
andclarityof his/her writing,andadapt
theseelementstothereading audience.
InorderTochoosethemosteffective
language,thewritermustconsiderthe
objectiveof thedocument,thecontextin
whichitisbeingwritten,andwhowill be
reading it.
2
5

26. C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
el
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
1. Concrete and
SpecificLanguage
2.Concise
Language
3.Familiar
Language
PreciseandClear
Language
Constructive
Language
2
6

27. C
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
a
n
d
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
2
7
ConcreteLanguageincludes
descriptionsthatcreatetangible
imageswithdetailsthereadercan
visualize.

28. C
o
n
c
i
s
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
2
8
A hallmarkof effective
writingistheabilitytoexpressthe
desiredmessageinasfewwords
aspossible.

29. F
A
M
I
L
I
A
R
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
2
9
Familiarlanguageisthatwhich
thereaderseasilyrecognizeand
understandbecausetheyuseitona
regularbasis.

30. P
r
e
c
i
s
e
a
n
d
c
l
e
a
rl
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
3
0
Theuseof appropriate
languageisatrickymatter
becausethemeaningof wordsis
relativeand situational.

31. C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
v
el
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
3
1
Constructivelanguage
phrasesapotentiallynegative
messageinapositive way
.

32. Mechanics
Mechanicsis the term weuseto describe the
technicalaspectsof writing,suchas spelling,
punctuation,capitalization, etc.
4

33. Parts of speech
3
3
Knowingthepartsof speech,usingthem
correctly
,andunderstandinghowtheyrelateto
oneanotherisanimportantearlystepin
creatingstrongwritingskills.Fromnounsand
verbstoprepositionsandconjunctions,each
partof speechplaysakeyroleinsentence
structureandclarityof thought.

34. Capitalization
3
4
Inaworld of lowercase
texting,learningproper
capitalizationtakesonawhole
newmeaning.

35. Grammar
3
5
Grammarnotonly affectsour
clarity,butalsocanaddauthority,
enhancemeaning,andcreateamore
sophisticatedvoice.

36. Punctuation
3
6
Punctuationsaremarkssuchasperiods
(.), questionmarks(?),exclamationpoints(!),
commas(,), apostrophes(‘), quotationmarks
(“”), semi-colons(;), andcolons(:). When used
correctly
,theymakewritinglookmore
organizedandeasiertoreadandunderstand.
Theytell youhowtoreadalineandwhereto
pauseor breathe.

37. Spelling
3
7
Misspelledwordsshouldbe
avoidedwhenwritinganyformof
text.

38. Guiding questions for conventions
3
8
 Are yoursentences complete?
 Doesyourpiecedemonstratestandard usage?
 Are all yourwordsused correctly?
 Are punctuation,capitalization,spelling, and
paragraphsusedcorrectlyinyour piece?
 Haveyouusedcapitalletters for thefirstwordina
sentenceandproper nouns?
 Haveyouusedparagraphs appropriately?

39. 8
9
,
5
2
6
,
1
2
4
Whoa! That’sabig number,aren’tyou proud?
3
9

40. 8
9
,
5
2
6
,
1
2
4
$
That’salot of money
1
0
0
Totalsuccess!
4
0
1
8
5
,
2
4
4u
s
e
r
s
And alot of users

41. a
s
s
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
Thispresentationusesthefollowing typographies:
✗ Titles:AmaticSC
✗ Bodycopy: Nunito
Download for freeat:
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/amatic
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/nunito
Y
oudon’tneedtokeepthisslideinyourpresentation.It’sonly heretoserveyouasa
designguideif youneedtocreatenewslidesordownloadthefontstoeditthe
presentationin PowerPoint®
4
1

42. Free templates for all your presentationneeds
Ready to use,
professionaland
customizable
1
0
0
%free for
personal or
commercial use
Blow your audience
away with attractive
visuals
For PowerPointand
Google Slides