The document discusses quality control and quality assurance procedures for road construction projects undertaken by the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). It details the existing quality control wing in BBMP and empaneled external laboratories for materials testing. It emphasizes the importance of quality control tests on materials and construction processes to ensure good quality roads. Different types of tests required for various construction materials and activities are listed along with their minimum frequency of testing. Acceptance criteria for density of embankments and subgrade are also specified.

1. Quality Control & Quality
Assurance In Road Construction
1
By
Superintending Engineer,
TVCC,
BBMP

2. BBMP Quality Control :
BBMP Quality Control :
BBMP Quality Control :
BBMP Quality Control :
Several lakhs of rupees being spent for Infrastructure
and other Improvement works in BBMP.
In order to ensure quality of works a full fledged,
well equipped in house laboratory is necessary.
Presently the BBMP has a quality control wing
2
Presently the BBMP has a quality control wing
constituting EE’s , AEE’s AE’s.
The quality control lab is equipped for testing
cement, sand, metal, bitumen, bituminous mix, etc.,
The field Engineers shall make use of BBMP quality
control lab to ensure good quality works.

3. Empla
Empla
Empla
Emplaned Laboratories in BBMP
ned Laboratories in BBMP
ned Laboratories in BBMP
ned Laboratories in BBMP
The BBMP has empanelled consultants / firms
having material testing laboratories.
The agency has to make its own arrangement to
convey the samples to the laboratories for testing .
3
convey the samples to the laboratories for testing .

4. Quality Control
Quality Control
Tests Necessary to Control a Product
Determine Quality of Product being
Produced
4
Produced
Performed by Contractor

5. Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance
Tests Necessary to Make a Decision on
Acceptance
Ensure Product being Evaluated is What
5
Ensure Product being Evaluated is What
the owner Specified
Performed by Owner

6. Quality Control vs. Quality Assurance
Quality Control vs. Quality Assurance
• Quality Control (QC) = The contractors system in place during the
construction to manage, control and document his activities in order to
comply with contract requirements
• Quality Assurance (QA) = The Governments system in place to monitor
the Quality Control efforts of the contractor
6
the Quality Control efforts of the contractor
High Quality
Finished Road
QC + QA =

7. A PR MA Y J U N J U L A U G S EP O C T N O V
C l e a r a n d G r u b
E x c a v a t I o n
S u b - b a s e
3 Phases of Contractor Quality Control
7
S u b - b a s e
B a s e P r e p.
Preparatory
Phase Start-up
Phase Production
Phase

8. 3 Phases of Contractor Quality Control
What is involved?
Preparatory Phase
•Review Plans and Specs
•Verify submittal approval
•Check preliminary work
•Examine materials
•Discuss construction methods
Start-up Phase
•Establish quality required
•Resolve conflicts
•Ensure testing is performed
•Establish detailed testing schedule based
on production schedule
•Review Safety
8
•Discuss construction methods
•Review Safety
•Coordinate surveying and staking work
•Review Safety
Production Phase
•Ensure Contract Compliance
•Conduct intermittent or continuous inspections to identify and correct
deficiencies
•Inspect completed phases before scheduled Government acceptance
•Ensure Testing reports are submitted
•Ensure rework is completed

9. CONSTRUCTION PHASE-Quality Control
9

10. Requirements
Requirements
Ensure Quality
Create Durable National Assets
10
Grossly Inadequate for Present day Needs

11. Advantages
Advantages
Improved Quality
Uniformity
Economic Utilisation of Materials
Reduction in User Cost
11
Reduction in User Cost
Extra Cost – Fraction of Resulting Benefits
½ to 1% of Construction Cost
Economic Return – 5 – 10% of Total Construction Cost

12. Pre
Pre-
-requisites
requisites
Provision for Quality Control in Construction,
Specification and Estimates
Adequately Trained Staff
Adequate Equipment
12
Adequate Equipment
Periodic Appraisal of the QC Data
Updating of Knowledge by On-job Training

13. Quality Control In Road Construction
Quality Control In Road Construction
Control of Materials
Test Procedure
Frequency and Extent of Testing
13
Frequency and Extent of Testing
Acceptance Criteria
Equipment Type its Calibration
Recording of Test Results
Training for QC

14. Quality Control Test
Quality Control Test
Individual Materials
Soil, Gravel, Aggregate, Binder
Mixes
Gradation of Aggregates, Mix Proportion, Mixed Design
Properties
14
During Construction Process
Spreading
Segregation
Temperature – Mixing, Laying, Rolling

15. Quality Control Test
Quality Control Test
Test on Compacted Layer
Mixed Proportion (Unbound Layers)
Density
Mix proportion and Gradation (bound layers after extraction)
Finished Surface
15
Finished Surface
Longitudinal Profile
Transverse Profile
Cross Slope
Texture

16. Tests On Borrow Materials Of embankment/subgrade
Tests On Borrow Materials Of embankment/subgrade
1
1-
-2 Tests per 8000 m
2 Tests per 8000 m3
3 of Soil
of Soil
Plasticity Index
Plasticity Index
1
1-
-2 Tests per 8000 m
2 Tests per 8000 m3
3 of Soil
of Soil
Gradation/ Sand Content
Gradation/ Sand Content
Min. Desirable Frequency
Min. Desirable Frequency
Test
Test
16
One Test per 250 m
One Test per 250 m3
3 of Soil
of Soil
Natural Moisture Content
Natural Moisture Content
As Required
As Required
Deleterious Constituents
Deleterious Constituents
One Test per 3000 m
One Test per 3000 m3
3
CBR on a set of 3
CBR on a set of 3
Specimens
Specimens
1
1-
-2 Tests per 8000 m
2 Tests per 8000 m3
3 of Soil
of Soil
Standard Proctor Test
Standard Proctor Test

17. Density Requirements Of Embankments And
Density Requirements Of Embankments And
Subgrade
Subgrade
Not less than 16.0 kN/cu.m
Not less than 16.0 kN/cu.m
Embankments exceeding 3
Not less than 15.2 kN/cu.m
Not less than 15.2 kN/cu.m
Embankments upto 3 metres
Embankments upto 3 metres
height, not subjected to
height, not subjected to
extensive flooding
extensive flooding
17
Not less than 17.5 kN/cu.m
Not less than 17.5 kN/cu.m
Subgrade and earthern
Subgrade and earthern
shoulders/ verges/backfill
shoulders/ verges/backfill
metres height or
embankments of any height
subject to long periods of
inundation

18. Compaction Requirements For Embankment
Compaction Requirements For Embankment
And Subgrade
And Subgrade
Not less than 95
Not less than 95
Embankments
Embankments
Not less than 97
Not less than 97
Subgrade and Earthen
Subgrade and Earthen
Shoulders
Shoulders
Relative Compaction as %
Relative Compaction as %
of MDD
of MDD
Type of Work/ Material
Type of Work/ Material
18
Not Allowed
Not Allowed
Subgrade and 500 mm
Subgrade and 500 mm
portion just below the
portion just below the
subgrade
subgrade
Not Less than 90
Not Less than 90
Remaining Portion of
Remaining Portion of
Embankment
Embankment
Expansive Clays:
Expansive Clays:
Not less than 95
Not less than 95
Embankments
Embankments

19. Frequency of Compaction Tests
Frequency of Compaction Tests
One test for every 250 m
One test for every 250 m3
3 of soil
of soil
subject to min. of 4 tests/day
subject to min. of 4 tests/day
Moisture Content prior to
Moisture Content prior to
compaction
compaction
Frequency (min)
Frequency (min)
Particulars
Particulars
19
At least one test per 1,000 m
At least one test per 1,000 m2
2 for
for
each layer
each layer
(a) Body of embankment
(a) Body of embankment
At least one test per 500 m
At least one test per 500 m2
2 for each
for each
layer
layer
(b) Subgrade and shoulders
(b) Subgrade and shoulders
Degree of compaction
Degree of compaction
Regularly
Regularly
Thickness of layer
Thickness of layer

20. Location Of Density Test Points For Earth
Work
20

21. Acceptance Criteria
Acceptance Criteria
Control should be based on the mean value of a
Control should be based on the mean value of a
set of 5
set of 5-
-10 density measurement.
10 density measurement.
The criteria for acceptance shall be subject to
The criteria for acceptance shall be subject to
the condition that the MEAN DENSITY is not
the condition that the MEAN DENSITY is not
21
the condition that the MEAN DENSITY is not
the condition that the MEAN DENSITY is not
less than the specified density plus
less than the specified density plus:
:
deviation
standard
the
times
)
samples
of
.
No
(
65
.
1
65
.
1 5
.
0 





−

22. Granular Sub
Granular Sub-
-base
base
Gradation
Gradation One test per 200 m
One test per 200 m3
3
Atternberg limits
Atternberg limits One test per 200 m
One test per 200 m3
3
Moisture Content prior to
Moisture Content prior to
Compaction
Compaction
One test per 250 m
One test per 250 m3
3
22
Compaction
Compaction
Density of Compacted
Density of Compacted
Layer
Layer
One test per 500 m
One test per 500 m2
2
Deleterious Constituents
Deleterious Constituents As Required
As Required
CBR
CBR As Required
As Required

23. Lime/ Cement Stabilised Soil Sub
Lime/ Cement Stabilised Soil Sub-
-base
base
Quality of Lime/ Cement
Quality of Lime/ Cement One Test for Each
One Test for Each
Consignment Subject to a
Consignment Subject to a
Minimum of one Test per 5
Minimum of one Test per 5
Tonnes
Tonnes
23
Lime/Cement Content
Lime/Cement Content Regularly, through Procedural
Regularly, through Procedural
Checks
Checks
Degree of Pulverisation
Degree of Pulverisation 1
1-
-2 Tests per 8000 m
2 Tests per 8000 m3
3 of Soil
of Soil
CBR or UCC
CBR or UCC As Required
As Required
Density
Density One Test per 500 m
One Test per 500 m2
2

24. Physical Requirements Of Coarse Aggregates For
Physical Requirements Of Coarse Aggregates For
Water Bound Macadam For Sub
Water Bound Macadam For Sub-
-base/base Courses
base/base Courses
40 percent (Max.)
40 percent (Max.)
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Requirements
Requirements
Test
Test
40 percent (Max.)
40 percent (Max.)
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Requirements
Requirements
Test
Test
40 percent (Max.)
40 percent (Max.)
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Requirements
Requirements
Test
Test
40 percent (Max.)
40 percent (Max.)
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Requirements
Requirements
Test
Test
24
40 percent (Max.)
40 percent (Max.)
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Value
Value
30 percent (Max.)
30 percent (Max.)
Combined Flakiness
Combined Flakiness
and Elongation Indices
and Elongation Indices
30 percent (Max.)
30 percent (Max.)
or Aggregate Impact
or Aggregate Impact
Value
Value
40 percent (Max.)
40 percent (Max.)
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Value
Value
30 percent (Max.)
30 percent (Max.)
Combined Flakiness
Combined Flakiness
and Elongation Indices
and Elongation Indices
30 percent (Max.)
30 percent (Max.)
or Aggregate Impact
or Aggregate Impact
Value
Value
40 percent (Max.)
40 percent (Max.)
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Value
Value
30 percent (Max.)
30 percent (Max.)
Combined Flakiness
Combined Flakiness
and Elongation Indices
and Elongation Indices
30 percent (Max.)
30 percent (Max.)
or Aggregate Impact
or Aggregate Impact
Value
Value
40 percent (Max.)
40 percent (Max.)
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Value
Value
30 percent (Max.)
30 percent (Max.)
Combined Flakiness
Combined Flakiness
and Elongation Indices
and Elongation Indices
30 percent (Max.)
30 percent (Max.)
or Aggregate Impact
or Aggregate Impact
Value
Value

25. Water Bound Macadam
Water Bound Macadam
Aggregate Impact Value
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 200 m
One Test per 200 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
Grading
Grading One Test per 100 m
One Test per 100 m3
3
Flakiness Index and
Flakiness Index and One Test per 200 m
One Test per 200 m3
3 of
of
25
Elongation Index
Elongation Index Aggregate
Aggregate
Attenberg Limits of Binding
Attenberg Limits of Binding
Material
Material
One Test per 25 m
One Test per 25 m3
3 of
of
Binding Material
Binding Material
Attenberg Limits of Portion
Attenberg Limits of Portion
of Aggregate passing 425
of Aggregate passing 425
micron sieve
micron sieve
One Test per 100 cubic
One Test per 100 cubic
Metre of Aggregate
Metre of Aggregate

26. Wet Mix Macadam
Wet Mix Macadam
Aggregate Impact Value
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 200 m
One Test per 200 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
Grading
Grading One Test per 100 m
One Test per 100 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
Flakiness and Elongation
Flakiness and Elongation One Test per 200 m
One Test per 200 m3
3 of
of
26
Flakiness and Elongation
Flakiness and Elongation
Index
Index
One Test per 200 m
One Test per 200 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
Attenberg Limits of Portion
Attenberg Limits of Portion
of Aggregate passing 425
of Aggregate passing 425
micron sieve
micron sieve
One Test per 100 m
One Test per 100 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
Density of Compacted
Density of Compacted
Layer
Layer
One Test per 500 m
One Test per 500 m3
3

27. Prime Coat / Tack Coat
Prime Coat / Tack Coat
Quality of Binder
Quality of Binder Two Samples lot to be
Two Samples lot to be
subjected to all or some Tests
subjected to all or some Tests
as Directed by the Engineer
as Directed by the Engineer
Binder Temperature for
Binder Temperature for At Regular Close Intervals
At Regular Close Intervals
27
Binder Temperature for
Binder Temperature for
Application
Application
At Regular Close Intervals
At Regular Close Intervals
Rate of Spread of Binder
Rate of Spread of Binder Two Tests per Day
Two Tests per Day

28. Surface Dressing
Surface Dressing
Quality of Binder
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot
Two Samples per lot
Aggregate Impact Value
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 50 m
One Test per 50 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
Flakiness Index and
Flakiness Index and -
- do
do -
-
28
Flakiness Index and
Flakiness Index and
Elongation Index
Elongation Index
-
- do
do -
-
Stripping Value of
Stripping Value of
Aggregates
Aggregates
3 specimens per source
3 specimens per source
Water Absorption of
Water Absorption of
Aggregates
Aggregates
-
- do
do -
-
Grading of Aggregates
Grading of Aggregates One Test per 25 m
One Test per 25 m3
3 of
of
Aggregates
Aggregates

29. Open
Open-
-graded Premix Carpet/ Mix
graded Premix Carpet/ Mix-
-seal
seal
Surfacing
Surfacing
Quality of Binder
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot to be
Two Samples per lot to be
Subjected to all or some tests as
Subjected to all or some tests as
Directed by Engineer
Directed by Engineer
Aggregate Impact
Aggregate Impact
Value
Value
One test per 50 m
One test per 50 m3
3 of Aggregates
of Aggregates
FI and EI of
FI and EI of -
- do
do -
-
29
FI and EI of
FI and EI of
Aggregates
Aggregates
-
- do
do -
-
Stripping value
Stripping value 3 specimens per source
3 specimens per source
Water Absorption of
Water Absorption of
Aggregates
Aggregates
-
- do
do -
-
Grading of Aggregates
Grading of Aggregates One Test per 25 m
One Test per 25 m3
3 of Aggregates
of Aggregates

30. Physical Requirements Of Aggregates For
Physical Requirements Of Aggregates For
Bituminous Macadam
Bituminous Macadam
40 % Max.
40 % Max.
Los Angeles Abrasion
Los Angeles Abrasion
Value
Value
Requirement
Requirement
Test
Test
30
2 % Max.
2 % Max.
Water Absorption
Water Absorption
12 % Max.
12 % Max.
Soundness
Soundness
30 % Max.
30 % Max.
Coating and Stripping of
Coating and Stripping of
Bitumen Aggregate
Bitumen Aggregate
Mixtures
Mixtures
30 % Max.
30 % Max.
FI and EI
FI and EI

31. Bituminous Macadam
Bituminous Macadam
Quality of Binder
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot to be
Two Samples per lot to be
subjected to all or some tests as
subjected to all or some tests as
directed by the Engineer
directed by the Engineer
Aggregate Impact
Aggregate Impact
Value
Value
One Test per 50 m
One Test per 50 m3
3 of Aggregate
of Aggregate
31
FI and EI of
FI and EI of
Aggregates
Aggregates
-
- do
do -
-
Stripping Value
Stripping Value 3 specimens per source
3 specimens per source
Grading of
Grading of
Aggregates
Aggregates
Two Tests per day per plant both on
Two Tests per day per plant both on
the individual constituents and
the individual constituents and
mixed aggregates from the dryer
mixed aggregates from the dryer

32. Bituminous Penetration Macadam/ Built
Bituminous Penetration Macadam/ Built-
-up
up
Spray Grout
Spray Grout
Quality of Binder
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot to be
Two Samples per lot to be
subjected to all or some tests
subjected to all or some tests
as directed by the Engineer
as directed by the Engineer
Aggregate Impact Value
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 200 m
One Test per 200 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
32
Aggregate
Aggregate
FI and EI of Aggregates
FI and EI of Aggregates -
- do
do -
-
Stripping Value
Stripping Value 3 specimens per source
3 specimens per source
Aggregate Grading
Aggregate Grading One Test per 100 m
One Test per 100 m3
3 of
of
aggregate
aggregate
Temp. of Binder at
Temp. of Binder at
Application
Application
At regular Close Intervals
At regular Close Intervals

33. Requirements For Semi-dense Bituminous
Concrete Mix
3
3-
-5
5
Percent Air Voids in Mix
Percent Air Voids in Mix
2
2-
-4
4
Marshall Flow
Marshall Flow
820 kg (1800 lbs) Min.
820 kg (1800 lbs) Min.
Marshall Stability
Marshall Stability
33
Not less than 4.0
Not less than 4.0
percent
percent
Binder Content, percent by weight
Binder Content, percent by weight
of mix
of mix
65
65-
-75
75
Percentage Air Voids in Mineral
Percentage Air Voids in Mineral
aggregates filled with Bitumen
aggregates filled with Bitumen
(VFB)
(VFB)
13
13-
-15
15
Percent Air Voids in Mineral
Percent Air Voids in Mineral
Aggregate (VMA) Minimum
Aggregate (VMA) Minimum
3
3-
-5
5
Percent Air Voids in Mix
Percent Air Voids in Mix

34. Dense Bituminous Madacam/ Semi Dense
Dense Bituminous Madacam/ Semi Dense
Bituminous Concrete/ Bituminous Concrete
Bituminous Concrete/ Bituminous Concrete
Quality of Binder
Quality of Binder Two Samples per lot to be
Two Samples per lot to be
subjected to all or some tests
subjected to all or some tests
as directed by the Engineer
as directed by the Engineer
Aggregate Impact Value
Aggregate Impact Value One Test per 50 m
One Test per 50 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
34
Aggregate
Aggregate
F I and E I of Aggregates
F I and E I of Aggregates One Test per 50 m
One Test per 50 m3
3 of
of
Aggregate
Aggregate
Stripping Value
Stripping Value 3 Specimens per Source
3 Specimens per Source
Water Absorption of
Water Absorption of
Aggregates
Aggregates
-
- do
do -
-
Water Sensitivity of mix
Water Sensitivity of mix As Required for BC
As Required for BC

35. Requirements Of Bituminous Concrete Mix
Requirements Of Bituminous Concrete Mix
Min. VMA Percent related to
Min. VMA Percent related to
Design Air Voids, %
Design Air Voids, %
3
3-
-5
5
Percent Air voids in Mix
Percent Air voids in Mix
2
2 -
- 4
4
Marshall Flow
Marshall Flow
900 kg Min.
900 kg Min.
Marshall Stability
Marshall Stability
3.0 - 10-14 %
4.0 - 11-15%
35
1.5 % Max. LAV
1.5 % Max. LAV
Swell Test
Swell Test
Min. 75 % Retained Strength
Min. 75 % Retained Strength
Water Sensitivity
Water Sensitivity
5
5-
- 6 (50
6 (50-
-65 mm thick)
65 mm thick)
5
5 -
- 7 (30
7 (30-
-45 mm thick)
45 mm thick)
Binder content percent by weight
Binder content percent by weight
of total mix
of total mix
65
65 -
- 75
75
Percent Airvoids in Mineral
Percent Airvoids in Mineral
Aggregates filled by Bitumen
Aggregates filled by Bitumen
(VFB)
(VFB)
Design Air Voids, %
Design Air Voids, %
5.0 - 12-16 %

36. Aggregate gradation
Aggregate gradation
Asphalt content
Asphalt content
Temperature
Temperature
Theoretical maximum density
Theoretical maximum density
Testing Of Asphalt Mixes
Testing Of Asphalt Mixes
36
Theoretical maximum density
Theoretical maximum density
In
In-
-place density
place density
Smoothness
Smoothness
Visual inspection
Visual inspection

37. SAMPLING
SAMPLING
•
• STOCK PILE
STOCK PILE
•
• COLD FEEDER BELT
COLD FEEDER BELT
•
• HOT BINS
HOT BINS
Aggregate Gradation
Aggregate Gradation
37
•
• HOT BINS
HOT BINS
•
• EXTRACTED ASPHALT MIXTURE (END
EXTRACTED ASPHALT MIXTURE (END
PRODUCT)
PRODUCT)

38. Sampling stock pile
Sampling stock pile
Check gradation of new material added
Check gradation of new material added
Segregation in feeder belt
Segregation in feeder belt
Improper loading of cold bins
Improper loading of cold bins
Trouble Shooting
Trouble Shooting
38
Improper loading of cold bins
Improper loading of cold bins
Improper setting of individual bins
Improper setting of individual bins

39. Asphalt Content
Asphalt Content
Important for satisfactory performance
Important for satisfactory performance
Low asphalt content
Low asphalt content-
- less durable mix
less durable mix
More asphalt content
More asphalt content-
- not stable mix
not stable mix
39
More asphalt content
More asphalt content-
- not stable mix
not stable mix
Affects film thickness, voids, stability and
Affects film thickness, voids, stability and
flow
flow

40. Temperature
Temperature
High enough to provide good coating on
High enough to provide good coating on
aggregates
aggregates
Allow satisfactory compaction
Allow satisfactory compaction
More heating
More heating –
– additional oxidation, loss
additional oxidation, loss
40
More heating
More heating –
– additional oxidation, loss
additional oxidation, loss
of volatiles, reduce mixture durability
of volatiles, reduce mixture durability

41. Grade Bitumen Agg. Mix Rolling Laying
65 150 - 165 150 - 170 165 Max 90 Min 125 Min
Temperature
Temperature
41
65 150 - 165 150 - 170 165 Max 90 Min 125 Min
90 140 - 160 140 - 165 155 Max 80 Min 115 Min

42. Compaction
Compaction
Commence From Edges And Progress Towards
Commence From Edges And Progress Towards
Centre
Centre
Initial Breakdown Rolling
Initial Breakdown Rolling –
– 8 To 10 T Smooth
8 To 10 T Smooth
Wheel Roller
Wheel Roller
Intermediate Rolling
Intermediate Rolling –
– 8
8-
-10 T Dead Wt. Or
10 T Dead Wt. Or
42
Intermediate Rolling
Intermediate Rolling –
– 8
8-
-10 T Dead Wt. Or
10 T Dead Wt. Or
Vibratory Roller.Pneumatic Tyred Roller
Vibratory Roller.Pneumatic Tyred Roller –
–12
12-
-15 T
15 T
Wt. 5.6 Kg/Sq.Cm Pr.
Wt. 5.6 Kg/Sq.Cm Pr.
Finished Rolling
Finished Rolling –
– 6
6-
-8 T Smooth Wheel Tandem
8 T Smooth Wheel Tandem
Roller
Roller

43. Roller Speed Not More Than 5 Kmph
Roller Speed Not More Than 5 Kmph
Do Not Permit Rollers To Stand On Pavement
Do Not Permit Rollers To Stand On Pavement
Prevent Oil Drop
Prevent Oil Drop
Compaction
Compaction
43
Prevent Oil Drop
Prevent Oil Drop
Keep Wheels Just Moist Enough
Keep Wheels Just Moist Enough

44. Suggested Frequency And Amplitude For Vibratory
Compaction
Nature of
Nature of
Soil/
Soil/
Materials
Materials
Frequency
Frequency
(CPM)
(CPM)
Amplitude
Amplitude
(mm)
(mm)
Thickness of
Thickness of
Compaction,
Compaction,
mm
mm
Rock
Rock 1800
1800-
-2500
2500 1.2
1.2 –
– 1.5
1.5 750
750
Sand/ Gravel
Sand/ Gravel 1800
1800-
-2000
2000 0.8
0.8 –
– 1.2
1.2 500
500
44
Sand/ Gravel
Sand/ Gravel 1800
1800-
-2000
2000 0.8
0.8 –
– 1.2
1.2 500
500
Sandy/clay
Sandy/clay
/clayey
/clayey
1600
1600-
-2000
2000 0.8
0.8 –
– 1.2
1.2 600
600
Clay
Clay 2000
2000-
-2500
2500 0.8
0.8 –
– 1.0
1.0 400
400
Asphalt
Asphalt 2500
2500-
-3500
3500 0.4
0.4 –
– 0.6
0.6 50
50 –
– 75
75

45. Effect Of Speed Of Roller In Density And
Finish Surface
ROUGH
FINISH
SMOOTH
FINISH
45
HIGHER SPEED
LOW DENSITY
LOWER SPEED
HIGH DENSITY
OPERATION
SPEED

46. Relationship Between Compactability
Temperature
46

47. 47

48. 48

49. TACK COATING BY SPRAYER
TACK COATING BY SPRAYER
49

50. Tack Coat Without Crack Sealing
50

51. Overlay Over Severely Cracked
Surface
51

52. Inadequate Compaction And Excess
Binding Material
52

53. WBM Surface Without Key Aggregates And Excess Binding
WBM Surface Without Key Aggregates And Excess Binding
WBM Surface Without Key Aggregates And Excess Binding
WBM Surface Without Key Aggregates And Excess Binding
Material
Material
Material
Material
53

54. Shoulders At Higher Elevation
Shoulders At Higher Elevation
Shoulders At Higher Elevation
Shoulders At Higher Elevation
54

55. Poorly Widened WBM Carriageway
Poorly Widened WBM Carriageway
Poorly Widened WBM Carriageway
Poorly Widened WBM Carriageway
55

56. POORLY WIDENED WBM CARRIAGEWAY
56

57. Depressed Carriageway
57

58. Tack Coat Surfaced WBM Layer
Tack Coat Surfaced WBM Layer
Tack Coat Surfaced WBM Layer
Tack Coat Surfaced WBM Layer
58

59. Modern Equipment For
Modern Equipment For
Modern Equipment For
Modern Equipment For
Quality Control Tests In
Quality Control Tests In
Quality Control Tests In
Quality Control Tests In
Highways Construction
Highways Construction
Highways Construction
Highways Construction
59
Highways Construction
Highways Construction
Highways Construction
Highways Construction

60. Asphalt Content Guage
60

61. Portable Pendulum Type Skid Resistance Tester
Portable Pendulum Type Skid Resistance Tester
Portable Pendulum Type Skid Resistance Tester
Portable Pendulum Type Skid Resistance Tester
61

62. Dynamic Skid Resistance Tester
Dynamic Skid Resistance Tester
Dynamic Skid Resistance Tester
Dynamic Skid Resistance Tester
62

63. Portable Asphalt Core Cutter
Portable Asphalt Core Cutter
63

64. Non Nuclear Density Gauge
Non Nuclear Density Gauge
64

65. Benkelmen Beam
Benkelmen Beam
65

66. Fifth Wheel Bump Integrator (Roughometer)
66

67. Nuclear Density Meter
67

68. Asphalt Content Guage
68

69. 69

70. 70

71. 71

72. Falling Weight Deflectometer
Falling Weight Deflectometer
72

73. 73