This document provides an overview of Belgium, including its geography, history, government, economy, and people. Some key points:
- Belgium is a small, densely populated country located in Western Europe between France, Luxembourg, Germany and the Netherlands.
- It has a constitutional monarchy government and is highly urbanized with Brussels as its capital and largest city.
- The country is divided into three regions - Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels - which each have devolved powers over areas like education and healthcare.
I talk about the government system of Ethiopia from executive to legislative and how elections work in a country that was once run by a great African monarchy.
This document discusses and compares democracy and dictatorship as forms of government. It provides definitions and highlights of democracy, including that it is a form of government by the people through elections. It also outlines some merits and demerits of democracy, such as people having a choice in leaders but the potential for corruption. The document then defines dictatorship as rule by a single individual or group, and provides examples of dictatorial regimes in Pakistan's history. It analyzes periods of economic development under dictators compared to challenges faced by democracies. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of strengthening democracy through fair elections and an engaged, educated citizenry.
The preamble of the Indian Constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. It aims to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens. The people of India adopted this constitution on November 26, 1949, establishing the key objectives and principles of the government.
Philippine government with 1987 constitutionJason Pacaway
The document defines key concepts related to states and governments. It discusses that a state consists of people, territory, government, and sovereignty. It also outlines different modes of acquiring territory, the powers of a state including taxation and eminent domain, forms of government, functions of government, and the pre-Spanish, Spanish, and revolutionary Philippine governments.
India has a quasi-federal parliamentary democratic republic government comprised of 29 states and 7 union territories. The government has 3 branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive is headed by a President and Prime Minister. The bicameral legislative parliament consists of the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. The independent judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court.
The preamble of the Indian constitution outlines its basic philosophical values including sovereignty, socialism, secularism, democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. Drafting the constitution was challenging given India's diversity and the trauma of partition. The constituent assembly, composed of elected representatives from across India, deliberated for over two years to craft a constitution that would unite the country and protect fundamental rights for all.
I talk about the government system of Ethiopia from executive to legislative and how elections work in a country that was once run by a great African monarchy.
This document discusses and compares democracy and dictatorship as forms of government. It provides definitions and highlights of democracy, including that it is a form of government by the people through elections. It also outlines some merits and demerits of democracy, such as people having a choice in leaders but the potential for corruption. The document then defines dictatorship as rule by a single individual or group, and provides examples of dictatorial regimes in Pakistan's history. It analyzes periods of economic development under dictators compared to challenges faced by democracies. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of strengthening democracy through fair elections and an engaged, educated citizenry.
The preamble of the Indian Constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. It aims to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens. The people of India adopted this constitution on November 26, 1949, establishing the key objectives and principles of the government.
Philippine government with 1987 constitutionJason Pacaway
The document defines key concepts related to states and governments. It discusses that a state consists of people, territory, government, and sovereignty. It also outlines different modes of acquiring territory, the powers of a state including taxation and eminent domain, forms of government, functions of government, and the pre-Spanish, Spanish, and revolutionary Philippine governments.
India has a quasi-federal parliamentary democratic republic government comprised of 29 states and 7 union territories. The government has 3 branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive is headed by a President and Prime Minister. The bicameral legislative parliament consists of the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. The independent judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court.
The preamble of the Indian constitution outlines its basic philosophical values including sovereignty, socialism, secularism, democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. Drafting the constitution was challenging given India's diversity and the trauma of partition. The constituent assembly, composed of elected representatives from across India, deliberated for over two years to craft a constitution that would unite the country and protect fundamental rights for all.
The document discusses freedom of expression under the Bangladeshi constitution. It begins by defining freedom of expression and distinguishing it from freedom of speech. It notes that freedom of expression is recognized under Article 39 of the Bangladeshi constitution, but is subject to reasonable restrictions around issues like security, public order, and morality. It outlines some of the laws that can limit expression, such as those around defamation and official secrets. The document also discusses some case laws related to limitations on political commentary online. It concludes by calling for balancing individual rights with societal interests and ensuring the smooth exercise of citizens' rights.
The document discusses India's system of public administration and governance. It makes three key points:
1) India's system of public administration evolved over millennia as a system of imperial authority and revenue extraction. The modern system established by the British further centralized control.
2) Today, India spends a large portion of its budget (over 10%) on salaries for central government employees. However, many departments are understaffed due to the high costs of wages slowing hiring.
3) There are concerns that India's system favors centralized control and revenue extraction over good governance. High employee costs and understaffing of key departments like health and revenue collection undermine the government's ability to effectively serve the public.
The document discusses key aspects of a constitution including that it establishes the framework of government, assigns powers and duties, and protects citizen rights. A good constitution is brief, broad, and definite. It should contain provisions on the structure of government, fundamental rights, and the amendment process. Constitutional amendments allow modifications to respond to changing needs but require rigorous processes like legislative approval or public ratification.
1) Ethiopia transitioned from a multi-ethnic empire to an ethnic federation following two historical developments - the late 19th century expansion of the Ethiopian state which increased ethnic diversity, and the emergence of Marxist-Leninist opposition since the 1960s advocating for ethnic self-determination.
2) Ethiopia's federal system is based on principles of ethnic federalism and self-determination influenced by Marxist-Leninist ideology, with regional states organized along ethnic lines.
3) However, the dominant ruling party, EPRDF, has faced criticism for centralizing power and limiting political openness and competition, contradicting the principles of federalism.
The document summarizes the history of constitution making in Pakistan from its independence in 1947. It discusses how the first Constituent Assembly, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was tasked with drafting Pakistan's first constitution. Jinnah laid out important principles for the constitution, including protecting minorities and prohibiting corruption. However, Pakistan experienced frequent amendments and suspensions of its constitution over the decades as different regimes imposed martial law. The current constitution was drafted in 1973 but has also faced numerous amendments. The frequent changes to Pakistan's constitution have undermined its role as a stable, guiding document.
This document discusses the history of local government in Ethiopia and whether it has shifted from being an apparatus of control. It describes how Ethiopia transitioned from a decentralized system before 1855 to a highly centralized unitary state by the 20th century. Local authorities were used as political and administrative extensions of the central government to exert control over opposition and extract resources. While decentralization began in 1991, the document argues local authorities still primarily serve as a means of control rather than promoting grassroots democracy and development as intended. It provides historical context on how local control evolved under different emperors up until the 1974 revolution.
POLITICAL SYSTEMS IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA presented by SalazarShine Salazar
This document provides information about Sub-Saharan Africa and its countries. It begins with definitions of Sub-Saharan Africa as the region of Africa located south of the Sahara desert. It then discusses the effects of colonialism on social structures, economic patterns, and the contemporary African state system. The document presents tables listing African countries with their constitutional forms of government, heads of state, and basis of executive legitimacy. It also lists prominent current leaders of African states and political parties within Africa.
The Preamble to the US Constitution outlines the key goals of the founding fathers in establishing the new government, including forming a more perfect union, establishing justice, insuring domestic tranquility, providing for the common defense, promoting the general welfare, and securing the blessings of liberty for themselves and their posterity. It reflects the ideals of the 55 adult white male framers in 1787 to plan for and establish a system of government that would serve the American people for generations to come.
This document summarizes the political situation in Ethiopia following the death of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. It discusses that Meles had led Ethiopia with an authoritarian grip for 21 years through his Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) party. His death leaves the country's political system weakened without its central figure. The transition of power will likely be an internal TPLF process, leading to a weaker government and increased instability risks unless political reforms are enacted. The international community has an interest in actively influencing the transition.
The document discusses key aspects of the Constitution of India:
1) It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and aims to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens.
2) The constitution took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to draft and was passed on November 26, 1949 after extensive debate and consideration by the 284 members of the Constituent Assembly.
3) It lays out the basic political structures of India such as the organs of state including the legislature, executive and judiciary as well as fundamental rights and duties of citizens.
This document is the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. It establishes Ethiopia as a federal and democratic state. It outlines the structure of the federal government and member states. It defines the powers and functions delegated to the federal government and powers reserved for the member states. It also establishes fundamental rights and freedoms for citizens and outlines principles of democracy, separation of religion and state, and conduct of government.
Japan's government has three branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is headed by the emperor, who serves as head of state but has no real power, and the prime minister and cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Diet elected by citizens. The judicial branch is led by the supreme court. Japan has a thriving market economy based on supply and demand with little government ownership of industry.
The document discusses issues of federalism in Pakistan and makes recommendations. It summarizes that over-centralization of state authorities has led to conflicts between the center and provinces. It recommends constitutional reforms to establish true federalism, including provincial autonomy, fair fiscal distribution, and representation of all nationalities and communities. A renewed constitution based on the 1940 Lahore Resolution and protected by a Constitutional Court could help resolve intra-state conflicts through democratic means.
1. Pakistan has a federal system of government with five provinces, Islamabad as the capital territory, and other federally administered areas.
2. The pillars of Pakistan's government are the legislature, administration, judiciary, defense, media, and political pressure groups.
3. Pakistan has a diverse culture with influences from Punjabi, Balochi, Sindhi, and Pashtun cultures expressed through music, dance, and literature.
The document summarizes key provisions and features of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that the constitution was drafted over 2 years between 1946-1949 by the Constituent Assembly headed by Dr. Ambedkar. Some key highlights include:
- It is the longest and most detailed written constitution in the world.
- It establishes a parliamentary democratic republic with a federal structure, featuring separation of powers among the executive, legislature and judiciary.
- It includes a catalogue of Fundamental Rights guaranteed to all citizens and Directive Principles of State Policy as fundamental obligations of the government.
- It establishes independent election commissions and defines the powers of the central and state governments through three lists (union, state, concurrent).
Constitution of Bangladesh: Fundamental principles of State PolicyMohammad Hossain Ali
The presentation contains Fundamental principles of State Policy included in the Constitution of Bangladesh. Additionally it presents a short description about the form of government and qualifications and disqualifications of the members of the legislature of the counry.
I do not have any other questions. The document provided a detailed overview of the process of democratization in India and Pakistan after partition in 1947.
Constitution of Pakistan and Peoples RightsNazeer Mahar
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's constitutional history and protections of peoples' rights. It discusses how Pakistan's constitutions since independence have established frameworks for governance and protected fundamental rights, though many amendments have eroded these protections over time. The document also examines issues like the separation of powers between branches of government and the federal-provincial balance of power that impact the enjoyment of rights.
This document provides geographic, demographic, political, and historical information about Nigeria. It notes that Nigeria is located in Western Africa, bordering Benin, Cameroon and other countries. Nigeria has a population of over 174 million, making it Africa's most populous country. It has over 250 ethnic groups and was a British colony that gained independence in 1960. The country continues to face challenges including corruption, economic issues, and ethnic/religious tensions.
Yao li Ps 104-02Country profile BelizeGeneral Indicators..docxjeffevans62972
Yao li
Ps 104-02
Country profile: Belize
General Indicators.
· Capital: Belmopan,16.451(2010)
· Area: 8,867 square Miles (22,966 km2 ) (2014)
· Population: 61,460 people.( 2014)
· Population Growth Rate: 1.92% (2014)
Economic Indicators.
· GDP (PPP): $1.624 billion(2013)
· Per Capital GDP( PPP): 8,800 (2013 Est)
· Distribution of GDP: Agriculture 13%, Industry 23%, Service 64%(2012 Est)
· Urban Population: 44.78% (2011)
· Population below poverty line: 41%(2013 Est)
· Labor force participation rate( Ratio of female to male shares): .656(2013)
· Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Ranking ( and score): 88(50.46)(2014)
Analysis section: Per capital GDP is average about all people’s income in the state. According to number, they have 8,800 for one year and their GDP (PPP) is $1.624 billion. For example, Belize compare with china, Chinese GDP (PPP) is $9.24 trillion, but the Per capita GDP (PPP) only have $6807.43. So, Belize people income is much higher than Chinese, and in the other words, they living standard is higher than Chinese.
Social Indicators.
· Human Development Index( HDI) Ranking (and value): 84(.732) (2013)
· Gender Inequality Index (GII) Value: 043 (2013)
· Infant Mortality Rate: 20.31/1000 (2014)
· Literacy: 76.9% (76.7% Male and 77.1% Female) (2000 census)
· Religions: Roman Catholic 39.3%, Pentecostal 8.3%, Seventh Day Adventist 5.3%, Anglican 4.5%, Mennonite 3.7%, Baptist 3.5%, Methodist 2.8%, Nazarene 2.8%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.6%, other 9.9% (includes Baha'i Faith, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Mormon), other (unknown) 3.1%, none 15.2% (2010)
Analysis section:
Infant Mortality means the rate of baby died before one year old. The Infant mortality in Belize compare to Japan is very low. Which means the medical care is not mature, the environment is not well. Belize is developing country and the territory is very small (22,966 km2) so the country resource is not as well as another country. The area is close to tropic, it is good for agriculture. The people in Belize doesn’t obtain enough educated. The literacy only 76.7%. The education is very important to the country development. This is one of the reason that Belize is a developing country.
Political Indicators.
· Freedom House Rating (Freedom in the World Report) : Free; Political Rights—1, Civil Liberties—2.(2014)
· Corruption Perception Index (CPI) Ranking ( and score) : 62 (3.7) (2005)
· Press Freedom Index ( Reporters Without Borders) Ranking ( and index score) : 30 (18.54) (2015)
· Shares in Parliament, female- male ratio: 0.13 (2011)
· Date of State Formation: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
· System Type: Parliamentary Democracy and a commonwealth real monarchy.
· Constitution: Published in 1981
· Administration: Unitary monarchy
· Executive : Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17 November 1993) head of government: Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8 February .
Power sharing involves distributing power among different parts of a government, such as the executive, judiciary, and legislature, as well as across different levels of government. It can help reduce conflict between social groups and ensure political stability. Belgium and Sri Lanka are examples of power sharing. In Belgium, power is shared horizontally among language communities and vertically between the central and state governments. In Sri Lanka, a civil war erupted due to majoritarian policies that ignored the Tamil minority, leading to demands for an independent Tamil state in the north and east.
The document discusses freedom of expression under the Bangladeshi constitution. It begins by defining freedom of expression and distinguishing it from freedom of speech. It notes that freedom of expression is recognized under Article 39 of the Bangladeshi constitution, but is subject to reasonable restrictions around issues like security, public order, and morality. It outlines some of the laws that can limit expression, such as those around defamation and official secrets. The document also discusses some case laws related to limitations on political commentary online. It concludes by calling for balancing individual rights with societal interests and ensuring the smooth exercise of citizens' rights.
The document discusses India's system of public administration and governance. It makes three key points:
1) India's system of public administration evolved over millennia as a system of imperial authority and revenue extraction. The modern system established by the British further centralized control.
2) Today, India spends a large portion of its budget (over 10%) on salaries for central government employees. However, many departments are understaffed due to the high costs of wages slowing hiring.
3) There are concerns that India's system favors centralized control and revenue extraction over good governance. High employee costs and understaffing of key departments like health and revenue collection undermine the government's ability to effectively serve the public.
The document discusses key aspects of a constitution including that it establishes the framework of government, assigns powers and duties, and protects citizen rights. A good constitution is brief, broad, and definite. It should contain provisions on the structure of government, fundamental rights, and the amendment process. Constitutional amendments allow modifications to respond to changing needs but require rigorous processes like legislative approval or public ratification.
1) Ethiopia transitioned from a multi-ethnic empire to an ethnic federation following two historical developments - the late 19th century expansion of the Ethiopian state which increased ethnic diversity, and the emergence of Marxist-Leninist opposition since the 1960s advocating for ethnic self-determination.
2) Ethiopia's federal system is based on principles of ethnic federalism and self-determination influenced by Marxist-Leninist ideology, with regional states organized along ethnic lines.
3) However, the dominant ruling party, EPRDF, has faced criticism for centralizing power and limiting political openness and competition, contradicting the principles of federalism.
The document summarizes the history of constitution making in Pakistan from its independence in 1947. It discusses how the first Constituent Assembly, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was tasked with drafting Pakistan's first constitution. Jinnah laid out important principles for the constitution, including protecting minorities and prohibiting corruption. However, Pakistan experienced frequent amendments and suspensions of its constitution over the decades as different regimes imposed martial law. The current constitution was drafted in 1973 but has also faced numerous amendments. The frequent changes to Pakistan's constitution have undermined its role as a stable, guiding document.
This document discusses the history of local government in Ethiopia and whether it has shifted from being an apparatus of control. It describes how Ethiopia transitioned from a decentralized system before 1855 to a highly centralized unitary state by the 20th century. Local authorities were used as political and administrative extensions of the central government to exert control over opposition and extract resources. While decentralization began in 1991, the document argues local authorities still primarily serve as a means of control rather than promoting grassroots democracy and development as intended. It provides historical context on how local control evolved under different emperors up until the 1974 revolution.
POLITICAL SYSTEMS IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA presented by SalazarShine Salazar
This document provides information about Sub-Saharan Africa and its countries. It begins with definitions of Sub-Saharan Africa as the region of Africa located south of the Sahara desert. It then discusses the effects of colonialism on social structures, economic patterns, and the contemporary African state system. The document presents tables listing African countries with their constitutional forms of government, heads of state, and basis of executive legitimacy. It also lists prominent current leaders of African states and political parties within Africa.
The Preamble to the US Constitution outlines the key goals of the founding fathers in establishing the new government, including forming a more perfect union, establishing justice, insuring domestic tranquility, providing for the common defense, promoting the general welfare, and securing the blessings of liberty for themselves and their posterity. It reflects the ideals of the 55 adult white male framers in 1787 to plan for and establish a system of government that would serve the American people for generations to come.
This document summarizes the political situation in Ethiopia following the death of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. It discusses that Meles had led Ethiopia with an authoritarian grip for 21 years through his Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) party. His death leaves the country's political system weakened without its central figure. The transition of power will likely be an internal TPLF process, leading to a weaker government and increased instability risks unless political reforms are enacted. The international community has an interest in actively influencing the transition.
The document discusses key aspects of the Constitution of India:
1) It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and aims to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens.
2) The constitution took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to draft and was passed on November 26, 1949 after extensive debate and consideration by the 284 members of the Constituent Assembly.
3) It lays out the basic political structures of India such as the organs of state including the legislature, executive and judiciary as well as fundamental rights and duties of citizens.
This document is the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. It establishes Ethiopia as a federal and democratic state. It outlines the structure of the federal government and member states. It defines the powers and functions delegated to the federal government and powers reserved for the member states. It also establishes fundamental rights and freedoms for citizens and outlines principles of democracy, separation of religion and state, and conduct of government.
Japan's government has three branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is headed by the emperor, who serves as head of state but has no real power, and the prime minister and cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Diet elected by citizens. The judicial branch is led by the supreme court. Japan has a thriving market economy based on supply and demand with little government ownership of industry.
The document discusses issues of federalism in Pakistan and makes recommendations. It summarizes that over-centralization of state authorities has led to conflicts between the center and provinces. It recommends constitutional reforms to establish true federalism, including provincial autonomy, fair fiscal distribution, and representation of all nationalities and communities. A renewed constitution based on the 1940 Lahore Resolution and protected by a Constitutional Court could help resolve intra-state conflicts through democratic means.
1. Pakistan has a federal system of government with five provinces, Islamabad as the capital territory, and other federally administered areas.
2. The pillars of Pakistan's government are the legislature, administration, judiciary, defense, media, and political pressure groups.
3. Pakistan has a diverse culture with influences from Punjabi, Balochi, Sindhi, and Pashtun cultures expressed through music, dance, and literature.
The document summarizes key provisions and features of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that the constitution was drafted over 2 years between 1946-1949 by the Constituent Assembly headed by Dr. Ambedkar. Some key highlights include:
- It is the longest and most detailed written constitution in the world.
- It establishes a parliamentary democratic republic with a federal structure, featuring separation of powers among the executive, legislature and judiciary.
- It includes a catalogue of Fundamental Rights guaranteed to all citizens and Directive Principles of State Policy as fundamental obligations of the government.
- It establishes independent election commissions and defines the powers of the central and state governments through three lists (union, state, concurrent).
Constitution of Bangladesh: Fundamental principles of State PolicyMohammad Hossain Ali
The presentation contains Fundamental principles of State Policy included in the Constitution of Bangladesh. Additionally it presents a short description about the form of government and qualifications and disqualifications of the members of the legislature of the counry.
I do not have any other questions. The document provided a detailed overview of the process of democratization in India and Pakistan after partition in 1947.
Constitution of Pakistan and Peoples RightsNazeer Mahar
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's constitutional history and protections of peoples' rights. It discusses how Pakistan's constitutions since independence have established frameworks for governance and protected fundamental rights, though many amendments have eroded these protections over time. The document also examines issues like the separation of powers between branches of government and the federal-provincial balance of power that impact the enjoyment of rights.
This document provides geographic, demographic, political, and historical information about Nigeria. It notes that Nigeria is located in Western Africa, bordering Benin, Cameroon and other countries. Nigeria has a population of over 174 million, making it Africa's most populous country. It has over 250 ethnic groups and was a British colony that gained independence in 1960. The country continues to face challenges including corruption, economic issues, and ethnic/religious tensions.
Yao li Ps 104-02Country profile BelizeGeneral Indicators..docxjeffevans62972
Yao li
Ps 104-02
Country profile: Belize
General Indicators.
· Capital: Belmopan,16.451(2010)
· Area: 8,867 square Miles (22,966 km2 ) (2014)
· Population: 61,460 people.( 2014)
· Population Growth Rate: 1.92% (2014)
Economic Indicators.
· GDP (PPP): $1.624 billion(2013)
· Per Capital GDP( PPP): 8,800 (2013 Est)
· Distribution of GDP: Agriculture 13%, Industry 23%, Service 64%(2012 Est)
· Urban Population: 44.78% (2011)
· Population below poverty line: 41%(2013 Est)
· Labor force participation rate( Ratio of female to male shares): .656(2013)
· Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Ranking ( and score): 88(50.46)(2014)
Analysis section: Per capital GDP is average about all people’s income in the state. According to number, they have 8,800 for one year and their GDP (PPP) is $1.624 billion. For example, Belize compare with china, Chinese GDP (PPP) is $9.24 trillion, but the Per capita GDP (PPP) only have $6807.43. So, Belize people income is much higher than Chinese, and in the other words, they living standard is higher than Chinese.
Social Indicators.
· Human Development Index( HDI) Ranking (and value): 84(.732) (2013)
· Gender Inequality Index (GII) Value: 043 (2013)
· Infant Mortality Rate: 20.31/1000 (2014)
· Literacy: 76.9% (76.7% Male and 77.1% Female) (2000 census)
· Religions: Roman Catholic 39.3%, Pentecostal 8.3%, Seventh Day Adventist 5.3%, Anglican 4.5%, Mennonite 3.7%, Baptist 3.5%, Methodist 2.8%, Nazarene 2.8%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.6%, other 9.9% (includes Baha'i Faith, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Mormon), other (unknown) 3.1%, none 15.2% (2010)
Analysis section:
Infant Mortality means the rate of baby died before one year old. The Infant mortality in Belize compare to Japan is very low. Which means the medical care is not mature, the environment is not well. Belize is developing country and the territory is very small (22,966 km2) so the country resource is not as well as another country. The area is close to tropic, it is good for agriculture. The people in Belize doesn’t obtain enough educated. The literacy only 76.7%. The education is very important to the country development. This is one of the reason that Belize is a developing country.
Political Indicators.
· Freedom House Rating (Freedom in the World Report) : Free; Political Rights—1, Civil Liberties—2.(2014)
· Corruption Perception Index (CPI) Ranking ( and score) : 62 (3.7) (2005)
· Press Freedom Index ( Reporters Without Borders) Ranking ( and index score) : 30 (18.54) (2015)
· Shares in Parliament, female- male ratio: 0.13 (2011)
· Date of State Formation: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
· System Type: Parliamentary Democracy and a commonwealth real monarchy.
· Constitution: Published in 1981
· Administration: Unitary monarchy
· Executive : Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17 November 1993) head of government: Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8 February .
Power sharing involves distributing power among different parts of a government, such as the executive, judiciary, and legislature, as well as across different levels of government. It can help reduce conflict between social groups and ensure political stability. Belgium and Sri Lanka are examples of power sharing. In Belgium, power is shared horizontally among language communities and vertically between the central and state governments. In Sri Lanka, a civil war erupted due to majoritarian policies that ignored the Tamil minority, leading to demands for an independent Tamil state in the north and east.
Power-sharing Class 10 is a vital aspect of democratic governance. It refers to the distribution of power among different organs of government, levels of government, and social groups. This ensures that no single entity can control all aspects of governance, promoting stability and unity in a diverse society.
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Power sharing in belgium and Srilanka. Enjoy!!!!!Vinay Kumar
It took 4 hrs for me to make this content.So. please share and enjoy it.My mam appreciated it and I deserved it. Hard work worth it. Make your teacher too happy and your result will be well..............................................................................................................................
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
The document summarizes Guinea's government system. It has a semi-presidential republic system with a president as head of state and prime minister as head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. The president has significant powers but must work with the prime minister and assembly. There are also judicial and local government structures described. The country has faced political instability and transitions of power since independence.
Morocco has been ruled by a series of Muslim dynasties since the 8th century. It gained independence from France in 1956 and is now a constitutional monarchy with the king as head of state. Morocco's government includes a bicameral parliament and constitutional monarchy. The country is located in North Africa and borders the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33 million people and its largest ethnic groups are Arab-Berber. The official languages are Arabic and Berber.
Australia has a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The political system is based on British and North American models but has unique Australian aspects. The system consists of a Commonwealth Parliament made up of the Senate and House of Representatives, as well as an executive government. Queen Elizabeth II is Australia's head of state, while the Governor-General represents her and performs ceremonial duties. State and local governments handle areas like education, health, and infrastructure within their jurisdictions. Relations between the levels of government involve cooperation in shared policy areas.
the Netherlands 3 a RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI 2014 it cattaneo san miniatoMaria Beatrice Bianucci
The document provides information about the geography, history, government, economy, and culture of the Netherlands. Some key details include:
- The Netherlands has a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, with Amsterdam as its capital city.
- Much of the country's land lies below sea level and has been reclaimed, requiring extensive flood protection works.
- The economy relies heavily on international trade, agriculture, and sectors like food processing, chemicals, and machinery.
- Dutch is the official language, though English is widely spoken, and the majority of the population is ethnically Dutch.
The Netherlands is a country located in Western Europe, bordering Germany, Belgium and the North Sea. It has a population of over 16 million people and its capital and largest city is Amsterdam. The Netherlands has a highly developed economy and was a founding member of the EU. It has a constitutional monarchy government and a history of water management and flood protection due to much of its land being below sea level.
The Netherlands is a country located in Western Europe, bordering Germany, Belgium and the North Sea. It has a population of over 16 million people and its capital and largest city is Amsterdam. The Netherlands has a highly developed economy and was a founding member of the EU. It has a constitutional monarchy government and a history of trade and global influence dating back centuries.
Belgium is a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy located in Western Europe. It has a population of around 11 million people and has three official languages - Dutch, French, and German. The population is divided along linguistic lines, with Dutch-speaking Flemings in the north and French-speaking Walloons in the south. Belgium has a bicameral parliament and is a founding member of the European Union. Philippe is the current King of Belgium, a largely ceremonial role.
1. Belgium and Sri Lanka dealt with demands for power-sharing differently, which led to different outcomes.
2. In Belgium, the constitution was amended to recognize regional differences and facilitate power-sharing between Dutch and French-speaking communities. This helped avoid conflict and allowed for peaceful coexistence.
3. In Sri Lanka, the majority Sinhala community dominated government and imposed its language and culture on others. This alienated the Tamil minority and led to decades of civil war before a peaceful solution could be found.
Belgium has a complex federal political system with a parliamentary democracy. Power is divided between the cultural and linguistic communities of Flanders and Wallonia. The country is led by a monarch, currently King Philippe, and a Prime Minister, currently Alexander De Croo. Major political parties include the Flemish N-VA and CD&V and the Francophone PS and MR. Belgium's constitution established its federal structure in 1993 to account for regional divisions.
Power Sharing in Sri Lanka and Belgium Class 10 CivicsAyush Kalme
The document discusses power sharing in Sri Lanka and Belgium. It notes that Sri Lanka followed majoritarian policies that favored the Sinhala community, denying equal rights and opportunities to Tamils. This led to civil war. Belgium adopted various forms of vertical power sharing, including equal representation of Dutch and French communities in government. Constitutional amendments ensured no single community could make unilateral decisions. Power was also decentralized to state governments. This accommodated both communities and prevented conflict. The document advocates Sri Lanka adopt similar power sharing methods as Belgium to resolve ethnic tensions.
This document discusses power sharing in democracies using Belgium and Sri Lanka as case studies. It describes the ethnic and linguistic divisions in each country. In Sri Lanka, the Sinhalese majority imposed their language and culture on the Tamil minority, leading to civil war. Belgium adopted power sharing arrangements, distributing power across linguistic and regional divisions to accommodate diversity and avoid conflict. The document outlines various forms of power sharing like horizontal separation of powers, federalism, recognition of communities, and coalition governments.
The document discusses power sharing in Belgium and Sri Lanka. In Belgium, the population is divided among Dutch, French, and German language groups. Tensions arose but the government amended the constitution four times between 1970-1993 to share power between communities and regions. This included equal representation and separate governments. In contrast, Sri Lanka's Sinhalese majority imposed their dominance over the Tamil minority, rejecting power sharing. This led to civil war as the Tamils demanded independence. The document argues power sharing is necessary to maintain unity and stability, as shown by the positive effects in Belgium and negative effects from the lack of power sharing in Sri Lanka.
Kedarnath Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in Kedarnath, Uttarakhand. It is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas, holiest shrines of Shiva. The temple is only open from April to November each year due to extreme weather. In 2013, the Kedarnath valley suffered devastating flash floods that destroyed the surrounding areas, though the temple remained standing. A large rock that was carried by the flood waters helped divert the force of the water and protect the temple from more severe damage.
Kedarnath Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in Kedarnath, Uttarakhand. It is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas, holiest shrines of Shiva. The temple is only open from April to November each year due to extreme weather. In 2013, flash floods caused extensive damage to the surrounding area, though the temple remained standing. A large rock that was carried by flood waters helped divert the flow around the temple, protecting it from more severe damage.
The document discusses the devastating 2014 floods in Kashmir, India. Before the floods, Kashmir was known for its natural beauty, tourism, and thriving economy. It was home to over 4 million people and saw 1.2 million tourists annually. However, in September 2014, Kashmir experienced its worst floods in over 100 years. Over 3 million people were impacted, hundreds died, and the estimated economic damage was over $5 billion. Critical infrastructure like hospitals, schools, and business centers were destroyed. The floods left thousands homeless and created a major health crisis with the risk of epidemics.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
This science project presentation was about tissue and was created by Shekhar, a student in class IX-C. Shekhar presented his science project to the class and hoped that they found it informative. He thanked everyone for their time and attention.
The endocrine system regulates diverse bodily functions through glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. The key glands include the pituitary gland which acts as a master controlling gland releasing hormones that activate other glands, the thyroid gland which regulates metabolism, the adrenals which release hormones controlling stress responses, and sex glands like the ovaries and testes regulating female and male characteristics respectively.
This document discusses linear equations in two variables. It defines linear equations in two variables as equations of the form ax + by = c, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a and b are not both zero. It explains that the graph of any linear equation in two variables is a straight line. It also categorizes different types of systems of linear equations based on the relationship between the lines: intersecting lines have a unique solution; coincident lines have an infinite number of solutions; and parallel lines have no solution. Methods for solving systems of linear equations like substitution, elimination, and graphing are also covered.
The document summarizes information about the Bermuda Triangle mystery. It discusses theories that attribute disappearances in the area to supernatural forces or anomalies, but also notes that many incidents have rational explanations like human error, equipment failure, or inclement weather. While the area has a reputation for unexplained phenomena in popular culture, the US Navy and other official sources do not recognize the Triangle or consider it unusually dangerous compared to other ocean regions.
The document summarizes the mystery of disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle region. It discusses some of the key incidents like Flight 19 in 1945 and theories proposed like supernatural forces, methane gas explosions, or human error due to storms. However, skeptics argue there is no evidence the area is different than other ocean regions and many incidents have rational explanations or did not actually occur within the triangle boundaries. The legend grew from some exaggerated or inaccurate reporting of incidents.
The document discusses unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. It defines UFOs as unusual anomalies in the sky that are not readily identifiable as known objects. It also defines extraterrestrial life as any life form that does not originate from Earth, ranging from simple bacteria to beings more complex than humans. While many scientists consider the existence of extraterrestrial life to be plausible, there is currently no evidence of it. Studies of UFOs have found that most reported sightings can be explained as misidentified natural or man-made objects, but some observations remain unexplained.
The document discusses big data and compares it to launching a rocket to Mars. It notes that big data projects, like rockets, involve dealing with large volumes and varieties of data/parts at high velocities. It warns that quality issues and not properly testing systems can cause big data/rocket missions to fail or go off course. It emphasizes the importance of security, infrastructure performance, automated processes, and monitoring systems for successful big data/rocket missions.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdfFlorence Consulting
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.
Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to Indiadavidjhones387
"Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to India! From cost-effective services and expert professionals to round-the-clock work advantages, learn how your business can achieve digital success with Indian SEO solutions.
Understanding User Behavior with Google Analytics.pdfSEO Article Boost
Unlocking the full potential of Google Analytics is crucial for understanding and optimizing your website’s performance. This guide dives deep into the essential aspects of Google Analytics, from analyzing traffic sources to understanding user demographics and tracking user engagement.
Traffic Sources Analysis:
Discover where your website traffic originates. By examining the Acquisition section, you can identify whether visitors come from organic search, paid campaigns, direct visits, social media, or referral links. This knowledge helps in refining marketing strategies and optimizing resource allocation.
User Demographics Insights:
Gain a comprehensive view of your audience by exploring demographic data in the Audience section. Understand age, gender, and interests to tailor your marketing strategies effectively. Leverage this information to create personalized content and improve user engagement and conversion rates.
Tracking User Engagement:
Learn how to measure user interaction with your site through key metrics like bounce rate, average session duration, and pages per session. Enhance user experience by analyzing engagement metrics and implementing strategies to keep visitors engaged.
Conversion Rate Optimization:
Understand the importance of conversion rates and how to track them using Google Analytics. Set up Goals, analyze conversion funnels, segment your audience, and employ A/B testing to optimize your website for higher conversions. Utilize ecommerce tracking and multi-channel funnels for a detailed view of your sales performance and marketing channel contributions.
Custom Reports and Dashboards:
Create custom reports and dashboards to visualize and interpret data relevant to your business goals. Use advanced filters, segments, and visualization options to gain deeper insights. Incorporate custom dimensions and metrics for tailored data analysis. Integrate external data sources to enrich your analytics and make well-informed decisions.
This guide is designed to help you harness the power of Google Analytics for making data-driven decisions that enhance website performance and achieve your digital marketing objectives. Whether you are looking to improve SEO, refine your social media strategy, or boost conversion rates, understanding and utilizing Google Analytics is essential for your success.
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
3. Belgium (French Belgique; Dutch
België), constitutional monarchy in
northwestern Europe. Belgium is one of
the smallest and most densely
populated European countries. It is also
the most urbanized; 97 percent of its
people live in urban areas. Together
with Netherlands and Luxembourg,
Belgium forms the Low, or Benelux,
Countries. The country’s name comes
from the Belgae, a Celtic people who
lived in the region and were conquered
by Roman general Julius Caesar in 57
BC. Its capital and largest city is
Brussels.
4. Belgium is situated between France
and the plains of northern Europe, and
it borders the North Sea. Because of its
geographic position as a crossroads of
Europe, Belgium has been a major
commercial center since the Middle
Ages. The North Sea has been the
country’s outlet for trade with the rest
of the world. Belgium’s geographic
location has also given it strategic
importance, and many battles have
been fought for control of the area.
Belgium became an independent
country in 1830.
6. Life expectancy
Total 78.9 years (2007 estimate)
Female 82.2 years (2007 estimate)
Male 75.8 years (2007 estimate)
Infant mortality rate 5 deaths per 1,000 live births
(2007 estimate)
Population per physician 239 people (2004)
Population per hospital bed 145 people (2002)
Literacy rate
Total 99 percent (1995)
7. PEOPLE
Population 10,392,226 (2007 estimate)
Population growth
Population growth rate 0.12 percent (2007 estimate)
Projected population in 2025 10,453,261 (2007 estimate)
Projected population in 2050 9,882,599 (2007 estimate)
Population density 343 persons per sq km
(2007 estimate)
889 persons per sq mi
(2007 estimate)
Urban/rural distribution
Share urban 97 percent (2005
estimate)
Share rural 3 percent (2005
estimate)
8. Ethnic groups
Flemish 55 percent
Walloon 33 percent
Mixed or other 12 percent
Religious affiliations
Roman Catholic 81 percent
Protestant 1 percent
Muslims 4 percent
Nonreligious 6 percent
Other 8 percent
Languages
Dutch (official) 56 percent
French (official) 32 percent
German (official) 1 percent
Legally bilingual (divided
along ethnic lines)
11 percent
9. GOVERNMENT
Form of government Constitutional monarchy
Head of state King
Head of government Prime minister
Legislature Bicameral legislature
Chamber of Representatives:
150 deputies
Senate: 71 senators
Voting qualifications Universal and compulsory at
age 18
Constitution 7 February 1831; revised 14
July 1993, June 2001
Highest court Supreme Court of Justice
Armed forces Army, Navy, Air Force
Total number of military
personnel
36,900 (2004)
Military expenditures as a
share of gross domestic
product (GDP)
1.3 percent (2003)
First-level political divisions Ten provinces in three
federal regions
10.
11. Executive power is vested in the king, who
appoints the prime minister, cabinet ministers,
and judges. The king is commander in chief of
the armed forces and, with the approval of
parliament, has the power to declare war and
conclude treaties. The rights of the king,
according to the constitution, include
convening and dissolving parliament,
conferring titles of nobility, and granting
pardons. All royal acts, however, must be
countersigned by a minister, who in turn
assumes responsibility for those acts before
parliament. Inasmuch as the ministers are
responsible to parliament, the king must
choose a cabinet that represents a majority in
parliament. Cabinets are generally multiparty
coalitions.
12.
13. Under constitutional changes that took
effect with the parliamentary elections of
1995, both houses of the Belgian
parliament were reduced in size. The
Senate was scaled back from 184
members to 71, while the Chamber of
Representatives dropped from 212
members to 150. All members of the
Chamber of Representatives are directly
elected, while the Senate’s membership is
elected through a combination of direct
and indirect methods. All citizens more
than 18 years of age are required to vote
in parliamentary elections and may be
fined for not doing so.
14.
15. The Belgian constitution provides for an
independent judiciary with powers equal to
those of the executive and legislative
departments. The highest tribunals are the
five courts of appeal, which sit at Antwerp,
Brussels, Ghent, Liège, and Mons; the five
labor courts; and the Supreme Court of
Justice. Cases are referred to the courts of
appeal by the courts of assize, which review
both civil and criminal matters. In the assize
courts 12 jurors decide all cases by majority
vote. A special court was established in 1989
to resolve constitutional conflicts arising from
the transfer of power from the central
government to regional authorities.
16.
17. Belgium is divided into the three federal regions of Brussels (population, 2006 estimate,
1,024,492), Flanders (6,095,416), and Wallonia (3,421,985). These regions are further
subdivided into the ten provinces of Antwerpen, Flemish Brabant, Walloon Brabant, East
Flanders, Hainaut, Liège, Limbourg, Luxembourg, Namur, and West Flanders, and into nearly
600 communes (administrative districts).
Belgium has devised a two-tiered system of regional government to address political and
cultural differences. Each of the three federal regions elects its own council, which is
responsible for territorial matters such as planning, transportation, water, energy,
municipalities, and regional development. In 2001 the regions were given greater authority
over taxation and expenditure. There are also independent language councils for the Dutch-,
French-, and German-speaking communities. These councils are in charge of education, health
care, and communications (such as broadcasting) for the communities.
Each of the ten provinces has a council of 50 to 90 members who are chosen by direct vote.
The provinces are subdivided into administrative districts, often based in cities and towns,
called communes. Each commune is administered by a burgomaster appointed by the king.
The town council, directly elected to six-year terms, advises the king on this appointment. The
council elects an executive body called the board of aldermen. Local government on all levels
possesses a large degree of autonomy, a tradition that originated in feudal times.
18.
19.
20. Sri Lanka, in full, Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka, island republic
in the Indian Ocean, lying off the
southeastern tip of the Indian
subcontinent. The Palk Strait and Gulf
of Mannār separate Sri Lanka from
India. The Arabian Sea lies to the
west, the Bay of Bengal to the
northeast, and the Indian Ocean to
the south. Colombo, situated on the
western coast, is the largest city and
the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
The administrative capital is Sri
Jayawardenepura (Kotte), located
about 16 km (about 10 mi) east of
BASIC FACTS
Official name
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri
Lanka
Capital
Sri Jayawardenepura (legislative
capital)
Colombo (administrative capital)
Area 65,610 sq km
25,332 sq mi
21. PEOPLE
Population 20,926,315 (2007 estimate)
Population growth
Population growth rate 0.98 percent (2007 estimate)
Projected population in 2025 23,707,228 (2007 estimate)
Projected population in 2050 24,920,558 (2007 estimate)
Population density 323 persons per sq km (2007
estimate)
837 persons per sq mi (2007
estimate)
Urban/rural distribution
Share urban 21 percent (2005 estimate)
Share rural 79 percent (2005 estimate)
Largest cities, with population
Colombo 642,163 (2001)
Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia 209,787 (2001)
Jaffna 145,600 (1997 estimate)
Sri Jayawardenepura 115,826 (2001)
Kandy 110,049 (2001)
22. The principal ethnic groups in Sri Lanka are the Sinhalese, who form the
majority, and the Tamils, who form the largest minority. These two groups
tend to be concentrated in different areas of the country, depending on
where they settled historically. Their different languages and religions are
additional sources of isolation and ethnic tensions, which have existed for
centuries. In 1983 these ethnic tensions escalated into a civil war between
the Sinhalese-dominated government and Tamil separatists, who
demanded that the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka be made
an independent Tamil nation.
The Sinhalese constitute more than 70 percent of the population. They
form an even greater majority in southwestern Sri Lanka, where their
population is concentrated. They are descended from people who began to
migrate to the island from northern India about 500 bc. They speak a
distinct language, Sinhala, and traditionally practice Buddhism.
23. Tamils made up about 18 percent of the
population at the 1991 census. Their
proportion of the population has since
declined, mostly as a result of
immigration to India. Tamils speak a
language called Tamil. They traditionally
practice Hinduism, although a small
percentage are Christians. Tamils
originally immigrated to Sri Lanka from
southern India. Those known as Sri
Lankan Tamils trace their origins to
ancient migrations, whereas the so-
called Indian Tamils came as migrant
workers during the 19th century.
24.
25. The president of Sri Lanka is head of state,
chief executive, and commander in chief of
the armed forces. The president is directly
elected to a six-year term and may serve no
more than two terms. The president appoints
the prime minister and the cabinet of
ministers, all of whom must be members of
the legislature.
The president has wide-ranging powers. She
or he can dismiss the prime minister or any
other minister, dissolve Parliament and call for
new parliamentary elections, suspend the
sitting of Parliament for a limited period of
time, and submit to a national referendum any
bill that Parliament has rejected.
26.
27. The legislature of Sri Lanka is a unicameral
(single-chamber) body called Parliament. It has
225 members; 196 members are directly
elected and 29 are appointed from national
party lists that are compiled according to which
parties won at least 5 percent of the vote.
Members serve six-year terms. No term limits
are imposed. Members are elected under a
modified system of proportional
representation. The prime minister is
traditionally the leader of the political party
that obtains a majority of seats in Parliament. If
no party gains a majority, a member of
Parliament who obtains the support of a
majority of members may be appointed prime
minister.
28.
29. The judicial system of Sri Lanka includes a Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High
Court, magistrates courts, and primary courts. The Supreme Court is the highest
court. It is comprised of seven judges, including a chief justice. The president of
the republic appoints the justices of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal.
No term limits are imposed for the justices.
Under the 1978 constitution, oversight of the judiciary is provided by a three-
member Judicial Commission, comprised of the chief justice of the Supreme
Court and two other judges. The commission is responsible for reviewing judicial
appointments (except those to the Supreme Court) and protecting the judiciary
from political interference.
The laws of Sri Lanka reflect diverse cultural influences. Criminal laws are based
primarily on British law. Civil laws are based on Roman-Dutch law. Marriage,
divorce, and inheritance laws are communal, based on Tesavalami (Tamil law),
Kandyan law (Sinhalese), and Islamic family law.
30.
31. In an upsurge of ethnic violence in August 1983, Sinhalese mobs killed more than
300 Tamils and destroyed Tamil properties. More than 100,000 Tamils fled as
refugees to the southern Indian state of Tamil Nādu. The LTTE launched a
guerrilla war, violently attacking Sinhalese and Muslim civilians, as well as
government security forces in northern and eastern Sri Lanka. Government
forces responded with violent retribution.
The Indian government became involved in attempts to resolve the conflict.
India’s predominantly Tamil southern states provided bases and supplies for the
Sri Lankan Tamil guerrillas. By the terms of an agreement between the
governments of India and Sri Lanka in July 1987, an Indian peacekeeping force
replaced Sri Lankan troops in the Jaffna Peninsula. Other terms of the agreement
included the eventual formation of a Tamil autonomous region in the Northern
and Eastern provinces.
32.
33. The JVP and SLFP vehemently opposed
the agreement as an abandonment of Sri
Lanka’s territorial integrity. Protesting
against the deployment of foreign troops
in Sri Lanka, the JVP launched a well-
orchestrated guerrilla insurgency to
destabilize the government. Despite
massive disruption by the JVP,
presidential elections were held in
December 1988. Ranasinghe Premadasa
of the UNP won the election by a narrow
margin. The government subsequently
crushed the JVP insurgency, capturing
most of its leadership.
34.
35. The Indian intervention failed to bring peace, and all Indian troops
were withdrawn from Sri Lanka by April 1990. Several major
battles were fought between the Sri Lankan army and the LTTE in
1991 and 1992. In May 1993 President Premadasa was
assassinated during the annual May Day parade. The government
alleged the assassin was a member of LTTE, but the LTTE denied
the charge.
In November 1993 LTTE forces seized a government military base
in Pooneryn, near Jaffna. Several days later government forces
drove the rebel forces back and recovered the base. The fighting
was some of the worst between the Sri Lankan government and
Tamil guerrillas, with heavy casualties on both sides.