The document describes the design and construction of an Arduino-based solar inverter using PWM pulses. A block diagram shows the key components: a solar panel converts sunlight to DC power, an Arduino Uno controls the system with PWM signals, and a DC to AC inverter converts the solar-generated DC power to AC power that can run household appliances. The system was set up in a lab for testing. It concludes that solar power systems can be made more cost-efficient and are an environmentally friendly way to harness available solar energy.

1. Design & Construction of Arduino Based Solar Inverter
Using PWM Pulses

2. Abstract
Solar energy is a promising solution to meet the demand for electricity services of rural
households in remote locations in developing countries. The economics of the solar home
system are determined by the initial costs of designing and installing the system. A study
and analysis was made to find out any possibility to reduce the cost of a solar home
system. It was specially focused on reducing the battery size as it depends on the charge
storing capacity of battery. The lead-acid battery which is the most expensive part of a
solar home system covers about 40% of the total costs. So a Solar Home System was
designed and set up in the laboratory for analysis. However during a few days like cloudy,
rainy and foggy the load should be used carefully. Thus a Solar Home System can be made
cost efficient.

3. Block Diagram

4. DC To AC Inverter
A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate current
with the help of solar power. The alternate power is generally used for house
hold appliances. A solar inverter helps devices that run on DC power to run in
AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power.

5. Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the
Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc.
The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O)
pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and
other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM
output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable.
Fig -1 : Arduino Uno

6. Solar Panel
The process of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called the solar
photovoltaic (PV) effect. Photovoltaic solar cells convert sunlight directly into solar
power (electricity). Impinging sunlight creates a potential difference between the two
sides of a solar cell, and when you connect these sides with a conducting wire, a current
will flow. A typical panel consists of a number of such cells wired together to produce a
fixed potential difference, or voltage, of 12, 24 or 48 volts.

7. Arduino Based PWM Mosfet Drive

8. Physical Setup

9. Conclusion
 With Global Warming constantly affecting the world in numerous ways,
it is essential we begin taking care of nature in whatever way possible.
 Present day technologies stress on being clean and green.
 Being environmentally friendly, solar power generators and panels are
reasonably easy, safe and convenient to install.
 Hence enhancing the solar powered systems with intelligent trackers
proves to be the optimal solution for utilizing the available solar energy.