The document discusses the rise of secular populist music in the 19th century, including minstrelsy, dance music, glee clubs, and patriotic songs. Key developments included the commercialization of folk music, the popularity of minstrel shows featuring racial stereotypes, and the use of music to express nationalist sentiments during the Civil War. Popular composers and musical styles emerged that blended European traditions with American folk influences.
This powerpoint presentaion is about everything that went on in the 1950's. In this presentation we will explore all the major events that happened during this society changing decade. This is part of my A Level Media Coursework, so I hope it helps you.
Enjoy!
This powerpoint presentaion is about everything that went on in the 1950's. In this presentation we will explore all the major events that happened during this society changing decade. This is part of my A Level Media Coursework, so I hope it helps you.
Enjoy!
32315 1 Origins of Rock ‘n’ Roll • Three musica.docxtamicawaysmith
3/23/15
1
Origins of Rock ‘n’ Roll
• Three musical ancestors of Rock
– Country & Western
• Grand Ole Opry and image
• Controversial subjects in lyrics
– Rhythm & Blues
• 12-bar Blues, insistent rhythm, shout-style vocals
• Hokum, Boogie-woogie, Electric guitar
– Pop music
• Strong connection to jazz (Big Band Swing)
• Simple, catchy melodies
• 1950: all three coexisted in separate
markets
– Billboard magazine tracks sales of popular
music
– Separate charts for each genre
• By 1954, markets began to merge
• Crossovers: a crossover hit originates in
one market, but also succeeds in another
– “Earth Angel”—R&B song, made the pop
charts
– “Tennessee Waltz,” “Heartbreak Hotel”—
C&W hits, on pop charts
• Covers: an artist’s version of someone
else’s song
– “Earth Angel”—original by The Penguins
(R&B), covered by the Crew Cuts (Pop)
3/23/15
2
Emergence of Youth Culture
• Prior to 1950s, entertainment industry aimed
at adults
• Mid-’50s: identifiable youth culture
– Movies present images of rebellious youths
• Rebel Without a Cause, Blackboard Jungle
• New role models, dress code, slang, hairstyles
• Black leather jacket, upturned shirt collar, slicked
back hair (“ducktail” or “d.a.”)
• Record companies realize teens have
disposable income
Bill Haley and The Comets
• Haley’s band started with C&W, began
covering R&B songs
– “Shake, Rattle, and Roll” orig. by Joe Turner
– “Rock Around the Clock” orig. by Sonny Dae
• Featured on soundtrack to Blackboard Jungle
• Two months at #1 on pop charts (1955)
• Haley, born in 1927, too old to be the new
face of youth culture
• Laid foundation for Rockabilly
– R&B material, with C&W sound
Elvis Presley (1935-’77)
l Raised
in
poor
family
from
Mississippi
– Elvis
absorbed
a
variety
of
musical
influences
l R&B,
gospel,
C&W,
bluegrass,
pop
l Discovered
while
making
a
recording
for
his
mom
– Memphis
Recording
Service
and
Sun
Records
l Right
voice
at
the
right
Cme
l White
singer
with
a
black
sound
3/23/15
3
Sun Records
• Memphis, Tennessee
• Sam Phillips, founder
– Appreciated talents of R&B musicians
– Began recording them even before he started
his own label
• Brings the music to a wider audience
• Sun Records credited with discovering
Elvis
– “Hound Dog” (1957)
Importance of Elvis
l Flexible,
invenCve
vocal
style
– Always
sounds
like
himself
l Wide
popular
appeal,
crossover
success
– Records
on
country,
pop,
and
R&B
charts
l Huge
commercial
success
– Sold
over
500
Million
records
by
the
Cme
of
his
death
Mainstream Rock ‘n’ Roll
l (DJ Alan Freed, coined the term “Rock ‘n’ Roll”)
• Heavily influenced by R&B
– Little Ric ...
33115 1 Post World War II Musical Modernism .docxtamicawaysmith
3/31/15
1
Post World War II
Musical Modernism
The Media Revolution
• Record companies seek out niche markets
• Columbia, Paramount
• Many marketed and sold to a black audience
• “Race records” – became popular with white
audiences also
• “Hillbilly music” marketed to rural white
southerners
• continuation of pre-1920s fiddle tradition
• fiddle contests and medicine shows
• Unregulated Mexican radio stations
• could reach Canada and China
The Media Revolution
• 1946: Television industry begins
• By 1950s, TV common in most households
• Soap operas, sit coms, variety shows, mysteries
• Radio stations begin to play more pre-
recorded music
• Disc Jockeys (DJs) become important
3/31/15
2
Record Formats
• 78 rpm records: 3-4 minutes of music
• Major record companies begin issuing
Long-Playing (LP) 33 rpm records
• Up to 26 min. per side (12”)
• Targeted at adults
• Often classical music, musical theater,
easy-listening
• 45 rpm Singles (7”)
• Marketed to teens
Pop Music
• Strong connection to Swing
• Continued innovations of popular
1930s vocalists
• Armstrong, Holiday, Bing Crosby
• Song Interpreters
• Each singer recognizable by their style
• Personality becomes part of the song
Pop Music
• Nat “King” Cole (1917-1965)
• Formed a popular jazz trio
• First black artist to host a TV show
• Several pop hits:
• “Straighten Up and Fly Right,” “Unforgettable”
• Frank Sinatra (1915-1998)
• Got his start singing with Big Bands
• Became a teen idol in early 1940s
• Formed his own record company
• “You Do Something to Me” (1950)
3/31/15
3
Woody Guthrie (1912-’67)
• Lived a wandering life
• Hobo lifestyle, inspired his poetry
• Experiences during the Depression
• Dust bowl drought, New Deal politics, unions
• Political radical
• Lyrics about social justice, inequalities
• 1940: “This Land is Your Land” written in response to
Irving Berlin’s “God Bless America”
Woody Guthrie
• “So Long, It’s Been Good to Know You” 1940
• Story about west Texas during the Dust Bowl
• Ironic jabs at religion and society
• influences folk-revivalists, singer-songwriters, and rock
musicians for years to come
Urban Folk Revival
• Guthrie, Pete Seeger form Almanac Singers
• Starts the urban folk revival
• Younger Americans seeking authenticity and
directness in music
• Qualities that were missing in pop music
• Folk songs let performers comment on current events
• Join political movements, play for rallies
• Songs of protest against social ills
3/31/15
4
Country & Western
• Folk becomes Country
• Radio broadcasts
• Nashville becomes epicenter
• 1927: The Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, TN
• Other barn-dance radio shows pop up
• Promotes “down home” image
• as opposed to European opera
• overalls, straw hats, etc.
Post-War Country Music
• Hank Williams and Kitty Wells
...
Chapter 5: St. Louis Blues”: Race Records and Hillbilly Music, 1920s and 1930s—through The Country Blues, Charley Patton, Popular Music and the Great Depression
Similar to Populist Secular Music of the 19th Cen (20)
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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2. Secular Music
• Immigration – importing musical culture
• German, Italian, French, Irish, Swedish, Spanish
• Different areas being settled by different immigrants
• Also in sacred music, but especially apparent in secular
music
• Folk songs
• Popular songs
• Commercialization
• Dance Music
3. Mintrelsy
• Minstrel Shows
• British American
• Comedy, popular music
• Blackface
• White men
• Coal or burnt cork
• After Civil War not limited to
white men
• Banjo, Concertina,
Tambourine, Bones
• Dependent on other forms:
circus, showboats, plays
• Independent form
4. Walkaround
• Typically at the end of the first act of a minstrel
show; could be used at other times
• Began in 1840s for one dancer; by 1850s expanded
to multiple dancers or entire troupe
• Minstrels also called some songs “walkarounds” –
music to be used for a walkaround; semicircle
• Competitive; solos then group dancing
• Scholars generally agree that it can be traced back
to communal dances by plantation slaves
6. …then semicircle disbands and dances
together, signaling the start of intermission.
Illustration from 1859
7. Cakewalk in Minstrelsy
• A dance that appeared later in the 19th cen
• After emancipation; former slaves
• Traced back to a recreational dance / social
gathering for plantation slaves
• Competition for the most elaborate “walk” or
dance; originally accompanied by banjos
• Winner(s) win a cake
• http://youtu.be/AcFQjG3TiBw
8. Key Figures in Minstrelsy
• Thomas “Daddy” Rice (1808-1860)
• Virginia Minstrels
• Daniel Decatur Emmett (1815 – 1904)
• E.P. Christy (1815 – 1862)
• James A. Bland (1854 – 1911)
9. Thomas “Daddy” Rice (1808-1860)
• Father of American minstrelsy
• Born in Manhattan; racially
integrated neighborhood
• Some formal schooling;
woodcarving apprentice; living
as traveling actor
• Composed “Jim Crow” – first
minstrel song to have popular
success in America
• Created the Jim Crow
character; exaggerated racial
stereotypes
• http://youtu.be/T5FpKAxQNKU
• http://youtu.be/ALTam2L9NhE
Thomas Rice as Jim Crow, 1832
11. Virginia Minstrels and Daniel Emmett
• 1843: First independent minstrel
show
• First group to “black up” entire
cast
• Daniel Decatur Emmett (18151904)
• Ohio; Very little formal
education
• Fife and Drum; circus; minstrelsy
• Ex “I Wish I Was in Dixie’s Land”
or just “Dixie”
• "If I had known to what use they
[Southerners] were going to put
my song, I will be damned if I'd
have written it."
13. Edwin Pierce Christy (1815 – 1862)
• Commonly known as E.P.
Christy
• Born in Philadelphia;
• Formed Christy Minstrels:
four man troupe; later grew
in size
• His group was the minstrel
group people wanted to
see
• http://youtu.be/_ns0jmBaecU
• Specialized in the music of
Stephen Foster
14. Stephen Foster (1826 – 1864)
• “Father of American Music”
• !?!?!?!
• Most recognized composer
of popular songs prior to the
Civil War
• Self-taught musician; was a
bookkeeper in order to be
“respectable”
• Began publishing
professionally
• Songs were catchy, but not
particularly innovative
15. Some Foster Tunes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oh! Susanna *
Camptown Races
Old Folks at Home
My Old Kentucky Home *
Jeanie With The Light Brown Hair
Old Black Joe
Beautiful Dreamer
17. Oh! Susanna
• Arguably one of the most popular American songs
ever written
• Widely performed by minstrel groups
• Copyrighted and published 21 times under different
names between 1848 and 1851
• During this time Foster only earned $100 for this song
• Approx $2,500 in today’s currency
• Fifth, Pond & Company offered him 2 cents per
copy sold
• Foster became America’s first fully professional
songwriter
18. Comparing Lyrics
• What differences do you see?
• What is the purpose of the dialect in the original
version?
• Is there anything in the alternate lyrics that makes it
more/less politically correct?
20. James A. Bland (1854 – 1911)
• Aka Jimmy Bland
• Father is one of the first African American college
graduates in 1845 (Oberlin College)
• Difficult for African American men to have a career
in minstrelsy until after the abolition of slavery
• As a teenager, page in US House of Rep
• Performed banjo
• College graduate at 19 (Howard College, 1873)
• Wrote over 700 songs
• Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny (Ver. 1, Ver. 2, Banjo Version)
• Oh, Dem Golden Slippers (Ver. 1, Ver. 2)
21. James A Bland (cont’d)
• Mummers
• Parade held every New Year’s Day, Philadelphia
• Believed to be the oldest “folk” festival
• Mid 17th C roots: Swedish, Finnish, Irish, German, English, and African
influences
• Blackface was a tradition; phased out in 1960s during civil rights
movement
• Spent 20 years performing in England
• Callender-Haverly Minstrels
• Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales
• $10,000 / year
• Careless with his money
• Penniless, struggled to return to US
• Died in Philadelphia from TB, 1911
22. Minstrelsy In Our Modern World
• Documentary
• Intro
• Interviews (13:22)
• Show (17:09)
• Cartoons
• Tiger
• Scrub Me Mama With a Boogie Beat
• Old Folks at Home
• Tom and Jerry In Africa
• Jungle Jitters
• Questions
• What do you see of significance?
• How do these things connect to minstrelsy and blackface?
• What does the subject matter/actions of the cartoon characters
imply?
24. Musical Patriotism
• Music between the Revolution and Civil War
• Establishing a national musical identity
• Included hymns, military music, band music, national songs,
and music for the stage
• American Patriotic Music: inspired by war!
•
•
•
•
•
American Revolution
American Indian Wars
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
Mexican-American War
American Civil War
• Examples we’ve already talked about?
25. Patriotic Music Prior to the 19th Century
• 1768: Liberty Song (John Dickinson)
• Possibly America’s first patriotic song
• Set to the tune of William Boyce’s “Heart of Oak”
• “…by uniting we stand, by dividing we fall…”
• 1789: Hail, Columbia (Joseph Hopkinson)
• Music by Philip Phile for Washington’s inauguration
• Originally titled “President’s March”
•
•
•
•
Francis Hopkinson’s son
One of several unofficial national anthems prior to 1931
Columbia refers to the poetic name for the US
Know in modern times as the Vice Presidential March
26. Yankee Doodle
• History of this song is debated
• Comes from pre-Revolutionary times, likely from the Seven
Years’ War (aka French and Indian War)
• Initially was embraced by British soldiers
• Doodle: from a low German word dudel or dödel
• Means “fool” or “simpleton”
• Macaroni: fashionable fellow in mid 18th C. England
• outlandish, over-the-top attire with tall wigs, often a hat that could
only be removed with the assistance of the tip of a sword;
• “a man who exceeded the ordinary bounds of fashion” in terms of
clothes, eating, gambling, and speech
• Purposefully androgynous
27. Yankee Doodle (cont’d)
• Dandy: a gentleman particularly obsessed with his
appearance, refined speech, and leisurely hobbies
34. Francis Scott Key (1779-1843)
• Georgetown, MD
• Lawyer, author, pro-slavery
activist, and amateur poet
• Legally defended slavery,
yet spoke out against its
cruelty
35. Oh, Say Can You…
• …write the lyrics to the first verse (wait, there’s more
than one verse!?) of the Star Spangled Banner?
• You have 1 minute. Go.
36. Star Spangled Banner
• September 1814: Key observed bombardment of Ft.
McHenry from British Ship *
• *book says 1813, which is wrong
• Went with John Skinner (another lawyer) to plea for
release of his friend, Dr. William Beanes, the elderly
town doctor
• While on ship, Key and Skinner heard plans for
battle and was held captive until morning
• Poem “Defence of Fort McHenry”
37. Star Spangled Banner (cont’d)
• Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law, Judge
Joseph Nicholson
• Tune “To Anacreon In Heaven” by John Stafford
Smith
• Anacreontic Society of London: a gentlemen’s club for
amateur musicians in the mid-18th c.
• Nicholson took it to publisher, who then
anonymously printed the tune
• Almost immediately became very popular
• 17 newspapers from GA to NH
42. Important Dates
• 1814: lyrics written, set to preexisting tune
• 1898: becomes official song for the US military
• During the Spanish American War
• 1931: becomes official National Anthem of the US
• Herbert Hoover
43. The Star Spangled Banner Flag
• 15 stars, 15 stripes
• Has gone through two
significant restorations: 1914
and 1998
• 1914: Amelia Fowler, $1,243
• 1998: Smithsonian Institute,
$18.2 million
44. The SSB in Performance
•
•
•
•
•
Whitney Houston
Jimi Hendrix
Beyonce
Kat DeLuna
Michael Bolton
45. Readings and Homework
• Read the articles and answer the following
questions:
• 1. Do you think that the Star Spangled Banner is an
appropriate song for our country’s national Anthem?
• 2. If you could make the decision, would you change our
national anthem to another song? Why or why not?
• 3. Where there any points or opinions that stood out to you
in the readings? Which ones?
46. Civil War Songs
• Dec. 1860 – June1861*: secession of southern states
• In order: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North
Carolina, Tennessee
• *book says “several states” in 1860, though only South
Carolina seceded in 1860
• People turned to music during this divisive time as a
vehicle for expressing their emotions and opinions
47. Music of the Confederacy
• Dixie: The unofficial anthem of the Confederacy
• Origins? What do we know?
• Examples
• Brass Band
• With Lyrics
• With Original Lyrics
• The Bonnie Blue Flag
• Maryland, My Maryland
• Tune sound familiar?
• Marching Through Georgia
• The Yellow Rose of Texas
• Embraced by the cavalry; another minstrel tune
48. Battle Hymn of the Republic
• Written by Julia Ward Howe
in 1887; set to preexisting
tune
• Used, along with the SSB, as
the National Anthem for a
newly reunited nation
• Battle Hymn of the Republic
• US Army Chorus
• The Battle Cry of Freedom
• Same tune, confederate
text
50. Band Music
• Earliest bands were fife and
drum corps (late 1700s)
• Brass instruments were fitted
with valves in 1830s – big
improvement!
• Bands and the military
• Marches
• Concert Bands
• c. 1860s
• Programmatic pieces
55. John Philip Sousa
“The March King”
• 1854-1932
• Father was also a band
leader (Marine Band)
• Running away and joining
the circus…?
• Eventually John Philip Sousa
became leader of Marine
Band (1880-1892)
• Liberty Bell March
• Washington Post March
• Stars and Stripes Forever
56.
57. Glee Clubs of the 19th Century
• Glee – what is it?
• Glee Clubs – what for?
“Together We March Forward Singing”
60. Glees
• English and American Part Songs
• 3 or 4 parts, unaccompanied
• Usually for same-gender ensembles
•
•
•
•
Gentlemen’s Singing Clubs
Originated in Europe during the late baroque
Became popular in America during the 19th C
USA = Collegiate Groups
• Harvard Glee Club (1858)
• Yale Glee Club (1861)
• Cornell Glee Club (1895)
• Informal (19th) Formal (20th)
61. Glorious Apollo
by Samuel Webb
Glorious Apollo from on high beheld us,
Wand'ring to find a temple for his praise.
Sent Polyhymnia hither to shield us,
While we ourselves such a structure might raise.
Thus then combining, hands and hearts joining,
Sing we in harmony Apollo's praise.
Here ev'ry gen'rous sentiment awaking,
Music inspiring unity and joy.
Each social pleasure giving and partaking,
Glee and good humour our hours employ.
Thus then combining, hands and hearts joining,
Long may continue our unity and joy