Post 1
These farmers overseas need to be educated on the parasite problem abroad. The government needs to step in and subsidize some sort of medication program, and have spot checks on who has the most outbreak. Also the heard numbers need to be limited. Another way would be to come up with a way to spray the areas the animals have been grazing. There are some ways to cure the problem for the short term, by rotational grazing, mineral blocks and fecal egg counts. In the southern part of the U.S we also have a lot more parasite resistance as they do overseas, but with our producers they have better standards of medicating animals, and overall herd management.
Post 2
I agree with you that education is so important, especially overseas where there are some livestock owners that lack knowledge about how to manage parasites or use drugs for treatment. I'm not sure about how many veterinarians there are in certain countries or how much they're relied on in flock management, but if they're not available to help educate these producers, I agree with you that it would be great if the government could step in and help. These parasites are costing countries millions of dollars, so I would think their government would want to help. I liked that you brought up the fact that herd numbers need to be limited because as we learned in our small ruminant parasite lecture, overstocking is the biggest problem on small ruminant farms.
Running head: FORMATIVE AND OUTCOME EVALUATION 1
FORMATIVE AND OUTCOME EVALUATION 3
Formative and Outcome Evaluation
Implementation of my marketing plan will rely on execution of the laid out steps in two phases involving, the members of staff in the cafeteria and the promotional team working to draw students towards the suggested meal plan. First, I will require the promotion team to put on exquisite outfits that draw the attention of the teens in middle school towards the cafeteria. Secondly, I will require the team to talk with potential customers passing by the cafeteria in a friendly tone and offer the meal plan to those who listen to them. In marketing, an excellent pitch of the product being promoted catches most consumers’ attention and in cases where the strategy is ineffective, meal samples can be offered at the beginning of the week.
The second phase will involve the delivery of high quality breakfast meals to the students visiting the cafeteria in an exquisite fashion. The aim of this phase is to supersede the expectations of the teens and provide them with a high variety of healthy and affordable foods (Parker & Thorson, 2009). The members of staff should serve the students politely and follow up on the customer’s level of satisfaction by making enquiries. The aim of this phase is to ensure acceptance of the healthy meal plan and minimize rejection for students with varying food preferences.
The marketing plan will be executed over a period of one month, which will involve feasibility tests and constant ...
Running head DIVERSITY AND MULTICULTURALISM IN HEALTH CARE .docxsusanschei
Running head: DIVERSITY AND MULTICULTURALISM IN HEALTH CARE 1
DIVERSITY AND MULTICULTURALISM IN HEALTH CARE
1
Diversity and Multiculturalism in Health Care
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
November 28, 2016
Diversity and multicultural perspectives are vital in the health education and public health fields in that it allows people to recognize interdependence and focus their ideas with a group other than their own. Additionally, it utilizes the patient's culture and language as tools to advance the results for that individual. According to the American Academy of Family Physician (2014), diversity and multiculturalism create a health care setting that appreciates diversity people feel welcome, appreciated, and allow medical professionals and organization to instil multiracial viewpoints into their strategy, plan and execute quality focused health initiative to all members of the community.
In general, embracing cultural diversity and multiple perspectives before starting an intervention program is vital to the provision and improvement of the overall quality of care delivery. It is, therefore, important to consider multiple perspectives before starting an intervention because diversity in the target audience and the program participants has ramifications regarding the things measured, the data collected as well as how the data is collected. For instance, before the program, one needs to consider factors such as nationality, race, and culture because, in some situations, race has been associated with some specific genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia, and some lactose intolerance, which can influence the intervention outcomes (Issel, 2004). According to Issel, factors like physical characteristics of the population and community may affect the decisions during the planning and later during program evaluation. Furthermore, it is important to consider multiple perspectives before the program because program participants may bring their culture to the program in ways that may influence the intervention and its effectiveness.
Goal 1 could be applied to a diverse population; however, the goals need to be modified to be culturally inclusive. Different cultures have different foods and therefore to ensure that the participating population adheres to the program, the plan should state precisely the foods to be taken during the intervention to ensure successful outcomes. The second goal involves preventing obesity among children through childcare and schools. This goal can be implemented within a multicultural population however in needs some modification to get the best results. Different families have various methods of nurturing their children, and different meals could have an effect on the health of the child. As a result, the program needs to begin by educating families on some of the best ways to nurture their children especially the foods they feed their babies at an early stage. The ...
Milestone 3 BreakdownPresented by Dr. Dionne L. BoydIV. .docxARIV4
Milestone 3 Breakdown
Presented by Dr. Dionne L. Boyd
IV. Marketing Strategy
A. Overall Marketing Campaign
1. Define the goals of your marketing campaign for your segment. (In other words, “WHAT ARE YOU HOPING TO ACHIEVE WITH YOUR CAMPAIGN FOR YOUR CONSUMER SEGMENT?”)
A. continued
2. Determine channels through which you will market the product to your segment. Justify your response.
(THIS MEANS WHICH CHANNELS WILL BE USED TO TRY AND REACH YOUR CONSUMER SEGMENT AND WHY DID YOU SELECT THOSE CHANNELS. YOU MUST PROVIDE A RESPONSE FOR EACH CHANNEL SELECTED REGARDING WHY).
A. continued
3. Describe the way you will incorporate one-to-one marketing into your overall marketing campaign. (Be sure you are first clear on what a one to one marketing and then explain how it will be used in your campaign).
A. continued
4. Develop a messaging strategy, including sample messaging, for "each" channel you identified. (This means you will need to provide an example of "each" message that will be used for each channel you identified- EVERY CHANNEL NEEDS TO INCLUDE A SAMPLE OF A MESSAGING STRATEGY- This means you will include the words you will be using in the message)
B. One –to-One-Marketing Campaign
5. Define one-to-one marketing, and provide an example of how this type of marketing is used. (Define one to one marketing and provide an example of how it will be used)
B. continued
6. Describe which stage(s) in the consumer buying process would best lend itself to one-to-one marketing. (Clearly state which stage/s of the process will be best for one to one marketing)
B. continued
7. Determine a one-to-one marketing strategy that would work for the stage you identified and explain why it aligns with your segment. (Create an example of a one to one strategy which aligns with your consumer segment selected and the selected stage identified).
In Closing…
Add a reference page- It is required
Answer each question on a separate slide and indicate the question number being answered
Be creative and add some interesting color/visuals to your presentation
Running head: PICOT STATEMENT 1
PICOT STATEMENT 2
PICOT Statement: Childhood Obesity
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
P-I--C-O-T Statement
P- Patients who suffer from obesity (BMI of more than 30)
I- Undertaking nutritional education, diet, and exercise
C- Comparison to not taking nutritional education, diet, and exercise
O- Improved health outcomes in terms of overall weight loss
T - A year’s time limit
PICOT Statement: Patients, who suffer from obesity (BMI of more than 30) undertaking nutritional education, diet and exercise in comparison to not taking nutritional education, diet, and exercise, can have improved health outcomes in terms of overall weight loss in a year’s time limit.
Introduction
Childhood obesity poses serious health problems in the US as the number of overweight and obese population increases at a rapid pa ...
Title of PaperStudent NameCourseNumberDue DateFaculty Nam.docxjuliennehar
Title of Paper
Student Name
Course/Number
Due Date
Faculty Name
Indirect Compensation
John Wayne
Total Compensation/HRM 324
August 13, 2019
Jerry Davis
Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal
Planning and Topic
Directions: Develop an educational series proposal for your community using one of the following four topics:
1. Bioterrorism/Disaster
2. Environmental Issues
3. Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
4. Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population
Planning Before Teaching:
Name and Credentials of Teacher: Patience Nehikhare, ADN
Estimated Time Teaching Will Last: 30 min
Location of Teaching: 5th Ward GO Neighborhood Health & Wellness Fair
3303 Lyons Ave
Supplies, Material, Equipment Needed: Paper to create and make copies of pamphlets, food props to show a healthy plate
Estimated Cost: $150
Community and Target Aggregate: 5th Ward families and minorities
Topic:
Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
Identification of Focus for Community Teaching (Topic Selection): Healthy nutrition for children and families
Epidemiological Rationale for Topic (Statistics Related to Topic): Two-thirds of adults in the US are obese. One-third of US children are overweight and 17% are obese. Excluding illnesses and other genetic factors, poor nutrition is a common factor leading to obesity.
Teaching Plan Criteria
Your teaching plan will be graded based on its effectiveness and relevance to the population selected. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Nursing Diagnosis: Imbalanced nutrition: more than body requirements related to deficient knowledge about nutritional needs, food intake, or food preparation.
Readiness for Learning: Identify the factors that would indicate the readiness to learn for the target aggregate. Include emotional and experiential readiness to learn.
· Voiced interest in improving nutritional habits
· Voiced concern over increasing weight in self or family members
· Psychological capacity to learn healthy nutrition habits
· Open and engaging body language
Learning Theory to Be Utilized: Explain how the theory will be applied.
The Behavior Learning Theory is the best approach to improve nutrition and healthy habits among children and families. With the behavioral approach, I will teach families how to incorporate healthy habits into their daily lifestyle. To accomplish this, I will create a pamphlet for families to take home with them that will include the information covered in my presentation. The pamphlet will also include a list of local resources that the family can use to continue their journey. During my presentation, I will teach families about the important food groups and how much of each should be including in each meal. My presentation will focus on healthier alternatives and ways to modify their current eating habits rather than restricting them from foods ...
Running head DIVERSITY AND MULTICULTURALISM IN HEALTH CARE .docxsusanschei
Running head: DIVERSITY AND MULTICULTURALISM IN HEALTH CARE 1
DIVERSITY AND MULTICULTURALISM IN HEALTH CARE
1
Diversity and Multiculturalism in Health Care
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
November 28, 2016
Diversity and multicultural perspectives are vital in the health education and public health fields in that it allows people to recognize interdependence and focus their ideas with a group other than their own. Additionally, it utilizes the patient's culture and language as tools to advance the results for that individual. According to the American Academy of Family Physician (2014), diversity and multiculturalism create a health care setting that appreciates diversity people feel welcome, appreciated, and allow medical professionals and organization to instil multiracial viewpoints into their strategy, plan and execute quality focused health initiative to all members of the community.
In general, embracing cultural diversity and multiple perspectives before starting an intervention program is vital to the provision and improvement of the overall quality of care delivery. It is, therefore, important to consider multiple perspectives before starting an intervention because diversity in the target audience and the program participants has ramifications regarding the things measured, the data collected as well as how the data is collected. For instance, before the program, one needs to consider factors such as nationality, race, and culture because, in some situations, race has been associated with some specific genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia, and some lactose intolerance, which can influence the intervention outcomes (Issel, 2004). According to Issel, factors like physical characteristics of the population and community may affect the decisions during the planning and later during program evaluation. Furthermore, it is important to consider multiple perspectives before the program because program participants may bring their culture to the program in ways that may influence the intervention and its effectiveness.
Goal 1 could be applied to a diverse population; however, the goals need to be modified to be culturally inclusive. Different cultures have different foods and therefore to ensure that the participating population adheres to the program, the plan should state precisely the foods to be taken during the intervention to ensure successful outcomes. The second goal involves preventing obesity among children through childcare and schools. This goal can be implemented within a multicultural population however in needs some modification to get the best results. Different families have various methods of nurturing their children, and different meals could have an effect on the health of the child. As a result, the program needs to begin by educating families on some of the best ways to nurture their children especially the foods they feed their babies at an early stage. The ...
Milestone 3 BreakdownPresented by Dr. Dionne L. BoydIV. .docxARIV4
Milestone 3 Breakdown
Presented by Dr. Dionne L. Boyd
IV. Marketing Strategy
A. Overall Marketing Campaign
1. Define the goals of your marketing campaign for your segment. (In other words, “WHAT ARE YOU HOPING TO ACHIEVE WITH YOUR CAMPAIGN FOR YOUR CONSUMER SEGMENT?”)
A. continued
2. Determine channels through which you will market the product to your segment. Justify your response.
(THIS MEANS WHICH CHANNELS WILL BE USED TO TRY AND REACH YOUR CONSUMER SEGMENT AND WHY DID YOU SELECT THOSE CHANNELS. YOU MUST PROVIDE A RESPONSE FOR EACH CHANNEL SELECTED REGARDING WHY).
A. continued
3. Describe the way you will incorporate one-to-one marketing into your overall marketing campaign. (Be sure you are first clear on what a one to one marketing and then explain how it will be used in your campaign).
A. continued
4. Develop a messaging strategy, including sample messaging, for "each" channel you identified. (This means you will need to provide an example of "each" message that will be used for each channel you identified- EVERY CHANNEL NEEDS TO INCLUDE A SAMPLE OF A MESSAGING STRATEGY- This means you will include the words you will be using in the message)
B. One –to-One-Marketing Campaign
5. Define one-to-one marketing, and provide an example of how this type of marketing is used. (Define one to one marketing and provide an example of how it will be used)
B. continued
6. Describe which stage(s) in the consumer buying process would best lend itself to one-to-one marketing. (Clearly state which stage/s of the process will be best for one to one marketing)
B. continued
7. Determine a one-to-one marketing strategy that would work for the stage you identified and explain why it aligns with your segment. (Create an example of a one to one strategy which aligns with your consumer segment selected and the selected stage identified).
In Closing…
Add a reference page- It is required
Answer each question on a separate slide and indicate the question number being answered
Be creative and add some interesting color/visuals to your presentation
Running head: PICOT STATEMENT 1
PICOT STATEMENT 2
PICOT Statement: Childhood Obesity
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
P-I--C-O-T Statement
P- Patients who suffer from obesity (BMI of more than 30)
I- Undertaking nutritional education, diet, and exercise
C- Comparison to not taking nutritional education, diet, and exercise
O- Improved health outcomes in terms of overall weight loss
T - A year’s time limit
PICOT Statement: Patients, who suffer from obesity (BMI of more than 30) undertaking nutritional education, diet and exercise in comparison to not taking nutritional education, diet, and exercise, can have improved health outcomes in terms of overall weight loss in a year’s time limit.
Introduction
Childhood obesity poses serious health problems in the US as the number of overweight and obese population increases at a rapid pa ...
Title of PaperStudent NameCourseNumberDue DateFaculty Nam.docxjuliennehar
Title of Paper
Student Name
Course/Number
Due Date
Faculty Name
Indirect Compensation
John Wayne
Total Compensation/HRM 324
August 13, 2019
Jerry Davis
Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal
Planning and Topic
Directions: Develop an educational series proposal for your community using one of the following four topics:
1. Bioterrorism/Disaster
2. Environmental Issues
3. Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
4. Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population
Planning Before Teaching:
Name and Credentials of Teacher: Patience Nehikhare, ADN
Estimated Time Teaching Will Last: 30 min
Location of Teaching: 5th Ward GO Neighborhood Health & Wellness Fair
3303 Lyons Ave
Supplies, Material, Equipment Needed: Paper to create and make copies of pamphlets, food props to show a healthy plate
Estimated Cost: $150
Community and Target Aggregate: 5th Ward families and minorities
Topic:
Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
Identification of Focus for Community Teaching (Topic Selection): Healthy nutrition for children and families
Epidemiological Rationale for Topic (Statistics Related to Topic): Two-thirds of adults in the US are obese. One-third of US children are overweight and 17% are obese. Excluding illnesses and other genetic factors, poor nutrition is a common factor leading to obesity.
Teaching Plan Criteria
Your teaching plan will be graded based on its effectiveness and relevance to the population selected. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Nursing Diagnosis: Imbalanced nutrition: more than body requirements related to deficient knowledge about nutritional needs, food intake, or food preparation.
Readiness for Learning: Identify the factors that would indicate the readiness to learn for the target aggregate. Include emotional and experiential readiness to learn.
· Voiced interest in improving nutritional habits
· Voiced concern over increasing weight in self or family members
· Psychological capacity to learn healthy nutrition habits
· Open and engaging body language
Learning Theory to Be Utilized: Explain how the theory will be applied.
The Behavior Learning Theory is the best approach to improve nutrition and healthy habits among children and families. With the behavioral approach, I will teach families how to incorporate healthy habits into their daily lifestyle. To accomplish this, I will create a pamphlet for families to take home with them that will include the information covered in my presentation. The pamphlet will also include a list of local resources that the family can use to continue their journey. During my presentation, I will teach families about the important food groups and how much of each should be including in each meal. My presentation will focus on healthier alternatives and ways to modify their current eating habits rather than restricting them from foods ...
Obesity Grant ProposalObesity is a major health concern that is.docxvannagoforth
Obesity Grant Proposal
Obesity is a major health concern that is affecting advanced nations like America. The current lifestyle defined by heavy intake of junk consumables with high caloric levels has contributed to a rise in obesity (Powell, 2019). Children are the worst affected. This proposal endeavors to address this health hazard among children in US. Our operations will be domiciled under the jump2it program. This program seeks to raise obesity awareness and actively aid overweight children through exercises. This grant segment includes the idea, statement of needs and sponsor identification.
Proposal Idea
The proposed idea for addressing child obesity under “jump2it” is divided in two phases. First, sensitizing children on the significance of embracing healthy diets derived from plants is a priority. Processed foods that are riddled with sugar, fats and preservatives have been blamed for obesity (Kramer & Narayan, 2015). The unregulated deposition of fats in the body causes overweight and blocking of blood vessels. Health issues like hypertension result in the process. This challenge plagues children in states like Virginia and Oklahoma. Our program would devote substantial resources into the worst affected areas. Secondly, the idea of exercising would be incorporated in our program. Currently, children spend most of their time indoors. They deny themselves a chance of metabolically breaking down calories accumulated from food. Physical activities are instrumental in the reduction of obesity. The children enrolled in our program would be routinely involved in adventurous exercises. Exercises should be demystified among children. They should be viewed as adventure instead of work. Such an approach encourages participation.
Needs Statement
Obesity reduction programs are urgently needed due to the following. First, obesity is spreading at an alarming rate among children. This essentially implies that the United States has very many obese children than any point in its history. Overweight kids are at increased risk of developing health complications like hypertension compared to normal ones (Powell, 2019). These programs are thereby needed to sensitive children on healthy eating and exercising to reverse the negative trajectory. These programs are needed to offer complementary care to these children. The tough economic times have overwhelmed parents. They are preoccupied with income generating activities. Little attention is paid to the wellbeing of the children. Secondly, this program is needed to enable children actualize their potentials by boosting their esteems. Obese children are prone to ridicule and molestation from their peers. Molestation can demotivate a child from pursuing academic endeavors. This program would acts as a supporting pillar to such children. They should be made to understand that their condition is reversible.
Thirdly, the program is needed to act as a counterweight to the disinformation th ...
Healthy People 2020Healthy People was a call to action and an.docxpooleavelina
Healthy People 2020
Healthy People was a call to action and an attempt to set health goals for the United States for the next 10 years.
Healthy People 2000 established 3 general goals:
Increase the span of healthy life.
Reduce health disparities.
Create access to preventive services for all.
Healthy People 2010 introduced 2 general goals:
Increase quality and years of healthy life.
Eliminate health disparities.
Practical Policy for Preventive Services
The U.S. health care system faces significant challenges that clearly indicate the urgent need for reform.
There is broad evidence that Americans often do not get the care they need even though the United States spends more money per person on health care than any other nation in the world.
Preventive care is underutilized, resulting in higher spending on complex, advanced diseases.
Practical Policy for Preventive Services
Patients with chronic diseases too often do not receive proven and effective treatments such as drug therapies or self management services to help them more effectively manage their conditions.
These problems are exacerbated by a lack of coordination of care for patients with chronic diseases.
Reforming our health care delivery system to improve the quality and value of care is essential to address escalating costs, poor quality, and increasing numbers of Americans without health insurance coverage.
Why policies need to be developed?
Basic needs are not being met (e.g., People are not receiving the health care they need)
People are not being treated fairly (e.g., People with disabilities do not have access to public places)
Resources are distributed unfairly (e.g., Educational services are more limited in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty)
Why policies need to be developed?
Current policies or laws are not enforced or effective (e.g., The current laws on clean water are neither enforced nor effective)
Proposed changes in policies or laws would be harmful (e.g., A plan to eliminate flextime in a large business would reduce parents' ability to be with their children)
Existing or emerging conditions pose a threat to public health, safety, education, or well-being (e.g., New threats from terrorist activity)
Marjory Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns
Marjory Gordon was a nursing theorist and professor who created a nursing assessment theory known as Gordon's functional health patterns.
It is a method to be used by nurses in the nursing process to provide a more comprehensive nursing evaluation of the patient.
Gordon's functional health pattern includes 11 categories which is a systematic and standardized approach to data collection.
List of Functional Health Patterns
1. Health Perception – Health Management Pattern
describes client’s perceived pattern of health and well being and how health is managed.
2. Nutritional – Metabolic Pattern
describes pattern of food and fluid consumption relative to metabolic need and pattern indicators of loca ...
1Running head OBESITY4OBESITYObesityWeltee WoloRa.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: OBESITY
4
OBESITY
Obesity
Weltee Wolo
Rasmussen College
Author Note
This paper is being submitted on December 02, 2017 Nichole Crais’s
Epidemiology H430/HSC4500 course
Obesity refers to a health condition whereby one accumulates excessive body fat such that their health is impaired. Over the years, there has been an increased prevalence of obesity, with the rate tripling between 1975 and 2016 (ACS, 2017). Obesity is caused by an unhealthy diet that is accompanied by minimal physical activity.
There have been various approaches geared towards preventing and controlling obesity. Among these is formulation of policies and programs to promote healthy diet and supporting regular physical activities. This is because systems play an essential role in driving social and environmental changes necessary to reduce the rate of obesity (ACS, 2017). This can involve restricting marketing of unhealthy food to people, especially children, imposing high taxes and levies on these foods and ensuring that the school food that is served to children is healthy and balanced.
It is essential for policymakers to consider how the environment can be altered to facilitate high levels of physical activity (WHO, 2017). This should involve planting more trees and building more recreational facilities where people can engage in physical activity.
Healthcare providers also play a big part in controlling obesity. It is their role to ensure that the masses are educated on how to take care of one’s health (WHO, 2017). Also, they should provide healthy environments for visitors, patients, and staff at health facilities. Cafeterias in health facilities should provide healthy choices for the customers. Also, health care providers should ensure that available health insurance plans effectively cover the cost associated with preventing and treating obesity (ACS, 2017). Also, they should make sure that patients measure their body mass index frequently and provide counseling to the patients on how to inculcate healthy diet and physical activity in their daily lives. In conclusion, preventing and controlling obesity in the USA is a collective responsibility that should involve the government, health care providers, and individuals.
References
American Cancer Society- ACS. (2017). Excess body weight: A major health issue in America. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/diet-physical-activity/body-weight-and-cancer-risk/health-issues.html
World Health Organization- WHO (2017). Obesity and overweight. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Memo Writing Assignment: EBC Corporation
You work for EBC Corporation. The executive team of the company has identified a deficiency in the communication competence of a number of employees at the firm. Your supervisor, Dr. Dwyer, is on the executive team and has asked you to develop an idea that she could present to the executive team at the next meeting to address the issue. The budget is ve ...
Solving the Toxic Food System in America through Systemic Thinking Bianca Esposito
During my Fall 2016 semester of college, I worked with a team of classmates in my Critical Issues in Organizations course to propose a solution to improve the toxic food system by increasing the demand of healthy food. In order to achieve our mission, we plan on altering food marketing strategies through product, placement, promotion, and price.
Marketing may be regarded as comprising four key elements known as the 4 Ps product, price, place and promotion. Food marketing describes any form of advertising used to promote the purchase and or consumption of a food or beverage. It can influence food behaviors by moderating socio cultural elements of the food environment. This paper provides a primer on food marketing. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa ""Food Marketing: A Primer"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23640.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23640/food-marketing-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Going Beyond the Four Walls Population Health Management (PHM) Partnership St...Innovations2Solutions
As a pioneer in Population Health Management (PHM),
our South Carolina hospital clients have capitalized upon their partnership with Sodexo, a leading Quality of Life company, in order to positively impact the wellness states of hospital employees, patients, and visitors. The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) is an example of one such partnership. MUSC, a 725-bed acute care academic medical center, is a leader in health education in South Carolina. MUSC strives to create an environment in which people can learn about and pursue healthy eating.
Running Head DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.Diet and Physical Act.docxtodd271
Running Head: DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.
Diet and Physical Activity.
Diet and Physical Activity.
04/11/2019
Diet and Physical Activity.
The body requires a healthy diet and once at a time physical activity to ensure healthy lives, but contrary to that unhealthy diets and inactivity contribute to chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer or cardiovascular diseases. Improving diets and physical activity will actually reduce disease and deaths on the target community that is currently is something World Health Organization started an initiative for member states to adopt diet, physical activity, and disease prevention.
This health promotion activity is directed towards the local community and specifically the elderly, mainly because they are the section of the population that is likely to be attacked by such diseases, but also the other population section is affected. So, the focus will be on the physicians and nutritionists who will come in and help with this campaign. This is because the younger population like the millennials mostly focus on healthy living with going vegan or regularly visiting the gym in the pursuit of following trends. This will not be a problem for this age group.
The possible stakeholders will be both the government and the private sectors, in the sense that other workplaces have policies in place that support physical activity and proper diet for their workers for the sole purpose of productivity in the workplace. They initiatives in place that include: maybe having walking meetings, provide healthy diet solutions at the workplace by inviting nutritionists and many other ways. The expected results include a healthy community, and maybe possibly pass the message wide enough that it can be a worldwide movement that is of course after ensuring the point is taken in this local community. Hence this is the best health promotion activity for this target population because I believe knowledge is power whereby it acts as prevention, which will bring the collaboration of various professions in the clinical practice.
References
Diet and Physical Activity: a public health priority, retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/public-health-priority/en/
4/26/19, 8*54 PMRubric Assessment - NSG6002 Health Policy and Health Promotion in Advanced Nursing Practice FL01 - South University
Page 1 of 4https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/lms/competencies/rubric/rubrics_assessment_resu…&viewTypeId=3&rubricId=98837&groupId=0&d2l_body_type=5&closeButton=1&showRubricHeadings=0
Criteria
No Evidence
0 points
Unsa!sfactory
51 points
Sa!sfactory
59 points
Proficient
66 points
Exemplary
75 points
Health Topic
Describe a single
health
promo!on/disease
preven!on
problem from the
Healthy People
2020 Objec!ves
Introduc!on to
popula!on or
problem Describe
incidence,
prevalence,
epidemiology, cost
burden etc.,
Student did not
submit assignment
Work minimally
meets assignment
expect.
1. The Incident Command System (ICS) is a tool forA. Co.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The Incident Command System (ICS) is a tool for:
A. Command, control, and coordination at an incident
B. Interagency responses only
C. Multi-jurisdictional responses only
D. Responses involving first-response personnel only
2. ICS can be used to manage all types of incidents.
A. True
B. False
3. Federal law requires that ICS be used for all natural disasters.
A. True
B. False
4.The ICS General Staff includes:
A. Branch, Division, Group, and Unit managers
B. All managers of operational resources.
C. Planning, Operations, Logistics, and Finance/Administration Section Chiefs
D. Incident Commander and the Information, Safety, and Liaison Officers
5. All incidents, regardless of size, will have an Incident Commander.
A. True
B. False
6. In an ICS environment, the optimum span of control is:
A. Two (2) resources
B. Five (5) resources
C. Eight (8) resources
D. Ten (10) resources
7. Which section is responsible for providing incident facilities?
A. Planning
B. Operations
C. Logistics
D. Finance/Administration
8. Which section is responsible for documenting the status of resources, incident response, and developing the IAP?
A. Planning
B. Operations
C. Logistics
D. Finance/Administration
9. The Incident Commander is responsible for all the following EXCEPT:
A. Protecting life and property
B. Controlling resources assigned to the incident
C. Maintaining accountability
D. Coordinating the community-wide response
10. Given what you know about your agency, your job and you capabilities, where would you most likely be assigned in an ICS structure? To whom would you report? Be sure to include what your job is or would be during an event.
.
1. The Thirteenth Amendment effectively brought an end to slaver.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The Thirteenth Amendment effectively brought an end to slavery in the United States. Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation over 3 years earlier. Why, then, was the Thirteenth Amendment issued? Was it necessary? How come?
2. The Fourteenth Amendment settled the question of who is a citizen of the United States. (anyone naturalized or born here). Why are Indians excluded?
3. Persons who are citizens may not be denied the right to vote according to the Fifteenth Amendment. The Civil Rights crises of the 1960s, and the work of Martin Luther King (and many others) sought, among other things, to assure that the right to vote was available to all. Why? The Fifteenth Amendment had been passed almost a hundred years earlier. How could persons be denied the ballot?
4. How could Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's successor, veto the Civil Rights Bill in 1866 when the 13th Amendment had already been passed in 1865? What issues did he cite to justify his veto? (Hint: look at the Johnson primary source)
5. The 14th Amendment. How does Foner explain the relationship between the Federal and the State as a result of the 14th Amendment?
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-johnson.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-johnson.vtt&cp=1
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/14th-amendment.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/14th-amendment.vtt&cp=1
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-amendments-2.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-amendments-2.vtt&cp=1
.
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Obesity Grant ProposalObesity is a major health concern that is.docxvannagoforth
Obesity Grant Proposal
Obesity is a major health concern that is affecting advanced nations like America. The current lifestyle defined by heavy intake of junk consumables with high caloric levels has contributed to a rise in obesity (Powell, 2019). Children are the worst affected. This proposal endeavors to address this health hazard among children in US. Our operations will be domiciled under the jump2it program. This program seeks to raise obesity awareness and actively aid overweight children through exercises. This grant segment includes the idea, statement of needs and sponsor identification.
Proposal Idea
The proposed idea for addressing child obesity under “jump2it” is divided in two phases. First, sensitizing children on the significance of embracing healthy diets derived from plants is a priority. Processed foods that are riddled with sugar, fats and preservatives have been blamed for obesity (Kramer & Narayan, 2015). The unregulated deposition of fats in the body causes overweight and blocking of blood vessels. Health issues like hypertension result in the process. This challenge plagues children in states like Virginia and Oklahoma. Our program would devote substantial resources into the worst affected areas. Secondly, the idea of exercising would be incorporated in our program. Currently, children spend most of their time indoors. They deny themselves a chance of metabolically breaking down calories accumulated from food. Physical activities are instrumental in the reduction of obesity. The children enrolled in our program would be routinely involved in adventurous exercises. Exercises should be demystified among children. They should be viewed as adventure instead of work. Such an approach encourages participation.
Needs Statement
Obesity reduction programs are urgently needed due to the following. First, obesity is spreading at an alarming rate among children. This essentially implies that the United States has very many obese children than any point in its history. Overweight kids are at increased risk of developing health complications like hypertension compared to normal ones (Powell, 2019). These programs are thereby needed to sensitive children on healthy eating and exercising to reverse the negative trajectory. These programs are needed to offer complementary care to these children. The tough economic times have overwhelmed parents. They are preoccupied with income generating activities. Little attention is paid to the wellbeing of the children. Secondly, this program is needed to enable children actualize their potentials by boosting their esteems. Obese children are prone to ridicule and molestation from their peers. Molestation can demotivate a child from pursuing academic endeavors. This program would acts as a supporting pillar to such children. They should be made to understand that their condition is reversible.
Thirdly, the program is needed to act as a counterweight to the disinformation th ...
Healthy People 2020Healthy People was a call to action and an.docxpooleavelina
Healthy People 2020
Healthy People was a call to action and an attempt to set health goals for the United States for the next 10 years.
Healthy People 2000 established 3 general goals:
Increase the span of healthy life.
Reduce health disparities.
Create access to preventive services for all.
Healthy People 2010 introduced 2 general goals:
Increase quality and years of healthy life.
Eliminate health disparities.
Practical Policy for Preventive Services
The U.S. health care system faces significant challenges that clearly indicate the urgent need for reform.
There is broad evidence that Americans often do not get the care they need even though the United States spends more money per person on health care than any other nation in the world.
Preventive care is underutilized, resulting in higher spending on complex, advanced diseases.
Practical Policy for Preventive Services
Patients with chronic diseases too often do not receive proven and effective treatments such as drug therapies or self management services to help them more effectively manage their conditions.
These problems are exacerbated by a lack of coordination of care for patients with chronic diseases.
Reforming our health care delivery system to improve the quality and value of care is essential to address escalating costs, poor quality, and increasing numbers of Americans without health insurance coverage.
Why policies need to be developed?
Basic needs are not being met (e.g., People are not receiving the health care they need)
People are not being treated fairly (e.g., People with disabilities do not have access to public places)
Resources are distributed unfairly (e.g., Educational services are more limited in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty)
Why policies need to be developed?
Current policies or laws are not enforced or effective (e.g., The current laws on clean water are neither enforced nor effective)
Proposed changes in policies or laws would be harmful (e.g., A plan to eliminate flextime in a large business would reduce parents' ability to be with their children)
Existing or emerging conditions pose a threat to public health, safety, education, or well-being (e.g., New threats from terrorist activity)
Marjory Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns
Marjory Gordon was a nursing theorist and professor who created a nursing assessment theory known as Gordon's functional health patterns.
It is a method to be used by nurses in the nursing process to provide a more comprehensive nursing evaluation of the patient.
Gordon's functional health pattern includes 11 categories which is a systematic and standardized approach to data collection.
List of Functional Health Patterns
1. Health Perception – Health Management Pattern
describes client’s perceived pattern of health and well being and how health is managed.
2. Nutritional – Metabolic Pattern
describes pattern of food and fluid consumption relative to metabolic need and pattern indicators of loca ...
1Running head OBESITY4OBESITYObesityWeltee WoloRa.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: OBESITY
4
OBESITY
Obesity
Weltee Wolo
Rasmussen College
Author Note
This paper is being submitted on December 02, 2017 Nichole Crais’s
Epidemiology H430/HSC4500 course
Obesity refers to a health condition whereby one accumulates excessive body fat such that their health is impaired. Over the years, there has been an increased prevalence of obesity, with the rate tripling between 1975 and 2016 (ACS, 2017). Obesity is caused by an unhealthy diet that is accompanied by minimal physical activity.
There have been various approaches geared towards preventing and controlling obesity. Among these is formulation of policies and programs to promote healthy diet and supporting regular physical activities. This is because systems play an essential role in driving social and environmental changes necessary to reduce the rate of obesity (ACS, 2017). This can involve restricting marketing of unhealthy food to people, especially children, imposing high taxes and levies on these foods and ensuring that the school food that is served to children is healthy and balanced.
It is essential for policymakers to consider how the environment can be altered to facilitate high levels of physical activity (WHO, 2017). This should involve planting more trees and building more recreational facilities where people can engage in physical activity.
Healthcare providers also play a big part in controlling obesity. It is their role to ensure that the masses are educated on how to take care of one’s health (WHO, 2017). Also, they should provide healthy environments for visitors, patients, and staff at health facilities. Cafeterias in health facilities should provide healthy choices for the customers. Also, health care providers should ensure that available health insurance plans effectively cover the cost associated with preventing and treating obesity (ACS, 2017). Also, they should make sure that patients measure their body mass index frequently and provide counseling to the patients on how to inculcate healthy diet and physical activity in their daily lives. In conclusion, preventing and controlling obesity in the USA is a collective responsibility that should involve the government, health care providers, and individuals.
References
American Cancer Society- ACS. (2017). Excess body weight: A major health issue in America. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/diet-physical-activity/body-weight-and-cancer-risk/health-issues.html
World Health Organization- WHO (2017). Obesity and overweight. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Memo Writing Assignment: EBC Corporation
You work for EBC Corporation. The executive team of the company has identified a deficiency in the communication competence of a number of employees at the firm. Your supervisor, Dr. Dwyer, is on the executive team and has asked you to develop an idea that she could present to the executive team at the next meeting to address the issue. The budget is ve ...
Solving the Toxic Food System in America through Systemic Thinking Bianca Esposito
During my Fall 2016 semester of college, I worked with a team of classmates in my Critical Issues in Organizations course to propose a solution to improve the toxic food system by increasing the demand of healthy food. In order to achieve our mission, we plan on altering food marketing strategies through product, placement, promotion, and price.
Marketing may be regarded as comprising four key elements known as the 4 Ps product, price, place and promotion. Food marketing describes any form of advertising used to promote the purchase and or consumption of a food or beverage. It can influence food behaviors by moderating socio cultural elements of the food environment. This paper provides a primer on food marketing. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa ""Food Marketing: A Primer"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23640.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23640/food-marketing-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Going Beyond the Four Walls Population Health Management (PHM) Partnership St...Innovations2Solutions
As a pioneer in Population Health Management (PHM),
our South Carolina hospital clients have capitalized upon their partnership with Sodexo, a leading Quality of Life company, in order to positively impact the wellness states of hospital employees, patients, and visitors. The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) is an example of one such partnership. MUSC, a 725-bed acute care academic medical center, is a leader in health education in South Carolina. MUSC strives to create an environment in which people can learn about and pursue healthy eating.
Running Head DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.Diet and Physical Act.docxtodd271
Running Head: DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.
Diet and Physical Activity.
Diet and Physical Activity.
04/11/2019
Diet and Physical Activity.
The body requires a healthy diet and once at a time physical activity to ensure healthy lives, but contrary to that unhealthy diets and inactivity contribute to chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer or cardiovascular diseases. Improving diets and physical activity will actually reduce disease and deaths on the target community that is currently is something World Health Organization started an initiative for member states to adopt diet, physical activity, and disease prevention.
This health promotion activity is directed towards the local community and specifically the elderly, mainly because they are the section of the population that is likely to be attacked by such diseases, but also the other population section is affected. So, the focus will be on the physicians and nutritionists who will come in and help with this campaign. This is because the younger population like the millennials mostly focus on healthy living with going vegan or regularly visiting the gym in the pursuit of following trends. This will not be a problem for this age group.
The possible stakeholders will be both the government and the private sectors, in the sense that other workplaces have policies in place that support physical activity and proper diet for their workers for the sole purpose of productivity in the workplace. They initiatives in place that include: maybe having walking meetings, provide healthy diet solutions at the workplace by inviting nutritionists and many other ways. The expected results include a healthy community, and maybe possibly pass the message wide enough that it can be a worldwide movement that is of course after ensuring the point is taken in this local community. Hence this is the best health promotion activity for this target population because I believe knowledge is power whereby it acts as prevention, which will bring the collaboration of various professions in the clinical practice.
References
Diet and Physical Activity: a public health priority, retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/public-health-priority/en/
4/26/19, 8*54 PMRubric Assessment - NSG6002 Health Policy and Health Promotion in Advanced Nursing Practice FL01 - South University
Page 1 of 4https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/lms/competencies/rubric/rubrics_assessment_resu…&viewTypeId=3&rubricId=98837&groupId=0&d2l_body_type=5&closeButton=1&showRubricHeadings=0
Criteria
No Evidence
0 points
Unsa!sfactory
51 points
Sa!sfactory
59 points
Proficient
66 points
Exemplary
75 points
Health Topic
Describe a single
health
promo!on/disease
preven!on
problem from the
Healthy People
2020 Objec!ves
Introduc!on to
popula!on or
problem Describe
incidence,
prevalence,
epidemiology, cost
burden etc.,
Student did not
submit assignment
Work minimally
meets assignment
expect.
1. The Incident Command System (ICS) is a tool forA. Co.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The Incident Command System (ICS) is a tool for:
A. Command, control, and coordination at an incident
B. Interagency responses only
C. Multi-jurisdictional responses only
D. Responses involving first-response personnel only
2. ICS can be used to manage all types of incidents.
A. True
B. False
3. Federal law requires that ICS be used for all natural disasters.
A. True
B. False
4.The ICS General Staff includes:
A. Branch, Division, Group, and Unit managers
B. All managers of operational resources.
C. Planning, Operations, Logistics, and Finance/Administration Section Chiefs
D. Incident Commander and the Information, Safety, and Liaison Officers
5. All incidents, regardless of size, will have an Incident Commander.
A. True
B. False
6. In an ICS environment, the optimum span of control is:
A. Two (2) resources
B. Five (5) resources
C. Eight (8) resources
D. Ten (10) resources
7. Which section is responsible for providing incident facilities?
A. Planning
B. Operations
C. Logistics
D. Finance/Administration
8. Which section is responsible for documenting the status of resources, incident response, and developing the IAP?
A. Planning
B. Operations
C. Logistics
D. Finance/Administration
9. The Incident Commander is responsible for all the following EXCEPT:
A. Protecting life and property
B. Controlling resources assigned to the incident
C. Maintaining accountability
D. Coordinating the community-wide response
10. Given what you know about your agency, your job and you capabilities, where would you most likely be assigned in an ICS structure? To whom would you report? Be sure to include what your job is or would be during an event.
.
1. The Thirteenth Amendment effectively brought an end to slaver.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The Thirteenth Amendment effectively brought an end to slavery in the United States. Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation over 3 years earlier. Why, then, was the Thirteenth Amendment issued? Was it necessary? How come?
2. The Fourteenth Amendment settled the question of who is a citizen of the United States. (anyone naturalized or born here). Why are Indians excluded?
3. Persons who are citizens may not be denied the right to vote according to the Fifteenth Amendment. The Civil Rights crises of the 1960s, and the work of Martin Luther King (and many others) sought, among other things, to assure that the right to vote was available to all. Why? The Fifteenth Amendment had been passed almost a hundred years earlier. How could persons be denied the ballot?
4. How could Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's successor, veto the Civil Rights Bill in 1866 when the 13th Amendment had already been passed in 1865? What issues did he cite to justify his veto? (Hint: look at the Johnson primary source)
5. The 14th Amendment. How does Foner explain the relationship between the Federal and the State as a result of the 14th Amendment?
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-johnson.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-johnson.vtt&cp=1
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/14th-amendment.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/14th-amendment.vtt&cp=1
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-amendments-2.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-amendments-2.vtt&cp=1
.
1. The Thirteenth Amendment effectively brought an end to slavery in.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The Thirteenth Amendment effectively brought an end to slavery in the United States. Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation over 3 years earlier. Why, then, was the Thirteenth Amendment issued? Was it necessary? How come?
2. The Fourteenth Amendment settled the question of who is a citizen of the United States. (anyone naturalized or born here). Why are Indians excluded?
3. Persons who are citizens may not be denied the right to vote according to the Fifteenth Amendment. The Civil Rights crises of the 1960s, and the work of Martin Luther King (and many others) sought, among other things, to assure that the right to vote was available to all. Why? The Fifteenth Amendment had been passed almost a hundred years earlier. How could persons be denied the ballot?
4. How could Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's successor, veto the Civil Rights Bill in 1866 when the 13th Amendment had already been passed in 1865? What issues did he cite to justify his veto? (Hint: look at the Johnson primary source)
5. The 14th Amendment. How does Foner explain the relationship between the Federal and the State as a result of the 14th Amendment?
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-johnson.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-johnson.vtt&cp=1
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/14th-amendment.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/14th-amendment.vtt&cp=1
https://util.wwnorton.com/jwplayer?type=video&msrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-amendments-2.mp4&csrc=/wwnorton.college.public/history/give/reconstruction-amendments-2.vtt&cp=1
.
1. The Fight for a True Democracyhttpswww.nytimes.com201.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The Fight for a True Democracy
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/23/podcasts/1619-slavery-anniversary.html
(Follow the link to the podcast)
Directions:
Students will listen to this podcast and write 3 paragraphs about it. One paragraph should summarize the podcast episode, the second paragraph should discuss its significance in U.S. History, and the last paragraph should explain what the student thought about the podcast.
.
1. The article for week 8 described hip hop as a weapon. This weeks.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The article for week 8 described hip hop as a weapon. This week's reading makes several references to hip hop and spirituality? Can hip hop be described as a spiritual movement? Why or why not?
2. In the movie, "I Love Hip Hop in Morocco" on of the rappers repeatedly used the "N" word. Do you agree with his use of the "N" word for Moroccans? How did he justify its use?
.
1. The Hatch Act defines prohibited activities of public employees. .docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The Hatch Act defines prohibited activities of public employees. Analyze the significance of these prohibitions with regard to an individual’s political actions. Provide a rationale for your response.
2. Analyze the key ethical challenges of privatization. Take a position on whether the private sector should be responsible for program outcomes of a public program or service. Provide a rationale for your response
.
1. The Case for Reparations” by Ta-Nehisi Coates (604-19) in Rere.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. “The Case for Reparations” by Ta-Nehisi Coates (604-19) in Rereading America
2. “Choosing a School for My Daughter in a Segregated City” (152) by Nikole Hannah-Jones3. “From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work” (136) by Jean Anyon
4. John Taylor Gatto's "Against School" (114) in Rereading America
How to Do Extra Credit: 1. 5 Paged Essay-Must Be Singled Spaced.
For 100 points do extra credit where you review a film, video, music video, or lecture or book that reflects the discussions in class. Write a paper on themes presented in the class reflected in one of those mediums. Consider the ideas about culture. Observe how culture and condition were presented. Think about what values were being preserved or dismantled. Then, write in third person, what was learned. The essay is in third person; don’t write you, we, our us, or me. It is not considered academic.
Question: What are the themes in the event that link to the course, and how do those themes represent social problems or ways to resolve those problems?
1st Paragraph 100 POINTS FOR ESSAY
Introduction: Write summary of the event, lecture, music video, or song. (5 sentences)
Thesis: Answer the questions above. (1-2 sentences)
2nd Paragraph
Point: Write what is the importance of the theme. (1-2 sentences)
Illustration A. Summary (3 sentences)
Illustration B. Quotation (1-2 lines)
Explanation:
A. Explain the importance of the quote (2 sentences)
B. Explain how the importance is linked to Anzaldua (2 sentences)
3rd Paragraph
Point: Write what is the importance of the theme. (1-2 sentences)
Illustration A. Summary (3 sentences)
Illustration B. Quotation (1-2 lines)
Explanation:
A. Explain the importance of the quote (2 sentences)
B. Explain how the importance is linked Anzaldua (2 sentences)
4th Paragraph
Point: Write what is the importance of the theme. (1-2 sentences)
Illustration A. Summary (3 sentences)
Illustration B. Quotation (1-2 lines)
Explanation:
A. Explain the importance of the quote (2 sentences)
B. Explain how the importance is linked to Anzaldua (2 sentences)
5th Conclusion: Write 3 sentences on what you learned you didn't know before. Write in third person.
.
1. Some people say that chatbots are inferior for chatting.Others di.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Some people say that chatbots are inferior for chatting.Others disagree. Discuss.
2. Discuss the financial benefits of chatbots.
3. Discuss how IBM Watson will reach 1 billion people by 2018 and what the implications of that are.
4. Compare the chatbots of Facebook and WeChat. Which has more functionalities?
5. Research the role of chatbots in helping patients with dementia
6. Microsoft partners with the government of Singapore to develop chatbots for e-services. Find out how this is done.
APA format with 2 references.
2 pages
.
1. Some people say that chatbots are inferior for chatting.Other.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Some people say that chatbots are inferior for chatting.Others disagree. Discuss.
2. Discuss the financial benefits of chatbots.
3. Discuss how IBM Watson will reach 1 billion people by 2018 and what the implications of that are.
4. Compare the chatbots of Facebook and WeChat. Which has more functionalities?
5. Research the role of chatbots in helping patients with dementia
6. Microsoft partners with the government of Singapore to develop chatbots for e-services. Find out how this is done.
APA format with 2 references.
2 pages
.
1. Some people say that chatbots are inferior for chatting. Others d.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Some people say that chatbots are inferior for chatting. Others disagree. Discuss.
2. Discuss the financial benefits of chatbots.
3. Discuss how IBM Watson will reach 1 billion people by 2018 and what the implications of that are.
4. Compare the chatbots of Facebook and WeChat. Which has more functionalities?
5. Research the role of chatbots in helping patients with dementia.
6.Microsoft partners with the government of Singapore to develop chatbots for e-services. Find out how this is done.
Note: Each question must be answered in 6-7 ines and refernces must be APA cited
.
1. Tell us about yourself and your personal journey that has to .docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Tell us about yourself and your personal journey that has to lead you to the University of the ABC. (Currently, I’m pursuing my masters in IT and next applying for Ph.D. In IT) in same ABC university
2. What are your research interests in the area of information technology? How did you become interested in this area of research?
3. What unique qualities do you think you have that will help you in being successful in this program? (Ph.D. IT Program)
4. How can obtaining a doctorate impact your contribution to the practices of information technology? Where do you see yourself after obtaining a doctorate from ABC?
.
1. Tell us what characteristics of Loma Linda University are particu.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Tell us what characteristics of Loma Linda University are particularly attractive and meaningful to you and why you have chosen to apply for advanced education.
(500 words)
2.
LLU believes deeply in integrating spiritual values into the educational experience. As a result, religion courses and chapel attendance are part of the curriculum. Tell us why you believe such a faith-based education would be of special benefit to you. (500 words)
3.
Tell us the desirable qualities that you see in yourself that you believe would aid us in considering your application. (1000 words)
4. Discuss how your spiritual origins, development, and experience have influenced and been integrated into your daily life. (1000 words)
.
1. Tell us about yourself and your personal journey that has lea.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Tell us about yourself and your personal journey that has lead you to University of the Cumberlands.
2. What are your research interests in the area of information technology? How did you become interested in this area of research?
3. What is your current job/career and how will this program impact your career growth?
4. What unique qualities do you think you have that will help you in being successful in this program?
5. How can obtaining a doctorate impact your contribution to the practices of information technology? Where do you see yourself after obtaining a doctorate from UC?
.
1. The Research paper will come in five parts. The instructions are.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The Research paper will come in five parts. The instructions are:
RESEARCH PAPER TOPIC
Impact of Women in Missions History
o
Part 2:
Refined topic, edited abstract, outline, and ten sources - Students will incorporate any changes to topic, outline the paper, write questions to be answered by the research, and submit ten sources. Submit Part 2 by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 3.
Note:
Some will need to limit their topic. Others will need to expand their topic. This process should begin this week and continue until the final project is submitted.
DUE SUNDAY, MAY 31ST
o
Part 3:
Introduction and first five pages - Students will submit the introduction and first five pages of the research paper. Submit Part 3 by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 4.
DUE FRIDAY, JUNE 5TH
o
Part 4:
Introduction and first ten pages - Students will submit introduction and first ten pages, incorporating changes made to initial submission. Submit Part 4 by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 5.
DUE FRIDAY, JUNE 12TH
o
Part 5:
Complete research paper - Students will submit the complete research paper. The paper will be 5000-6000 words in the body of the paper, with a minimum of ten academic resources cited. Submit Part 5 by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 7
DUE FRIDAY, JUNE 19TH
.
1. The minutiae points located on a fingerprint will help determine .docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The minutiae points located on a fingerprint will help determine the _________________ of a fingerprint since it has been empirically demonstrated that no two fingerprints are alike.
2. A fingerprint will remain ______________ during an individual's lifetime.
3. The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, while the ___________ is the inner layer of the skin.
4. The ____________ is formed by ridges entering from one side of the print, rising and falling, and exiting on the opposite side (like a wave).
5. Level 2 includes locating and comparing _________________
.
1. The initial post is to be posted first and have 300-500 words.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The initial post is to be posted first and have 300-500 words
· The original post is substantive, showing depth of knowledge on the topic and requires 2 references. References are from LDRS 300 course text or readings.
· Substantive replies occur under two or more different threads, other than that belonging to you.
· Response posts to peers' original postings are respectful, show clear synthesis and evaluation of the content read, and provides depth, breath, or new insight to the topic.
· Be clearly written and contain no APA/spelling/grammatical errors
Use
APA Citations for all your sources and include an APA References list. (No Title Page, or other APA formatting is required)
Spelling and Grammar is important.
Discussion Question: Servant Leadership in a movie, book, or drama film you have enjoyed.
Based on our readings from
Lead Like Jesus
(Blanchard, Hodges, & Hendry, 2016),
Jesus on Leadership (Wilkes, 1998)
and thus far in the lectures of LDRS 300;
A Servant Leader models Jesus by having the following leadership traits
:
1. Followership.
2. Greatness in Service.
3. Takes Risks.
4. Shares Responsibility and Authority.
5. Practices
one of
the Being Habits or Doing Habits.
6. Embodies the Vision, Mission, and Values of the group.
7. Is a Performance Coach.
8. Displays Lessons Learned from The Work of a Carpenter.
Choose a character from a movie and discuss the following two questions.
1.
How did the character display TWO (2) traits of a Servant Leader like Jesus from the list above?
1.
Give
2 examples from the movie to support your position.
2. H
ow would you describe the EGO of this character in terms of the two ways EGO is discussed in this class? (
Edging God Out
Verses
Exalting God Only
)
1.
Give at least 2 examples from the movie to support your position.
.
1. The key elements of supplier measurement are quality, delivery, a.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. The key elements of supplier measurement are quality, delivery, and price. On the surface this appears to be a simple matter, but what are the complicating factors?
2. David Atkinson, the founder and Managing Director of Four Pillars, a management consulting and training company, states that “supplier relationship management is . . . process-focused. It’s a lot more about how the organization systematically plans, than it is about an ’interpersonal’ skill set of the procurement person or relationship manager.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
3. Supplier performance measurement is an essential lever for successful supplier management that encompasses both pre- and post-contract management. From this vantage point, how would you distinguish the focuses of supplier performance measurement undertaken pre-contract stage versus post-contract stage?
.
1. Search the Internet and locate an article that relates to the top.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Search the Internet and locate an article that relates to the topic of HACKING and summarize the reading in your own words. Your summary should be 2-3 paragraphs in length and uploaded as a TEXT DOCUMENT.
2. Do you feel the benefits of cloud computing are worth the threats and vulnerabilities? Have we arrived at a point where we can trust external agencies to secure our most precious data? Please explain your answer.
3. In a few short paragraphs, explain which cloud services you use (Google, Amazon, iCloud, Verizon, Microsoft One, Dropbox, etc) and what type of information you store (docs, photos, music, other files?). How much space do you have and what does this cost per month?
.
1. Text mining – Text mining or text data mining is a process to e.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Text mining – Text mining or text data mining is a process to extract high-quality information from the text. It is done through patterns and trends devised using statistical pattern learning. Firstly, the input data is structured. After structuring, patterns are derived from this structured data and finally, the output is evaluated and interpreted. The main applications of text mining include competitive intelligence, E-Discovery, National Security, and social media monitoring. It is a trending topic for the thesis in data mining.
Some research needs
Problem definition – In the first phase problem definition is listed i.e. business aims and objectives are determined taking into consideration certain factors like the current background and future prospective.
Data exploration – Required data is collected and explored using various statistical methods along with identification of underlying problems.
Data preparation – The data is prepared for modeling by cleansing and formatting the raw data in the desired way. The meaning of data is not changed while preparing.
Modeling – In this phase the data model is created by applying certain mathematical functions and modeling techniques. After the model is created it goes through validation and verification.
Evaluation – After the model is created, it is evaluated by a team of experts to check whether it satisfies business objectives or not.
Deployment – After evaluation, the model is deployed and further plans are made for its maintenance. A properly organized report is prepared with the summary of the work done.
Research paper Policy
· APA format
. https://apastyle.apa.org/
. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
· Min number of pages are 15 pages
· Must have
. Contents with page numbers
. Abstract
. Introduction
. The problem
4. Are there any sub-problems?
4. Is there any issue need to be present concerning the problem?
. The solutions
5. Steps of the solutions
. Compare the solution to other solution
. Any suggestion to improve the solution
. Conclusion
. References
· Missing one of the above will result -5/30 of the research paper
· Paper does not stick to the APA will result in 0 in the research paper
Spring 2020 Name: ______________________________
MATH 175 – Test 2 (Show Your Work )
7. Given
5
cos2
18
q
=-
and
180270
q
<<
oo
, find values of
sin
q
and
cos
q
.
8. Verify that each of the following is a trigonometric identity.
22
1sin
sec2sectantan
1sin
q
qqqq
q
-
=-+
+
9. Give the exact value of
4
cos2arctan
3
æö
ç÷
èø
without using a calculator.
10. Solve
2cos2cos2
qq
=
for all exact solutions in degrees.
PAGE
1
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Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019)
Information System.
1. Students need to review 3 different social media platforms that a.docxstilliegeorgiana
1. Students need to review 3 different social media platforms that are not mainstream.
a. TikTok
b. Lasso
c. Vero
d. Steemit
e. Caffeine
f. Houseparty
g. Amazon Spark
h. Anchor
i. Facebook for Creators
j. Foursquare Swarm
k. Facecast
l. Google My Business
m. Reddit
2. Provide background of how the platform started, who owns them and how big of a following they have?
3. What are the platforms demographics?
4. Strategies and Tools/Platforms – Strengths, Opportunities for Improvement, and recommendation for each platform.
5. Monitoring and Measuring what to measure? What analytics? What tools to use?
6. What companies are currently posting on this platform?
7. Develop 2 case examples of how companies are using this platform to engage with their customers? Include images of posts.
.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Post 1These farmers overseas need to be educated on the parasite.docx
1. Post 1
These farmers overseas need to be educated on the parasite
problem abroad. The government needs to step in and subsidize
some sort of medication program, and have spot checks on who
has the most outbreak. Also the heard numbers need to be
limited. Another way would be to come up with a way to spray
the areas the animals have been grazing. There are some ways to
cure the problem for the short term, by rotational grazing,
mineral blocks and fecal egg counts. In the southern part of the
U.S we also have a lot more parasite resistance as they do
overseas, but with our producers they have better standards of
medicating animals, and overall herd management.
Post 2
I agree with you that education is so important, especially
overseas where there are some livestock owners that lack
knowledge about how to manage parasites or use drugs for
treatment. I'm not sure about how many veterinarians there are
in certain countries or how much they're relied on in flock
management, but if they're not available to help educate these
producers, I agree with you that it would be great if the
government could step in and help. These parasites are costing
countries millions of dollars, so I would think their government
would want to help. I liked that you brought up the fact that
herd numbers need to be limited because as we learned in our
small ruminant parasite lecture, overstocking is the biggest
problem on small ruminant farms.
Running head: FORMATIVE AND OUTCOME EVALUATION
1
FORMATIVE AND OUTCOME EVALUATION 3
2. Formative and Outcome Evaluation
Implementation of my marketing plan will rely on execution of
the laid out steps in two phases involving, the members of staff
in the cafeteria and the promotional team working to draw
students towards the suggested meal plan. First, I will require
the promotion team to put on exquisite outfits that draw the
attention of the teens in middle school towards the cafeteria.
Secondly, I will require the team to talk with potential
customers passing by the cafeteria in a friendly tone and offer
the meal plan to those who listen to them. In marketing, an
excellent pitch of the product being promoted catches most
consumers’ attention and in cases where the strategy is
ineffective, meal samples can be offered at the beginning of the
week.
The second phase will involve the delivery of high quality
breakfast meals to the students visiting the cafeteria in an
exquisite fashion. The aim of this phase is to supersede the
expectations of the teens and provide them with a high variety
of healthy and affordable foods (Parker & Thorson, 2009). The
members of staff should serve the students politely and follow
up on the customer’s level of satisfaction by making enquiries.
The aim of this phase is to ensure acceptance of the healthy
meal plan and minimize rejection for students with varying food
preferences.
The marketing plan will be executed over a period of one
month, which will involve feasibility tests and constant
interactions with the students. A feedback channel such as a
suggestion box will be required in the cafeteria for weekly
evaluation of the student’s perception about the food (Parker &
Thorson, 2009). One of the tools that will be vital in this first
month is a sample of available foods for inquisitive students to
taste and have a feel of what the program has to offer. The
sampling marketing strategy is expensive and can only be
conducted on every Monday for the four weeks when the
program will be launched. Moreover, the cafeteria staff will
collect student’s feedbacks every Friday and recommendations
3. will be considered for implementation in the next week.
Two of the potential barriers that may affect the
implementation process include the pricing structure of the
foods and the individual preference of teen customers. Pricing
is a potential barrier because the cost of food determines what
most people consume since it is a reflection of their income
(Kennedy et al., 2014). Middle school teens rely on their
parents for revenue to purchase the items they require on a daily
basis. Food accounts for most of the expenditure of school-
going teens and price is a crucial determinant of what type of
food they consume.
On the other hand, school-going teens display a high
inclination towards snacks, soft drinks and other processed
foods that attract their taste experience. Most snacks are high on
processed sugars, which improve their taste and create an
extraordinary craving among school-going teens. Take for
instance, pizza one of the most widely consumed foods among
teens in middle school. The exceptional taste of pizza makes it
very attractive to school-going children, and they prefer a slice
of pizza over a slice of bread or any other healthy grained
foods.
The cafeteria has to overcome these two potential barriers
for the health program to be successful in the long run.
Although it is difficult to alter individual preference for snacks
and processed foods, the pricing strategy is within the
administration’s control. Healthy foods are slightly more
expensive than processed foods due to the costly path taken to
acquire them fresh from the producers and the additional
preservation cost (Hillestad & Berkowitz, 2012). However, the
cafeteria should not seek to make profits from this program by
setting up high mark up prices for the sake of introducing the
program into the market.
Instead, the pricing strategy should meet the break-even level so
that the program does not operate on a loss and it remains
sustainable in the long run. To address the pricing barrier, the
prices of foods should be set at an affordable level.
4. Additionally, the program will design a combination of
breakfast offers that lower the prices significantly while
maximizing the sales level.
The first month of the program should provide a clear
image of how the suggested meal plan will perform in the long
run after several months of implementation. Communication
with the students and promotional talks advocating for this
healthy meal will be used to influence their perception about
healthy food (Kennedy et al., 2014). Recommendations made in
the suggestion box will be evaluated on a weekly basis and the
most feasible ones implemented in the following week. For
instance, students may provide feedback on the quality of
services received and the environment we provide for
consumption of their breakfast. The members of staff at the
cafeteria could look into this suggestion by having several
members undergo service training while the layout of the
cafeteria could be remodeled to improve convenience. The
implementation plan will achieve success by reflecting on the
weekly performance and initiating the necessary modifications
to drive up the sales.
References
Hillestad, S. G., & Berkowitz, E. N. (2012). Health care
market strategy: From planning to action (4th ed.). Burlington,
MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Kennedy, A., Rogers, A. Chew-Graham, C., Blakeman, T.,
Bowen, R.,Gardner, C., … Protheroe, J. (2014). Implementation
of a self-management support approach (WISE) across a health
system: A process evaluation explaining what did and did not
work for organizations, clinicians, and patients. Implementation
Science, 9(1), 1–28. Note: Retrieved from Walden Library
databases.
Parker, J. C., & Thorson, E. (Eds.). (2009). Health
communication in the new media landscape. New York, NY:
Springer.
5. Running head: FORMATIVE EVALUATION IN MARKETING
PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1
FORMATIVE EVALUATION IN MARKETING PLAN
DEVELOPMENT 4
Formative Evaluation in Marketing Plan Development
Formative evaluation (FE) draws upon various conceptions and
impact practices from models, theories, and frameworks in
education, social psychology, communication, and marketing.
The value of this process stretches to the field of healthcare as
well, where it proves helpful in various healthcare functions.
One of those areas in which the significance of formative
evaluation is profound and well-documented is marketing
(Hillestad & Berkowitz, 2012). Comparable to the business
meadow, in healthcare, it FE is highly applicable in the
development of marketing plans (Cooper et al., 2011).
Therefore, how is it applicable in instituting marketing plans?
How can formative evaluation methods be incorporated in the
design of health care services marketing plans, and how could
this be important for the practice of health care administration?
Consider my marketing plan, which is designed to promote
nutrition among teens, especially in middle schools. Data shows
that teens form the economically active population and make the
most nutritional mistakes leading to the high cases of obesity.
In this case, formative evaluation methods would be useful in
identifying the prospective clients for the nutrition promotion
products that the company offers. My product strategy involves
the positive impact that breakfast has on Continuous
Assessment Tests scores and classroom behaviors. Contrarily,
the pricing strategy entails costs and recommendations that will
be helpful in lowering the barriers of implementing a Grab-N-
Go breakfast. For instance, in case of student rejection, the
school faculty can offer a variety of foods each day, and they
can present foods in a manner that students find more attractive.
The plan also incorporates a placement strategy erected to guide
the location that breakfast is sold and consumed in middle
6. schools. The sales will minimize the amount of time needed to
purchase while the consumption allows students to eat breakfast
where they can interact with other students. My promotional
strategy involves recommendations for promoting the program
to various teens around the state. I think that we can use older
teens and other high school students to promote regular
breakfast consumption. In addition, in promoting the program,
parents or teachers can use word of mouth, school websites and
even signs placed in front of schools to reach out to students
who are having trouble grasping the importance of the program.
Furthermore, with the aid of the Alabama Department of Public
Health, my plan can be successfully implemented.
In this plan, FE would be handy in two ways, namely (i) during
the project set up and (ii) during the implementation of the plan.
In the first case, FE would come in during the identification of
requirements. In the first place, it would facilitate products’
target population identification. Effective marketing plans focus
on manifold, specified audience segments (Hillestad &
Berkowitz, 2012). Formative evaluation is expedient in
ascertaining high-priority subdivisions by collecting
information regarding the most relevant categories of
individuals to the marketing goals. According to Miake-Lye et
al. (2011), successful businesses heavily rely on understanding
customers’ needs and offering them products and services that
meet them. FE is applicable in drawing knowledge about these
needs, consequently enabling firms to streamline their products
and services as well as their goals alongside the lines of the
needs. In my example, for instance, the strategy would help
identify the able and willing nutrition interventions clients, and
the option that appeals to most of them, as Miake-Lye et al.
(2011) suggest. As such, one of the leading roles of FE in the
development of marketing plans in healthcare is by identifying
needs.
In the second case, FE would play an essential role in
facilitating and enhancing the implementation of the marketing
plan. My marketing plan, like many others, is comprehensive
7. and sophisticated. Because of this factor, it contains functions
that work and those that does not, as well as numerous
unexpected outcomes. Such factors need monitoring and
regulation unless they bring the whole plan down. FE would
offer the solution to this quandary in my project. According to
(Hillestad & Berkowitz, 2012), FE is virtually mandatory in
processes that are prone to unexpected outcomes and where
following and capturing successful feedback is difficult. The
rationale is that FE enhances the implementation of projects.
Thus, it would help enable my plan to achieve its anticipated
outcomes.
The method would also be expedient in assessing,
understanding, and addressing process changes in the plan.
Cooper et al. (2011) aver that FE facilitates the understanding
of virtually all process changes. The tool would facilitate the
screening of not only what would be working and what would
not be working but also pinpointing the actual reason for such
consequences. In this way, the method would make the
implementation of the project successful by pointing out faults
and ironing them out.
All these make FE a pillar of marketing plan development and
implementation in healthcare and afar. Its main advantage,
arguably, is that it aids plans to achieve their outcomes
effectively and successfully. In this connection, the tool brings
about continuous improvement besides enabling future plans.
FE is particularly useful for complex settings and projects as it
refines composite interventions. The tool is involved in all
stages of marketing planning, and this is what makes it the
backbone of the process as well as other projects.
References
Hillestad, S. G., & Berkowitz, E. N. (2012). Health care market
strategy: From planning to action (4th ed.). Burlington, MA:
Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Cooper R. L., Cloud R., Besel K., & Bennett A. J. (2010).
8. Improving access to substance abuse treatment services for
consumers with AIDS: A formative evaluation. Journal of
Evidence-Based Social Work, 7(1/2), 115–129. Note: Retrieved
from Walden Library databases.
Miake-Lye, I. M., Amulis, A., Saliba, D., Shekelle, P. G.,
Volkman, L. K., & Ganz, D. A. (2011). Formative evaluation of
the telecare fall prevention project for older veterans. BMC
Health Services Research, 11(1), 119–127.
Running head: CULTURALLY CRITICAL FACTORS
CULTURALLY CRITICAL FACTORS 4
Culturally Critical Factors
Introduction
The promotion of a health service marketing program on
obese youths from a diverse, economically active society
compels that I identify the most sensitive and appropriate
cultural elements. This healthcare marketing plan would focus
on a culturally sensitive care which reflects the capacity to
value clients’ feelings, attitudes, or situations towards
promoting their wellness (Fregidou-Malama & Hyder, 2015).
This response would act on clients' shared ethnicity, nation,
cultural heritage, and language, thereby creating the feeling of
client satisfaction. The program plan would structure the care
with professionalism and relevancy to the client's wishes and
expectations. It would require every medic on the team to
develop a keen interest to patients, conduct themselves
professionally and on time to create satisfaction (Caliendo &
Gehrsitz, 2016). This plan would also seek the display of
warmth, support, empathy, genuineness, and respect for patient
interactions.
The plan would comprise strategies of learning client
patterns of communication in terms of verbal or written
approaches, thus affirming their community values. More so, we
would seek clarification on whether the clients regard
9. relationships during service delivery or speed and efficiency.
The plan would address their racial and, linguistic and cultural
variations by employing a team comprising of members from
the local community (Caliendo & Gehrsitz, 2016). This strategy
would make them feel part of the program and not an outsiders.
This plan would address the issue of cultural diversity by
building relationships with clients and their families. This
approach would attract business partnerships between caregivers
and clients families, especially if they are Asians, Africans,
Hispanic, and Arabs. These groups have a culture that values
healthy relationships. The plan would design a strategy that
includes females in the program to deal with the issue of gender
variations for these obese youth (Fregidou-Malama & Hyder,
2015). The plan would proactively create links with the relevant
institutions towards enrolling obese children from low-income
families for health funds. This approach would prevent the
health institution from incurring losses in this healthcare system
business.
The Impact of Culturally sensitive Elements and Considerations
Scholars have depicted that culturally critical factors play
a crucial role in caregiving marketing. Poor communication,
between the caregiver and the ever vulnerable contemporary
youth clients, is likely to harm the plan by destroying the trust
between them (Fregidou-Malama & Hyder, 2015). Clients may
refuse to share their personal information which could have
influenced proper interventions. Poor communication could also
create doubts among the clients in regards to the level of
experience among caregivers. This situation would also
interfere with client satisfaction, thereby threatening to tarnish
and invalidate the professionalism of the facility and program.
The friendship between clients, especially the Arabians,
Africans, and Hispanics, would often lead to long-lasting
business relationships and enhance loyalty. The weak
correlation between such clients would affect the current and
future business transactions in service delivery (Caliendo &
Gehrsitz, 2016). Similarly, the isolation of cultural and
10. linguistic element from the plan would not only isolate clients
from the program but also establish a communication barrier. As
a result, clients would refuse to participate in the program and
turn, affect the business side of the healthcare service delivery.
Conclusion
Conclusively, clients from wealthy families are usually
sensitive to quality health care services. Lack of satisfaction in
service delivery due to underperformance or using wrong
procedures could attract legal measures and hefty penalties.
This plan would consider the business side of the healthcare
facility by addressing the financial needs of clients from low-
income families. Lack of proactive strategy to address their
business needs would cause economic losses to the healthcare
facility. This facility would have to offer services on credit,
especially in emergency cases with the uncertainty that clients
will pay their bills.
References
11. Caliendo, M. & Gehrsitz, M. (2016). Obesity and the labor
market: a fresh look at the weight penalty. Econ Hum Biol:
23:209–25.
Fregidou-Malama, Maria & Hyder, Akmal. (2015). Impact of
culture on Marketing of Health Care Services- Elekta in Brazil:
International Business Review, Elsevier, Vol. 24 (3): Pp 530-
540.
Running head: MARKETING PLAN TO PROMOTE HEALTH
CARE SERVICES 1
MARKETING PLAN TO PROMOTE HEALTH CARE
SERVICES 3
Marketing Plan to Promote Health Care Services
Describe the health literacy of your target audience for your
marketing plan.
Health literacy is the ability of an individual to obtain and
process health information (Gabarron, Lau & Syed-Abdul,
2016). Ideally, this information helps people make health
decision either for themselves or for close relatives (Skurka,
2017). The youth who are my target audience typically lack
numerical skills. Thus they can be said to be health literate.
These individuals can accomplish everything that has to do with
numerals but cannot calculate cholesterol or measure
medications.
Additionally, the youth are in no position to share the history of
their health with healthcare facilitators. Moreover, the youth
who are my target audience are not in a place to navigate the
healthcare system. Thus are not suited to locate health service
providers in their surrounding communities. Also, the youth do
not have adequate information on nutrition, and therefore they
end up consuming the wrong diet (Skurka, 2017). This is the
reason why the youth are suffering from obesity. I believe that
the target audience of the marketing plan can be described as
relatively health literate. They are always engaging in self-
12. health care and the management of diseases but lack some other
aspects of health literacy.
Explain how your marketing plan will address the health
literacy of your target audience.
My market plan will be aimed at the youth; thus, I will use the
most popular social media platforms among the youth. In the
plan, I will reinforce the importance of being health literate. I
will include as many health topics as possible as a way to make
the youth health erudite. Some of the topics that I will include
in the market plan include the need to have a proper diet, causes
of diseases, and the need to exercise regularly. This information
will ensure that the audience is aware of health information and
can apply the knowledge when need be (Skurka, 2017).
Moreover, in the plan, I would ensure I explain how the human
body works to give the audience a glimpse of what to expect
from their body. With this information, the youth would not
become very worried when they are diagnosed with different
illnesses that are not very serious.
Describe two strategies you might take to best tailor the
messages in your marketing plan to promote uptake within your
target audience and explain why.
The youth are mostly on social media; thus, social media will be
the most effective way to reach a large number of youths. The
radio and television is also another platform that I intend to use
as the youth are active contributors on broadcast and cable
television. I mean to come up with a message that is appealing
and is clear for a more fundamental understanding. The message
will be enhanced with audio and video files. This move will
make the message more attractive to young people since they
resonate well with these type of messages (Skurka, 2017).
Additionally, I intend to share the message on Instagram,
Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest as they are very popular with
the youth. I will sponsor the messages on social media so that
the message can reach as many youths as possible.
Social media is a sufficient market tool for the youth as they
can use these platforms to share and engage (Parvanta, Nelson
13. & Harner, 2018). On social media, the youth will participate in
the benefits of proper nutrition as represented in my message.
Moreover, I will continue sponsoring the message until the
youth get the message and become more literate on health
issues. In the end of the marketing period, I believe that the
strategy will be successful.
References
Top of Form
Gabarron, E., Lau, A., & Syed-Abdul, S. (2016). Participatory
health through social media.
London: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Parvanta, C., Nelson, D., & Harner, R. (2018). Public health
communication: Critical tools and strategies. Burlington, MA:
Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Skurka, M. F. (2017). Health information management:
Principles and organization for health information services.
Hoboken, New Jersey: Jossy-Bass & Pfeiffer Imprints, Wiley.
Bottom of Form
Running head: PROMOTING OBESITY HEALTHCARE PLAN
PROMOTING OBESITY HEALTHCARE PLAN 2
Promoting Obesity Health Care Plan
The Target Client the Health Services Marketing Plan
The rural populations experience higher rates of obesity
due to the lack of information available to them in regards to
healthy living, balanced diets, and health risk awareness.
Regarding my initiative of providing the youth population with
14. obesity mitigation interventions, my target population would be
the multicultural migrant children from the rural area. These
clients would be between the ages of 3 to 16 years old with
other isolated cases (Caliendo & Gehrsitz, 2016). Most of these
clients would be school going children between 6 to 16 years of
age. The majority of these patients will reside with their parents
or guardians.
These target clients are associated with patterns of
consuming high calorie meals and sugary snacks. They also
seem to lack suitable exercising facilities thus do not engage in
physical exercises. Most of my clients came from families that
purchase easy to make inexpensive freezer meals that last
longer. The majority of their combined annual family income is
less than $50,000. Some of the parents would initially reject
obesity interventions for their children due to the lack of proper
orientation on the importance of healthy living. Other parents
will reject the intervention due to traditional beliefs that being
fat is normal or a sign of wellness and happiness (Puhl & Heuer,
2010). In time, their parents will value these new services and
will take their obese children in for intervention.
Hurdles of and Promoting a Healthcare Marketing Plan
Economic Barrier
Promoting obesity mitigation project on a low-income rural
population will encounter numerous hurdles. First, the parents
and guardians of my clients would likely have limited resources
to pay for the obese treatment. Their uninsured state would
further make it difficult for them to attend these mitigation
sessions. Parents whose children have health insurance coverage
would still face burdensome cost-sharing via premium
payments, deductibles, and copayments (Puhl & Heuer, 2010).
The underinsured will not be able to obtain the required types of
healthcare services which are often costly. This factor is likely
to interfere with the general service delivery program in the
form of transport, outreach, administrative overhead, and high-
risk care.
I would address this financial obstacle by creating a
15. health fund to help pay for the visits of obese clients that cannot
afford the cost of the mitigation services. I would also help
them acquire public health insurance to protect their health
needs in the marginalized region. This voucher would help to
cater to the needs of the patient and my business services
(Caliendo & Gehrsitz, 2016). Further, I would seek for internal
monetary help from the community hospital in the city through
legal structures towards impacting lives in this rural area.
Informational Barrier
I also expect to experience informational obstacles,
thereby increasing the costs of crucial activities such as
outreach and advertisement strategies. These are necessary
methods that could help to orientate the population on the need
for obese mitigation and healthy living. Lack of this
information is likely to cause a low client enrollment rate.
Parents with literacy problems will remain in the dark about the
entire program, thereby keeping their obese children at homes
(Puhl & Heuer, 2010). I would develop strategic and optimistic
advertisement approaches that integrate the local language to
reach every sector of these rural populations. For example, I
would engage my team to create and distribute eye-catching
posters across all sections of the rural population. I would also
involve the already existing team of service supporters in an
anti-obese community tour across the region towards informing
the populations about our obese mitigation services. I could
subdivide my group into various mobile service supporters to
offer services across the area and engage the enrolled children
to overweight mitigation interventions.
16. References
Caliendo M, & Gehrsitz M. (2016). Obesity and the labor
market: a fresh look at the weight penalty. Econ Hum Biol:
23:209–25.
Puhl RM, & Heuer CA.(2010). Obesity stigma: important
considerations for public health. Am J Public Health 2010;
100:1019–28.
Running head: AGENCY VISION AND MISSION 1
AGENCY VISION AND MISSION 2
Health Agencies and Marketing Plans
Alabama Department of Public Health has a variety of services
and programs that it offers to its diverse population. It provides
clinical, environmental, home and community services to its
local residents. The clinical services include family planning,
cancer screening, tuberculosis screening, and health insurance
for children among other things. Environmental services, on the
other hand, are put in place to ensure standards in several
health-related and environmental service areas are on point to
17. protect the public from injury and to prevent the spread of
diseases. In other words, the health agency has protection
activities that include complaint investigations, health
regulation enforcement, and licensing, permitting and
inspections for various facilities such as body art facilities, jails
or prisons, and hotels. Finally, home and community services
include home health care and life care services. They are put in
place to ensure everyone is comfortable in their home
environment.
Generally speaking, the Alabama Department of Public Health
was established to focus on a number of health related issues
such as emergency preparedness and emergency medical
services. It also focuses on disease prevention, home and
community health, healthcare access, family health and
regulation and licensure. Also, the health agency is responsible
for publishing health-related pamphlets that are readily
available to the residents of Alabama. The topics in the
pamphlets usually vary as they range from environmental
health, nutrition and physical activity to injury prevention. So, I
think that the department has done a good job so far in keeping
the residents of Alabama safe.
Reason being, when you look at their mission and vision
statement, you’ll notice that the department is doing all it can to
provide a comfortable environment for the state’s residents.
According to their website, the health agency’s mission states
that it aims to protect, promote and improve the health of
individuals and communities of Alabama. On the other hand, its
vision statement stipulates that the department wants to lead the
state in assuring the health of Alabamians by promoting
healthy, safe, prepared and informed communities. When you
combine all of that with the agency’s core values, you’ll see
why I am saying the facility has done a good job so far.
Now, my marketing plan is designed to promote nutrition among
teens especially in middle schools. Reason being, these teens
form the economically active population and make the most
nutritional mistakes leading to the high cases of obesity in the
18. country. My product strategy (in this case “promoting
nutrition”) involves the positive impact that breakfast has on
Continuous Assessment Tests scores and classroom behaviors.
My pricing strategy, on the other hand, involves costs and
recommendations that will be helpful in lowering the barriers of
implementing a Grab-N-Go breakfast. For instance, in case of
student rejection, the school faculty can offer a variety of foods
each day and they can present foods in a manner that students
find more attractive. The placement strategy is put in place to
guide the location that breakfast is sold and consumed in middle
schools. The sales will minimize the amount of time needed to
purchase while the consumption allows students to eat breakfast
where they can interact with other students.
Finally, my promotional strategy involves recommendations for
promoting the program to various teens around the state. I think
that we can use older teens and other high school students to
promote regular breakfast consumption. Also, in promoting the
program, parents or teachers can use word of mouth, school
websites and even signs placed in front of schools to reach out
to students who are having trouble grasping the importance of
the program. Furthermore, with the aid of the Alabama
Department of Public Health, my plan can be successfully
implemented.
The main aim will be to reduce unhealthy snacking and enhance
nutrition education in various middle schools. With the
department’s mission and vision, we can get state of the art
nutrition materials that can be helpful in supporting the
curriculum adopted by the schools. Also, we can adopt the
environmental services provided by the department to create a
cafeteria environment that will help improve merchandising or
presentation of milk, fruits and vegetables to increase
consumption among teens in the school. Reason being, nutrition
during childhood and adolescence is essential for growth and
development, health and well-being (Story et al., 2002). So, I
think that both my marketing plan and the health agency’s
resources will come in handy during the implementation of
19. nutrition programs in schools.
In conclusion, I believe that my marketing plan is designed to
help promote proper nutritional values to teens around the state
and with the help of the health agency, it can be successfully
implemented. All we have to do is acquire state of the art
resources and create a cafeteria environment that all teens can
access in the school environment. Furthermore, the health
agency’s mission and statement are simple and straight to the
point, and they can help in implementing the said marketing
plan. So, all tees should be open to change and hope that all
things will turn out for the better in future.
References
"Alabama Department of Public Health - ADPH -
healthfinder.gov". healthfinder.gov.
Story, M., Holt, K., & Sofka, D. (2002). Bright futures in
practice. National Center for Education in Maternal and Child
Health.
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA TOOLS FOR HEALTHCARE
SERVICES 1
SOCIAL MEDIA TOOLS FOR HEALTHCARE SERVICES
4
Social Media Tools for Healthcare Services
Introduction
Technology, especially the coming of various social media
platforms, have changed methods of marketing. The health
sector today can use social media tools to advance preventive
and curative healthcare services to a wide population. Social
media tools, when properly used, facilitate instantaneous
feedback, creation of a networked community and enhance the
dissemination of information. Today, most Americans suffer
from obesity or overweight. Various indicators show that poor
nutrition plays a significant role in the phenomenon. It makes
20. sense to target youths with nutrition matters as they form the
economically active population and make the most nutritional
mistakes leading to the high cases of obesity in the country.
Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram give enough platform to
inform and educate the youths on better nutritional choices.
Hashtags and use of social backers make the marketing of
healthcare programs efficient and effective.
Obesity and overweight remain one of the top public health
issue affecting most Americans. The world health organization
has reported that the USA numbers remain the highest in the
world. Obese people spend more on medical expenses annually
as compared to the non-obese people. The government of the
USA also spend more on providing medical services because of
high cases of obesity. Statistics show that 39.8 % of USA adults
above 20 years suffer obesity (Ogden et al., 2015). On the same
age bracket, an additional 31.8 % suffer from overweight (Hales
et al., 2017). Considering the past decades, obesity rates in the
USA tend to keep rising. Many research studies claim that
problems of obesity and overweight emanate from poor nutrition
and physical inactivity. Due to the increasing medical expenses,
increasing cases of overweight and various diseases affecting
obese people, the time has come to device a public health
program. The aim of the program will be sensitize and
disseminate information on nutrition and its role in curbing
obesity to young adults. In marketing the plan on a need to keep
a nutritional check, public health sector intends to use social
media tools to reach out to as many people as possible as well
as getting immediate feedback.
Most Americans use social media to check on trends, events,
and continuous communication. The penetration of social media
in the country remains high at 70%, and 79% of the population
has a social media profile in one of the platforms (Hales et al.,
2017). Healthcare providers have to use multiple platforms, for
instance, snap chat, twitter, and Facebook to reach the target
audience (Young adults of 20 years plus). Social media
marketers need to use tools such as Hashtags and social backers
21. to ensure online presence, immediate feedback, and continuous
engagement on the nutritional change health program. When
putting the message across on the need to change nutrition,
healthcare campaign needs to reach a broad audience, deliver
the message convincingly, and monitor the reaction from the
youths on the same program. The use of Hashtag and social
backer tools will provide efficient and effective program
marketing to the target population.
Conclusion
Hashtags help in increasing social media outreach. It attracts a
real audience, grow conversation participates, and resonates
well with the youth (target audience). By using
HashtagsForLikes, its algorithms help in coming up with the
best Hashtag for a given program and facilitate its social media
spread. Hashtags help in attracting target niche followers and
unit audience interested in the program. The tool enhances both
twitter and Instagram marketing. Social backers enable social
media marketers to use AI (artificial intelligence) to understand
audience behavior. It personalizes content when engaging
customers but helps in the growing fan base. It also helps in
managing different social media accounts whereby one content
is seamlessly posted across all platforms. When marketing the
importance of nutritional change to youths, healthcare providers
should use hashtags to make the topic trendy and grow the
audience for the same. Social backers will help in content
creation, customization, and engaging fan base on the program.
22. Reference
Hales, C. M., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L.
(2017). Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: the
United States, 2015–2016. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db288.pdf
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Flegal, K. M.
(2015). Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: the
United States, 2011–2014. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db219.pdf
1
Management and Control of Nematode Parasites of Small
Ruminants
in the Face of Total Anthelmintic Failure
P. J. Waller
Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary
Institute
SE- 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
23. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Total failure of modern broad spectrum anthelmintics to control
nematode parasites of
sheep and goats is a reality, of rapidly increasing dimension, on
many farms in the
tropical / subtropical regions of the world. This is primarily
associated with the highly
pathogenic, blood sucking parasite, Haemonchus contortus, and
where it now cannot
be controlled by chemotherapy, annual mortalities exceeding
20% of the flock can be
expected. Thus sheep and goat enterprises become totally
unsustainable, unless major
changes in management are effected. These must include a
change away from reliance
on suppressive anthelmintic treatment and to include several
non-chemotherapeutic
management options. In situations where livestock numbers
need to be preserved and
there is no opportunity to increase the grazing area available,
then zero grazing with
cut-and-carry herbage from uncontaminated pasturelands is the
24. only option. In other
circumstances stocking rates need to be substantially reduced,
so that short-term
rotational grazing can be effectively practiced. This strategy is
improved if it is
combined with the biological control of the free- living stages
of the parasites, using
the microfungus Duddingtonia flagrans. Monitoring the
parasitological status of the
animals by faecal sampling sentinel sub-flocks for nematode
faecal egg counts, or the
use of the FAMACHA procedure, are also valuable tools.
Improving overall nutrition of
the flock is an important adjunct to control. As a long-term
priority, attempts to
change the genotype of the flocks to those breeds that have been
shown to possess
natural resistance to H. contortus are worthwhile.
2
25. INTRODUCTION
Recently, an exhaustive review was commissioned to prioritise
animal health
research for poverty reduction in the Developing World, by an
international donor
consortium consisting of the WHO, OIE, FAO. This report
concluded that gastro
intestinal parasitism had the highest global index as an animal
health constraint to the
poor. The highly pathogenic nematode parasite of small
ruminants, Haemonchus
contortus, was singled out as being of overwhelming importance
(Perry et al. 2002).
This blood-sucking parasite is responsible for acute outbreaks
with mortalities,
particularly in young animals. In Kenya alone, it has been
estimated that it causes
losses in the order of US$ 26 million each year (Anon. 1999). It
is probably the only
nematode parasite of sheep and goats that can be accurately
diagnosed without the aid
of laboratory testing. Signs of acute anaemia are obvious, past
history (particularly
weather conditions) and discounting other less common
26. conditions that cause anaemia
(eg. fasciolosis, theileriosis etc.), will strongly suggest clinical
haemonchosis. This
parasite has very high biotic potential (egg production by
female parasites) and at
times when transmission of this parasite is favoured (warm and
wet), losses can occur
in all classes of animals. On a “worm- for-worm” basis, H.
contortus is generally
considered the most pathogenic parasite of small ruminants
(Soulsby, 1986).
Although it occurs in mixed infections with other nematode
parasites, it invariably
dominates the faecal worm egg counts and often approaches
90% of worm egg
contamination on pastures under prevailing conditions of high
temperature and
humidity, which are the norm in the humid tropics / sub tropics.
However it is now apparent that H. contortus is becoming more
important in
the temperate regions of the world, with the apparent change in
weather conditions
that favour this parasite (Waller et al. 2004). Thus much of the
problems associated
27. with parasite infections in small ruminants, problems in their
control and problems of
anthelmintic resistance, relate specifically to this single species
of nematode parasite.
Detailed economic evaluations repeatedly show that the major
losses due to parasites
are on animal production, rather than on mortality (Anon. 1991;
McLeod 1995). In
many instances, these costs exceed the costs of losses due to the
major “killer”
diseases due to viruses and bacteria (Anon. 1991). Recent
estimates of the annual
costs of parasites to the sheep industry in Uruguay and South
Africa were US$ 41.8
million (Nari et al. 1997) and US$ 45 million (I. K. Horak),
respectively.
3
WORM CONTROL: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
The severity of nematode parasitic disease is dictated by the
degree of larval
28. pickup, or challenge, from pasture. This is principally
determined by the prevailing
weather conditions, namely temperature and rainfall. If either of
these environmental
variables is unfavourable (ie. temperature and/or humidity is too
low) then
discontinuities in the translation process from egg hatch to
infective larval availability
on pasture, can occur (Levine 1963). Thus, both temperature
and rainfall are
important parameters controlling this process in the temperate
regions of the world,
whereas in the tropics / subtropics, rainfall is the only limiting
environmental variable
because temperatures are always high enough to facilitate this
process. Consequently,
in the humid tropics / subtropics, the environmental conditions
on pasture are
favourable, more-or- less continuously. Whereas in the
temperate regions there are
often times when “bottlenecks” occur in the larval translation
process, which not only
reduce larval pickup, but also can be exploited in parasite
control programmes
29. (Waller et al. 1995).
In contrast to the livestock systems of the temperate regions,
where varying
degrees of winter housing and /or zero grazing are practiced,
ruminant livestock
production in the tropics / sub tropics is characterised by all
year round grazing on
pasture. Thus larval pickup from pasture is more-or- less
continuous and all livestock
are likely to be infected. Whilst livestock owners in many
countries of the tropic s /
subtropics, lack the financial resources, knowledge, or the will,
to treat their animals
with drugs, there are also many countries in this region where
quite the opposite is the
case. In many regions in the tropics / subtropics communal
grazing is the norm. Thus
there is little, or no, opportunity of individual farmers to
practice any form of parasite
control, unless there is widespread compliance to the same
practices by the whole
community.
Anthelmintics: failure and the future?
30. For livestock produc ers that can afford it, control of nematode
parasites has
been based on the use of anthelmintic drugs. However, since the
early 1960’s there
have been only three major classes of broad-spectrum
anthelmintics commercially
released for the control of nematode parasites of ruminant
livestock, namely: the
benzimidazoles / probenzimidazoles (BZs), the
tetrahydropyrimidines /
4
imidazothiazoles (most important drug being levamisole: LEV),
and the macrocyclic
lactones (MLs), or avermectins /mylbemycins. Although the re
are novel classes of
anthelmintic drugs that have been discovered (eg
parahequamide,
cyclooctadepsipeptides), possibly the greatest constraint in their
commercial
development are the enormous costs involved (Waller 1997).
The international
pharmaceutical industry is undergoing unprecedented re-
31. structuring with resultant
company mergers and the reorganisation of product portfolios.
Apart from the
lucrative companion animal and horse market, it is evident that
veterinary drugs have
been a victim of these “down- sizing” activities. Simply it is a
matter of economics.
There is more money to be made in human pharmaceuticals –
even the cosmetic
industry – than providing new drugs for the grazing livestock
industries. Therefore, it
seems to me to be unlikely tha t a new anthelmintic drug (class)
for use against
nematode parasites of food producing domestic livestock will be
released onto the
market place in the foreseeable future.
Because of the clinical importance of H. contortus, and the very
high
efficiency of the broad spectrum anthelmintics against this
parasite (at least in
initially), the concept of suppressive drenching of sheep and
goats became firmly
entrenched in many countries of the tropics / subtropics where
this parasite is
32. endemic. Frequent (every 4 – 6 weeks), and often haphazard
treatment became
commonplace. This has become much more the case since patent
protection of all the
currently available broad-spectrum anthelmintics has lapsed,
resulting in a burgeoning
in the marketing of generic anthelmintic products. Quality
assurance was an absolute
pre-requisite for the parent companies, but now they have to
compete on the
deregulated market against companies with these “look alike”
products. On the face
of it, this outcome for the farmers seems to be favourable, with
not only a greater
range, but also much cheaper products, becoming available.
However, many instances
of poorly manufactured, or counterfeit, generic products have
been reported. This is
particularly so in the developing countries, which cannot
provide the resources to
monitor product quality and to prosecute offenders (Wanyangu
et al. 1994; Waller et
al. 1996). Also, as a result of this unfair competition, there are
instances of highly
33. reputable companies marketing substandard products in this
region of the world (van
Wyk et al. 1995). Thus in most instances, freeing-up the
anthelmintic market in the
tropics / subtropics has not been in the farmers best interests.
As poor quality products
assume a significant market share, then not only do the farmers
waste their money, by
5
failing to control parasites in their animals, but they hasten the
selection process for
anthelmintic resistance.
Recently, the World Organisation for Animal Health (Office
International des
Epizooties: OIE) commissioned a survey to determine the status
of parasiticide
resistance in pests of livestock worldwide (Nari and Hansen
1999). Of the 151
member countries, responses were obtained from 77 (55%
response). The parasites
considered to be of greatest importance to the livestock in each
country were in rank
34. order – worms (73% of respondent countries), ticks, mange
mites, flies and lice.
Control of these pests was almost entirely by the use of
chemicals. Resistance had
been diagnosed in 55% of the responding countries. Of these,
86% had diagnosed
anthelmintic resistance, 50% ixodicide resistance and 31%
insecticide resistance. An
important note was that these estimates were considered
conservative, as 27% of
countries mentioned a lack of capabilities, infrastructure, and/or
interest in assessing
the significance of these problems.
The examples of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites
of ruminant
production systems would form, more-or-less, a uniform
gradation along the spectrum
from no problem to total failure, which is continuously
changing for the worse. The
first reports of total chemotherapeutic failure across the entire
range of broad-
spectrum anthelmintics, was made in 1983 (pre - marketing of
MLs) on goat farms in
35. north coastal NSW, Australia, which experienced high levels of
summer rainfall
(Anon. 1983). Subsequently, van Wyk (1990) cited a number of
instances in the high
rainfall, or irrigated areas, of South Africa where farmers had
to abandon sheep
farming because of failure to control worms using chemothe
rapy. Total failure of the
BZs and LEV, plus 70% resistance to ivermectin (IVM), the
first of the MLs, was
reported in a survey of anthelmintic resistance of sheep farms in
the humid Oriental
region of Paraguay (Maciel et al. 1996). Most recently it has
been found that total
chemotherapeutic failure to all the three broad-spectrum
anthelmintic groups (also to
the narrow spectrum, salicylanilide drugs) exist on all the large
government managed
small ruminant breeding farms in the eastern Malaysian state of
Sabah
(Chandrawathani et al. 2004). Coupled with a similar result on a
large government
breeding farm on Peninsula Malaysia (Chandrawathani et al.
2003b), it seems as
36. though Malaysia has the dubious distinction of being able to
declare itself the first
country where virtually total anthelmintic failure to control
internal parasites of small
ruminants is present – at least in the large breeding farms,
whose main purpose is to
6
supply sheep and goats to small- holder farmers. Thus in the
space of approximately
20 years, the situation of virtually total anthelmintic failure has
moved from the
individual farm, to district, to region, to state and finally to a
country problem.
All the above situations share three important features. Namely,
they are all
located in the humid tropics / subtropics, where conditions are
more-or-less
continuously wet throughout the entire year, secondly the major
nematode pathogen,
H. contortus, completely dominates the parasite profile, and
thirdly sheep and goat
raising was/is attempte d to be the sole production system. The
experience on Sabah,
37. where total anthelmintic failure has likely to have been present
for some years, is that
annual mortalities exceeding 20% of the flock can be expected
(Chandrawathani et al.
2004) – totally unsustainable livestock systems by any
assessment!
SOLUTIONS IN THE FACE OF FAILURE
However abandonment of enterprises cited above, is not
necessarily the only
course of action. I believe that even under such environmental
conditions where H.
contortus flourishes, there are a number of options that could be
taken to restore a
reasonable measure of small ruminant production and if strictly
adhered to, should
prove to be sustainable.
Immediate strategies
• Most farms where these problems have been reported have
very heavy
stocking rates. A reduction of the carrying capacity would
provide more ease
and flexibility to undertake the following measures.
38. • Attempt to remove resident worm infections. On the face of it,
this maybe a
difficult task. However other older classes of drugs with known
good efficacy
against H. contortus, which have not been used should be tried,
such as the
organo-phosphate anthelmintics (napthalophos: NAP), or
phenothiazine
(PTZ). These drugs, particularly the former, now play an
important role in the
management of multiple, high level resistance in nematode
parasites of sheep
in Australia (Dobson et al. 2001)
• In those areas where night housing of stock is a feature and
sufficient labour is
available, break the infection cycle by preventing grazing of
pastures for two
months by implementing cut-and- carry for shed feeding of all
animals. The
pastures selected for cutting should be from a location that has
been ungrazed
7
39. (thus uncontaminated) by small ruminants for the last two
months. Ecological
studies in the wet tropics have shown that survival of the free-
living stages of
H. contortus is very short, with the majority of infective larvae
disappearing
from pasture within 4-6 weeks (Banks et al. 1990; Sani and
Chandrawathani
1996).
Short term strategie s
• Implement and strictly adhere to the short-term rotational
grazing strategy, as
developed for parasite control in small ruminants in the wet
tropics (Barger et
al. 1994; Sani and Chandrawathani 1996). This requires the
subdivision of
available pastures into small plots. Animals are then moved
around these
pastures in quick succession (3 - 4 days grazing only on each
plot), returning
to their original plot after approximately 30 - 40 days.
• Monitor faecal egg counts on a regular (initially every 4-6
weeks) basis in a
40. sentinel group of young sheep.
• Utilise the FAMACHA system of monitoring presence of
anaemia (indirect
measurement of H. contortus infections) and treat accordingly
(Malan and van
Wyk, 1992)
• Introduce molasses/mineral feed blocks to improve the general
nutrition of the
animals. Trial the use of medicated (fenbendazole: FBZ) blocks
for one
grazing cycle (4 weeks) every 6 months. Previous work has
shown that by
using a benzimidazole anthelmintic to which resistance has
developed, from
non-persistent (oral drench) to persistent (daily administration
in a feed block)
use, can restore anthelmintic efficiency (Knox 1996).
• Consider using biological control with the micro-fungus
Duddingtonia
flagrans. This has been shown to be a useful adjunct to worm
control of sheep
and goat parasites on Peninsula Malaysia (Chandrawathani et al.
2002;
41. 2003a).
Longer term strategies
• Where appropriate and as a long-term priority, attempt to
change the genotype
of the sheep to those which have been shown to have natural
resistance to H.
contortus infections, such as the Red Maasai, Barbados Black
Belly, St. Croix,
Florida native sheep (for review Baker 1996).
8
CONCLUSION
This review focuses on the possible ways forward for owners, or
managers, of
small ruminant production systems where chemotherapeutic
options to control
nematode parasites have been exhausted. Whether they abandon
such farming
enterprises, or attempt to ameliorate the problem, one thing is
certain they cannot
42. persist - simply for economic reasons. There are instances
where the former option
has been taken. In such cases, consigning all animals to the
slaughterhouse should
occur. This represents a “dead end” for the both the hosts and
their parasites. However
what often happens is that these animals are sold to other
farmers, who unsuspectingly
import multiply resistant parasites onto their farm. Such is the
case also where
government farms pass sheep and goats on to small-holder
farmers. It is very
important that veterinary advisers are made aware to the proble
m of anthelmintic
resistance in the tropics sub/tropics and aim to prevent this from
occurring. Correct
diagnosis is important, based clinical signs, history and
particularly on faecal
nematode egg counts, both pre and post-anthelmintic treatment.
In many cases when
animals are suffering with “ill thrift”, or diarrhoea, nutritional
inadequacies rather
than internal parasites is the problem.
However there are alternative solutions to restore parasite
43. control in what
appears to be a disastrous situation, but these are not simple or
straightforward. They
depend on a combination of strategies, none of which will be
fully effective if solely
relied upon. Such integrated approaches to nematode parasite
control in small
ruminant livestock are the only way to ensure that reasonable
levels of control will
occur for the foreseeable future.
References
Anonymous (1983): Worms in Sheep and Goats on thee NSW
North Coast. No. 3:
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