Asrigdara is an Ayurvedic term for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. It is one of the most common gynecological problems found in Stri Rog OPD. I have tried to compile all the important points mentioned in various Ayurveda Literatures regarding Asrigdara.
Period there is gradual but progressive loss of ovarian follicular activity. Perimenopause is a period around menopause 40 55 year presenting with Psychological and somatic symptom such as mood disturbance, insomnia, anxiety, memory loss, irritability, weakness, pain, stiffness, tension, headache. In this society everyone is attentive towards a women in her illness or during her pregnancy but no one and she herself is not concern about the disturbances felt during perimenopausal period. In ayurvedic classics under the heading of artavakshaya the age of Rajonivrutti is said to be around 50 yrs. Prevalence of psychological and somatic symptoms is seen in 80 of women at perimenopausal period. Symptoms and disturbance observed in perimenopause period are vata kupita lakshana, For symptomatic management as well as for prevention in moderm medical H, R.T is recommended in spite of its benefits overall compliances with HRT is poor. In addition to high price it has many side effects like weight gain, Breast cancer, tenderness and pain in breast. Dr. Kaveri Patil | Dr. Shobha B Nadagouda "Rajonivritti (Perimenopause) - Ayurvedic Disease Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51743.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/51743/rajonivritti-perimenopause--ayurvedic-disease-review/dr-kaveri-patil
Prasuti Tantra & Stri roga syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• This PPT – Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP – Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Phone – 922 68 10 630
Asrigdara is an Ayurvedic term for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. It is one of the most common gynecological problems found in Stri Rog OPD. I have tried to compile all the important points mentioned in various Ayurveda Literatures regarding Asrigdara.
Period there is gradual but progressive loss of ovarian follicular activity. Perimenopause is a period around menopause 40 55 year presenting with Psychological and somatic symptom such as mood disturbance, insomnia, anxiety, memory loss, irritability, weakness, pain, stiffness, tension, headache. In this society everyone is attentive towards a women in her illness or during her pregnancy but no one and she herself is not concern about the disturbances felt during perimenopausal period. In ayurvedic classics under the heading of artavakshaya the age of Rajonivrutti is said to be around 50 yrs. Prevalence of psychological and somatic symptoms is seen in 80 of women at perimenopausal period. Symptoms and disturbance observed in perimenopause period are vata kupita lakshana, For symptomatic management as well as for prevention in moderm medical H, R.T is recommended in spite of its benefits overall compliances with HRT is poor. In addition to high price it has many side effects like weight gain, Breast cancer, tenderness and pain in breast. Dr. Kaveri Patil | Dr. Shobha B Nadagouda "Rajonivritti (Perimenopause) - Ayurvedic Disease Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51743.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/51743/rajonivritti-perimenopause--ayurvedic-disease-review/dr-kaveri-patil
Prasuti Tantra & Stri roga syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• This PPT – Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP – Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Phone – 922 68 10 630
Cervical Erosion
Dr. Yashika
Definition
Cervical erosion is a condition where the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix is replaced by columnar epithelium which is continuous with endocervix.
Aetiology
Congenital
Acquired
Clinical features
Symptoms :
Vaginal discharge
Contact bleeding
Associated cervicitis
SIGNS :
Diagnosis
Ectropion
Early carcinoma
Primary Lesion (Chancre)
Tubercular ulcer
Management
Pregnancy
Pill user
Persistent ectopy
Ayurvedic approach to Bandhyatva (Infertility )Anjna Tak
This presentation explains various classical Ayurvedic references about female Infertility , its types, samprapti and explains the treatment principles and modalities.
Ayurvedic management of pcos
in this slide we had given scientific and ayurveda based approach to treat pcos.it will help to new generation doctors and patient also to understand PCOS.
Understanding PCOS (PCOD)
PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility in women. PCOS is a condition where hormonal imbalance affects follicular growth during ovarian cycle causing the affected follicles to remain in the ovary. The retained follicle forms a cyst and with each ovarian cycle a new cyst is formed leading to multiple ovarian cysts.
Leucorrhoea
Dr. Yashika
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
Frequent complaint.
Discharge may vary from excess to normal.
Discharge may be blood-stained / contaminated with urine or stool.
Characteristics of normal vaginal fluid
Nature - watery
Colour - white
Odour - Odourless
pH - 4.0
Microscopically - Squamous epithelial cells,
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea is defined as excessive normal vaginal discharge.
Features of vaginal discharge in leucorrhoea :
Excess secretion.
Non purulent
Non offensive
Non irritant
Never causes pruritis.
Etiology :
Physiological excess
Cervical causes
Vaginal causes
Physiologic excess
Puberty
Menstrual Cycle
Pregnancy
Sexual excitement
Cervical causes:
Cervicitis
Cervical ectopy
Cervical polyp
Treatment
General health improvement
Surgical treatment of cervical factors
Pill users are asked to stop pill immediately
Local hygiene
Cervical Erosion
Dr. Yashika
Definition
Cervical erosion is a condition where the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix is replaced by columnar epithelium which is continuous with endocervix.
Aetiology
Congenital
Acquired
Clinical features
Symptoms :
Vaginal discharge
Contact bleeding
Associated cervicitis
SIGNS :
Diagnosis
Ectropion
Early carcinoma
Primary Lesion (Chancre)
Tubercular ulcer
Management
Pregnancy
Pill user
Persistent ectopy
Ayurvedic approach to Bandhyatva (Infertility )Anjna Tak
This presentation explains various classical Ayurvedic references about female Infertility , its types, samprapti and explains the treatment principles and modalities.
Ayurvedic management of pcos
in this slide we had given scientific and ayurveda based approach to treat pcos.it will help to new generation doctors and patient also to understand PCOS.
Understanding PCOS (PCOD)
PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility in women. PCOS is a condition where hormonal imbalance affects follicular growth during ovarian cycle causing the affected follicles to remain in the ovary. The retained follicle forms a cyst and with each ovarian cycle a new cyst is formed leading to multiple ovarian cysts.
Leucorrhoea
Dr. Yashika
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
Frequent complaint.
Discharge may vary from excess to normal.
Discharge may be blood-stained / contaminated with urine or stool.
Characteristics of normal vaginal fluid
Nature - watery
Colour - white
Odour - Odourless
pH - 4.0
Microscopically - Squamous epithelial cells,
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea is defined as excessive normal vaginal discharge.
Features of vaginal discharge in leucorrhoea :
Excess secretion.
Non purulent
Non offensive
Non irritant
Never causes pruritis.
Etiology :
Physiological excess
Cervical causes
Vaginal causes
Physiologic excess
Puberty
Menstrual Cycle
Pregnancy
Sexual excitement
Cervical causes:
Cervicitis
Cervical ectopy
Cervical polyp
Treatment
General health improvement
Surgical treatment of cervical factors
Pill users are asked to stop pill immediately
Local hygiene
Spastic quadriplegia with motor, cognition delay with vision and hearing imp...Shubhra Paul
Clinical Meeting on "Spastic quadriplegia with motor, cognition delay with vision and hearing impairment with microcephaly with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
"
Nursing Process – SAMPLE Nursing DiagnosisNANDA (North American .docxkendalfarrier
Nursing Process – SAMPLE Nursing Diagnosis
NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis)
Chronic Painrelated to unknown etiology
as evidenced by self-reports of pain “I feel pain when sitting or lying down mostly at night” using a standardized pain scale, 4/10 on a 0 to 10 numeric rating scale. The patient reports an altered sleep-wake cycle.
Patient Goal/Outcome
Interventions
Rationale for Interventions
Evaluation of Each Goal/Intervention
1)The Patient’s pain will reduce and her sleep will promote by using nonpharmacological methods such as supplements or enhance pharmacological interventions within the next three months.
1a) RN will in addition to administering analgesics, support the client's use of nonpharmacological methods to help
control pain, such as distraction, imagery, relaxation, and application of heat and cold.
1b) RN will ask the client to describe prior experiences with pain, effectiveness of pain management interventions,
responses to analgesic medications (including occurrence of side effects), and concerns about pain and
its treatment (e.g., fear about addiction, worries, anxiety) and informational needs.
1a) Evidence
suggested efficacy and satisfaction when complementary therapies are integrated into pain treatment plans of
older adults (Bruckenthal, 2016 as cited in Ackley et al., 2022, p. 723).
1b) Sleep disturbance and decreased physical activity are adverse
effects of people with chronic pain. In a study of clients with chronic pain, those who participated in a 4 week
multiprofessional program that included psychoeducation and training related to pain, sleep, exercise, and
activity training had improvement in sleep quality and pain intensity (de la Vega, 2019, as cited in Ackley et al., 2022, p. 721).
1a) Goal partially met. Patient’s pain decreased to level 2/10, with relaxation therapy such as meditation and usage of heat pads.
1b) Goal met. Patients starts to drink Valerian root tea and states “It reduced the amount of time takes me to fall asleep and helped me sleep better.”
Health history assignment part 1
Section 1: Biographic Data
N.V is a 46-year-old married Iranian woman, who currently is a full-time financial manager at BMW company. She speaks fluent English and does not require an interpreter.
Section 2: Source of History
The patient provides the information herself. The patient seems reliable, as she is alert and oriented.
Section 3: Reason for Seeking Care
The patient states, “I am really exhausted and want to get rid of my leg pain. I have severe pain in my thighs and legs and it started six years ago.”
Section 4: History of Present Illness (HPI)
The patient’s thigh and leg pain began six years prior to the interview. Her pain started following the birth of her second child. The patient has frequent episodes, the last being three days ago. It has never been resolved. It is specially located in the thighs and .
Carle General Surgery Grand Rounds presentation on palliative care symptom management, specifically pain, nausea, constipation, and malignant bowel obstruction.
Learn more about the types, symptoms and causes of balance disorders. Diagnostic and treatment options such as vestibular rehabilitation and cognitive behavioral therapy will be discussed.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Ppt on menopausal syndrome
1. By:
Dr. P.Jyothi
P.G.Scholar,
Kaya Chikitsa department,
Dr.BRKR Govt.Ayurvedic Medical College,
Hyderabad.
2. Introduction:
In woman’s life Menopause is a naturally
occurring phenomenon. It is the period
(typically between the ages of 45 and 50)
when menstruation ceases.
Menopause happens because the woman's
ovaries stop producing the hormones
estrogens and progesterone
This episode of every woman’s life seems
to be a bit troublesome to go with because of
increasing incidence of many health aliments
involved like:
3. Hot flushes or night sweats
Trouble sleeping/ Insomnia
Joint and Muscle aches and pains/
weakened bones
Fatigue
Depression
Palpitations (Heart Racing)
Vaginal dryness
Mood swings
Irritation
Trouble focusing
Loss of Libido
Less hair on head, more on face etc.
4. But now with the help of evolving Ayurvedic
treatment modalities and preventive measures
this entire painful scenario of menopausal
syndrome can be changed in to a blissful
episode of Women’s life.
In Ayurvedic Classics, Menopause condition is
termed as “Rajonivrutti” and various beneficiary
measures used in treating Rajonivrutti
anubandha Vyãdhies (menopausal
syndromes/Symptoms) are very beautifully
mentioned.
Hence an attempt of presenting Various Clinical
trials carried out on few menopausal Symptoms
and their concerned Ayurvedic preventive and
curative measures with obtained results is
initiated.
5. Aims and Objectives:
To Prove the Efficacy of Various Ayurvedic formulations in the
Management of Menopausal Syndrome
To understand the Sustained curative effect of Ayurvedic drugs
in treating Menopausal Symptoms
6. Materials & Methods:
Source of data: 9 Patients attending OPD and IPD of Kayachikitsa
Department of Dr. BRKR Govt Ayurvedic Hospital, Hyderabad and those
fulfilling required inclusive and Exclusive criteria were selected for
study.
Inclusive criteria:
Patients presenting with the one or more Menopausal symptoms
Patients were selected between the age group of 40-60 years.
Exclusive criteria:
Patients below the age of 40 years and above the age of 60 years.
Patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus, Hyper -parathyroidism,
Paget’s disease, Thyrotoxicosis, Cushing’s syndrome, Endocrinal
disorders and other serious systemic diseases were excluded.
7. Parameters of Study: Only subjective parameters like Hot flushes,
Insomnia, Palpitations, Mood Swings, Depression, Muscle and Joint
aches etc were selected for study.
Plan of study:
9 known cases of menopausal syndrome were selected for the study
after properly diagnosed.
Out of 9 patients 4 Patients c/o Hot flushes, Mood swings and
Insomnia . Each patient was treated with
1. Satavaryadi Ghrita
dose- 10ml, Twice a day, With milk, After food
2. Sankha Pushpi Syrup
dose- 10ml, Twice a day, With water/milk, After food
8. 3. Brahmi Vati
dose- 1 tablet, Twice a day, With water/ milk
After food
Also advised Siro pichu with Brahmi Taila, Abhyanga
with Tila taila and pranaayama
Treatment duration- Continuous period of 3 months
Review - for every 10days.
9. Out of 9 patients, 2 patients c/o Palpitations. Each Patient was
treated with
1. Arjuna Ksheera Paaka
dose - 15ml,Twice a day, After food
2. Ashwagandha churna
dose – 5gm, Twice a day, with milk, After food
Treatment duration – 3 months
Review – for every 10 days
10. Out of 9 patients 3 Patients c/o Both knee joints pain and
Restricted movements of Lower limbs. Each patient was treated
with
1. Kukkutanda tvak bhasma
dose- 250 to 375mg, Twice a day, with milk/Honey,
After food
2. Pravãla Panchaamrita Ras
dose- 1 tablet, Twice a day, With honey/milk, After food
Also advised Balaashwagandha taila Abhyanga and Anuvaasana
Vasti (in selected patients only)
Treatment duration - Continuous period of 4 months
Review - For every 10 days
11. Result Assessment:
Results were assessed based on changes observed in subjective
parameters before and after the treatment
Grading scale designed on Subjective Parameters of selected
Menopausal symptoms is used for result assessment purpose
12. Parameter Grade 0 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
Grading Hot flushes scale No flushes for subjective Occasional very
parameters:
mild hot flushes
Intermittent mild hot
flushes, once in 10-
15 days
Frequent hot
flushes
Severe hot flushes
daily
Mood Swings Normal/Pleas
ant mood
Very mild
mood
swings
Occasional
mood
swings
without
irritation
Frequent
mood
swings with
irritation
Continuous
Irritation/
aggressive/
depressed mood
Insomnia Normal sleep Occasionally
Mild
disturbance
in night
sleep with
duration of
6-7 hrs
frequently
disturbed
night sleep
with4-5 hrs
of duration
Disturbed
sleep with
only 2-3 hrs
of night
sleep
Complete
disturbed night
sleep
Palpitations No
palpitations
Occasionally
and very
mild
palpitations
heard
Palpitations
only with
severe
exertion
Severe
Palpitations
even with
mild exertion
Severe palpitations
even on rest
Knee joint
pain
Free
movements
of both knee
joints
without pain
Very mild
knee joint
pains which
occurs
occasionally
and can walk
freely
without
support
Moderate
knee joint
pain and can
walk freely
with support
Moderate
bearable
Knee joint
pains with
swelling
Severe unbearable
knee joint pain
associated with
swelling and
restricted
movements
13. Observations:
The following are the observations of the study.
Since it is a kind of pilot study conducted on different
menopausal symptoms, a total number of 9 patients only were
selected.
Out of 4 patients c/o Hot flushes, Mood Swings and Insomnia
2 patients showed 100% symptomatic relief i.e. Grade4 to Grade1
1 patient showed 75% symptomatic relief i.e. Grade 4 to Grade 2
1 patient showed 50 % symptomatic relief i.e. Grade 4 to Grade 3
14. Out of 2 patients c/o Palpitations
1 patient showed 75% symptomatic relief i.e. Grade 4 to Grade 1
1 patient showed 50 % symptomatic relief i.e. Grade 4 to Grade 2
Out of 3 patients c/o Both knee joints pain and Restricted
movements of Lower limbs
1 patient showed 75% symptomatic relief i.e. Grade 3 to Grade 0
2 patients showed 50% symptomatic relief i.e. Grade4 to Grade 2
15. Representation of Observed results in tabular form
Parameter No. of Patients Before treatment After treatment % of Improvement
Hot flushes, 4 2 Severe hot flushes No flushes 100%
1 Severe Hot flushes Occasional very mild
hot flushes
75%
1 Severe Hot flushes Intermittent hot
flushes once in
10days
50%
Mood Swings 4 2 Severe irritation and
intolerance
Normal or pleasant
mood
100%
1 Severe Aggressive
mood
Very mild mood
swings
75%
1 Continuous
depression
Occasional mild
depression
50%
Insomnia 4 2 Complete disturbed
night sleep
Normal sleep 100%
1 Complete disturbed
night sleep
Mild disturbance
with 6-7 hrs of night
sleep
75%
1 Complete disturbed
night sleep
Frequently being
disturbed with only 4
hrs of night sleep
50%
16. Parameter No. of Patients Before treatment After Treatment % of improvement
Palpitations 2 1 Severe Palpitations
even on rest
Occasionally
very mild
palpitations heard
75%
1 Severe Palpitations
even on rest
Palpitations on
severe exertion
50%
Knee joint Pains
And restricted
movements of both
lower limbs
3 1 Moderate bearable
knee joint pains with
swelling
No pain and no
swelling of both
knee joints
75%
2 Severe unbearable
knee joints pain with
swelling and
restricted
movements
Occasional knee
joint pains and can
walk freely with
support
50%
17. Overall Results:
Marked improvement - >75% to 100% improvement
Good improvement - >50%to <75% improvement
Moderate improvement - >25% to <50% improvement
Poor improvement - <25% improvement
Overall result of this clinical case studies on different
Menopausal Syndrome is assessed to be as “Good
Improvement”
18. Conclusion:
Thus it can be concluded that with the help
of various Ayurvedic drugs/formulations and
preventive measures, now every women can
lead her menopausal life in a blissful way.
An attempt of presenting this clinical study
on menopausal syndrome is made
expecting it to be beneficiary for Ayurvedic
research scholars and hence providing
further scope to carry out even more
research on this aspect.