This document provides information on posture assessment, including history taking, observation, and functional testing. Observation involves using a plumb line to evaluate posture from the lateral, anterior, and posterior views in both standing and sitting positions. Common deviations like lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis are described. Functional tests evaluate soft tissue and bony restrictions. The goal of assessment is to identify postural deviations and musculoskeletal issues.
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
The document discusses Kaltenborn manual mobilization techniques which use traction and gliding movements to reduce pain and increase joint mobility. It describes testing for restrictions in joint play, end feels, and functional movements to determine appropriate treatment grades of mobilization parallel or perpendicular to the treatment plane. Indications for treatment include restricted joint play or abnormal end feels while contraindications include various pathological bone and joint conditions.
The document discusses goniometry, which is the measurement of joint angles using a goniometer. It outlines what goniometry is, the importance and types of goniometers, how to measure range of motion for various joints including the shoulder, wrist, hip and hand, and considerations for validity and reliability when performing goniometric measurements. Proper procedures and positioning for accurate goniometric assessment of different joints are described.
This document discusses various types of pathological gaits, which refer to abnormal walking patterns caused by medical conditions. It describes gaits due to pain, muscular issues, deformities, and neurological problems. Specific gaits mentioned include antalgic, psoatic, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, genu recurvatum, hemiplegic, scissoring, dragging, sensory ataxic, foot drop, equinus, and knock knee gaits. Each gait type is characterized by distinct features in terms of leg, hip, knee, and trunk positioning and movement during walking. The document provides details on the anatomical causes and compensations that result in these pathological walking patterns.
This document discusses various types of pathological and abnormal gaits. It begins by outlining common causes of abnormal gait such as pain, joint limitations, muscle weakness, neurological involvement, and leg length discrepancies. It then describes specific gaits in more detail, including antalgic gait, psoatic gait, gluteus maximus gait, gluteus medius gait, quadriceps gait, genu recurvatum gait, hemiplegic gait, scissoring gait, dragging gait, cerebellar ataxic gait, sensory ataxic gait, short shuffling gait, foot drop gait, equinus gait, calcaneal g
this PPT contain detailed kinetics & kinematics of ankle joint & all joints of foot complex, muscles of ankle & foot complex, plantar arches & weight distribution during standing.
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
The document discusses Kaltenborn manual mobilization techniques which use traction and gliding movements to reduce pain and increase joint mobility. It describes testing for restrictions in joint play, end feels, and functional movements to determine appropriate treatment grades of mobilization parallel or perpendicular to the treatment plane. Indications for treatment include restricted joint play or abnormal end feels while contraindications include various pathological bone and joint conditions.
The document discusses goniometry, which is the measurement of joint angles using a goniometer. It outlines what goniometry is, the importance and types of goniometers, how to measure range of motion for various joints including the shoulder, wrist, hip and hand, and considerations for validity and reliability when performing goniometric measurements. Proper procedures and positioning for accurate goniometric assessment of different joints are described.
This document discusses various types of pathological gaits, which refer to abnormal walking patterns caused by medical conditions. It describes gaits due to pain, muscular issues, deformities, and neurological problems. Specific gaits mentioned include antalgic, psoatic, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, genu recurvatum, hemiplegic, scissoring, dragging, sensory ataxic, foot drop, equinus, and knock knee gaits. Each gait type is characterized by distinct features in terms of leg, hip, knee, and trunk positioning and movement during walking. The document provides details on the anatomical causes and compensations that result in these pathological walking patterns.
This document discusses various types of pathological and abnormal gaits. It begins by outlining common causes of abnormal gait such as pain, joint limitations, muscle weakness, neurological involvement, and leg length discrepancies. It then describes specific gaits in more detail, including antalgic gait, psoatic gait, gluteus maximus gait, gluteus medius gait, quadriceps gait, genu recurvatum gait, hemiplegic gait, scissoring gait, dragging gait, cerebellar ataxic gait, sensory ataxic gait, short shuffling gait, foot drop gait, equinus gait, calcaneal g
this PPT contain detailed kinetics & kinematics of ankle joint & all joints of foot complex, muscles of ankle & foot complex, plantar arches & weight distribution during standing.
Hello everyone here I upload mckenzie exrercise basic details and some of its position.Its technique for use to cervical, Lumabar pain relief via particular position.Thank you.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
This document provides an overview of biomechanics of posture. It defines static and dynamic posture and describes the major goals and elements of postural control, including maintaining the body's center of gravity over its base of support. It discusses perturbations that can disrupt posture and the compensatory muscle synergies and strategies used to regain equilibrium, such as ankle and hip synergies. The document also covers kinetics of posture involving forces like inertia, gravity and ground reaction forces. It analyzes optimal posture and deviations, and describes various postural abnormalities.
Frenkel exercises are a series of movements developed to treat patients with loss of proprioception. The exercises start simple and increase in difficulty, using visual and auditory cues to facilitate restoration of smooth, coordinated movement. Key principles are concentration, precision, and repetition of movements like limb motions and transfers of weight. Exercises progress from lying to sitting to standing positions and incorporate movement of the legs, arms, and whole body. The goal is to improve coordination, balance, proprioception and control through attention to rhythmic counting and placement of limbs in specific positions.
Balance is the ability to control body position to maintain upright posture. It involves integration of sensory inputs and motor outputs. Balance training progresses from simple to complex tasks in positions like lying, sitting, kneeling, and standing static and dynamic exercises before walking, stairs, and community tasks. Assessment evaluates vision, sensation, vestibular function, range of motion, strength, and limits of stability. Treatment addresses sensory, strategy, musculoskeletal, and environmental factors through exercises, modifications, and assistive devices.
1. The document discusses posture analysis and identifies key aspects to evaluate, including the spinal curves, pelvis, shoulders, and lower extremities from the lateral, posterior, and anterior views.
2. Correct posture maintains the natural curves of the spine with minimal joint stress, while poor posture can result from positional habits, muscle imbalances, or underlying medical conditions and lead to increased joint stress.
3. A thorough posture analysis examines the body with reference to plumb lines and assesses for common postural faults in each region, such as rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, or foot pronation.
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
This document discusses balance, fall prevention, and balance assessment and training. It defines balance as control of the center of mass over the base of support. Age-related changes and diseases that impact balance components are reviewed. Valid tools to measure balance include the Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go test, and Functional Reach test. Balance training exercises discussed include calf stretches, heel/toe raises, soft surface stance, and exercises using movable surfaces like Swiss balls and tilt boards. Both hard and soft surfaces are used to challenge static and dynamic balance.
The document discusses gait and the gait cycle. It defines gait as a person's pattern of walking and notes walking patterns can differ between individuals. The gait cycle is defined as the period from one heel strike to the next heel strike of the same limb. The gait cycle consists of the stance phase, when the foot is on the ground, and the swing phase, when the foot is off the ground. Temporal and distance variables are used to analyze gait, including single limb support time, stride length, and degree of toe out. The document also reviews the kinematics and kinetics of normal gait.
This document discusses end feel and range of motion measurements. It defines end feel as the quality of movement perceived by the practitioner at the end of available range of motion, which can provide information about joint structures. End feel is classified as soft, firm, or hard. The document then provides examples of normal end feel for various joints and describes techniques for measuring range of motion for major joints, including goniometer positioning and patient positioning.
The document discusses the key components and phases of normal human gait. It defines gait as rhythmic alternating movements that propel the body's center of gravity forward. The gait cycle consists of stance and swing phases for each foot. Stance is 60% of the cycle from heel contact to toe off, while swing is 40% between toe off and next heel contact. Gait involves coordinated motion of the hips, knees, ankles, and toes through flexion, extension, and rotation. The center of gravity follows an arched path minimized through determinants like pelvic tilt and rotation, knee flexion, and ankle and foot interactions.
A chronicle on muscle strengthening:
MMT is a procedure for the evaluation of strength of individual
muscle or muscles group, based upon the effective performance of a movement in relation to the forces of gravity or manual resistance through the available ROM.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the knee joint. It describes the bones that make up the knee (femur, tibia, patella). It then discusses the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint. It provides details on the degrees of freedom in the knee joint and the ligaments, menisci, and other structures that are involved in the knee joint.
Muscle energy techniques (MET) involve voluntary muscle contractions by the patient against a counterforce applied by the practitioner. The goal is to move restrictive barriers and normalize muscle and fascial restrictions. Key elements include controlled joint positioning, patient-applied muscle contractions in a specific direction, and operator counterforce. MET can be used to lengthen shortened muscles, strengthen weakened muscles, reduce pain and edema, and increase joint mobility. It relies on principles like post-isometric relaxation and reciprocal inhibition. Careful technique and patient/practitioner coordination are important for success. MET can help many somatic dysfunctions but requires an understanding of indications and contraindications.
The Modified Ashworth Scale is a clinical measure of muscle spasticity in patients with neurological conditions. It is a 6-point scale ranging from 0-4 where lower scores represent normal muscle tone and higher scores represent increased spasticity or resistance to passive movement. The document provides detailed instructions on administering the Modified Ashworth Scale for assessing spasticity in the ankle plantar flexors, knee flexors, elbow flexors, and wrist flexors by standardizing limb positioning, stabilization, and movement during testing.
The document discusses the scapulohumeral rhythm, which is the coordinated movement between the glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic joint during shoulder movement. Specifically, it notes that for every 2 degrees of shoulder abduction or flexion, the scapula upwardly rotates approximately 1 degree. This ratio maintains proper shoulder range of motion and prevents impingement. Clinical issues like frozen shoulder and scapular winging can result from impairments affecting the scapulothoracic joint.
This presentation give an upto date insightful information on balance/postural assessment and key domains of Occupational Therapy during assessment of balance using different scales.
The document discusses the principle of love, citing several Bible passages. It argues that love is both vertical towards God and horizontal towards neighbors. Love precipitates action, as seen in the Ten Commandments, and is the principle upon which all law and prophets depend. True love transforms one's heart and seeks no injury to others.
This document describes various postural abnormalities and deformities. It discusses claw toes, hammer toes, flexed and hyper-extended knee postures, excessive anterior pelvic tilt, lordosis, kyphosis, forward head posture, flat feet, hallux valgus, genu valgum, genu varum, and scoliosis. For each condition, it provides details on characteristics, causes, and treatment options which may include exercises, stretches, strengthening, orthotics, or corrective surgery depending on the severity.
Hello everyone here I upload mckenzie exrercise basic details and some of its position.Its technique for use to cervical, Lumabar pain relief via particular position.Thank you.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
This document provides an overview of biomechanics of posture. It defines static and dynamic posture and describes the major goals and elements of postural control, including maintaining the body's center of gravity over its base of support. It discusses perturbations that can disrupt posture and the compensatory muscle synergies and strategies used to regain equilibrium, such as ankle and hip synergies. The document also covers kinetics of posture involving forces like inertia, gravity and ground reaction forces. It analyzes optimal posture and deviations, and describes various postural abnormalities.
Frenkel exercises are a series of movements developed to treat patients with loss of proprioception. The exercises start simple and increase in difficulty, using visual and auditory cues to facilitate restoration of smooth, coordinated movement. Key principles are concentration, precision, and repetition of movements like limb motions and transfers of weight. Exercises progress from lying to sitting to standing positions and incorporate movement of the legs, arms, and whole body. The goal is to improve coordination, balance, proprioception and control through attention to rhythmic counting and placement of limbs in specific positions.
Balance is the ability to control body position to maintain upright posture. It involves integration of sensory inputs and motor outputs. Balance training progresses from simple to complex tasks in positions like lying, sitting, kneeling, and standing static and dynamic exercises before walking, stairs, and community tasks. Assessment evaluates vision, sensation, vestibular function, range of motion, strength, and limits of stability. Treatment addresses sensory, strategy, musculoskeletal, and environmental factors through exercises, modifications, and assistive devices.
1. The document discusses posture analysis and identifies key aspects to evaluate, including the spinal curves, pelvis, shoulders, and lower extremities from the lateral, posterior, and anterior views.
2. Correct posture maintains the natural curves of the spine with minimal joint stress, while poor posture can result from positional habits, muscle imbalances, or underlying medical conditions and lead to increased joint stress.
3. A thorough posture analysis examines the body with reference to plumb lines and assesses for common postural faults in each region, such as rounded shoulders, anterior pelvic tilt, or foot pronation.
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
This document discusses balance, fall prevention, and balance assessment and training. It defines balance as control of the center of mass over the base of support. Age-related changes and diseases that impact balance components are reviewed. Valid tools to measure balance include the Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go test, and Functional Reach test. Balance training exercises discussed include calf stretches, heel/toe raises, soft surface stance, and exercises using movable surfaces like Swiss balls and tilt boards. Both hard and soft surfaces are used to challenge static and dynamic balance.
The document discusses gait and the gait cycle. It defines gait as a person's pattern of walking and notes walking patterns can differ between individuals. The gait cycle is defined as the period from one heel strike to the next heel strike of the same limb. The gait cycle consists of the stance phase, when the foot is on the ground, and the swing phase, when the foot is off the ground. Temporal and distance variables are used to analyze gait, including single limb support time, stride length, and degree of toe out. The document also reviews the kinematics and kinetics of normal gait.
This document discusses end feel and range of motion measurements. It defines end feel as the quality of movement perceived by the practitioner at the end of available range of motion, which can provide information about joint structures. End feel is classified as soft, firm, or hard. The document then provides examples of normal end feel for various joints and describes techniques for measuring range of motion for major joints, including goniometer positioning and patient positioning.
The document discusses the key components and phases of normal human gait. It defines gait as rhythmic alternating movements that propel the body's center of gravity forward. The gait cycle consists of stance and swing phases for each foot. Stance is 60% of the cycle from heel contact to toe off, while swing is 40% between toe off and next heel contact. Gait involves coordinated motion of the hips, knees, ankles, and toes through flexion, extension, and rotation. The center of gravity follows an arched path minimized through determinants like pelvic tilt and rotation, knee flexion, and ankle and foot interactions.
A chronicle on muscle strengthening:
MMT is a procedure for the evaluation of strength of individual
muscle or muscles group, based upon the effective performance of a movement in relation to the forces of gravity or manual resistance through the available ROM.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the knee joint. It describes the bones that make up the knee (femur, tibia, patella). It then discusses the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint. It provides details on the degrees of freedom in the knee joint and the ligaments, menisci, and other structures that are involved in the knee joint.
Muscle energy techniques (MET) involve voluntary muscle contractions by the patient against a counterforce applied by the practitioner. The goal is to move restrictive barriers and normalize muscle and fascial restrictions. Key elements include controlled joint positioning, patient-applied muscle contractions in a specific direction, and operator counterforce. MET can be used to lengthen shortened muscles, strengthen weakened muscles, reduce pain and edema, and increase joint mobility. It relies on principles like post-isometric relaxation and reciprocal inhibition. Careful technique and patient/practitioner coordination are important for success. MET can help many somatic dysfunctions but requires an understanding of indications and contraindications.
The Modified Ashworth Scale is a clinical measure of muscle spasticity in patients with neurological conditions. It is a 6-point scale ranging from 0-4 where lower scores represent normal muscle tone and higher scores represent increased spasticity or resistance to passive movement. The document provides detailed instructions on administering the Modified Ashworth Scale for assessing spasticity in the ankle plantar flexors, knee flexors, elbow flexors, and wrist flexors by standardizing limb positioning, stabilization, and movement during testing.
The document discusses the scapulohumeral rhythm, which is the coordinated movement between the glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic joint during shoulder movement. Specifically, it notes that for every 2 degrees of shoulder abduction or flexion, the scapula upwardly rotates approximately 1 degree. This ratio maintains proper shoulder range of motion and prevents impingement. Clinical issues like frozen shoulder and scapular winging can result from impairments affecting the scapulothoracic joint.
This presentation give an upto date insightful information on balance/postural assessment and key domains of Occupational Therapy during assessment of balance using different scales.
The document discusses the principle of love, citing several Bible passages. It argues that love is both vertical towards God and horizontal towards neighbors. Love precipitates action, as seen in the Ten Commandments, and is the principle upon which all law and prophets depend. True love transforms one's heart and seeks no injury to others.
This document describes various postural abnormalities and deformities. It discusses claw toes, hammer toes, flexed and hyper-extended knee postures, excessive anterior pelvic tilt, lordosis, kyphosis, forward head posture, flat feet, hallux valgus, genu valgum, genu varum, and scoliosis. For each condition, it provides details on characteristics, causes, and treatment options which may include exercises, stretches, strengthening, orthotics, or corrective surgery depending on the severity.
The document discusses postural alignment and its importance for performance and injury prevention. It defines key concepts like neutral spine, factors that influence posture, and how to assess both static and dynamic posture. Common postural issues like upper and lower cross syndromes are identified. Exercises are provided to strengthen weak muscles and stretch tight ones to achieve optimal posture and power in movement.
Kin191 A. Ch.3. Assessment Of Posture. Fall 2007JLS10
The document discusses posture and its clinical evaluation. It defines posture and ideal alignment, and describes the kinetic chain and muscle functions like agonist/antagonist relationships. It also covers common postural deviations in the feet, knees, spine, shoulders, and head, and how to inspect and palpate posture clinically. Postural deviations can include hyperlordosis, kyphosis, swayback, flat back, scoliosis, forward shoulders, scapular winging, and a forward head.
Motivating employees involves both financial and non-financial methods. Financial methods include wages, salaries, bonuses, profit sharing, and performance-related pay. Non-financial methods include praise, promotion, job enrichment, empowerment, and teamwork. Various theories provide perspectives on motivation, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory, which emphasize the importance of both financial and non-financial factors. The most effective management style depends on the situation and type of employees.
This presentation by Wendy Hendrie, Specialist physiotherapist in MS at the Norwich MS Centre, looks at why posture is important and provides information about assessment as well as case studies.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2014.
MOTIVATION IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANGEMENT; WHAT IS MOTIVATION, NEED FOR MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES, PROCESS OF MOTIVATION, TYPES OF MOTIVATION- INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC. MOTIVATION THEORY. METHODS OF MOTIVATION.
The document discusses ideal spinal alignment and common spinal deviations. The ideal spine has straight alignment from the side and front views, with natural curves in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. Common deviations include flat backs with an extended lumbar spine and sway backs with a flattened lumbar spine and tilted pelvis. Hunchbacks have an extended lumbar spine and flexed thoracic spine, while soldiers have an extended lumbar spine and backwards leaning thoracic spine. Maintaining proper spinal alignment requires balanced muscle strength and flexibility throughout the back and hips.
Ergonomic risk assessment using postural analysis tools in a bus body buildin...Alexander Decker
This study assessed ergonomic risks for workers in a bus body manufacturing company using three assessment tools: RULA, REBA, and QEC. Video and photos were taken of 38 workers in different processes to analyze their postures. RULA found 31.57% of workers at high risk, 28.95% at medium risk, and 28.95% at lower risk. REBA found 26.32% at very high risk, 23.68% at high risk, and 42.10% at medium risk. QEC found 10.53% needing no changes, 31.58% needing further investigation, and 34.21% at high risk requiring immediate changes. The results show many workers are at
The document discusses several theories of motivation:
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other needs.
- Herzberg's two-factor theory separates motivators and hygiene factors that influence job satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
- Alderfer's ERG theory compressed Maslow's hierarchy into three categories: existence, relatedness, and growth needs.
- Vroom's expectancy theory focuses on outcomes and individual factors that influence effort, performance, and motivation.
Human Resource Management and MotivationAmmar Faruki
This document discusses key aspects of human resource management including recruitment and selection, training programs, performance appraisals, compensation, and employee separation. It addresses how these human resource responsibilities help organizations attract, develop, and retain qualified employees. Additionally, it examines theories related to motivating employees, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs, goal setting, job design, and managers' attitudes.
This document discusses various tips and strategies for boosting employee morale and motivation in the workplace. It outlines approaches like supervisors greeting employees, writing personal notes, inviting part-time staff to social events, and allowing flexible work hours. The document also summarizes several major motivation theories including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, McGregor's Theory X and Y, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's motivational drives of achievement, affiliation, competence and power.
This document discusses lighting and color in interior design. It covers several types of lighting including natural lighting, ambient lighting, task lighting, accent lighting, and aesthetic lighting. For each type of lighting it provides examples and how it can be used. It also discusses using color in interior design and how color can manipulate mood. Some key facts covered are that lighting and color can alter physical and psychological responses, and that light and dark colors can make rooms feel brighter/larger or more intimate respectively. The document concludes with introducing the color wheel system for organizing hues.
Light as an important architectural element in contemporary architecture..A short dissertation /presentation by..... Atul Pathak ,BIT MESRA..Department of Architecture
INTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN A STUDENT'S GUIDEno suhaila
This guide on lighting design is intended for students who have no prior knowledge of lighting and also for those who are experienced but would like to bring themselves up to date with developments in lamp and luminaire design, modern design theory, European Standards and the CIBSE code for Interior Lighting 1994.
It develops the basic principles of lighting science but then goes on to provide a modern design perspective for both artificial lighting and day lighting which will be useful to experienced designers.
Finishing works (Building Construction)Zairul Zaiky
This document discusses finishing works in building construction. It focuses on plastering as a type of wall finishing. Plastering functions to protect and cover basic work, produce a flat surface, protect from climate effects, provide a base for paint or tiles, increase durability, and provide comfort. Plastering of internal walls involves base and finish coat layers applied with trowels, while external walls involve thicker, rougher base and finish coats. Different types of materials like cement, lime, sand, and water are used for plastering. Floor finishes can also include tiles made from materials like thermoplastic, vinyl, cork, clay, quarry, and terrazzo.
Radiological evaluation of Lower Limb in acute ED setting !!Runal Shah
Radiological evaluation of Lower Limb in acute ED setting !!
How to evaluate lower limb injuries in ED by primary look out... How to assess simple bony injuries ! A simple radiological approach for ED physicians..
This document provides an overview of knee x-ray and MRI examinations. It describes the normal anatomy seen on x-rays and MRI, various imaging projections used for the knee, and common pathologies that can be identified. Key indications for knee x-rays are listed as trauma, suspected osteoarthritis, infection, and to evaluate for fractures or joint effusions. Common fractures discussed include tibial plateau fractures and patellar fractures. The document also provides details on measurements taken from knee x-rays.
An ACL tear was described, including anatomy, biomechanics, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points:
- The ACL has two bundles that stabilize the knee by preventing anterior tibial translation. It is commonly injured in sports involving sudden stops or changes in direction.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exams like the Lachman and pivot shift tests and MRI to confirm complete tear. ACL tears are often associated with meniscal injuries.
- Treatment includes initial RICE and bracing followed by physical therapy. Surgery with autograft reconstruction using the patellar tendon or hamstrings is recommended for active individuals to restore stability. Post-op rehabilitation progresses through phases of range of motion and strength training over 6-12 months
Rotator Cuff Evaluation
- The document summarizes evaluation and examination of rotator cuff injuries, including descriptions of common tests like the empty can test, Neer's test, and Hawkins-Kennedy test. It also reviews rotator cuff anatomy and covers potential orders and referrals for primary care providers. Examples of shoulder injuries like SLAP tears, Bankart tears, and Drew Brees' shoulder dislocation are examined.
This document discusses clubfoot, including types based on cause and treatment stage. It describes the Ponseti method for treating clubfoot, which involves manipulation, serial casting, and bracing. The key steps of the Ponseti method are outlined, including manipulation techniques to correct cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus deformities. Tenotomy of the Achilles tendon is recommended in most cases after the foot has been sufficiently manipulated. Serial casting holds the corrections, and foot abduction braces must be worn long-term to prevent recurrence. Early recurrence is usually due to noncompliance with bracing, while late recurrence involves more complex surgery.
This document provides an overview of shoulder anatomy and common shoulder injuries. It begins with brief epidemiology of shoulder pain, noting that shoulder injuries are common in adults ages 40-60. It then details the anatomy of the shoulder joint, including the bones, joints, muscles, nerves and vascular structures. The document outlines common differential diagnoses for shoulder pain and provides guidance on clinical history and physical exam. It concludes with sections on specific shoulder injuries like fractures of the clavicle and proximal humerus, shoulder dislocations, and treatment approaches.
This document outlines the components and purpose of a scanning examination performed in physical therapy. The scanning exam is used to ensure issues are within the scope of physical therapy and rule out serious pathology. It involves observation of gait and posture, vital signs, functional movement testing, tissue tension testing, palpation, neurological exams, and special tests. The purpose is to detect gross loss of function and movement control in order to guide further physical therapy diagnosis and treatment.
Hip Arthroscopy in 2013: Inova Annual Sports Medicine Programwashingtonortho
This document discusses hip arthroscopy techniques and considerations in 2013. It begins with an overview of the goals of hip arthroscopy which are to relieve pain, improve function, and improve longevity by restoring hip anatomy. It then discusses various pathologies that may be addressed such as CAM lesions, pincer lesions, torn labrums, and cartilage defects. Approaches can be open or arthroscopic. The document emphasizes making the correct diagnosis and understanding concomitant issues. It provides guidance on evaluating patients through history, physical exam including various special tests, and diagnostic injections. Femoroacetabular impingement is discussed as a common cause of labral tears. Techniques for addressing pincer impingement including bony resection are outlined
The document discusses the anatomy and clinical features of spinal fractures. It begins with the anatomy of the vertebral column and its supporting ligaments. It then discusses the classification, mechanisms of injury, and clinical features of spinal fractures. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam including neurological exam, and imaging studies like x-rays, CT scans, and MRI to identify fractures and spinal cord injuries. Management aims to prevent secondary injury through immobilization of the spine.
This document provides an overview of evaluating low back pain. It discusses that most disc herniations occur at L5-S1 and 30% of asymptomatic people have disc protrusions. While MRIs often show spinal abnormalities, these findings do not always correlate with symptoms. The most common cause of low back pain is muscle imbalance leading to spasm. The document outlines approaches to evaluating patients with low back pain, including taking a history, performing physical exams, and assessing for red flags indicating serious underlying issues. Common lumbar spine conditions are described.
A 31-year-old man presented with low back pain radiating to his lower limbs that had been ongoing for two years since a motorcycle accident. Physical examination found tenderness at L5 and positive straight leg raise, Lasegue, and bowstring tests on the right side. MRI revealed herniation of the nucleus pulposus at L3-L4 and L4-L5. The diagnosis was low back pain due to herniated discs at L3-L4 and L4-L5. Treatment of analgesics and planned discectomy was recommended.
2.The Gait Cycle, Abnormal gait and Examination - Copy (2).pptxNasriMungwana1
This document discusses the gait cycle, abnormal gaits, and examination of the lower limb. It describes the four phases of normal gait and provides examples of abnormalities that can occur in each phase, such as problems with the heel, stance, toes, or swing. Examination of the lower limb involves inspection for deformities or length discrepancies, palpation of bones and joints, and assessment of range of motion in the hip, knee, ankle, and toes. Specific tests are described to evaluate the ligaments and menisci in the knee joint.
This document provides information about congenital talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot. It begins with definitions and descriptions of the deformities associated with clubfoot. It then discusses the epidemiology, causes, bony abnormalities, pathological anatomy, clinical features, classifications systems including Pirani and Dimeglio, treatment including serial casting and the Ponseti method as well as surgical options. Radiographic images are included to illustrate the deformities. The goal of treatment is to produce a plantigrade, supple foot that functions well, and the Ponseti method is now the standard non-operative treatment approach.
This document discusses sacroiliac joint dysfunction, providing information on epidemiology, etiology, anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and treatment. Key points include:
- SI joint dysfunction is a common cause of lower back pain, affecting up to 30% of outpatients. Risk factors include prior lumbar fusion.
- Diagnosis involves physical exam tests like Patrick's test and imaging like radiographs and CT. Treatments progress from nonsurgical options like medications, physical therapy, and injections to minimally invasive or open SI joint fusion if nonoperative options fail.
- Both nonoperative and surgical treatments aim to reduce pain and inflammation in the SI joint through various means, from bracing to denervation to
The scanning examination is used in physical therapy to:
1) Ensure a patient's presentation is appropriate for physical therapy by ruling out serious pathology like fractures or neurological issues.
2) Detect gross loss of function, range of motion deficits, and movement deviations.
3) Help identify common orthopedic conditions like disc herniations, arthritis, or tendonitis.
The scanning exam involves observation of gait, posture, and movement quality as well as tests of vital signs, functional movement, tissue tension, palpation, neurological function, and special orthopedic tests for different body regions.
The document provides information on club foot (talipes equinovarus), including its incidence, classification, pathoanatomy, and management. It describes the Ponseti technique for nonoperative treatment of club foot, which involves serial casting and manipulation of the foot, often with Achilles tenotomy, followed by use of a foot abduction brace for several years to maintain correction and prevent recurrence of the deformity. Complications of nonoperative treatment include residual deformities like a rocker bottom foot or bean shaped foot, as well as potential fractures, pressure sores, failure to fully correct, or recurrence of the club foot deformity.
The document provides information on common foot pain problems including their anatomy, causes, symptoms, physical exam findings, investigations, and treatment options. It discusses issues such as plantar fasciitis, heel fat pad syndrome, stress fractures of the calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid bones, tarsal tunnel syndrome, lateral plantar nerve entrapment, tibialis posterior tendinopathy, extensor tendinopathy, cuboid syndrome, and midfoot issues. Conservative treatments include rest, ice, stretching, orthotics, and strengthening exercises while surgical options are considered for more severe or chronic cases.
This document discusses congenital talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot. It begins by defining the condition and describing its four main components: cavus, adduction, varus, and equinus. It then provides details on epidemiology, etiology, pathoanatomy, clinical features, classification systems, radiographic assessment, and management approaches. Both non-operative techniques like serial casting and operative procedures are covered. Complications are also summarized. The document aims to give an overview of clubfoot while providing technical orthopedic terminology.
This document provides an overview of evaluating and managing knee problems, both acute and chronic. It discusses taking a thorough history, performing a physical exam including specific tests like McMurray's and ligament tests, ordering appropriate imaging like x-rays and MRI, and managing different conditions either conservatively or through referral for surgery. For acute injuries, it advises following up closely, considering bracing and physical therapy, and referring those not improving or with mechanical symptoms like locking. Ligament injuries may be treated surgically while meniscal tears can sometimes be managed non-operatively.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
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5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
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History
• Was there any history of injury? if so what was
the mechanism of injury?
• If there is h/o had the patient experienced any
back injury previously? if so what caused the
pain?
• Is there any posture that relieves pain or
increase symptoms?
• Does the family have any h/o back or anr
special problems(congenital abnormalities)?
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• Any Previous illness ,surgery, injury?
• Any h/o other conditions(connective tissue
disorder?
• Does the foot wear make any difference to
the patients posture or symptoms?
• Age of patient(degeneration changes)?
• In child ,if growth spurt-when it began?
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• For females, when menarche begin? any back
pain during menses?
• If deformity present-progressive or stationary?
• Any neurological symptoms?
• Nature ,extent,type,duration of pain?
• In children is there any difficulty in fitting
clothes?(scoliosis)
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• Any difficulty in breathing?
• Dominant hand?
• Any previous treatment? what ?was it
successful?
• Driving, sitting, and sleeping postures
• Level and intensity of exercise
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OBSERVATION
• Considerations
– Area being used is private, comfortable
– Patient preparedness
– Do not inform patient you are assessing posture
– Use systematic approach
• Start at feet and work superiorly or vice versa
– Compare bilaterally for symmetry
– Your eyes should be at level of region you are observing
• Note any use of assisstive device
• Habitual relaxed posture must be examined
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Plumb line test(lateral view)
The plumb line is placed just in front of lateral
malleolus or through greater trochanter.
The individual to be tested is asked to take a
few steps in place and then stand still with the
feet at approximately the width of the hip
joints, the arms relaxed at the side of the body,
and the eyes looking forward
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Plumbline test (anterior view)
• The feet are equidistant from the plumb line
• parallelity of the feet
– standard posture: 3" apart + 10-
15°ofabduction of each foot
• level stance (at 0° of dorsiflexion): 9° of abduction of
the feet
• wearing shoes (about 15° of plantarflexion): 3° of
abduction of the feet
through the midline of the body
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Lateral view
• Lumbar vertebrae:
• Plumb Line: The line falls
midway between the
abdomen and back and
slightly anterior to the
sacroiliac Joint.
• Common faults include:
– Lordosis
– Sway back
– Flat back
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Lateral view
• Ankle:
• Plumb line: The line lies
slightly anterior to the
lateral malleolus,
aligned with tuberosity
of 5th metatarsal.
• Common faults include:
– Forward posture
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Posterior view
• Head and neck:
• Plumb line: The midline
bisects the head through the
external occipital
protuberance; head is usually
positioned squarely over the
shoulders so that eyes remain
level.
• Common faults include:
– Head tilt
– Head rotated
– Adducted scapulae
– Abducted scapulae
– Winging of the scapulae:
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Posterior view
• Trunk
• Plumb Line: The line
bisects the spinous
process of the thoracic
and lumbar vertebrae.
• Common faults include:
– Lateral deviation
(Scoliosis)
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Posterior view
• Pelvis and Hip:
• Plumb line: The line bisects
the gluteal cleft and the
posterior superior iliac
spines are on the same
horizontal plane; the iliac
crests, gluteal folds and
greater trochanters are level.
• Common faults include:
– Lateral pelvic tilt
– Pelvic rotation
– Abducted hip
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Posterior view
• Knee
• Plumb Line: The plumb
line lies, equidistant
between the knees.
• Common faults include:
– Genu varum
– Genu Valgum
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Posterior view
• Ankle and Foot
• Plumb line: The line is
equidistant from the
malleoli, a line is drawn
from the medial malleolus
to the first metatarsal
bone and the tuberosity of
the navicular bone lies on
the line.
• Common faults include:
– Pes planus (Pronated)
– Pes Cavus (supinated
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Anterior view
• Shoulders:
• Plumb Line: A vertical
line bisects the sternum
and xiphoid process.
• It may be due to:
– Dropped or elevated
shoulder
– Clavicle and joint
asymmetry
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Anterior view
• Elbows:
• Common faults include:
– Cubitus valgus: The forearm
deviates laterally from the arm
at angle greater than 15°
(female) and 10° (male). It
may be due to:
• Elbow hyperextension.
• Distal displacement of trochlea
in relation to capitulum of
humerus.
• Stretched ulnar collateral
ligament.
– Cubitus varus
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Anterior view
• Knee:
• Plumb Line: The legs
are equidistant from a
vertical line through the
body.
• Common Faults include:
– External tibial torsion
– Internal tibial torsion
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Anterior view
• Ankle and Foot:
• Plumb line: Common
Faults include:
– Hallux valgus
– Hammer toes
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OBSERVATION IN SITTING
• Sitting on a stool
without back support
– Anterior view
– Lateral view
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Prone lying
• Note position of head
neck and shoulder girdle
• PSIS level
• Note for the muscles of
gluteals,posterior thigh
and calf
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Commonly seen postural deviations
• Spine
• Lordosis
Sway back deformity
• Kyphosis
Round back
humpback/gibbus
Flat back
Dowagers hump
• Scoliosis
Non –structural scoliosis
Structural scoloisis
Idiopathic scoliosis
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Lordosis
• Lordosis is an excessive anterior curvature of
spine
• Pathologically it is exaggeration of the normal
curves found in the cervical and lumbar spines
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Lordosis
• Observe sagging
shoulder
• Medial rotation of leg
• Head poking forward
• The normal pelvic
angle(30degree) is
increased with lordosis
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Postural correction exercises-Lordosis
• Lengthening the muscles that create anterior
pelvic tilt and making them more flexible
• Strengthening and shortening the muscles that
create posterior pelvic tilt
• Learning to control normal pelvic position
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Kyphosis
• It is excessive posterior curvature of spine
• Pathologically it is exaggeration of the normal
curve found in the thoracic spine
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kyphosis
• Kyphosis
– Excessive posterior
curvature of the spine
• Round back
• Humpback/gibbus
• Flat back
• Dowager’s Hump
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Kyphosis-Round back
• Long rounded curve
with ed pelvic
inclination and thoraco
lumbar kyphosis
• O/E
• Tight (hip ext & trunk
flexors)
• Weak(hip flexors
&lumbar extensors)
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Kyphosis-Dowagers Hump
• Older patient
• Causes-osteoporosis
• Where thorocic
vertebral bodies
degenerates and wedge
in anterior direction
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Corrective exercises for kyphosis
• Exercises to maintain normal pelvic position –
to create a basis for correct alignment of the
spine.
• Exercises to stretch and lengthen the chest
muscles (pectoralis major/pectoralis minor)
• Strengthening the upper back muscles, the
deep erector spinae and the shoulder extensors
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Corrective exercises for kyphosis
• Breathing exercises for increasing range of
respiration (especially inhalation).
• In addition to the chest muscles mentioned
above, movement of the joints connecting
thorax and ribs (the sterno-costal joints) and
those linking ribs and vertebrae (the costo-
vertebral joints)is of great importance for
maintaining chest fl exibility and optimal
respiratory functioning
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• Mobility exercises for the thoracic vertebrae
(T1–12) on all movement planes, from a
variety of starting positions
• Exercises to increase hamstring fl exibility and
thus improve functional pelvic mobility on the
sagittal plane (in anterior and posterior pelvic
tilt).
• Awareness and relaxation exercises.
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Corrective exercises-Flat back
• Exercise to maintain normal pelvic position –
for optimal alignment of the spine and for
encouraging anterior pelvic tilt on the sagittal
plane
• Hamstring fl exibility and lengthening
exercises, to improve anterior pelvic tilt
• Strengthening hip flexors
• Exercise to improve general lower back
vertebral mobility
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Non-Structural and structural scoliosis
Non structural
FUNCTIONAL
RELATED TO LIMB
LENGTH DISCREPANCY
NO BONY DEFORMITY
SIDEBENDIG IS USUALLY
SYMMETRIC
FORWARD FLEXION –
SCOLIOTIC CURVE
DISAPPEARS
NON PROGRESSIVE
Structural
• CONGENITAL/ACQUIRE
D
• MAY BE IDIOPATHIC
• BONY DEFORMITY
• SIDE BENDING –
ASYMMETRIC
• FORWARD FLEXION-
SCOLIOTIC CURVE
DOES NOT DISAPPEAR
• PROGRESSIVE
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IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS
• 70-85% of all structural scoliosis
• Fixed rotational prominence on convex side
• RAZOR BACK SPINE
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• Functional tests
• LATERAL BENDING TEST
• FLEXIBILITY TEST OF SHOULDER
GIRDLE
• X-rays (COBB angle).
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Corrective exercies for scoliosis
1.Symmetrical exercises aimed to strengthen back and abdominal
muscles and for functional improvement in ranges of joint motion.
2. Breathing exercises to increase lung volume and thorax mobility
and flexibility.
3. Asymmetrical exercises for lengthening muscles on the concave
(shortened) side, and for contracting muscles on the convex
(lengthened) side. Asymmetrical exercises are also designed to
encourage specific movement of spinal column vertebrae in desired
directions (mainly for moderating or balancing rotation in cases of
structural scoliosis).
4. Static exercises which also make use of body weight (various
“hanging” and traction exercises) for releasing tension along the
spine
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GENU VALGUM
• Genu valgum,
commonly called
"knock-knees", is a
condition where the
knees angle in and
touch one another
when the legs are
straightened.
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CAUSES OF GENU
VALGUM(KNOCK KNEE)
• Rickets
• Osteomalacia
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Muscular paralysis of semimembranosus or
semitendinosus
• Fracture
• May be secondary to flat foot, osteoarthritis
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MEASUREMENT OF GENU
VALGUM
• The degree of knock knee is measured by the
distance between the medial malleoli at the
ankle when the child lies down with the knees
touching each other
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TREATMENT FOR GENU
VALGUM
• In mild cases of Genu Valgum in
young children, wearing of boots with the
inner side of heel raised by 3/8" inch and
elongated forward heel (Robert Jones heels)
corrects the deformity.
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TREATMENT FOR GENU
VALGUM
In more complicated cases, the child requires a
supracondyles closed wedge osteotomy.
• Post operative Physiotherapy
• Gradual knee mobilization is the main part of the
treatment.
• heat modalities may be given for relief of pain.
• Strengthening exercises for quadriceps, hamstrings
and gluteus muscles are given.
• When the patient is able to walk, he is given correct
training for standing, balancing, weight transferring
and walking
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GENU VARUM
• Genu varum (also called
• bow-leggedness or
• bandiness), is a
• deformity marked by
• medial angulation of
• the leg in relation to the
• thigh, an outward
• bowing of the legs,
• giving the appearance
• of a bow.
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• Due to defective growth of the medial side of
the epiphyseal plate.
• It is commonly seen unilaterally and
• Seen in conditions such as Rickets, Paget's
disease and severe degree osteoarthritis of the
knee
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• The degree of deformity is measured by the
distance between the two medial femoral
condyles when the patient is lying.
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TREATMENT OF BOW LEGS
• Generally, no treatment is required for
idiopathic presentation as it is a normal
anatomical variant in young children.
• Treatment is indicated when its persists
beyond 3 and half years old, Unilateral
presentation, or progressive worsening of the
curvature.
• During childhood, assure the proper intake of
vitamin D to prevent rickets.
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TREATMENT OF BOW LEGS
• Mild degree of deformity can be treated by
wearing surgical shoes with 3/8" outer raised
and with a long inner rod extending to the
groin and leather straps across the tibia and the
knee.
• Corrective operations can also be performed,
if necessary. The person would need to wear
casts or braces following the operation
• Post op management same as genu valgum
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GENU RECURVATUM
• A defined disorder of the connective tissue
• Laxity of the knee ligaments
• Instability of the knee joint due to ligaments and
joint capsule injuries
• Irregular alignment of the femur and tibia
• A deficit in the joints
• A discrepancy in lower limb length
• Certain diseases: Cerebral Palsy, Multiple
Sclerosis, Muscular Dystrophy
• Birth defect/congenital defect
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• measure the patient's
heel heights.
• If there is a normal
contralateral (opposite)
knee to compare to, an
increase in heel height
can be diagnostic for
genu recurvatum.
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TREATMENT FOR GENU
RECURVATUM
• QUADRICEPS STRENGTHENING
EXERCISES
• IF SEVERE TIBIAL OSTEOTOMY
• POST OP
BRACES LIMITING HYPEREXTENSION