This document discusses a health issue course on reading and interpreting thyroid test results. It provides an overview of the thyroid gland and common thyroid tests, including thyroid function tests and thyroid ultrasound. It describes how to interpret the results of thyroid function tests and the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) scale used for ultrasound results. The document outlines some challenges in interpretation and provides recommendations to have test results evaluated by a physician rather than attempting to self-interpret complex diagnostic reports.
Thyroid ppt by me ramniwas aiims mangalagiriMedicineAIIMS
This document provides information about the thyroid gland and thyroid disorders. It discusses the thyroid gland's functions, common disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, signs and symptoms of these disorders, diagnostic tests, medications, nursing management, and gender differences in thyroid disorders. The objectives are to understand thyroid physiology, causes and management of hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and nursing care for patients with thyroid disorders.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Laboratory Tests - Reading & InterpretationReynaldo Joson
The document discusses a Patient Empowerment Program (PEP) talk on reading and interpreting laboratory test results. The talk aims to empower laypeople to understand the importance of laboratory tests in managing their health. It covers what laboratory tests are, the general types of tests (those with numeric values and those with narrative descriptions), and how to read and interpret test results, including looking at reference ranges and values and considering clinical context. The talk emphasizes correlating test results with a patient's symptoms, medical history and other relevant factors.
The document provides information about thyroid function tests:
- The thyroid gland regulates vital body functions through its hormones T3 and T4. Thyroid disorders are common worldwide and in India, with an estimated 42 million Indians suffering from thyroid disease.
- Thyroid function tests (TFTs) include TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels and are used to diagnose thyroid disorders, monitor treatment, and screen at-risk groups like pregnant women. TSH is usually the initial test used.
- Hyperthyroidism causes anxiety and tremors while hypothyroidism causes fatigue and depression. Certain drugs and illnesses can impact TFT results so clinical context is important when interpreting them. Communication between doctors and
ROJoson PEP Talk: GOITER Management - Part 1 - Fundamentals and GeneralitiesReynaldo Joson
ROJoson PEP Talk: GOITER Management - Part 1 - Fundamentals and Generalities
Contents:
What is a goiter?
What are the different types of goiter?
What are the causes of goiter?
How common are the goiters?
ROJoson PEP Talk: Screening and Periodic Health CheckReynaldo Joson
The document discusses periodic health checks and screening. It explains that screening is done to detect potential health issues in asymptomatic individuals. Periodic health checks involve repeated screening over time according to risk factors. While screening can find diseases early and improve outcomes, routine health checks for low-risk individuals may not provide clear benefits and could lead to unnecessary tests or procedures. The key is using a risk-based approach to determine who may benefit most from periodic screening.
HEALTH SCREENING SERVICES IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY .pptxLipanjali Badhei
Content:
INTRODUCTION
SCOPE
IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH SCREENING
SUCCESS OF HEALTH SCREENING
TYPES OF HEALTH SCREENING
ROUTINE Monitoring OF PATIENT
EARLY DISEASE DETECTION
SOME DISEASE AND THEIR HEALTH SCREENING SERVICE
The document discusses a presentation on goiter myths and tips for patient empowerment. It aims to help laypeople understand common issues regarding goiter. The presentation covers 5 myths: the concept of goiter, foods related to goiter, internal vs external goiter descriptions, TSH interpretation, and low-dose suppressive therapy. Tips are provided to clarify the myths and empower patients with reliable health information. The summary emphasizes gaining knowledge to make informed health decisions.
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The document discusses strategies for early diagnosis and early treatment as a way to stay healthy and contented. It describes a Patient Empowerment Program aimed at educating laypeople about their health. The program involves modules on topics like COVID-19, patient empowerment, management, and rights. The focus is on the module about staying healthy through early diagnosis and early treatment. It explains that periodic health checks and symptom-based early health checks are both options for early diagnosis, but neither approach has been proven in studies to consistently reduce mortality or morbidity compared to waiting for symptoms. The best strategy may be seeking treatment as soon as symptoms appear.
Thyroid ppt by me ramniwas aiims mangalagiriMedicineAIIMS
This document provides information about the thyroid gland and thyroid disorders. It discusses the thyroid gland's functions, common disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, signs and symptoms of these disorders, diagnostic tests, medications, nursing management, and gender differences in thyroid disorders. The objectives are to understand thyroid physiology, causes and management of hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and nursing care for patients with thyroid disorders.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Laboratory Tests - Reading & InterpretationReynaldo Joson
The document discusses a Patient Empowerment Program (PEP) talk on reading and interpreting laboratory test results. The talk aims to empower laypeople to understand the importance of laboratory tests in managing their health. It covers what laboratory tests are, the general types of tests (those with numeric values and those with narrative descriptions), and how to read and interpret test results, including looking at reference ranges and values and considering clinical context. The talk emphasizes correlating test results with a patient's symptoms, medical history and other relevant factors.
The document provides information about thyroid function tests:
- The thyroid gland regulates vital body functions through its hormones T3 and T4. Thyroid disorders are common worldwide and in India, with an estimated 42 million Indians suffering from thyroid disease.
- Thyroid function tests (TFTs) include TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels and are used to diagnose thyroid disorders, monitor treatment, and screen at-risk groups like pregnant women. TSH is usually the initial test used.
- Hyperthyroidism causes anxiety and tremors while hypothyroidism causes fatigue and depression. Certain drugs and illnesses can impact TFT results so clinical context is important when interpreting them. Communication between doctors and
ROJoson PEP Talk: GOITER Management - Part 1 - Fundamentals and GeneralitiesReynaldo Joson
ROJoson PEP Talk: GOITER Management - Part 1 - Fundamentals and Generalities
Contents:
What is a goiter?
What are the different types of goiter?
What are the causes of goiter?
How common are the goiters?
ROJoson PEP Talk: Screening and Periodic Health CheckReynaldo Joson
The document discusses periodic health checks and screening. It explains that screening is done to detect potential health issues in asymptomatic individuals. Periodic health checks involve repeated screening over time according to risk factors. While screening can find diseases early and improve outcomes, routine health checks for low-risk individuals may not provide clear benefits and could lead to unnecessary tests or procedures. The key is using a risk-based approach to determine who may benefit most from periodic screening.
HEALTH SCREENING SERVICES IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY .pptxLipanjali Badhei
Content:
INTRODUCTION
SCOPE
IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH SCREENING
SUCCESS OF HEALTH SCREENING
TYPES OF HEALTH SCREENING
ROUTINE Monitoring OF PATIENT
EARLY DISEASE DETECTION
SOME DISEASE AND THEIR HEALTH SCREENING SERVICE
The document discusses a presentation on goiter myths and tips for patient empowerment. It aims to help laypeople understand common issues regarding goiter. The presentation covers 5 myths: the concept of goiter, foods related to goiter, internal vs external goiter descriptions, TSH interpretation, and low-dose suppressive therapy. Tips are provided to clarify the myths and empower patients with reliable health information. The summary emphasizes gaining knowledge to make informed health decisions.
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The document discusses strategies for early diagnosis and early treatment as a way to stay healthy and contented. It describes a Patient Empowerment Program aimed at educating laypeople about their health. The program involves modules on topics like COVID-19, patient empowerment, management, and rights. The focus is on the module about staying healthy through early diagnosis and early treatment. It explains that periodic health checks and symptom-based early health checks are both options for early diagnosis, but neither approach has been proven in studies to consistently reduce mortality or morbidity compared to waiting for symptoms. The best strategy may be seeking treatment as soon as symptoms appear.
This document provides information about various health screening tests offered by Thyrocare, a clinical chemistry laboratory in India. It describes diagnostic profiles for the thyroid, lipids, liver, kidneys, anemia, infectious diseases, and more. Each profile lists the tests included and their importance in screening for potential health issues. The document also provides background on Thyrocare, noting it is India's largest thyroid testing laboratory and one of the first to establish a centralized processing laboratory with a large network of collection centers nationwide.
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This document is a transcript of a presentation on when to say you have a goiter. The presentation emphasizes the importance of monthly neck self-examination and consulting a thyroid specialist if abnormalities are found. It advises that if neck self-examination reveals an enlarged thyroid, nodules, enlarged lymph nodes, or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, one should say they have a goiter. It also recommends validating any self-discovered findings with a thyroid specialist, who will examine the neck, make a diagnosis, and recommend next steps such as monitoring, tests, medications or surgery. The overall message is for laypeople to understand when they may have a goiter through self-examination and when to consult an
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The document discusses when a person should say they have a goiter. It begins by explaining what a goiter is - an abnormality in the thyroid gland that can be either functional (too much or too little hormone secretion) or structural (enlarged gland or nodules). It emphasizes the importance of monthly neck self-examinations to check for abnormalities. If a lump, enlargement or nodule is found, or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism are present, a person should say they have a goiter. The next step is consulting a thyroid specialist, who will examine the neck, make a diagnosis, and recommend next steps, which may include observation or additional tests and treatment.
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Whenever you feel something wrong in your body, you visit a respective doctor in your locality. After explaining your problems or symptoms, the expert might recommend you to go through a diagnostic test.
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ROJoson PEP Talk: GOITER Management Part 2 - Fundamentals and Generalities
Contents:
Clinical Diagnosis of Goiters
Paraclinical Diagnostic Procedures for Goiters
screening fitness wellness.pptx in dpt courseAsadKhan224123
This document provides information on screening for physical health, fitness, and wellness. It defines screening, examination, and evaluation in a physical therapy context. It discusses the importance of nonverbal and verbal communication during client interviews. The LEARN model for communication is presented. Physical health is defined as the body's ability to function efficiently. Physical fitness includes health-related and skill-related components. Priorities for good health are physical activity, nutrition, and stress management. Sections provide guidance on screening various body systems and health history questions to ask clients.
Follow up of high risk neonates is important to monitor growth and development and screen for issues. High risk neonates include those born prematurely, with low birth weight, or other medical complications. Follow up should be conducted by a team including pediatricians, psychologists, and specialists. It should begin before discharge from the hospital and continue regularly in the first years, checking feeding, growth, neurological and developmental milestones through standardized assessments.
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Health assessment is defined as systematic and dynamic process by which nurse through interaction with client, significant others and health care providers, collect data about the client.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
Here are my recommendations for the 56 year old woman with subclinical hypothyroidism:
1. Her diagnosis is subclinical hypothyroidism based on an elevated TSH of 7.1 and normal free T4.
2. Given her age (56), fatigue, and 3-4 lb weight gain, I would recommend a trial of levothyroxine therapy. Treatment is reasonable for patients with TSH >10 or positive thyroid antibodies, which she does not have data for. However, treatment may modestly improve her lipids and symptoms.
3. She should be monitored every 6 months with TSH checks to ensure her TSH is maintained between 0.5-2.0 and that she does not
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Prepared for second year medical students - a discussion of the medical claims made by popular health trendsetters in the press, why large audiences flock to these 'news' outlets, how this impacts health literacy of the population, and the role of medical practitioner to promote health and health literacy.
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This document discusses the reporting and interpretation of laboratory test results. It outlines key factors that affect the reliability of lab tests such as accuracy versus precision. Random and systematic errors can influence test results. Reference ranges may vary between laboratories and populations due to factors like age, sex, and location. Test results should be interpreted in the clinical context and considering biological variability. False positive and negative results are possible. Various conditions like exercise, medications, and nutrition can impact lab values in healthy individuals. The interpretation of culture results depends on the microorganism isolated.
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This is the original presentation published by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist (AACE) regarding the clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults
Name: Anna Jones
Pt. Encounter Number: 5663
Date: 9/13/22
Age: 54
Sex: Female
SUBJECTIVE
CC:
“low back pain radiating to left leg”
HPI:
54 yo female presents to the office today c/o lower back pain radiating down L buttock, down the left leg through the calf. Began 3 days ago, with sudden onset while she was at work, following lifting and turning a patient.. She reports feeling a “pop” followed immediately by this pain. States the pain is constant and worsening and rates severity as 7/10. Describes the pain as throbbing, with stinging and tingling down the left leg and calf and reports she “feels crooked”. She has tried rest and Ibuprofen to treat the pain but has gotten no relief. She reports sitting worsens the pain and she is unable to walk without pain. Denies history of similar symptoms. No recent trauma. No previous treatment or testing related to this problem.
Medications: Ibuprofen 400mg as needed for back pain
Allergies: NKDA
Medication Intolerances: none reported
Past Medical History: Uterine fibroids
Chronic Illnesses/Major traumas: denies
Hospitalizations/Surgeries: 3 live births, partial hysterectomy due to uterine fibroids
Preventive: Immunizations up to date .Tdap 2015, Flu 2019, COVID #1 Jan 2020, COVID#2 Feb 2020. Yearly dental exam. Mammogram March 2020.
Family History
Mother deceased due to COVID with history of asthma and smoking. Father living, age 86, HTN-controlled, smoker, depression.
Social History
Pt attended tech school and is working full time as a nursing assistant. Married and monogamous with husband. She has 3 children. Owns home and feels safe there. Denies smoking, tobacco or recreational drug use. Reports occasional use of wine.
ROS Student to ask each of these questions to the patient: “Have you had any…..”
General
Denies weight change, fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats, or change in energy level
Cardiovascular
Denies chest pain, palpitations, edema.
Skin
Denies rashes, bruises or bleeding, or change in skin lesions.
Respiratory
Denies cough, SOB.
Eyes
Denies visual changes
Gastrointestinal
Denies abdominal pain, N/V/D, constipation, eating disorders or ulcer
Ears
Denies ear pain or hearing loss.
Genitourinary/Gynecological
Denies dysuria or incontinence. Reports last PAP 2010, normal. 3 live births.
Nose/Mouth/Throat
Denies congestion or sinus problems. Denies nosebleed. Denies dental disease. Denies sore throat or hoarseness
Musculoskeletal
Reports throbbing lower back pain, radiates to Left buttock and down to left leg/calf for 3 days. Worsening and causing pain when ambulating. Not relieved by rest, position change or Ibuprofen. Denies history of similar problems. Denies joint swelling or history of arthritis.
Breast
Reports regular SBE, Denies lumps or mass. Last mammogram March 2020
Neurological
Alert and oriented x 4. Denies syncope, seizures. Reports stinging a ...
This document provides information about various health screening tests offered by Thyrocare, a clinical chemistry laboratory in India. It describes diagnostic profiles for the thyroid, lipids, liver, kidneys, anemia, infectious diseases, and more. Each profile lists the tests included and their importance in screening for potential health issues. The document also provides background on Thyrocare, noting it is India's largest thyroid testing laboratory and one of the first to establish a centralized processing laboratory with a large network of collection centers nationwide.
ROJoson PEP Talk: When to say you have a GOITER?Reynaldo Joson
This document is a transcript of a presentation on when to say you have a goiter. The presentation emphasizes the importance of monthly neck self-examination and consulting a thyroid specialist if abnormalities are found. It advises that if neck self-examination reveals an enlarged thyroid, nodules, enlarged lymph nodes, or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, one should say they have a goiter. It also recommends validating any self-discovered findings with a thyroid specialist, who will examine the neck, make a diagnosis, and recommend next steps such as monitoring, tests, medications or surgery. The overall message is for laypeople to understand when they may have a goiter through self-examination and when to consult an
The document defines and describes the nursing process, which is a problem-solving approach used by nurses to address patient health needs. It has 6 main components: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation, and outcome identification. Assessment involves collecting a health history and doing a physical exam. A nursing diagnosis identifies actual or potential patient problems that nurses can address through independent nursing action. The nursing diagnosis is developed based on assessment data and identifies the problem and its etiology.
ROJoson PEP Talk: When to say you have a GOITER?Reynaldo Joson
The document discusses when a person should say they have a goiter. It begins by explaining what a goiter is - an abnormality in the thyroid gland that can be either functional (too much or too little hormone secretion) or structural (enlarged gland or nodules). It emphasizes the importance of monthly neck self-examinations to check for abnormalities. If a lump, enlargement or nodule is found, or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism are present, a person should say they have a goiter. The next step is consulting a thyroid specialist, who will examine the neck, make a diagnosis, and recommend next steps, which may include observation or additional tests and treatment.
What Should You Know About A Diagnostic Testuniqpathlab
Whenever you feel something wrong in your body, you visit a respective doctor in your locality. After explaining your problems or symptoms, the expert might recommend you to go through a diagnostic test.
ROJoson PEP Talk: GOITER Management Part 2 - Fundamentals and GeneralitiesReynaldo Joson
ROJoson PEP Talk: GOITER Management Part 2 - Fundamentals and Generalities
Contents:
Clinical Diagnosis of Goiters
Paraclinical Diagnostic Procedures for Goiters
screening fitness wellness.pptx in dpt courseAsadKhan224123
This document provides information on screening for physical health, fitness, and wellness. It defines screening, examination, and evaluation in a physical therapy context. It discusses the importance of nonverbal and verbal communication during client interviews. The LEARN model for communication is presented. Physical health is defined as the body's ability to function efficiently. Physical fitness includes health-related and skill-related components. Priorities for good health are physical activity, nutrition, and stress management. Sections provide guidance on screening various body systems and health history questions to ask clients.
Follow up of high risk neonates is important to monitor growth and development and screen for issues. High risk neonates include those born prematurely, with low birth weight, or other medical complications. Follow up should be conducted by a team including pediatricians, psychologists, and specialists. It should begin before discharge from the hospital and continue regularly in the first years, checking feeding, growth, neurological and developmental milestones through standardized assessments.
Health assessment By - Jitendra Bokha.pptxJitendra Bokha
Health assessment is defined as systematic and dynamic process by which nurse through interaction with client, significant others and health care providers, collect data about the client.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
Here are my recommendations for the 56 year old woman with subclinical hypothyroidism:
1. Her diagnosis is subclinical hypothyroidism based on an elevated TSH of 7.1 and normal free T4.
2. Given her age (56), fatigue, and 3-4 lb weight gain, I would recommend a trial of levothyroxine therapy. Treatment is reasonable for patients with TSH >10 or positive thyroid antibodies, which she does not have data for. However, treatment may modestly improve her lipids and symptoms.
3. She should be monitored every 6 months with TSH checks to ensure her TSH is maintained between 0.5-2.0 and that she does not
Adrenal fatigue, bioidentical hormones, and health literacydjtoft
Prepared for second year medical students - a discussion of the medical claims made by popular health trendsetters in the press, why large audiences flock to these 'news' outlets, how this impacts health literacy of the population, and the role of medical practitioner to promote health and health literacy.
Reporting and interpretation of laboratory resultsJoyce Mwatonoka
This document discusses the reporting and interpretation of laboratory test results. It outlines key factors that affect the reliability of lab tests such as accuracy versus precision. Random and systematic errors can influence test results. Reference ranges may vary between laboratories and populations due to factors like age, sex, and location. Test results should be interpreted in the clinical context and considering biological variability. False positive and negative results are possible. Various conditions like exercise, medications, and nutrition can impact lab values in healthy individuals. The interpretation of culture results depends on the microorganism isolated.
This document discusses the basics of pathophysiology. It begins by defining anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, noting that pathophysiology builds on knowledge of normal structure and function by exploring how disease develops and changes anatomy and physiology. It then discusses several key pathophysiology topics: the causes and mechanisms of disease; how pathologists study tissues and cells to determine disease cause; how normal and abnormal structure and function relate to disease signs and symptoms; and how specific diseases affect individual organ systems based on normal structure and function. The document emphasizes that understanding pathophysiology helps physicians develop effective prevention, diagnostic, treatment, and management strategies for disease.
Therapeutic medical aid delivery in case of most widespread therapeutic diseasesEneutron
The document discusses medical rehabilitation, including its goals of recovering patients' functional abilities and work capacity. It describes the three periods of rehabilitation: early, late, and readaptation. Early rehabilitation focuses on diagnosis, treatment and lifestyle changes. Late rehabilitation uses physical therapy and exercises. Readaptation takes place at resorts or specialized centers using rehabilitation methods to restore work ability. The principles of rehabilitation emphasize early treatment, continuity of care, and a comprehensive individualized approach.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: AACE and ATA 2012Jibran Mohsin
This is the original presentation published by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist (AACE) regarding the clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults
Name: Anna Jones
Pt. Encounter Number: 5663
Date: 9/13/22
Age: 54
Sex: Female
SUBJECTIVE
CC:
“low back pain radiating to left leg”
HPI:
54 yo female presents to the office today c/o lower back pain radiating down L buttock, down the left leg through the calf. Began 3 days ago, with sudden onset while she was at work, following lifting and turning a patient.. She reports feeling a “pop” followed immediately by this pain. States the pain is constant and worsening and rates severity as 7/10. Describes the pain as throbbing, with stinging and tingling down the left leg and calf and reports she “feels crooked”. She has tried rest and Ibuprofen to treat the pain but has gotten no relief. She reports sitting worsens the pain and she is unable to walk without pain. Denies history of similar symptoms. No recent trauma. No previous treatment or testing related to this problem.
Medications: Ibuprofen 400mg as needed for back pain
Allergies: NKDA
Medication Intolerances: none reported
Past Medical History: Uterine fibroids
Chronic Illnesses/Major traumas: denies
Hospitalizations/Surgeries: 3 live births, partial hysterectomy due to uterine fibroids
Preventive: Immunizations up to date .Tdap 2015, Flu 2019, COVID #1 Jan 2020, COVID#2 Feb 2020. Yearly dental exam. Mammogram March 2020.
Family History
Mother deceased due to COVID with history of asthma and smoking. Father living, age 86, HTN-controlled, smoker, depression.
Social History
Pt attended tech school and is working full time as a nursing assistant. Married and monogamous with husband. She has 3 children. Owns home and feels safe there. Denies smoking, tobacco or recreational drug use. Reports occasional use of wine.
ROS Student to ask each of these questions to the patient: “Have you had any…..”
General
Denies weight change, fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats, or change in energy level
Cardiovascular
Denies chest pain, palpitations, edema.
Skin
Denies rashes, bruises or bleeding, or change in skin lesions.
Respiratory
Denies cough, SOB.
Eyes
Denies visual changes
Gastrointestinal
Denies abdominal pain, N/V/D, constipation, eating disorders or ulcer
Ears
Denies ear pain or hearing loss.
Genitourinary/Gynecological
Denies dysuria or incontinence. Reports last PAP 2010, normal. 3 live births.
Nose/Mouth/Throat
Denies congestion or sinus problems. Denies nosebleed. Denies dental disease. Denies sore throat or hoarseness
Musculoskeletal
Reports throbbing lower back pain, radiates to Left buttock and down to left leg/calf for 3 days. Worsening and causing pain when ambulating. Not relieved by rest, position change or Ibuprofen. Denies history of similar problems. Denies joint swelling or history of arthritis.
Breast
Reports regular SBE, Denies lumps or mass. Last mammogram March 2020
Neurological
Alert and oriented x 4. Denies syncope, seizures. Reports stinging a ...
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
ROJoson PEP Talk: THYROID TESTS - Reading & Interpretation
1. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the importance of
reading and
interpreting
THYROID test results
in their health
management.
Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results
-
Reading &
Interpretation
July 30, 2022
1400H - 1500H
Via Zoom
2. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the importance of
reading and
interpreting
THYROID test results
in their health
management.
Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results
-
Reading &
Interpretation
ROJoson PEP Talk
I have a Patient
Empowerment
Program in which I
like to empower the
lay people or
patients to take
control in the
management of
their health.
3. There are 3 courses
in the PEP Talk.
I completed the Core
Course on October 9,
2021.
4. From October 23,
2021 onwards, I have
been tackling Health
Disorder and Health
Issue Courses. This
may take 3 years or
longer.
5. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the importance of
reading and
interpreting
THYROID test results
in their health
management.
Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results
-
Reading &
Interpretation
My PEP TALK today
is entitled: THYROID
Test Results -
Reading and
Interpretation.
This is part of the
Health Issue Course.
6. Contents of PEP TALK on THYROID Test Results -
Reading and Interpretation
• General recommendations on reading and interpreting
lab tests with numeric values and narrative descriptions
and conclusions
• How I read and interpret thyroid test results – thyroid
function tests and thyroid ultrasound
• Idiosyncrasies of radiologists in reading and writing
thyroid ultrasound results
• Examples of challenges in reading and interpretation of
thyroid function tests and thyroid ultrasound
• ROJoson’s advice in reading and interpreting thyroid
function test and thyroid ultrasound
Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
7. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Thyroid function tests and ultrasound of the
thyroid are commonly done as laboratory
diagnostic tests for patients with possible thyroid
disorders.
A lot of Filipino patients have these tests done for
one reason or another, usually resulting from
screening fad or ordered by physicians who are
ritualistic and maximalist.
Then, they ask me to read and interpret the
results.
8. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
I am a minimalist physician.
I don’t subscribe to the screening fad of laypeople
as well as physicians who are usually ritualistic
and maximalist and who outrightly want to please
their patients with their desire for screening
laboratory tests.
9. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
I do laboratory tests only when indicated
(patients with symptoms and signs in which I am
not very definite with my clinical diagnosis that I
need help from laboratory tests; patients without
symptoms and signs but with a high risk for a
particular disease).
10. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
In my practice, I cannot avoid or refuse patients
coming to me for interpretation of the results of
their laboratory tests requested by themselves
and other physicians.
Because of the prevalence of these events, I have
decided to try to write something about them,
particularly to advise the laypeople on how to
read and interpret the results of the laboratory
tests.
For today, I will focus on THYROID tests.
I like to empower the
patients to know the
principles and
processes and
caveats of reading
and interpreting lab
test results.
Along the way,
hopefully, I can
convince them to
have lab tests done
only when indicated.
11. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
But before I go to the THYROID tests, allow me to
give you some important relevant introduction.
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ
located in the base and central part of the neck.
12. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
The thyroid gland is a vital organ (vital organ –
one that is needed to survive) that regulates
metabolism, growth and development of the
human body. The thyroid gland makes, releases,
and controls thyroid hormones that control
metabolism. Metabolism is a process where the
food taken into body is transformed into energy.
This energy is used throughout the entire body to
keep many of the body's systems working
correctly.
13. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
If there is an abnormality in the thyroid gland, the
commonly used term is GOITER.
Thus, there is a GOITER when there is an
abnormality in the thyroid gland.
14. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
It can have abnormality in both structure and
function, singly or in combination.
• Abnormality in function (hyperthyroidism or
hypothyroidism – normal: euthyroidism)
• Abnormality in structure (either enlargement
or nodule formation)
• Abnormality in both structure and function
(combined or simultaneous)
Thyroid function tests
– diagnostic tests for
thyroid function
(euthyroid,
hyperthyroid,
hypothyroid)
Thyroid ultrasound –
diagnostic test for
structure
(enlargement, nodule
formation – benign vs
malignant)
15. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Usual thyroid function tests being done
nowadays:
• FT3 (free triiodothyronine)
• FT4 (free thyroxine)
• TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones)
Thyroid function tests
– diagnostic tests for
thyroid function
(euthyroid,
hyperthyroid,
hypothyroid)
16. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Usual interpretations of thyroid function test
results:
Thyroid function tests
– diagnostic tests for
thyroid function
(euthyroid,
hyperthyroid,
hypothyroid)
Normal Thyroid Function
(EUTHYROID)
• Normal FT3
• Normal FT4
• Normal TSH
HYPERTHYROID
• Elevated FT3
• Elevated FT4
• Depressed TSH
HYPOTHYROID
• Depressed FT3
• Depressed FT4
• Elevated TSH
Must be correlated clinically! (symptoms & signs)
There are reference
ranges (normal
values) for the
different types of
thyroid function test.
These reference
ranges have numeric
values.
17. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Usual interpretations of thyroid function test
results:
Thyroid function tests
– diagnostic tests for
thyroid function
(euthyroid,
hyperthyroid,
hypothyroid)
Normal Thyroid Function
(EUTHYROID)
• Normal FT3
• Normal FT4
• Normal TSH
HYPERTHYROID
• Elevated FT3
• Elevated FT4
• Depressed TSH
HYPOTHYROID
• Depressed FT3
• Depressed FT4
• Elevated TSH
Must be correlated clinically! (symptoms & signs)
If there are
incongruencies and
doubts, REPEAT
tests.
18. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
CHALLENGES in interpretations of thyroid function
test results:
Thyroid function tests
– diagnostic tests for
thyroid function
(euthyroid,
hyperthyroid,
hypothyroid)
Normal Thyroid Function
(EUTHYROID)
• Normal FT3
• Normal FT4
• Normal TSH
HYPERTHYROID
• Normal FT3
• Normal FT4
• Depressed TSH
HYPOTHYROID
• Normal FT3
• Normal FT4
• Elevated TSH
Must be correlated clinically! (symptoms & signs)
If there are
incongruencies and
doubts, REPEAT
tests.
19. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
CHALLENGES in interpretations of thyroid function
test results:
ZG, 66-year-old female, had thyroid function tests done as
screening (not ordered by me). NO symptoms of
hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
FT3 low; FT4 normal; TSH elevated. I asked for a repeat.
20. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
CHALLENGES in interpretations of thyroid function
test results:
Repeat tests – normal FT3; normal FT4; and
normal TSH.
21. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
CHALLENGES in interpretations of thyroid function
test results:
If there were NO repeat tests, patient could have been
treated unnecessarily with medications, which can be
lifetime. She has normal thyroid function tests afterall.
She will have the unwanted lifetime anxiety of thinking she
has a thyroid disease.
Also, she may have a cascade of other unnecessary tests like
ultrasound and biopsy that may be needed to do further
investigations.
Fortunately, for her, a repeat test has prevented these
errors and other possible negative consequences.
22. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
CHALLENGES in interpretations of thyroid function
test results:
Another type of error:
Error in interpretation of hyperthyroidism based
on decreased TSH but without symptoms.
Repeat tests showed normal.
If not re-checked, patient could have been treated
erroneously for hyperthyroidism.
23. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Ultrasound of the Thyroid
(contains narrative descriptions of findings and
conclusions)
• Enlargement without nodules
• Enlargement with nodule/s
• Nodule/s (how many, location, size, nature –
cystic / solid / complex; border – distinct /
indistinct; tall vs wide ratio; calcifications; etc.)
• Presence or absence of enlarged neck nodes
Thyroid ultrasound –
diagnostic test for
structure
(enlargement, nodule
formation – benign vs
malignant)
24. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Ultrasound of the Thyroid - Conclusions
TIRADS = Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data
System (For thyroid nodules seen)
• TIRADS 1
• TIRADS 2
• TIRADS 3
• TIRADS 4
• TIRADS 5
• TIRADS 6
Indications for needle
biopsy
25. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
TIRADS = Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (For
thyroid nodules seen)
Tirads Definition Ultrasound features
1 Negative Normal thyroid
2 Benign Benign features
3 Probably benign Without suspicious features
4 A Low suspicion One suspicion feature
4 B Intermediate suspicion Two suspicion feature
4C Moderate suspicion Three or four suspicion feature
5 High suspicion Five suspicion feature
6 Known proved malignancy Confirmed malignancy
Indications for
needle biopsy
26. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
TIRADS = Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (For
thyroid nodules seen)
27. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
TIRADS = Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (For
thyroid nodules seen)
28. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Clinical Diagnosis (without ultrasound and thyroid
function tests):
• Enlarged thyroid without symptoms of
hypothyroidism / hyperthyroidism – DIFFUSE
COLLOID ADENOMATOUS GOITER
• Enlarged thyroid with symptoms of
hyperthyroidism – HYPERTHYROIDISM
• Enlarged thyroid with symptoms of
hypothyroidism - HYPOTHYROIDISM
Must be correlated clinically! (symptoms & signs)
Sharing with you
my experience with
clinical diagnosis
(without ultrasound
and thyroid
function tests) –
batting average –
more than 90%
accurate.
29. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Clinical Diagnosis (without ultrasound):
• Multiple thyroid nodules with no signs of
malignancy – MULTIPLE COLLOID
ADENOMATOUS GOITER
• Cystic / complex thyroid nodules – COLLOID
CYSTS / COLLOID ADENOMATOUS NODULES
• Solitary / multiple thyroid nodules with signs
of malignancy – THYROID CANCER
Clinical signs of
malignancy:
• Hard nodule (NOT
due to
calcifications)
• With signs of
invasion (fixed,
hoarseness)
• With signs of
spread (neck
nodes, distant
mass)
Options:
• Needle biopsy
• Outright operation
30. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
CHALLENGES
Lot of OVER-READING using the TIRADS
TIRADS = Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data
System (For thyroid nodules seen)
• TIRADS 1
• TIRADS 2
• TIRADS 3
• TIRADS 4
• TIRADS 5
• TIRADS 6
Lot of needle biopsy
31. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
CHALLENGES
Illustration 1
ZC, 66-y-o female
In 2016, my clinical diagnosis was Multiple Colloid
Adenomatous Goiter. I have been following her
up for 6 years with the same diagnosis with no
biopsy.
One day, in 2022, she went for an ultrasound on
her own. Reading was TIRADS 5 for one nodule.
She had herself biopsy. It showed adenomatous
nodule. I WAS RIGHT AFTERALL.
36. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
ROJoson’s recommendations and advice in the
reading and interpretation of the ultrasound
results:
THE RESULTS OR DIAGNOSES ARE NOT FINAL YET
UNTIL SEEN BY A THYROID SPECIALIST-CLINICIAN.
37. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
In the reports issued by the radiologists, there is
usually a caveat statement to the patient
receiving the reports: CORRELATE CLINICALLY.
Or “This result is best interpreted by your
attending physician in correlation with your
clinical data, imaging and other laboratory
results.”
Clinical correlation means
gathering all other available
medical data and information
(such as age, sex, symptoms
and signs, other lab tests) to a
particular test to determine
their mutual or reciprocal
relations and to establish an
orderly connection (through
comparing and contrasting)
with the goal of coming out
with a clinical diagnosis that
is as accurate as possible.
38. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
My other recommendations:
• You can take a look and read the contents if
you want. However, as a layperson, chances
you will not understand and more so, interpret
the narrative descriptions and conclusions of
the certified readers. So, have the narrative
diagnostic reports read and interpreted by a
trusted physician-clinician or your attending
physician and let him / her make a decision on
the report.
39. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
• Even for the physician-clinicians or attending
physicians, they have to interpret the words or
phrases used by the certified readers and to
read between the lines.
• In addition, they have to correlate the findings
and conclusions of the readers with the
symptoms and signs, other tests and other
circumstantial situations that a patient may
have to make a decision whether everything is
normal; a finding is a mere biological variation;
something abnormal is being suspected;
and/or there is really an abnormality going
on.
40. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
• At times, they have to check the accuracy of
the reports and may have to have discussion
with the readers of the narrative diagnostic
reports.
• So, have the narrative diagnostic reports read
and interpreted by a trusted physician-clinician
or your attending physician and let him / her
make a decision on the report.
41. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
How I usually read and interpret the reports
As a thyroid specialist, these are what I usually do
in terms of reading and interpreting the
ultrasound reports:
42. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
I read the reports and take note first of any red
flags for cancer in the narrative descriptions and
conclusions.
I first look at the conclusions. If there is a TIRADS
conclusion, I take note of this first.
43. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
If there are conclusions for possible cancer, I then
look at the narrative descriptions and study the
bases for the radiologist’s making conclusions.
If bases are valid, then I tentatively accept the
conclusions. Tentatively, because I still have to
examine the patient’s neck. I still have to
correlate the reports with the physical
examination findings as well as other data and
information such as other tests done and also the
historical data.
44. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
If there are uncertainties or incongruencies in the
bases and in the reports, then, I examine the
patient, particularly the neck, and then make a
decision, essentially, whether to repeat the
ultrasound in another institution to be read by
another reader.
45. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
If the reports do not contain any red flags for
cancer, just the same, I do scrutiny of the reports
to check for any incongruencies. I also examine
the patient’s neck to correlate the reports with
my clinical findings.
46. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
So, whatever be the report, I CORRELATE
CLINICALLY.
I particularly examine / palpate the patient’s neck
(a must for all thyroid specialists) and then decide
and explain.
Clinical correlation means
gathering all other available
medical data and information
(such as age, sex, symptoms
and signs, other lab tests) to a
particular test to determine
their mutual or reciprocal
relations and to establish an
orderly connection (through
comparing and contrasting)
with the goal of coming out
with a clinical diagnosis that
is as accurate as possible.
47. Health Issue Course
BREAST
Ultrasound &
Mammogram
Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
How radiologists read and write their reports
One, there are a lot of subjectivity in the radiologists’ interpretations of
the findings in ultrasound. As a result, there are a lot of interobserver
variations, meaning, given the same ultrasound plates, two different
readers read and interpret them differently.
48. Health Issue Course
BREAST
Ultrasound &
Mammogram
Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
How radiologists read and write their reports
Two, the TIRADS is something recent in the Philippines. Not all
radiologists are adept in reporting using TIRADS.
THERE IS A LOT OF OVER-READING.
49. Health Issue Course
BREAST
Ultrasound &
Mammogram
Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
How radiologists write their reports
Three, radiologists commonly put recommendations after their
conclusions. Examples of recommendations are: tissue-biopsy; follow-up
ultrasound; etc.
My recommendation is just to consider them as personal
recommendation from the radiologists. We cannot stop them from giving
their personal recommendations.
One does not have to follow them. Let your thyroid specialist decide on
what to do next. The thyroid specialist may not also follow the
recommendations of the radiologists.
REMEMBER their CAVEATS: CLINICIAN TO CORRELATE CLINICALLY.
50. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
So, to emphasize, personally, whatever be the
report, I CORRELATE CLINICALLY.
I particularly examine / palpate the patient’s neck
(a must for all thyroid specialists) and then decide
and explain.
Clinical correlation means
gathering all other available
medical data and information
(such as age, sex, symptoms
and signs, other lab tests) to a
particular test to determine
their mutual or reciprocal
relations and to establish an
orderly connection (through
comparing and contrasting)
with the goal of coming out
with a clinical diagnosis that
is as accurate as possible.
52. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Summary
Take Away
Contents of PEP TALK on THYROID Test Results -
Reading and Interpretation
• General recommendations on reading and interpreting
lab tests with numeric values and narrative descriptions
and conclusions
• How I read and interpret thyroid test results – thyroid
function tests and thyroid ultrasound
• Idiosyncrasies of radiologists in reading and writing
thyroid ultrasound results
• Examples of challenges in reading and interpretation of
thyroid function tests and thyroid ultrasound
• ROJoson’s advice in reading and interpreting thyroid
function test and thyroid ultrasound
53. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Summary
Take Away
Although the reports are written for healthcare
professionals, not patients, there is a lot you can
learn by looking, studying, and learning from
them (especially after this PEP Talk).
In the end, however, always have a TRUSTED
thyroid specialist-clinician read and interpret
them for you.
54. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Learn how to palpate your own thyroid.
Do regular thyroid self-examination. You may
not need thyroid tests if you do regular
thyroid examination.
Do diagnostic tests only when indicated.
If you do diagnostic tests outside of the
indications, you will end up with a lot of false
positive alarming readings which can cause
undue anxiety; which may lead to other
unnecessary tests; which may lead to
unnecessary operations not to say expenses.
• Indications:
• To screen for a disease
or exclude its presence
in high risk patients
• To have a more definite
diagnosis after clinical
evaluation
• To determine severity
of a disease present
and to prognosticate (to
project outcome)
• To monitor progress of
disease and treatment
Summary
Take Away
55. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
At the end of the day,
Have a trusted thyroid specialist to review and
interpret and do a clinical correlation.
Summary
Take Away
56. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Summary
Take Away
After hearing the explanations and
recommendations on what to do next by your
attending physician, feel free to ask questions as
needed for further clarifications. The decision on
what to do next should be a shared one between
you and your attending physician.
57. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Summary
Take Away
If there is a need for a second opinion from
another physician on the conclusion and
recommendations on what to do next, go ahead.
You have the right to seek a second opinion. This
is part of patient empowerment. Knowing the
principles and processes of reading and
interpreting laboratory tests and their associated
caveats is also part of patient empowerment.
58. Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results -
Reading &
Interpretation
Be always in touch with reliable medical
information on how physicians read and interpret
thyroid function tests and thyroid ultrasound.
Knowledge is power; it gives power.
Use the 4Ks of Patient Empowerment:
Kaalaman, Kakayanan, Karapatan and
Kapangyarihan
to gain greater control over decisions in
medical management of oneself by having
some idea on how physicians read and
interpret thyroid function tests and thyroid
ultrasound.
Take Away in
relation to
Patient
Empowerment
59. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the importance of
reading and
interpreting
THYROID test results
in their health
management.
Health Issue
Course –
THYROID
Tests & Results
-
Reading &
Interpretation
My PEP TALK today
is entitled: THYROID
Test Results -
Reading and
Interpretation.
This is part of the
Health Issue Course.