Postmodernism is difficult to define but can be characterized by six key concepts: the death of grand narratives like religion or philosophy that structured society, metafiction where works are self-reflexively aware of their status as texts, intertextuality where works reference other works rather than reality, hybridity as works incorporate different genres and styles, fragmentarism as narratives lack clear structure, and the dissolution of personal identity. Postmodernism emerged in the late 20th century after disillusionment from World War 2 and the 1960s, and is seen in cultural artifacts beyond just philosophy, including popular music videos.
Metafiction is a term given to fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality.
Metafiction is a term given to fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality.
Portuguese Literature, Narrative and Semiotic Construction From Literary Orig...ijtsrd
In Portuguese Literature we know several examples of novels that have been adapted to the cinema, from different authors such as Cardoso Pires, Vergílio Ferreira or Jorge de Sena, which show, as a process, the difficulties of the journey established from the narrative and the original semiotic construction. until the semiotic reconstruction and the new film narrative. These changes, often associated with the old concept of fidelity to the novel, characterize Portuguese Literature, like Universal Literature, since the beginning of the history of cinema that saw in literature a source of narratives and themes that, even today, remains the main source for world cinematography. In this complex process between the literary narrative and the film narrative, of course, participate the intentions of the director and the birth of a new work of art, the film, which must be seen as an independent art form, although we cannot forget the links that you have to the original text. Cardoso, L ""Portuguese Literature, Narrative and Semiotic Construction: From Literary Origin to the Process of Adaptation of Narrative in Cinema: A Bridge Between Portuguese Literature and Universal Literature"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29917.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/29917/portuguese-literature-narrative-and-semiotic-construction-from-literary-origin-to-the-process-of-adaptation-of-narrative-in-cinema-a-bridge-between-portuguese-literature-and-universal-literature/cardoso-l
Literature for today's child includes vast array of stories written in language that he can understand. Wedged in between may be found the great classics of yesteryear and in addiction, there are excellent, beautifully illustrated books on nature, fascinating fiction, and highly educational, biographical profiles.
Portuguese Literature, Narrative and Semiotic Construction From Literary Orig...ijtsrd
In Portuguese Literature we know several examples of novels that have been adapted to the cinema, from different authors such as Cardoso Pires, Vergílio Ferreira or Jorge de Sena, which show, as a process, the difficulties of the journey established from the narrative and the original semiotic construction. until the semiotic reconstruction and the new film narrative. These changes, often associated with the old concept of fidelity to the novel, characterize Portuguese Literature, like Universal Literature, since the beginning of the history of cinema that saw in literature a source of narratives and themes that, even today, remains the main source for world cinematography. In this complex process between the literary narrative and the film narrative, of course, participate the intentions of the director and the birth of a new work of art, the film, which must be seen as an independent art form, although we cannot forget the links that you have to the original text. Cardoso, L ""Portuguese Literature, Narrative and Semiotic Construction: From Literary Origin to the Process of Adaptation of Narrative in Cinema: A Bridge Between Portuguese Literature and Universal Literature"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29917.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/29917/portuguese-literature-narrative-and-semiotic-construction-from-literary-origin-to-the-process-of-adaptation-of-narrative-in-cinema-a-bridge-between-portuguese-literature-and-universal-literature/cardoso-l
Literature for today's child includes vast array of stories written in language that he can understand. Wedged in between may be found the great classics of yesteryear and in addiction, there are excellent, beautifully illustrated books on nature, fascinating fiction, and highly educational, biographical profiles.
My presentation on "Ecocriticism in the poems of Robert Frost"janiriddhi
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aim of this paper is to study and analyse various aspects of the historical novel, i.e., need for fiction in a historical narrative, the defining features of historical fiction and the rise of the historical novel etc.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Jørgen Riber Christensen
Postmodernism - A Brief Description
Postmodernism is notoriously difficult to define and delimit. There are two poles when dealing
with postmodernism. One may either claim that postmodernism is not there. Postmodernism
is just an aspect of modernism. Or one may categorize all new texts as postmodern. All new
texts are not postmodern. They may be modern or new, but that is all. Postmodern
characteristics may be found in older texts, but not to an extent so that they as a whole may
be dubbed postmodern. Here there is an attempt to define postmodernism by describing six
key concepts:
Death of the grand narratives
Metafiction
Intertextuality
Hybridity
Fragmentarism
Dissolution of the I
However, before doing that, an attempt at terminology and periodization.
Postmodernity is a cultural condition and a mode of existence. It is the way of living and
perceiving oneself and the world in a cultural period. Postmodernism is the aesthetic or
cultural manifestation deriving from this period and this existence. For instance a novel or a
philosophical system.
The period of postmodernism is often delimited to late 20th century, sometimes as starting
already after the Second World War because of the existential disillusion caused primarily by
the Holocaust; more often the birth of postmodernism is placed in the 1960s when modernism
was not productive anymore.
Postmodernism has not manifested itself as only philosophical or theoretical, but it is a much
more comprehensive concept. Postmodernism is also popular, and the most common
postmodern aesthetic genre is probably the music video.
Death of the grand narratives
The big religious or philosophical systems which formed the foundation of western societies
for some hundred years have lost their value, and they are not regarded as sufficient for an
understanding of life any longer. These systems have been called the grand narratives by the
French philosopher Lyotard, and they include Christianity, Marxism, Capitalism, technology,
psychoanalysis, history and the like. Instead we have to make do with the smaller and more
local narratives, such as for instance belief in personal love.
Metafiction
Many works that are called postmodern contain metafictional elements. These works are
explicitly aware of their own status as texts. They are self-reflexive or self-conscious. These
works comment on their own creation or process of creation. Quite often the main character is
an author, and in the same way many postmodern authors are academically trained in the
analysis of literature, and they use the terminology of the trade when the become creative
writers. Examples would be A.S. Byatt, Umberto Eco, John Irving and Stephen King.
2. In the self-reflexive text the way the story is told is just as important as what is told, the telling
is perhaps more conspicuous than the tale. This again means that the text may be regarded
as a closed whole, referring more to itself than to any outer reality. Or to put it in another way,
the element of mimesis or depiction is weakened. This element of mimesis or rendering of
reality does not disappear completely. It is typical of postmodern texts that the metafictional
level is in dialogue with a more realistic level.
A common example of self-reflexivity or metafiction is the-book-in-the-book. In many
postmodern novels a book is written in it, and then this book-in-the-book is discussed and
analyzed. A text like this becomes a borderline case between fiction and criticism. When the
author or narrator of a book starts to analyse it herself, we are dealing with interpretive
appropriation. The narrator takes over the readers’ interpretive task. For instance Stephen
King’s Misery is an example of this found in the horror genre.
Intertextuality
When a text is metafictional it refers to itself. A text may also refer to other texts, and in this
case the text is intertextual. Again we see a typical aspect of postmodernism: a weakened
relationship between texts and reality. For instance Tim Burton’s film Mars Attacks is based
on two other texts: H.G. Wells’ The War of the Worlds and a series of chewing gum cards.
Only secondarily is it related to reality as it has a strong satirical element directed against
American politics and the American way of life.
Intertextuality may be viewed as an aspect of these three concepts:
Metafiction
Originality
Mimesis
Metafiction is the basic postmodern literary technique. The text is referring to itself, or more
generally to its own textuality or nature as a text. When a text refers to other texts it becomes
apparent that it is one itself.
Originality: In the postmodern era all stories have been told and history is said to be stopped,
so it is impossible to invent any new and original stories. The solution is to tell the old stories
in a new way. The pastiche can be defined as a text that consciously imitates the style and
subject of an older text. It is an example of intertextuality and a disregard for originality.
Mimesis means the reflection of reality in art. However, in postmodernity reality is not so
clear-cut anymore. For instance, a large part of our contact with reality is indirect and through
the media, or our reality may be said to be created and formed through the language we
speak. Therefore postmodern art has turned away from a direct mimesis of reality, and many
postmodern texts rather reflect other texts than reality as such. Reality is still with us, but we
tend to see it as yet another text.
3. The pastiche is a central postmodern genre. The word pastiche comes from the Italian
pasticcio, which means a mixture of various ingredients or a hotchpotch. The vogue of the
pastiche genre is connected to the postmodern feeling that everything has already been
done, and also to the general backward-orientation of postmodernism, which is caused by the
notion that history has stopped.
Pastiche
The pastiche is an intertextual strategy. A writer imitates the style and subject of an earlier
text or an earlier writer. The pastiche is related to the parody, but unlike the parody the
pastiche does not have as its aim to poke fun at the earlier text. By using the pastiche genre a
writer stresses the textuality of his work. The reader is aware that the pastiche she is reading
is a text because the pastiche points to another text and not just to an imitation of reality.
However, it is typical of the postmodern pastiche that it is double-coded. The postmodern
pastiche both refers to another older text and to the contemporary world. Often the older text
is used to show the postmodern world in a new light, or paradoxically in the light of cultural
and literary history. The message of a postmodern pastiche is often that we can learn just as
much from fiction as from reality and history.
Hybridity
A hybrid is a thing that is a mixture of other things. Postmodern texts are often hybrids of
genre, taste and style. For instance Julian Barnes’ novel Flaubert’s Parrot uses different
genres and styles within the same book: biography, dictionary, fiction, pastiche and even an
examination paper. The film Diva shows hybridity of taste. The film is a combination of
highbrow opera and lowbrow action sequences.
Fragmentarism
The story with clearly defined start, middle and end is not very common any longer. Already
before 1900 modernism started to break down the clear-cut narrative structure or unity . This
was especially within art, but in the postmodern period this fragmented way of telling stories
has spread to the mass media. It is difficult to say what elements of a music video belong to
the start, middle or end of it. We have got used to this discontinued structure in stories, and
we accept breaks in their narratives. It is then the job of the reader to create a whole out of
the fragments.
Dissolution of the I
Personal identity is weakened in postmodernity. We do not as individual persons have clearly
defined roles in institutions such as the family. Our mental set-up is not very static or stable,
which has the consequence that we can easily identify with others. In fiction the characters
are uncertain, too. For instance, in Brett Easton Ellis’ The Informers the reader is not always
sure who the narrator is or what sex the narrator has. This uncertain identity of the fictional
characters leads to narrative fragmentarism and discontinuity. The totality or wholeness of the
storyline is broken when the reader has to stop ever so often in order to try to identify the
characters.