This document discusses quality control and quality assurance in road construction. It outlines the quality control processes used by the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), including testing of materials like cement, sand, metal and bitumen. It describes the BBMP's in-house laboratory and empaneled external laboratories. It differentiates between quality control tests done by contractors and quality assurance tests done by owners to ensure specifications are met. Key aspects of quality control during construction include material testing, density testing, and ensuring specifications are followed. Modern equipment used for quality control testing is also shown.
The document discusses quality control and quality assurance procedures for road construction projects undertaken by the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). It details the existing quality control wing in BBMP and empaneled external laboratories for materials testing. It emphasizes the importance of quality control tests on materials and construction processes to ensure good quality roads. Different types of tests required for various construction materials and activities are listed along with their minimum frequency of testing. Acceptance criteria for density of embankments and subgrade are also specified.
This document summarizes the quality control processes at an RMC plant in Islampur, India. It describes the plant specifications including a production capacity of 30 cubic meters and equipment like automatic batching plants and transit trucks. It then details the extensive quality control tests conducted on raw materials like aggregates, fly ash, and water on a weekly basis. Tests are also done on fresh and hardened concrete for properties like slump, unit weight, and compressive strength. A quality control checklist is provided to ensure best practices for storing materials like cement, aggregates, and water.
- Construction and demolition waste in India is estimated at 10-12 million tonnes annually, with concrete making up 23-35% of total waste. In Chennai and Coimbatore, 2500 and 92 tonnes of construction waste are generated daily, respectively.
- Recycled concrete has potential for reuse but current applications are limited and represent downcycling. This project investigates mixing recycled demolition waste with conventional materials to produce extra volume of concrete economically and sustainably.
- Concrete mixes with 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement of demolition waste were tested for compressive strength and durability. Results showed strength was maintained or improved with 25% replacement, representing cost savings over conventional concrete.
This document discusses concrete mix design and methods of mix design. It begins by explaining nominal mix and design mix concrete. Nominal mix uses fixed ingredient ratios while design mix calculates proportions to achieve needed strength. Several methods of concrete mix design are listed, including Indian standard, ACI, and IRC methods. Data required for mix proportioning is provided, such as grade, aggregate size, cement content, water-cement ratio, workability, and exposure conditions. Steps in concrete mix design involve determining material properties, selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, and volumes of ingredients to achieve the design mix. Trial mixes are made and tested to finalize the design mix.
This document summarizes research on utilizing waste materials in concrete. It discusses how concrete is the second most consumed substance after water. Using recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash can reduce the environmental impact. Studies found that replacing up to 20% of materials with recycled aggregates and fly ash achieved similar or higher compressive strengths compared to normal concrete. The document outlines experimental methods to test properties of concrete mixes containing various percentages of replacements. It concludes that waste materials can replace up to 20% of materials without significantly compromising concrete strength.
ujwal PPT is the best ppt i have seen pleaseyk3372013
This internship presentation summarizes Ujwal Uttarkar's work at the Centre of Ash Utilization Technology and Environment Conservation (CASHUTEC) in Shaktinagar. It includes:
1. A visit to CASHUTEC's production unit, which produces over 40 types of pre-cast, fly ash-based construction materials.
2. A workshop on geopolymer concrete, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional concrete that uses an organic polymer instead of cement.
3. Tests conducted on aggregates used in construction, including sieve analysis, crushing tests, impact tests, and abrasion tests.
4. Plans for a regional training centre building to be constructed using
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The presentation summarizes a study on improving the stability of cold mix asphalt by adding polyfibre.
2) The objectives are to determine the optimum fibre content and evaluate the physical properties of aggregate, fibre and emulsion materials.
3) The methodology involves material selection, physical property tests, Marshall compaction tests to find optimum binder and fibre contents, and analysis to draw conclusions.
The document discusses quality control and quality assurance procedures for road construction projects undertaken by the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). It details the existing quality control wing in BBMP and empaneled external laboratories for materials testing. It emphasizes the importance of quality control tests on materials and construction processes to ensure good quality roads. Different types of tests required for various construction materials and activities are listed along with their minimum frequency of testing. Acceptance criteria for density of embankments and subgrade are also specified.
This document summarizes the quality control processes at an RMC plant in Islampur, India. It describes the plant specifications including a production capacity of 30 cubic meters and equipment like automatic batching plants and transit trucks. It then details the extensive quality control tests conducted on raw materials like aggregates, fly ash, and water on a weekly basis. Tests are also done on fresh and hardened concrete for properties like slump, unit weight, and compressive strength. A quality control checklist is provided to ensure best practices for storing materials like cement, aggregates, and water.
- Construction and demolition waste in India is estimated at 10-12 million tonnes annually, with concrete making up 23-35% of total waste. In Chennai and Coimbatore, 2500 and 92 tonnes of construction waste are generated daily, respectively.
- Recycled concrete has potential for reuse but current applications are limited and represent downcycling. This project investigates mixing recycled demolition waste with conventional materials to produce extra volume of concrete economically and sustainably.
- Concrete mixes with 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement of demolition waste were tested for compressive strength and durability. Results showed strength was maintained or improved with 25% replacement, representing cost savings over conventional concrete.
This document discusses concrete mix design and methods of mix design. It begins by explaining nominal mix and design mix concrete. Nominal mix uses fixed ingredient ratios while design mix calculates proportions to achieve needed strength. Several methods of concrete mix design are listed, including Indian standard, ACI, and IRC methods. Data required for mix proportioning is provided, such as grade, aggregate size, cement content, water-cement ratio, workability, and exposure conditions. Steps in concrete mix design involve determining material properties, selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, and volumes of ingredients to achieve the design mix. Trial mixes are made and tested to finalize the design mix.
This document summarizes research on utilizing waste materials in concrete. It discusses how concrete is the second most consumed substance after water. Using recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash can reduce the environmental impact. Studies found that replacing up to 20% of materials with recycled aggregates and fly ash achieved similar or higher compressive strengths compared to normal concrete. The document outlines experimental methods to test properties of concrete mixes containing various percentages of replacements. It concludes that waste materials can replace up to 20% of materials without significantly compromising concrete strength.
ujwal PPT is the best ppt i have seen pleaseyk3372013
This internship presentation summarizes Ujwal Uttarkar's work at the Centre of Ash Utilization Technology and Environment Conservation (CASHUTEC) in Shaktinagar. It includes:
1. A visit to CASHUTEC's production unit, which produces over 40 types of pre-cast, fly ash-based construction materials.
2. A workshop on geopolymer concrete, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional concrete that uses an organic polymer instead of cement.
3. Tests conducted on aggregates used in construction, including sieve analysis, crushing tests, impact tests, and abrasion tests.
4. Plans for a regional training centre building to be constructed using
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The presentation summarizes a study on improving the stability of cold mix asphalt by adding polyfibre.
2) The objectives are to determine the optimum fibre content and evaluate the physical properties of aggregate, fibre and emulsion materials.
3) The methodology involves material selection, physical property tests, Marshall compaction tests to find optimum binder and fibre contents, and analysis to draw conclusions.
The document provides information on concrete mix design, including the objectives and factors governing mix design. It discusses statistical quality control and acceptance criteria for concrete testing. It also describes different concrete mix design methods according to Indian standards and ACI, including the required tables and steps for mix design. Mix designs are provided for M30 concrete using normal aggregates and with fly ash as a replacement.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
The document discusses the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It describes workability, segregation, and bleeding as important fresh properties. Workability is affected by water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape. The slump cone test and compaction factor test are described for measuring workability. Hardened properties discussed include compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. The compression test, flexural strength test, and stress-strain relationship determination are described for evaluating hardened properties.
Dr. S. RAVIRAJ introduces various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for evaluating concrete structures, including rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, rebar location testing, and corrosion analysis testing. He describes the testing principles, equipment used, factors influencing results, and applications and limitations of these common NDT methods. NDT methods can detect issues like cracks, voids, reinforcement location and cover concrete thickness without harming the structure.
This document discusses sustainability in road construction. It notes that road construction requires large amounts of materials like aggregates and fuel for transportation and production, which causes high energy consumption and emissions. It also causes issues with waste generation from old pavements. The document then discusses different techniques for pavement maintenance and rehabilitation like reconstruction, overlaying, and recycling. It focuses on full depth recycling (FDR) techniques, providing details on the suitability of roads, types of binders used, the construction process, and mix design process for FDR using cement or bitumen stabilization. FDR can help reduce material consumption and waste generation compared to other techniques.
Effect of the use of crumb rubber in conventional bitumen on the marshall sta...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s era, solid waste management is the thrust area. Out of this various waste materials, plastic waste, tyre waste and municipal solid waste are of great concern. On the other side, the road traffic is increasing. The traffic intensity isalso increasing. The load bearing capacities of the road are to be increased. Our present work is helping to take care of both these aspects.Plastic waste, consisting of carry bags, cups, thermocoles, etc. can be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated stone can be used for road construction. Secondly the waste tires are powdered and the powder is blended with bitumen and this blend is used along with plastic coated aggregate. The mix polymer coated aggregate and tyre modified bitumen have shown higher strength. Use of this mix for road construction helps to use both plastics waste and tyre waste.Stone aggregate is coated with the molten waste plastics. The coating of plastics reduces the porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness.The polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix forms better material for flexible pavement construction as the mix shows higher Marshall Stability value and suitable Marshall Coefficient. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result.Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) is hydrocarbon binder obtained through physical and chemical interaction of crumb rubber (produced by recycling of used tires) with bitumen and some specific additives. The Flextal range of CRMB offers binders which are stable and easy to handle with enhanced performances.( www.total.co.in)[1] Keywords:CRMB, Pavement, Bitumen, Crumb Rubber, and Marshall Stability Value
Project Report on Concrete Mix Design of Grade M35Gyan Prakash
This document provides a project report on the concrete mix design for grade M-35 concrete. It includes an introduction to concrete mix design objectives and considerations. It then describes the Indian Standard method for mix design in six steps: 1) selecting target compressive strength, 2) selecting water-cement ratio, 3) estimating air content, 4) selecting water content and fine-coarse aggregate ratio, 5) calculating cement content, and 6) calculating aggregate content. The report also includes test results for materials and mixes.
Strengthening of concrete columns made from recycled concrete aggregatenada khaled
This document summarizes a civil engineering project on strengthening recycled concrete columns with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). It includes a literature review on recycled concrete aggregates and FRP strengthening techniques. An experimental program involved testing recycled and natural aggregates, designing concrete mixes, casting concrete columns, and strengthening columns with FRP. Columns were strengthened with full, half, and strip FRP wrapping. Testing showed that columns with half and strip wrapping achieved higher load capacities than the control column, demonstrating FRP is effective for strengthening recycled concrete columns.
This document discusses quality control of ready mixed concrete. Ready mixed concrete has better quality than site mixed concrete due to sophisticated batching equipment and quality control testing of materials. Materials like cement, aggregates, fly ash, slag and admixtures are tested according to Indian standards to ensure quality. Properties of fresh concrete like workability and cohesiveness are also controlled. Maintaining quality is important as ready mixed concrete is widely used in construction for its consistency, speed of construction, and reduced waste.
Sampling of cement ,Consistency test no cement ,Initial and final setting tim...Mayur Rahangdale
This document discusses sampling and testing of cement. It explains that sampling is important to ensure quality of construction materials like cement. It describes different types of sampling for cement including process inspection, lot inspection, and sampling from conveyors, bulk storage, ships, wagons and bags. It provides details on the procedures and equipment used for each sampling method. The document also discusses various tests conducted on cement samples in the lab and field to check properties like consistency, setting time, strength, soundness and composition. Specific test methods like the consistency test and determination of setting times are explained in detail.
Concrete is a versatile building material that is strong, durable, and resistant to fire and corrosion. It is made by mixing cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water. As the cement hydrates, it hardens and binds the aggregates together. The document discusses the properties of concrete's constituent materials and how they affect the properties of hardened concrete, such as strength, permeability, thermal properties, and cracking. It also covers quality assurance measures like quality control plans, testing, and audits to ensure high quality concrete construction.
This document provides an overview of ready mix concrete (RMC), including its materials, equipment, mixing process, tests, mix design, merits and demerits, and operational aspects. The key points are:
- RMC is concrete that is manufactured in a batching plant, mixed either fully or partially in a truck, and delivered to a worksite for placement. This avoids issues with site-mixed concrete like quality control and speed of construction.
- The main materials in RMC are aggregates, cement, water, and sometimes admixtures. Equipment includes batching plants, transit mixers, and boom placers. Mixing can be done fully in transit mixers or partially in plants then trucks.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
This document discusses viscosity testing for bitumen used in road pavements. It defines viscosity as the resistance to flow and explains that viscosity testing determines the consistency and strength of bitumen at different temperatures. The document outlines different types of viscometers used to measure the time required for bitumen to flow through an orifice at standardized temperatures, and how the results are interpreted to select bitumen with an appropriate viscosity for use in road construction and maintenance.
This document discusses asphalt binder characterization and specifications. It describes traditional tests like penetration, softening point, and viscosity tests. It also describes performance grade tests from the Superpave system like rotational viscometer, dynamic shear rheometer, bending beam rheometer, and direct tension tests. The document discusses classifying asphalt cement based on penetration, viscosity, aged viscosity, and performance. It also explains viscosity graded and viscosity after aging graded specifications, describing specifications for grades like AC and AR.
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design.
The document discusses concrete mix design according to the IS method. It covers objectives of mix design such as achieving desired strength, workability and durability economically. Basic considerations like cost, specifications, workability, strength and durability are explained. Factors influencing mix design choice like grade of concrete, type of cement, aggregate size and grading, water-cement ratio, workability and durability are outlined. Nominal and design mixes are compared. The IS method of mix design is then described which involves specifying a target average compressive strength based on the characteristic strength and standard deviation.
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
The document provides information on concrete mix design, including the objectives and factors governing mix design. It discusses statistical quality control and acceptance criteria for concrete testing. It also describes different concrete mix design methods according to Indian standards and ACI, including the required tables and steps for mix design. Mix designs are provided for M30 concrete using normal aggregates and with fly ash as a replacement.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
The document discusses the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It describes workability, segregation, and bleeding as important fresh properties. Workability is affected by water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape. The slump cone test and compaction factor test are described for measuring workability. Hardened properties discussed include compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. The compression test, flexural strength test, and stress-strain relationship determination are described for evaluating hardened properties.
Dr. S. RAVIRAJ introduces various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for evaluating concrete structures, including rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, rebar location testing, and corrosion analysis testing. He describes the testing principles, equipment used, factors influencing results, and applications and limitations of these common NDT methods. NDT methods can detect issues like cracks, voids, reinforcement location and cover concrete thickness without harming the structure.
This document discusses sustainability in road construction. It notes that road construction requires large amounts of materials like aggregates and fuel for transportation and production, which causes high energy consumption and emissions. It also causes issues with waste generation from old pavements. The document then discusses different techniques for pavement maintenance and rehabilitation like reconstruction, overlaying, and recycling. It focuses on full depth recycling (FDR) techniques, providing details on the suitability of roads, types of binders used, the construction process, and mix design process for FDR using cement or bitumen stabilization. FDR can help reduce material consumption and waste generation compared to other techniques.
Effect of the use of crumb rubber in conventional bitumen on the marshall sta...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s era, solid waste management is the thrust area. Out of this various waste materials, plastic waste, tyre waste and municipal solid waste are of great concern. On the other side, the road traffic is increasing. The traffic intensity isalso increasing. The load bearing capacities of the road are to be increased. Our present work is helping to take care of both these aspects.Plastic waste, consisting of carry bags, cups, thermocoles, etc. can be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated stone can be used for road construction. Secondly the waste tires are powdered and the powder is blended with bitumen and this blend is used along with plastic coated aggregate. The mix polymer coated aggregate and tyre modified bitumen have shown higher strength. Use of this mix for road construction helps to use both plastics waste and tyre waste.Stone aggregate is coated with the molten waste plastics. The coating of plastics reduces the porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness.The polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix forms better material for flexible pavement construction as the mix shows higher Marshall Stability value and suitable Marshall Coefficient. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result.Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) is hydrocarbon binder obtained through physical and chemical interaction of crumb rubber (produced by recycling of used tires) with bitumen and some specific additives. The Flextal range of CRMB offers binders which are stable and easy to handle with enhanced performances.( www.total.co.in)[1] Keywords:CRMB, Pavement, Bitumen, Crumb Rubber, and Marshall Stability Value
Project Report on Concrete Mix Design of Grade M35Gyan Prakash
This document provides a project report on the concrete mix design for grade M-35 concrete. It includes an introduction to concrete mix design objectives and considerations. It then describes the Indian Standard method for mix design in six steps: 1) selecting target compressive strength, 2) selecting water-cement ratio, 3) estimating air content, 4) selecting water content and fine-coarse aggregate ratio, 5) calculating cement content, and 6) calculating aggregate content. The report also includes test results for materials and mixes.
Strengthening of concrete columns made from recycled concrete aggregatenada khaled
This document summarizes a civil engineering project on strengthening recycled concrete columns with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). It includes a literature review on recycled concrete aggregates and FRP strengthening techniques. An experimental program involved testing recycled and natural aggregates, designing concrete mixes, casting concrete columns, and strengthening columns with FRP. Columns were strengthened with full, half, and strip FRP wrapping. Testing showed that columns with half and strip wrapping achieved higher load capacities than the control column, demonstrating FRP is effective for strengthening recycled concrete columns.
This document discusses quality control of ready mixed concrete. Ready mixed concrete has better quality than site mixed concrete due to sophisticated batching equipment and quality control testing of materials. Materials like cement, aggregates, fly ash, slag and admixtures are tested according to Indian standards to ensure quality. Properties of fresh concrete like workability and cohesiveness are also controlled. Maintaining quality is important as ready mixed concrete is widely used in construction for its consistency, speed of construction, and reduced waste.
Sampling of cement ,Consistency test no cement ,Initial and final setting tim...Mayur Rahangdale
This document discusses sampling and testing of cement. It explains that sampling is important to ensure quality of construction materials like cement. It describes different types of sampling for cement including process inspection, lot inspection, and sampling from conveyors, bulk storage, ships, wagons and bags. It provides details on the procedures and equipment used for each sampling method. The document also discusses various tests conducted on cement samples in the lab and field to check properties like consistency, setting time, strength, soundness and composition. Specific test methods like the consistency test and determination of setting times are explained in detail.
Concrete is a versatile building material that is strong, durable, and resistant to fire and corrosion. It is made by mixing cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water. As the cement hydrates, it hardens and binds the aggregates together. The document discusses the properties of concrete's constituent materials and how they affect the properties of hardened concrete, such as strength, permeability, thermal properties, and cracking. It also covers quality assurance measures like quality control plans, testing, and audits to ensure high quality concrete construction.
This document provides an overview of ready mix concrete (RMC), including its materials, equipment, mixing process, tests, mix design, merits and demerits, and operational aspects. The key points are:
- RMC is concrete that is manufactured in a batching plant, mixed either fully or partially in a truck, and delivered to a worksite for placement. This avoids issues with site-mixed concrete like quality control and speed of construction.
- The main materials in RMC are aggregates, cement, water, and sometimes admixtures. Equipment includes batching plants, transit mixers, and boom placers. Mixing can be done fully in transit mixers or partially in plants then trucks.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
This document discusses viscosity testing for bitumen used in road pavements. It defines viscosity as the resistance to flow and explains that viscosity testing determines the consistency and strength of bitumen at different temperatures. The document outlines different types of viscometers used to measure the time required for bitumen to flow through an orifice at standardized temperatures, and how the results are interpreted to select bitumen with an appropriate viscosity for use in road construction and maintenance.
This document discusses asphalt binder characterization and specifications. It describes traditional tests like penetration, softening point, and viscosity tests. It also describes performance grade tests from the Superpave system like rotational viscometer, dynamic shear rheometer, bending beam rheometer, and direct tension tests. The document discusses classifying asphalt cement based on penetration, viscosity, aged viscosity, and performance. It also explains viscosity graded and viscosity after aging graded specifications, describing specifications for grades like AC and AR.
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design.
The document discusses concrete mix design according to the IS method. It covers objectives of mix design such as achieving desired strength, workability and durability economically. Basic considerations like cost, specifications, workability, strength and durability are explained. Factors influencing mix design choice like grade of concrete, type of cement, aggregate size and grading, water-cement ratio, workability and durability are outlined. Nominal and design mixes are compared. The IS method of mix design is then described which involves specifying a target average compressive strength based on the characteristic strength and standard deviation.
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
ppt1.pptx
1. Quality Control & Quality
Assurance In Road Construction
1
By
Superintending Engineer,
TVCC,
BBMP
2. BBMP Quality Control :
➢Several lakhs of rupees being spent for Infrastructure
and other Improvement works in BBMP.
➢In order to ensure quality of works a full fledged,
well equipped in house laboratory is necessary.
➢Presently the BBMP has a quality control wing
constituting EE’s , AEE’s & AE’s.
➢The quality control lab is equipped for testing
cement, sand, metal, bitumen, bituminous mix, etc.,
➢The field Engineers shall make use of BBMP quality
control lab to ensure good quality works.
2
3. Emplaned Laboratories in BBMP
➢The BBMP has empanelled consultants / firms
having material testing laboratories.
➢The agency has to make its own arrangement to
convey the samples to the laboratories for testing .
3
4. ❖ Quality Control
• Tests Necessary to Control a Product
• Determine Quality of Product being
Produced
• Performed by Contractor
4
5. ❖ Quality Assurance
• Tests Necessary to Make a Decision on
Acceptance
• Ensure Product being Evaluated is What
the owner Specified
• Performed by Owner
5
6. Quality Control vs. Quality Assurance
•Quality Control (QC) = The contractors system in place during the
construction to manage, control and document his activities in order to
comply with contract requirements
• Quality Assurance (QA) = The Governments system in place to monitor
the Quality Control efforts of the contractor
6
High Quality
Finished Road
QC + QA =
7. 3 Phases of Contractor Quality Control
A PR MA Y J U N J U L A U G S EP O C T N O V
C l e a r a n d G r u b
Ex c a v a t I o n
S u b - b a s e
B a s e P r e p.
Preparatory
Phase Start-up
Phase Production
Phase
7
8. 3 Phases of Contractor Quality Control
What is involved?
Preparatory Phase
•Review Plans and Specs
•Verify submittal approval
•Check preliminary work
•Examine materials
•Discuss construction methods
•Review Safety
•Coordinate surveying and staking work
Start-up Phase
•Establish quality required
•Resolve conflicts
•Ensure testing is performed
•Establish detailed testing schedule based
on production schedule
•Review Safety
Production Phase
•Ensure Contract Compliance
•Conduct intermittent or continuous inspections to identify and correct
deficiencies
•Inspect completed phases before scheduled Government acceptance
•Ensure Testing reports are submitted
•Ensure rework is completed
8
10. ❖ Requirements
• Ensure Quality
• Create Durable National Assets
• Grossly Inadequate for Present day Needs
10
11. ❖ Advantages
• Improved Quality
• Uniformity
• Economic Utilisation of Materials
• Reduction in User Cost
• Extra Cost – Fraction of Resulting Benefits
• ½ to 1% of Construction Cost
• Economic Return – 5 – 10% of Total Construction Cost
11
12. ❖ Pre-requisites
• Provision for Quality Control in Construction,
Specification and Estimates
• Adequately Trained Staff
• Adequate Equipment
• Periodic Appraisal of the QC Data
• Updating of Knowledge by On-job Training
12
13. ❖ Quality Control In Road Construction
• Control of Materials
• Test Procedure
• Frequency and Extent of Testing
• Acceptance Criteria
• Equipment Type & its Calibration
• Recording of Test Results
• Training for QC
13
14. ❖ Quality Control Test
• Individual Materials
O Soil, Gravel, Aggregate, Binder
• Mixes
O Gradation of Aggregates, Mix Proportion, Mixed Design
Properties
• During Construction Process
O Spreading
O Segregation
O Temperature – Mixing, Laying, Rolling
14
15. ❖ Quality Control Test
• Test on Compacted Layer
O Mixed Proportion (Unbound Layers)
O Density
O Mix proportion and Gradation (bound layers after extraction)
• Finished Surface
O Longitudinal Profile
O Transverse Profile
O Cross Slope
O Texture
15
16. ❖Tests On Borrow Materials Of embankment/subgrade
Test Min. Desirable Frequency
Gradation/ Sand Content 1-2 Tests per 8000 m3 of Soil
Plasticity Index 1-2 Tests per 8000 m3 of Soil
Standard Proctor Test 1-2 Tests per 8000 m3 of Soil
CBR on a set of 3 One Test per 3000 m3
Specimens
Deleterious Constituents As Required
Natural Moisture Content One Test per 250 m3 of Soil
16
17. ❖ Density Requirements Of Embankments And
Subgrade
Not less than 16.0 kN/cu.m
Not less than 15.2 kN/cu.m
Embankments upto 3 metres
height, not subjected to
extensive flooding
Not less than 17.5 kN/cu.m
Subgrade and earthern
shoulders/ verges/backfill
Embankments exceeding 3
metres height or
embankments of any height
subject to long periods of
inundation
17
18. ❖ Compaction Requirements For Embankment
And Subgrade
Not less than 97
Subgrade and Earthen
Shoulders
Relative Compaction as %
of MDD
Type of Work/ Material
Subgrade and 500 mm
portion just below the
subgrade
Not Allowed
Remaining Portion of
Embankment
Not Less than 90
18
Embankments Not less than 95
Expansive Clays:
19. ❖ Frequency of Compaction Tests
One test for every 250 m3 of soil
subject to min. of 4 tests/day
Moisture Content prior to
compaction
Frequency (min)
Particulars
(a) Body of embankment At least one test per 1,000 m2 for
each layer
(b) Subgrade and shoulders At least one test per 500 m2 for each
layer
Degree of compaction
Regularly
Thickness of layer
19
21. ❖ Acceptance Criteria
Control should be based on the mean value of a
set of 5-10 density measurement.
The criteria for acceptance shall be subject to
the condition that the MEAN DENSITY is not
less than the specified density plus:
times the standard deviation
21
(No. of samples)0.5
1.65
1.65 −
22. ❖ Granular Sub-base
Gradation One test per 200 m3
Atternberg limits One test per 200 m3
Moisture Content prior to One test per 250 m3
Compaction
Density of Compacted One test per 500 m2
Layer
Deleterious Constituents As Required
CBR As Required
22
23. ❖ Lime/ Cement Stabilised Soil Sub-base
Quality of Lime/ Cement One Test for Each
Consignment Subject to a
Minimum of one Test per 5
Tonnes
Lime/Cement Content Regularly, through Procedural
Checks
Degree of Pulverisation 1-2 Tests per 8000 m3 of Soil
CBR or UCC As Required
Density One Test per 500 m2
23
24. ❖Physical Requirements Of Coarse Aggregates For
Water Bound Macadam For Sub-base/base Courses
40 percent (Max.)
Requirements
T
est
Los Angeles Abrasion
Value
30 percent (Max.)
Combined Flakiness
and Elongation Indices
30 percent (Max.)
or Aggregate Impact
Value
24
25. ❖ Water Bound Macadam
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 200 m3 of
Aggregate
Grading One Test per 100 m3
Flakiness Index and
Elongation Index
One Test per 200 m3 of
Aggregate
Attenberg Limits of Binding
Material
One Test per 25 m3 of
Binding Material
Attenberg Limits of Portion
of Aggregate passing 425
micron sieve
One Test per 100 cubic
Metre of Aggregate
25
26. ❖ Wet Mix Macadam
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 200 m3 of
Aggregate
Grading One Test per 100 m3 of
Aggregate
Flakiness and Elongation
Index
One Test per 200 m3 of
Aggregate
Attenberg Limits of Portion
of Aggregate passing 425
micron sieve
One Test per 100 m3 of
Aggregate
Density of Compacted
Layer
One Test per 500 m3
26
27. ❖ Prime Coat / Tack Coat
Quality of Binder Two Samples lot to be
subjected to all or some Tests
as Directed by the Engineer
Binder Temperature for
Application
At Regular Close Intervals
Rate of Spread of Binder Two Tests per Day
27
28. ❖ Surface Dressing
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 50 m3 of
Aggregate
- do -
28
Flakiness Index and
Elongation Index
Stripping Value of
Aggregates
3 specimens per source
Water Absorption of
Aggregates
- do -
Grading of Aggregates One Test per 25 m3 of
Aggregates
29. ❖ Open-graded Premix Carpet/ Mix-seal
Surfacing
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot to be
Subjected to all or some tests as
Directed by Engineer
One test per 50 m3 of Aggregates
- do -
29
Aggregate Impact
Value
FI and EI of
Aggregates
Stripping value 3 specimens per source
- do -
Water Absorption of
Aggregates
Grading of Aggregates One Test per 25 m3 of Aggregates
30. ❖ Physical Requirements Of Aggregates For
Bituminous Macadam
40 % Max.
Los Angeles Abrasion
Value
Requirement
T
est
30
2 % Max.
Water Absorption
12 % Max.
Soundness
30 % Max.
Coating and Stripping of
Bitumen Aggregate
Mixtures
30 % Max.
FI and EI
31. ❖ Bituminous Macadam
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot to be
subjected to all or some tests as
directed by the Engineer
Aggregate Impact
Value
One Test per 50 m3 of Aggregate
31
FI and EI of
Aggregates
- do -
Stripping Value 3 specimens per source
Grading of
Aggregates
Two Tests per day per plant both on
the individual constituents and
mixed aggregates from the dryer
32. ❖ Bituminous Penetration Macadam/ Built-up
Spray Grout
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot to be
subjected to all or some tests
as directed by the Engineer
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 200 m3 of
Aggregate
32
FI and EI of Aggregates - do -
Stripping Value 3 specimens per source
Aggregate Grading One Test per 100 m3 of
aggregate
Temp. of Binder at
Application
At regular Close Intervals
33. Requirements For Semi-dense Bituminous
Concrete Mix
33
Not less than 4.0
percent
Binder Content, percent by weight
of mix
65-75
PercentageAir Voids in Mineral
aggregates filled with Bitumen
(VFB)
Marshall Stability 820 kg (1800 lbs) Min.
Marshall Flow 2-4
Percent Air Voids in Mix 3-5
Percent Air Voids in Mineral 13-15
Aggregate (VMA) Minimum
34. ❖ Dense Bituminous Madacam/ Semi Dense
Bituminous Concrete/ Bituminous Concrete
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot to be
subjected to all or some tests
as directed by the Engineer
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 50 m3 of
Aggregate
F I and E I of Aggregates One Test per 50 m3 of
Aggregate
Stripping Value 3 Specimens per Source
Water Absorption of
Aggregates
- do -
Water Sensitivity of mix As Required for BC
34
35. ❖Requirements Of Bituminous Concrete Mix
Min. VMAPercent related to
DesignAir Voids, %
3-5
PercentAir voids in Mix
2 - 4
Marshall Flow
900 kg Min.
Marshall Stability
1.5 % Max. LAV
Swell Test
Water Sensitivity
5- 6 (50-65 mm thick)
5 - 7 (30-45 mm thick)
Min. 75 % Retained Strength
Binder content percent by weight
of total mix
65 - 75
PercentAirvoids in Mineral
Aggregates filled by Bitumen
(VFB)
3.0 - 10-14 %
4.0 - 11-15%
5.0 - 12-16 %
35
36. ❖ Testing Of Asphalt Mixes
■ Aggregate gradation
■ Asphalt content
■ Temperature
■ Theoretical maximum density
■ In-place density
■ Smoothness
■ Visual inspection
36
38. ❖ Trouble Shooting
■ Sampling stock pile
■ Check gradation of new material added
■ Segregation in feeder belt
■ Improper loading of cold bins
■ Improper setting of individual bins
38
39. ❖ Asphalt Content
■ Important for satisfactory performance
■ Low asphalt content- less durable mix
■ More asphalt content- not stable mix
■ Affects film thickness, voids, stability and
flow
39
40. ❖ Temperature
■ High enough to provide good coating on
aggregates
■ Allow satisfactory compaction
■ More heating – additional oxidation, loss
of volatiles, reduce mixture durability
40
41. ❖ Temperature
Grade Bitumen Agg. Mix Rolling Laying
6
5 150 -
165
150 -
170
165
Max
90 Min 125
Min
9
0 140 -
160
140 -
165
155
Max
80 Min 115
Min
41
42. ❖ Compaction
■ Commence From Edges And Progress Towards
Centre
■ Initial Breakdown Rolling – 8 To 10 T Smooth
Wheel Roller
■ Intermediate Rolling – 8-10 T Dead Wt. Or
Vibratory Roller.Pneumatic Tyred Roller –12-15 T
Wt. 5.6 Kg/Sq.Cm Pr.
■ Finished Rolling – 6-8 T Smooth Wheel Tandem
Roller
42
43. ❖ Compaction
■ Roller Speed Not More Than 5 Kmph
■ Do Not Permit Rollers To Stand On Pavement
■ Prevent Oil Drop
■ Keep Wheels Just Moist Enough
43
44. Suggested Frequency And Amplitude For Vibratory
Compaction
Nature of
Soil/
Materials
Frequency
(CPM)
Amplitude
(mm)
Thickness of
Compaction,
mm
Rock 1800-2500 1.2 – 1.5 750
Sand/ Gravel 1800-2000 0.8 – 1.2 500
44
Sandy/clay
/clayey
1600-2000 0.8 – 1.2 600
Clay 2000-2500 0.8 – 1.0 400
Asphalt 2500-3500 0.4 – 0.6 50 – 75
45. Effect Of Speed Of Roller In Density And
Finish Surface
ROUGH
FINISH
SMOOTH
FINISH
HIGHER SPEED
LOW DENSITY
45
LOWER SPEED
HIGH DENSITY
OPERATION
SPEED