The document provides a historical overview of the development of computers from the 1950s to the 2000s. It describes some of the earliest commercial computers like the UNIVAC and IBM systems in the 1950s. It highlights the development of important technologies like RAM, disk storage, networking, graphical user interfaces, and the rise of personal computers. The timeline notes the creation of major systems from companies like IBM, DEC, and Cray and introduces influential figures like Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
The document summarizes the third and fourth generations of computers. The third generation (1964-1975) saw the development of integrated circuits and transistors being placed on silicon chips, drastically increasing computer speed and efficiency. Examples include IBM 360/370. The fourth generation (1975-1989) used VLSI circuits with thousands of components on a single chip, enabling microcomputers. PCs became smaller, cheaper, and more powerful than mainframes, with the ability to link together in networks. Examples are IBM PC and Apple II.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers through five generations from 1940 to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, and occupied entire rooms. The second generation introduced transistors, replacing vacuum tubes. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits which increased computer speed and efficiency. The fourth generation began with the invention of the microprocessor which placed thousands of integrated circuits onto a single silicon chip. The fifth generation focuses on artificial intelligence and some applications like voice recognition are in use today.
Piyush-Generations of computers (B.J.S.) Piyush Jangid
The main features of first generation computers included vacuum tube technology, unreliability, support for only machine language, high costs, large size, need for AC power, slow input and output, and high electricity consumption. Some examples of first generation computers were ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, and IBM-650.
Supercomputers are the fastest and most powerful computers currently available. They are typically built with many processors that work together in parallel and are used to solve extremely complex problems. The first supercomputer was built in 1957 and since then, performance has increased dramatically with systems now capable of over 1000 trillion operations per second. Supercomputers are used for tasks like predicting weather patterns, modeling molecular interactions, and cryptanalysis.
The document provides information on important figures and developments in the history of computing. It discusses pioneers like Jacques de Vaucanson who created early automated machines in the 18th century. Later sections cover developments like Charles Babbage's analytical engine, the creation of programming languages like FORTRAN, and the invention of the integrated circuit and microprocessor. The document also summarizes the creation of early computers by institutions like IBM, UNIVAC, and ENIAC as well as milestones like the ARPANET and the personal computer.
This document provides a brief history of major computers and developments in computing technology from the 1930s to the 1990s. It describes some of the earliest computers like the Z1, ABC, MARK 1, and ENIAC. It then covers the development of stored-program computers, the transistor computer, UNIVAC, IBM 701, and FORTRAN programming language. Later sections discuss personal computers like the Altair, Apple, TRS-80, Commodore Pet, Osborne, Amiga 1000, and use of the Amiga for video editing with the Video Toaster. The document traces the evolution of computing from early mechanical calculators and vacuum tube machines to transistor-based computers and the rise of personal computing.
The document provides a historical overview of the development of computers from the 1950s to the 2000s. It describes some of the earliest commercial computers like the UNIVAC and IBM systems in the 1950s. It highlights the development of important technologies like RAM, disk storage, networking, graphical user interfaces, and the rise of personal computers. The timeline notes the creation of major systems from companies like IBM, DEC, and Cray and introduces influential figures like Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
The document summarizes the third and fourth generations of computers. The third generation (1964-1975) saw the development of integrated circuits and transistors being placed on silicon chips, drastically increasing computer speed and efficiency. Examples include IBM 360/370. The fourth generation (1975-1989) used VLSI circuits with thousands of components on a single chip, enabling microcomputers. PCs became smaller, cheaper, and more powerful than mainframes, with the ability to link together in networks. Examples are IBM PC and Apple II.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers through five generations from 1940 to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, and occupied entire rooms. The second generation introduced transistors, replacing vacuum tubes. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits which increased computer speed and efficiency. The fourth generation began with the invention of the microprocessor which placed thousands of integrated circuits onto a single silicon chip. The fifth generation focuses on artificial intelligence and some applications like voice recognition are in use today.
Piyush-Generations of computers (B.J.S.) Piyush Jangid
The main features of first generation computers included vacuum tube technology, unreliability, support for only machine language, high costs, large size, need for AC power, slow input and output, and high electricity consumption. Some examples of first generation computers were ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, and IBM-650.
Supercomputers are the fastest and most powerful computers currently available. They are typically built with many processors that work together in parallel and are used to solve extremely complex problems. The first supercomputer was built in 1957 and since then, performance has increased dramatically with systems now capable of over 1000 trillion operations per second. Supercomputers are used for tasks like predicting weather patterns, modeling molecular interactions, and cryptanalysis.
The document provides information on important figures and developments in the history of computing. It discusses pioneers like Jacques de Vaucanson who created early automated machines in the 18th century. Later sections cover developments like Charles Babbage's analytical engine, the creation of programming languages like FORTRAN, and the invention of the integrated circuit and microprocessor. The document also summarizes the creation of early computers by institutions like IBM, UNIVAC, and ENIAC as well as milestones like the ARPANET and the personal computer.
This document provides a brief history of major computers and developments in computing technology from the 1930s to the 1990s. It describes some of the earliest computers like the Z1, ABC, MARK 1, and ENIAC. It then covers the development of stored-program computers, the transistor computer, UNIVAC, IBM 701, and FORTRAN programming language. Later sections discuss personal computers like the Altair, Apple, TRS-80, Commodore Pet, Osborne, Amiga 1000, and use of the Amiga for video editing with the Video Toaster. The document traces the evolution of computing from early mechanical calculators and vacuum tube machines to transistor-based computers and the rise of personal computing.
This document provides a historical overview of microprocessors and computer development. It discusses early mechanical calculators and how the advent of electricity led to programs being stored electronically using punched cards. It then summarizes the development of early general purpose computers like ENIAC and Colossus. The document outlines the development of early microprocessors like the Intel 4004 and the evolution of 8-bit and 16-bit processors like the Intel 8086. It discusses early programming languages and the creation of the first personal computers. Finally, it briefly mentions the development of 32-bit processors like the Intel 80386.
Computer System Architecture Lecture Note 2: HistoryBudditha Hettige
The document discusses the history and development of computer system architectures from the earliest mechanical computers through six generations defined by their underlying technologies. It covers the evolution from early mechanical and vacuum tube-based computers of the 1940s-1950s, to transistor-based systems of the 1950s-1960s, integrated circuits of the 1960s-1970s, microprocessors of the 1970s-1980s, and advances in parallel processing and artificial intelligence that define the potential of fifth-generation systems. Key systems discussed for each generation include the ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 7090, IBM 360, Intel 4004, and modern multi-core microprocessors.
This document provides a history of CPU architecture evolution from the 1940s-1970s. It describes early computers like ENIAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC and key developments like the stored program concept, magnetic core memory, and the transistor. The von Neumann architecture is introduced along with the influence of technology, theory, user demand, and economics. Early microprocessors like the Intel 4004 and 8008 are discussed, leading to the first commercial microcomputer, the 1973 Micral. The document traces the progression from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits and the role of memory technologies.
By 1833 the knowledge of materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was just a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate military and commercial applications ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. In 1974 the solid-state transistor emerged, and within 15yrs the first integrated circuit. Moores' Law was discovered, the periodic beat that produced ever more sophisticated, cheaper and pervasive products ... And a societal addiction to their magic. Through nearly 200yrs of electronics Scientists have increased our knowledge and processing of the 118 elements ... but the materials themselves are still the same as they were in 1833. So today as the size of integrated transistors approach the size of atoms themselves, can societies 'expectation exponential' be maintained ... Have we reached the end of Moore's Law?
"Scientists investigate that which already is; engineers create that which has never been." - A.Einstein. By 1833 the knowledge about physical materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate use for military and commercial purposes ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. In 1951 the first transistor appeared, and within the next 9 yrs the first integrated circuit and the recognition of Moores' Law. And with each beat, the sophistication of the products linked to it increased ... And society, became increasingly dependent on them. Through all of this, Physicists have increased their knowledge about our 118 elements, but the atoms themselves haven't changed! And so today with individual transistors approaching the size of the atom, the possibilities to maintain this 'logarithm of expectation' has clear limits. After 186yrs are we approaching the end of the electronic system scaling, that society now accepts as a fundamental law? [1,929 views on LinkedIn by 1dec19]
The document traces the history of computing from early mechanical calculators to modern computers. It discusses key developments such as Charles Babbage's analytical engine (1837), the first general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC (1946), the stored-program concept developed by John von Neumann (1945), and the advent of integrated circuits and microprocessors in the 1960s-70s which led to the development of personal computers. The four generations of computers - first using valves/tubes, second using transistors, third using integrated circuits, and fourth using microprocessors - are also outlined.
Presentation for a lecture in the doctoral series at Stefan cel Mare University, Suceava, Romania, May 2009.
Aim was to show current generation the rich history of computer hardarware and that many of the recent innovations in CPU design have their origins in designs of teh 50s and 60s.
The document summarizes the evolution of information technology (IT) from the 1970s to present day. It covers the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices like the abacus to modern integrated circuits. It also discusses the evolution of storage technologies from punched cards to cloud storage. Finally, it outlines the evolution of software, including operating systems from UNIX to Windows, programming languages from machine code to artificial intelligence languages, and general software applications.
This document summarizes the history and evolution of computers from ancient counting tools like the abacus to modern microchip-powered devices. It traces the progression from early mechanical calculators in the 1600s and 1700s to fully electronic computers in the 1930s-1940s powered by vacuum tubes. The development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors led to smaller, cheaper computers starting in the 1950s. The first microprocessor was introduced in 1971, launching the era of personal computers in the 1970s and their widespread adoption through the 1980s and 1990s as microchips continued advancing in power and capability.
The document summarizes the history and generations of computers. It discusses 5 generations from the 1st generation which used vacuum tubes and were very large, to the current 4th generation which are smaller and use integrated circuits. The 5th generation still in development aims to develop devices that can understand natural language and are capable of learning. Each generation saw improvements in size, speed, reliability and programming capabilities due to advances in hardware technologies.
The document provides a brief history of computers over several generations from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It discusses early mechanical computers from the 17th century through early electronic computers of the 1940s-50s. The five generations of computers are then outlined from first generation vacuum tube computers of 1942-1955 to the emerging fifth generation with artificial intelligence capabilities. Different types of computers like analog, digital, and hybrid systems are also defined.
The document summarizes the generations of computer architecture from the mechanical computers of the 17th century to the development of personal computers in the late 20th century. It outlines the key developments, people involved, and technologies that defined each generation including the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Major computers and innovations within each generation are highlighted such as the ENIAC, EDSAC, IBM System/360, and the development of the personal computer by Apple and IBM.
"Scientists investigate that which already is; engineers create that which has never been." - A.Einstein. By 1833 the knowledge about physical materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate use for military and commercial purposes ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. Powered by this success, physical science raced onward. 114yrs later, in 1974 the first transistor appeared, and within the next 15yrs the first integrated circuit and the discovery of Moores' Law. With each step the sophistication of the control systems grew, and the products based on them ever cheaper and more pervasive ... And society, became increasingly dependent on them. Through all of this, Physicists have increased their knowledge about our 118 elements, but the atoms themselves haven't changed. And today as the size of the individual transistors approach the size of the atom itself, the possibilities to maintain this 'logarithm of expectation' has obvious limits. After 186yrs are we approaching the end of the electronic system scaling, that society has accepted as a fundamental law?
VLSI is the process of integrating millions of transistors on a single chip. It was invented in 1980 and allows for 20,000 to 1,000,000 transistors per chip. VLSI enables devices to be physically smaller, cheaper to produce, faster, more reliable and efficient. Integrated circuits are used in consumer electronics, computers, wireless devices, automotive electronics, aerospace, defense and more. Moore's Law predicts that the number of transistors on a chip will double every 18 months, allowing continued advancement and miniaturization of chips. Common processing technologies for VLSI include CMOS, Bipolar, BiCMOS, GaAs and SOI.
A lecture slide on the the introduction to microprocessors and microcomputers as outlined from the book Microprocessors and MIcrocomputers by John Uffenbeck
The document provides a history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern generations. It discusses five generations of computers: 1) Vacuum tube computers, 2) Transistor computers, 3) Integrated circuit computers, 4) Microprocessor computers, and 5) Potential artificial intelligence computers. Key developments included the invention of the transistor, integrated circuit, microprocessor, and continued advancement toward artificial intelligence through parallel processing. The generations saw computers decrease dramatically in size while increasing dramatically in speed and capabilities.
This document summarizes the evolution of computers from the 17th century to modern times in four generations:
1) Mechanical generation (1642-1945) featuring early mechanical calculators and computers like the Pascaline, Difference Engine, and Analytical Engine.
2) Vacuum tube generation (1945-1955) including pioneering computers like Colossus, ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC I that used vacuum tubes and were programmed via switches or cables.
3) Transistor generation (1955-1965) when transistors replaced vacuum tubes, enabling smaller size and lower power. Computers included the TX-0 and IBM 7090.
4) Integrated circuit
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
This document provides a historical overview of microprocessors and computer development. It discusses early mechanical calculators and how the advent of electricity led to programs being stored electronically using punched cards. It then summarizes the development of early general purpose computers like ENIAC and Colossus. The document outlines the development of early microprocessors like the Intel 4004 and the evolution of 8-bit and 16-bit processors like the Intel 8086. It discusses early programming languages and the creation of the first personal computers. Finally, it briefly mentions the development of 32-bit processors like the Intel 80386.
Computer System Architecture Lecture Note 2: HistoryBudditha Hettige
The document discusses the history and development of computer system architectures from the earliest mechanical computers through six generations defined by their underlying technologies. It covers the evolution from early mechanical and vacuum tube-based computers of the 1940s-1950s, to transistor-based systems of the 1950s-1960s, integrated circuits of the 1960s-1970s, microprocessors of the 1970s-1980s, and advances in parallel processing and artificial intelligence that define the potential of fifth-generation systems. Key systems discussed for each generation include the ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 7090, IBM 360, Intel 4004, and modern multi-core microprocessors.
This document provides a history of CPU architecture evolution from the 1940s-1970s. It describes early computers like ENIAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC and key developments like the stored program concept, magnetic core memory, and the transistor. The von Neumann architecture is introduced along with the influence of technology, theory, user demand, and economics. Early microprocessors like the Intel 4004 and 8008 are discussed, leading to the first commercial microcomputer, the 1973 Micral. The document traces the progression from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits and the role of memory technologies.
By 1833 the knowledge of materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was just a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate military and commercial applications ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. In 1974 the solid-state transistor emerged, and within 15yrs the first integrated circuit. Moores' Law was discovered, the periodic beat that produced ever more sophisticated, cheaper and pervasive products ... And a societal addiction to their magic. Through nearly 200yrs of electronics Scientists have increased our knowledge and processing of the 118 elements ... but the materials themselves are still the same as they were in 1833. So today as the size of integrated transistors approach the size of atoms themselves, can societies 'expectation exponential' be maintained ... Have we reached the end of Moore's Law?
"Scientists investigate that which already is; engineers create that which has never been." - A.Einstein. By 1833 the knowledge about physical materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate use for military and commercial purposes ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. In 1951 the first transistor appeared, and within the next 9 yrs the first integrated circuit and the recognition of Moores' Law. And with each beat, the sophistication of the products linked to it increased ... And society, became increasingly dependent on them. Through all of this, Physicists have increased their knowledge about our 118 elements, but the atoms themselves haven't changed! And so today with individual transistors approaching the size of the atom, the possibilities to maintain this 'logarithm of expectation' has clear limits. After 186yrs are we approaching the end of the electronic system scaling, that society now accepts as a fundamental law? [1,929 views on LinkedIn by 1dec19]
The document traces the history of computing from early mechanical calculators to modern computers. It discusses key developments such as Charles Babbage's analytical engine (1837), the first general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC (1946), the stored-program concept developed by John von Neumann (1945), and the advent of integrated circuits and microprocessors in the 1960s-70s which led to the development of personal computers. The four generations of computers - first using valves/tubes, second using transistors, third using integrated circuits, and fourth using microprocessors - are also outlined.
Presentation for a lecture in the doctoral series at Stefan cel Mare University, Suceava, Romania, May 2009.
Aim was to show current generation the rich history of computer hardarware and that many of the recent innovations in CPU design have their origins in designs of teh 50s and 60s.
The document summarizes the evolution of information technology (IT) from the 1970s to present day. It covers the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices like the abacus to modern integrated circuits. It also discusses the evolution of storage technologies from punched cards to cloud storage. Finally, it outlines the evolution of software, including operating systems from UNIX to Windows, programming languages from machine code to artificial intelligence languages, and general software applications.
This document summarizes the history and evolution of computers from ancient counting tools like the abacus to modern microchip-powered devices. It traces the progression from early mechanical calculators in the 1600s and 1700s to fully electronic computers in the 1930s-1940s powered by vacuum tubes. The development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors led to smaller, cheaper computers starting in the 1950s. The first microprocessor was introduced in 1971, launching the era of personal computers in the 1970s and their widespread adoption through the 1980s and 1990s as microchips continued advancing in power and capability.
The document summarizes the history and generations of computers. It discusses 5 generations from the 1st generation which used vacuum tubes and were very large, to the current 4th generation which are smaller and use integrated circuits. The 5th generation still in development aims to develop devices that can understand natural language and are capable of learning. Each generation saw improvements in size, speed, reliability and programming capabilities due to advances in hardware technologies.
The document provides a brief history of computers over several generations from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It discusses early mechanical computers from the 17th century through early electronic computers of the 1940s-50s. The five generations of computers are then outlined from first generation vacuum tube computers of 1942-1955 to the emerging fifth generation with artificial intelligence capabilities. Different types of computers like analog, digital, and hybrid systems are also defined.
The document summarizes the generations of computer architecture from the mechanical computers of the 17th century to the development of personal computers in the late 20th century. It outlines the key developments, people involved, and technologies that defined each generation including the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Major computers and innovations within each generation are highlighted such as the ENIAC, EDSAC, IBM System/360, and the development of the personal computer by Apple and IBM.
"Scientists investigate that which already is; engineers create that which has never been." - A.Einstein. By 1833 the knowledge about physical materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate use for military and commercial purposes ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. Powered by this success, physical science raced onward. 114yrs later, in 1974 the first transistor appeared, and within the next 15yrs the first integrated circuit and the discovery of Moores' Law. With each step the sophistication of the control systems grew, and the products based on them ever cheaper and more pervasive ... And society, became increasingly dependent on them. Through all of this, Physicists have increased their knowledge about our 118 elements, but the atoms themselves haven't changed. And today as the size of the individual transistors approach the size of the atom itself, the possibilities to maintain this 'logarithm of expectation' has obvious limits. After 186yrs are we approaching the end of the electronic system scaling, that society has accepted as a fundamental law?
VLSI is the process of integrating millions of transistors on a single chip. It was invented in 1980 and allows for 20,000 to 1,000,000 transistors per chip. VLSI enables devices to be physically smaller, cheaper to produce, faster, more reliable and efficient. Integrated circuits are used in consumer electronics, computers, wireless devices, automotive electronics, aerospace, defense and more. Moore's Law predicts that the number of transistors on a chip will double every 18 months, allowing continued advancement and miniaturization of chips. Common processing technologies for VLSI include CMOS, Bipolar, BiCMOS, GaAs and SOI.
A lecture slide on the the introduction to microprocessors and microcomputers as outlined from the book Microprocessors and MIcrocomputers by John Uffenbeck
The document provides a history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern generations. It discusses five generations of computers: 1) Vacuum tube computers, 2) Transistor computers, 3) Integrated circuit computers, 4) Microprocessor computers, and 5) Potential artificial intelligence computers. Key developments included the invention of the transistor, integrated circuit, microprocessor, and continued advancement toward artificial intelligence through parallel processing. The generations saw computers decrease dramatically in size while increasing dramatically in speed and capabilities.
This document summarizes the evolution of computers from the 17th century to modern times in four generations:
1) Mechanical generation (1642-1945) featuring early mechanical calculators and computers like the Pascaline, Difference Engine, and Analytical Engine.
2) Vacuum tube generation (1945-1955) including pioneering computers like Colossus, ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC I that used vacuum tubes and were programmed via switches or cables.
3) Transistor generation (1955-1965) when transistors replaced vacuum tubes, enabling smaller size and lower power. Computers included the TX-0 and IBM 7090.
4) Integrated circuit
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
7. This achieved because of VLSI
Charles Babbage designed the first computer, starting in 1823
6
8. Unbelievable facts
AVIDAC was the first digital
nal
ng
in 1953. It was built by the Physics
d
er
F. Hall. AVIDAC stands for
"Argonne Version of the Institute's
Digital Automatic Computer" and
was based on architecture
developed by mathematician John
von Neumann.
7
Laboratory, and began operati
in 1953. It was built by the Phys
Division for $250,000. Pic
shown AVIDAC, is pion
Argonne computer scientist
F. Hall. AVIDAC stands
18. Sizes of VLSI Chip
In 20nm transistors, you can fit around 250 billion•
of them on a silicon wafer around the size of a
fingernail.
• iPad Air 2 has a custom tri-core ARM CPU
total
and
of 3custom octa-core PowerFX GPU, for a
billion transistors on-die.
17
19. Cost of VLSI Chips
Transistor is almost free AIR
3 Billion Transistors+
INR 40K
I KG-INR 70
INR 20 Total nos of Grains
Beijing's Air Is So
Bad, the Sale of
Bottled Canadian
> Mountain
Soaring.
Air Is
One MOS Transistor
18
21. VLSI Domain
Circuit Design, Programming and Analysis
CAD
Tools
Tools use to Design for
Circuits and Layout
Technology
IC Manufacturing
20
Design
VLSI