The document discusses various concepts related to management principles including:
1. Definitions of management, planning, mission, vision, policies, and strategic planning.
2. Approaches to planning like top-down and bottom-up. Planning premises include internal/external and controllable/uncontrollable factors.
3. Definitions of management by objectives (MBO) and strategies. MBO integrates key managerial activities to achieve goals.
4. Decision making involves selecting alternatives using experience, experimentation, or research/analysis. TOWS matrix matches threats/opportunities with weaknesses/strengths.
5. Forecasting predicts future conditions to guide the organization. Planning is essential for
Mba1034 cg law ethics week 2 corporate governance introStephen Ong
This document provides an introduction to corporate governance. It begins by defining corporate governance and discussing the key theoretical models, including:
1) Principal-agent theory, which describes the conflicts of interest that can arise between managers (agents) and shareholders (principals) due to information asymmetries.
2) The separation of ownership and control in modern corporations, where professional managers control companies owned by dispersed shareholders.
3) The agency problems that can result from this separation, such as managers prioritizing their own interests through perks or empire building rather than maximizing shareholder value.
The document then discusses alternative forms of corporate organization beyond public companies, such as mutual organizations, before concluding with definitions
This document provides an introduction to corporate governance. It begins by defining corporate governance and discussing key theories, including the principal-agent model. It notes the separation of ownership and control in modern corporations. The document outlines various agency problems that can arise, such as between shareholders and managers, and majority vs minority shareholders. It also discusses alternative forms of organization like mutual organizations and employee-owned partnerships.
This document discusses the scope of financial management. It outlines two traditional approaches: the traditional approach, which focused on procuring funds for occasional events, and the modern approach, which takes a more comprehensive view of both procuring and optimally using funds. The modern approach involves three key financial decisions: investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions. It takes a broader analytical view of maximizing performance and keeping a balance between liquidity and profitability. The scope of financial management also includes acquiring, assessing, allocating, appropriating, and anticipating funds for a company.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in business including definitions of business, the role and characteristics of business, different business sectors, types of business structures, and scope of commerce. It discusses concepts such as social responsibility, organizational structure, work specialization, and principles of organizational structure including chain of command, span of control, authority, and power.
Capital Structure Determination, a Case Study of Sugar Sector of Pakistan Fa...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Short presentation on 'internal controls for the class IPOL 8530 'The Finance Function' in Social Change Organizations'. This class is part of the Master of Public Administration (MPA) program in the Graduate School of International Policy & Management at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS). Presentation created by Alfredo Ortiz Aragón, adjunct professor.
1 the role of managerial finance(modified 4)Ahmed Elgazzar
1-The Role of Managerial Finance(Modified 4)
2-Time value of money(modified 1)
3-Capital Budgeting(Modified 1) [Repaired]
4-Stock Valuation(modified 1)
MBA Assignments
Mba1034 cg law ethics week 2 corporate governance introStephen Ong
This document provides an introduction to corporate governance. It begins by defining corporate governance and discussing the key theoretical models, including:
1) Principal-agent theory, which describes the conflicts of interest that can arise between managers (agents) and shareholders (principals) due to information asymmetries.
2) The separation of ownership and control in modern corporations, where professional managers control companies owned by dispersed shareholders.
3) The agency problems that can result from this separation, such as managers prioritizing their own interests through perks or empire building rather than maximizing shareholder value.
The document then discusses alternative forms of corporate organization beyond public companies, such as mutual organizations, before concluding with definitions
This document provides an introduction to corporate governance. It begins by defining corporate governance and discussing key theories, including the principal-agent model. It notes the separation of ownership and control in modern corporations. The document outlines various agency problems that can arise, such as between shareholders and managers, and majority vs minority shareholders. It also discusses alternative forms of organization like mutual organizations and employee-owned partnerships.
This document discusses the scope of financial management. It outlines two traditional approaches: the traditional approach, which focused on procuring funds for occasional events, and the modern approach, which takes a more comprehensive view of both procuring and optimally using funds. The modern approach involves three key financial decisions: investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions. It takes a broader analytical view of maximizing performance and keeping a balance between liquidity and profitability. The scope of financial management also includes acquiring, assessing, allocating, appropriating, and anticipating funds for a company.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in business including definitions of business, the role and characteristics of business, different business sectors, types of business structures, and scope of commerce. It discusses concepts such as social responsibility, organizational structure, work specialization, and principles of organizational structure including chain of command, span of control, authority, and power.
Capital Structure Determination, a Case Study of Sugar Sector of Pakistan Fa...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Short presentation on 'internal controls for the class IPOL 8530 'The Finance Function' in Social Change Organizations'. This class is part of the Master of Public Administration (MPA) program in the Graduate School of International Policy & Management at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS). Presentation created by Alfredo Ortiz Aragón, adjunct professor.
1 the role of managerial finance(modified 4)Ahmed Elgazzar
1-The Role of Managerial Finance(Modified 4)
2-Time value of money(modified 1)
3-Capital Budgeting(Modified 1) [Repaired]
4-Stock Valuation(modified 1)
MBA Assignments
This document provides an overview of venture capital and its application in Islamic finance. It discusses the venture capital lifecycle including fundraising, investing, and exiting investments. It describes how venture capital funds are typically structured as limited partnerships. When structuring deals, venture capitalists prefer to use preferred stock, convertible preferred stock, or participating convertible preferred stock over common stock alone. Other mechanisms used include vesting of shares and including covenants to protect investors. The document aims to describe how this model could be adapted to comply with Sharia principles.
Finance deals with the principles and methods of managing money, from those who save it to those who control it. It involves converting accumulated funds into productive use. There are different approaches to defining finance, including viewing it as acquiring funds reasonably, being concerned with cash, or procuring and applying funds wisely. Financial management involves the efficient use of capital funds and managerial decisions around acquiring and financing long-term and short-term assets, selecting specific assets and liabilities, and managing the size and growth of an enterprise based on expected cash inflows and outflows and their impact on objectives. Financial management helps a company understand where to obtain funds, how much to raise and invest, and how to properly utilize and avoid misusing available
This document provides an overview of finance and financial management. It defines finance as the study of how individuals allocate resources over time in an uncertain environment and how financial markets and institutions facilitate these allocations. The key aspects of corporate finance are discussed as investment decisions about what projects a firm should undertake and financing decisions about how to pay for investments. The financial objective of management is to maximize shareholder wealth by increasing share price over time. Some of the main principles of finance discussed include risk aversion, the time value of money, and the relation between risk and return. The document also briefly outlines the historic evolution of the field of finance and some of the major works and theories that have developed it into the modern approach used today.
This document summarizes the key elements of the German model of corporate governance. It outlines that the German model is characterized by the important role of large shareholders, particularly banks, ownership of companies. It also notes the two-tier board structure, with a management board and supervisory board, and labor representation on the supervisory board for large companies. The document concludes by stating that the German system of corporate governance emphasizes the role of large shareholders and banks, this two-tier board structure, and is regulated by both federal and state law.
Sharia Stock Screening: A Fund Manager's ConundrumCognizant
Islamic investing, based on Sharia compliance, is a huge and growing field, but automated screening is problematic, with gray areas involving lines of business and computing relative debt ratios. This paper examines how third-part Sharia compliance assessment could compensate for shortfalls in the Islamic indices.
This document discusses the important role of finance managers and the finance function in ensuring business sustainability. It defines finance as the process of securing business resources at favorable prices and allocating them to promote growth. The finance manager is responsible for financial planning, controlling finances, and ensuring optimal use of funds. Their duties include financial reporting, investment selection, determining financing sources, and dividend policies. Developing sound financial strategies that consider the optimal mix of equity, debt, and retained earnings is important for sustainable growth. The finance function and manager play a crucial role in allocating resources efficiently and maximizing the business's market value over the long run.
Fm11 ch 01 overview of financial management and the financial environmentNhu Tuyet Tran
The document provides an overview of key concepts in corporate finance and financial markets. It discusses different forms of business organization a company may take, from a sole proprietorship to a public corporation. The primary objective of a firm is to maximize shareholder wealth by maximizing stock price over the long run. Stock price is determined by the expected cash flows of the firm, the timing of those cash flows, and the risk of the cash flows. Financial markets allow companies and individuals to exchange financial assets and capital.
John Marshall Law School-alumnus Robert Heist is a Chicago, Illinois-based attorney and founder and president of the business law firm R. Connor & Associates, P.C., since 2001. During his career as an attorney, Robert Heist has gained experience practicing law in the areas of product and professional liability, employment practices, and corporate governance.
Corporate governance is the combination of rules, practices, and processes according to which companies are managed and operated. Its primary aim is to balance the interests of a company’s various stakeholders: shareholders, customers, and the government, to name a few.
Corporate governance also sets the direction of the company’s development and provides the roadmap for achieving the latter’s vision and goals. Thus, it impacts everything from action plans to performance management to corporate disclosures.
In its turn, the key influential factor on corporate governance is a company's board of directors.
Bad corporate governance may lead to the demise of a company, while good corporate governance utilizes the four basic principles of accountability, transparency, fairness, and responsibility.
code of ethics and business conduct SEC filings exxon mobil internal control...finance1
The document outlines the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct for Exxon Mobil Corporation. It establishes policies regarding compliance with laws, avoiding conflicts of interest, protecting corporate assets, restrictions on directorships, procedures for voicing concerns, and disciplinary actions for violations. The Code applies to all directors, officers, and employees. It is available on the company's website and through other contact methods. Any issues involving executives or directors will be reviewed by the Board Affairs Committee and reported to the Board of Directors.
This document provides an overview of international financial management (IFM). It defines IFM as managing money on a global scale with the objective of maximizing shareholder wealth. IFM allows companies and individuals to raise funds, invest money, buy inputs, produce goods, and sell products overseas, but it also introduces additional risks. The benefits of IFM include access to global capital markets, promoting domestic investment, worldwide cash flows, preventing excessive domestic regulation, leading to healthy competition, providing information, and integrating economies.
This chapter discusses international finance, accounting, and investment decisions from the perspective of a marketing manager. It explains how financial decisions can constrain marketing strategies. International money management, accounting practices, and the challenges of transferring funds across borders are described. The process for developing, selling, and reviewing international investment proposals is also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to ratio analysis and financial management. It discusses key topics including the importance of finance, definitions of financial management, types of financial analysis including horizontal and vertical analysis, the objectives and functions of financial management such as investment, financing, and dividend decisions. The document aims to give an overview of ratio analysis and various aspects of financial management.
9th International Conference on Business & Finance, IBS Hyderabad, calls for papers in the following areas: Corporate Finance, Banking, Microfinance, International Finance and Trade, Corporate Accounting Practices, Financial Markets, Quantitative Finance, Managing Financial Institutions, Financial Services, Market Micro Structure, and Global Financial Crisis-after effects
Dates of Conference: 6&7 January 2012
Abstract Submission: August 30, 2011
Full Paper Submission: October 30 2011
A Study on Performance Analysis of Nestle India Limited with Specific Referen...paperpublications3
Abstract: “Finance is the blood of the organization” Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by government (public finance), by business (corporate finance), as well as by a wide variety of organization including school and non-profit organizations. Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management. Financial management is two way process in which finances manager obtain funds and money at low cost and risk and use it in higher earning project at minimum risk.
Financial performance analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing the relationship between the items of balance sheet and profit and loss account. It also helps in short-term and long term forecasting and growth.
This study has aimed in identifying the financial performance of Nestle India Limited through DuPont analysis using the three factors, viz., profit margin, asset turnover and financial leverage.
This study very clearly implies through DuPont analysis, the Nestle India Limited profit is fluctuating and was stagnant consecutively for three years.
1. Financial management involves making important decisions for a company such as investments, financing, and daily operations to maximize shareholder wealth. It encompasses areas like capital markets, investments, and financial management.
2. There are different legal forms of business organization like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. The goals of a firm are typically to maximize profits or shareholder wealth by making decisions that increase the market price of the company's stock.
3. Financial markets and institutions play a key role by facilitating the flow of funds from entities with capital surpluses to those with deficits. This includes primary markets where new securities are issued and secondary markets for existing securities.
1. The traditional model of Japanese corporate governance involved significant state intervention and coordination between firms through keiretsu groups. This model led to sustainable long-term growth over nearly 40 years.
2. However, concerns grew about issues like asymmetric information, moral hazard, and the negative consequences of separating ownership and control. Abenomics aims to introduce a new model focused on short-term shareholder returns through measures like Japan's Corporate Governance Code.
3. Shifting from the traditional model to a new system focused on shareholders risks creating economic inequalities if not implemented carefully. The change will need to be gradual to allow firms time to adapt, like a reptile shedding its skin.
This document presents on the topic of the Indian model of corporate governance. It discusses how the Companies Act of 2013 introduced more transparent processes to benefit stakeholders, directors, and management. It also notes that investment advisory services provide information to shareholders on the new regulations aimed at improving governance in India. The document outlines that the Indian corporate governance model is a mix of Anglo-American and German models, and that there are three types of corporations in India: private companies, public companies, and public sector undertakings. It concludes by thanking the audience.
Financial management involves three key aspects:
1. It is concerned with resource allocation and management, acquisition, and investment within a business.
2. It deals with matters related to money and financial markets.
3. The study focuses on how investors allocate assets over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty.
BUS110 Chap 8 - Adapting Organizations to Today’s Markets Deborah Oronzio
The document discusses various ways that organizations can structure themselves and adapt to changing markets. It covers classic organizational structures proposed by theorists like Fayol and Weber, as well as more modern approaches like matrix organizations, cross-functional teams, and virtual corporations. The key aspects of different structures include centralization of authority, span of control, departmentalization, and transparency of information between organizations. Adapting structures and using specialist teams and outsourcing are presented as ways for companies to gain flexibility and respond to new business environments.
Docentes cordobeses objetan los candidatos a la Corte SupremaCba24n
Enviaron una nota al ministro Garavano haciendo uso del derecho a participar en el control del proceso que tiene la ciudadanía.
http://www.cba24n.com.ar/content/docentes-cordobeses-objetan-los-candidatos-la-corte-suprema
This document provides an overview of venture capital and its application in Islamic finance. It discusses the venture capital lifecycle including fundraising, investing, and exiting investments. It describes how venture capital funds are typically structured as limited partnerships. When structuring deals, venture capitalists prefer to use preferred stock, convertible preferred stock, or participating convertible preferred stock over common stock alone. Other mechanisms used include vesting of shares and including covenants to protect investors. The document aims to describe how this model could be adapted to comply with Sharia principles.
Finance deals with the principles and methods of managing money, from those who save it to those who control it. It involves converting accumulated funds into productive use. There are different approaches to defining finance, including viewing it as acquiring funds reasonably, being concerned with cash, or procuring and applying funds wisely. Financial management involves the efficient use of capital funds and managerial decisions around acquiring and financing long-term and short-term assets, selecting specific assets and liabilities, and managing the size and growth of an enterprise based on expected cash inflows and outflows and their impact on objectives. Financial management helps a company understand where to obtain funds, how much to raise and invest, and how to properly utilize and avoid misusing available
This document provides an overview of finance and financial management. It defines finance as the study of how individuals allocate resources over time in an uncertain environment and how financial markets and institutions facilitate these allocations. The key aspects of corporate finance are discussed as investment decisions about what projects a firm should undertake and financing decisions about how to pay for investments. The financial objective of management is to maximize shareholder wealth by increasing share price over time. Some of the main principles of finance discussed include risk aversion, the time value of money, and the relation between risk and return. The document also briefly outlines the historic evolution of the field of finance and some of the major works and theories that have developed it into the modern approach used today.
This document summarizes the key elements of the German model of corporate governance. It outlines that the German model is characterized by the important role of large shareholders, particularly banks, ownership of companies. It also notes the two-tier board structure, with a management board and supervisory board, and labor representation on the supervisory board for large companies. The document concludes by stating that the German system of corporate governance emphasizes the role of large shareholders and banks, this two-tier board structure, and is regulated by both federal and state law.
Sharia Stock Screening: A Fund Manager's ConundrumCognizant
Islamic investing, based on Sharia compliance, is a huge and growing field, but automated screening is problematic, with gray areas involving lines of business and computing relative debt ratios. This paper examines how third-part Sharia compliance assessment could compensate for shortfalls in the Islamic indices.
This document discusses the important role of finance managers and the finance function in ensuring business sustainability. It defines finance as the process of securing business resources at favorable prices and allocating them to promote growth. The finance manager is responsible for financial planning, controlling finances, and ensuring optimal use of funds. Their duties include financial reporting, investment selection, determining financing sources, and dividend policies. Developing sound financial strategies that consider the optimal mix of equity, debt, and retained earnings is important for sustainable growth. The finance function and manager play a crucial role in allocating resources efficiently and maximizing the business's market value over the long run.
Fm11 ch 01 overview of financial management and the financial environmentNhu Tuyet Tran
The document provides an overview of key concepts in corporate finance and financial markets. It discusses different forms of business organization a company may take, from a sole proprietorship to a public corporation. The primary objective of a firm is to maximize shareholder wealth by maximizing stock price over the long run. Stock price is determined by the expected cash flows of the firm, the timing of those cash flows, and the risk of the cash flows. Financial markets allow companies and individuals to exchange financial assets and capital.
John Marshall Law School-alumnus Robert Heist is a Chicago, Illinois-based attorney and founder and president of the business law firm R. Connor & Associates, P.C., since 2001. During his career as an attorney, Robert Heist has gained experience practicing law in the areas of product and professional liability, employment practices, and corporate governance.
Corporate governance is the combination of rules, practices, and processes according to which companies are managed and operated. Its primary aim is to balance the interests of a company’s various stakeholders: shareholders, customers, and the government, to name a few.
Corporate governance also sets the direction of the company’s development and provides the roadmap for achieving the latter’s vision and goals. Thus, it impacts everything from action plans to performance management to corporate disclosures.
In its turn, the key influential factor on corporate governance is a company's board of directors.
Bad corporate governance may lead to the demise of a company, while good corporate governance utilizes the four basic principles of accountability, transparency, fairness, and responsibility.
code of ethics and business conduct SEC filings exxon mobil internal control...finance1
The document outlines the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct for Exxon Mobil Corporation. It establishes policies regarding compliance with laws, avoiding conflicts of interest, protecting corporate assets, restrictions on directorships, procedures for voicing concerns, and disciplinary actions for violations. The Code applies to all directors, officers, and employees. It is available on the company's website and through other contact methods. Any issues involving executives or directors will be reviewed by the Board Affairs Committee and reported to the Board of Directors.
This document provides an overview of international financial management (IFM). It defines IFM as managing money on a global scale with the objective of maximizing shareholder wealth. IFM allows companies and individuals to raise funds, invest money, buy inputs, produce goods, and sell products overseas, but it also introduces additional risks. The benefits of IFM include access to global capital markets, promoting domestic investment, worldwide cash flows, preventing excessive domestic regulation, leading to healthy competition, providing information, and integrating economies.
This chapter discusses international finance, accounting, and investment decisions from the perspective of a marketing manager. It explains how financial decisions can constrain marketing strategies. International money management, accounting practices, and the challenges of transferring funds across borders are described. The process for developing, selling, and reviewing international investment proposals is also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to ratio analysis and financial management. It discusses key topics including the importance of finance, definitions of financial management, types of financial analysis including horizontal and vertical analysis, the objectives and functions of financial management such as investment, financing, and dividend decisions. The document aims to give an overview of ratio analysis and various aspects of financial management.
9th International Conference on Business & Finance, IBS Hyderabad, calls for papers in the following areas: Corporate Finance, Banking, Microfinance, International Finance and Trade, Corporate Accounting Practices, Financial Markets, Quantitative Finance, Managing Financial Institutions, Financial Services, Market Micro Structure, and Global Financial Crisis-after effects
Dates of Conference: 6&7 January 2012
Abstract Submission: August 30, 2011
Full Paper Submission: October 30 2011
A Study on Performance Analysis of Nestle India Limited with Specific Referen...paperpublications3
Abstract: “Finance is the blood of the organization” Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by government (public finance), by business (corporate finance), as well as by a wide variety of organization including school and non-profit organizations. Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management. Financial management is two way process in which finances manager obtain funds and money at low cost and risk and use it in higher earning project at minimum risk.
Financial performance analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing the relationship between the items of balance sheet and profit and loss account. It also helps in short-term and long term forecasting and growth.
This study has aimed in identifying the financial performance of Nestle India Limited through DuPont analysis using the three factors, viz., profit margin, asset turnover and financial leverage.
This study very clearly implies through DuPont analysis, the Nestle India Limited profit is fluctuating and was stagnant consecutively for three years.
1. Financial management involves making important decisions for a company such as investments, financing, and daily operations to maximize shareholder wealth. It encompasses areas like capital markets, investments, and financial management.
2. There are different legal forms of business organization like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. The goals of a firm are typically to maximize profits or shareholder wealth by making decisions that increase the market price of the company's stock.
3. Financial markets and institutions play a key role by facilitating the flow of funds from entities with capital surpluses to those with deficits. This includes primary markets where new securities are issued and secondary markets for existing securities.
1. The traditional model of Japanese corporate governance involved significant state intervention and coordination between firms through keiretsu groups. This model led to sustainable long-term growth over nearly 40 years.
2. However, concerns grew about issues like asymmetric information, moral hazard, and the negative consequences of separating ownership and control. Abenomics aims to introduce a new model focused on short-term shareholder returns through measures like Japan's Corporate Governance Code.
3. Shifting from the traditional model to a new system focused on shareholders risks creating economic inequalities if not implemented carefully. The change will need to be gradual to allow firms time to adapt, like a reptile shedding its skin.
This document presents on the topic of the Indian model of corporate governance. It discusses how the Companies Act of 2013 introduced more transparent processes to benefit stakeholders, directors, and management. It also notes that investment advisory services provide information to shareholders on the new regulations aimed at improving governance in India. The document outlines that the Indian corporate governance model is a mix of Anglo-American and German models, and that there are three types of corporations in India: private companies, public companies, and public sector undertakings. It concludes by thanking the audience.
Financial management involves three key aspects:
1. It is concerned with resource allocation and management, acquisition, and investment within a business.
2. It deals with matters related to money and financial markets.
3. The study focuses on how investors allocate assets over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty.
BUS110 Chap 8 - Adapting Organizations to Today’s Markets Deborah Oronzio
The document discusses various ways that organizations can structure themselves and adapt to changing markets. It covers classic organizational structures proposed by theorists like Fayol and Weber, as well as more modern approaches like matrix organizations, cross-functional teams, and virtual corporations. The key aspects of different structures include centralization of authority, span of control, departmentalization, and transparency of information between organizations. Adapting structures and using specialist teams and outsourcing are presented as ways for companies to gain flexibility and respond to new business environments.
Docentes cordobeses objetan los candidatos a la Corte SupremaCba24n
Enviaron una nota al ministro Garavano haciendo uso del derecho a participar en el control del proceso que tiene la ciudadanía.
http://www.cba24n.com.ar/content/docentes-cordobeses-objetan-los-candidatos-la-corte-suprema
Este documento describe el programa MasAgro en México, el cual promueve la intensificación sustentable de la agricultura a través de la adopción de prácticas como la agricultura de conservación, el manejo integrado de plagas, y el uso de sensores. MasAgro ha logrado implementar estas técnicas en más de 5,000 hectáreas y ha capacitado a cientos de técnicos. Los resultados incluyen mayores rendimientos y rentabilidad para los productores. El programa representa una estrategia clave para aumentar la producción agrícola
Elisabeth Jansson has over 10 years of experience in the mortgage and banking industries, including as a mortgage loan processor, customer relationship manager, and loan servicing specialist. She has a proven track record of managing high volumes, multi-tasking, and demonstrating strong analytical, problem-solving, and customer service skills. Her background includes experience with appraisal review, loan processing, modifications, and default servicing activities.
This certificate of appreciation recognizes Shankhamala Choudhury for her successful work on the CESSO Go-live project. The team overcame challenges to deliver a quality product and is thanked for their great work in completing the initial phase successfully.
The document provides a summary of Michael Zapytowski's experience and qualifications. He has over 15 years of experience in sales and project management for automotive, off-highway, specialty, and defense OEMs. Some of his responsibilities have included managing municipal police fleets, powertrain manufacturing accounts, and implementing oil analysis programs. He has consistently delivered increased sales and new business wins across various roles in industries such as hydraulics, electronics, and lubrication engineering.
Este documento anuncia as atividades de Natal e Advento em várias paróquias, incluindo missas, confissões, ceias de Natal e reuniões. Também resume as leituras bíblicas para o terceiro Domingo do Advento e convida os fiéis a viverem a fé cristã com alegria.
Este documento describe los activos fijos, incluida su definición, valoración, vida útil y métodos de depreciación. Explica que los activos fijos son bienes tangibles o intangibles necesarios para el funcionamiento de una empresa y no destinados a la venta. Además, detalla los requisitos y plazos para llevar el registro de activos fijos, el cual debe legalizarse dentro de los tres meses posteriores al cierre del ejercicio gravable.
The French Revolution began on July 14, 1789 when protesters stormed the Bastille prison in Paris. This marked the start of widespread civil unrest against the absolute monarchy of King Louis XVI. Inequality, high taxes on the poor, and a financial crisis contributed to growing discontent with the existing social and political system. The Revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and a declaration of rights that embraced principles of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty. However, internal divisions and war with other European nations led to increased radicalization and the rise of Maximilien Robespierre's Jacobin dictatorship during the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794. The Revolution transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a
- Management involves designing an environment where individuals work together efficiently to achieve goals. It includes planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
- There are different levels of management including top, middle, and low-level management. Top management focuses on decision making and policy formulation while low-level management implements plans and schedules work.
- Organizing is the process of grouping activities, assigning duties, delegating authority, and establishing relationships between people. Formal organization refers to intentional role structures while informal organization describes unofficial interactions. There are various ways to group activities including by function, customer, or territory.
This PPT is made in accordance to the references taken from the small business management course on the Sayloracademy.org The ppt provides a brief introduction to the small business world. Along with, it provides a overall angle to the various components included in a small business. The ppt is concise and in a well defined manner so as the reader finds it out interesting and understandable.
This document provides an introduction to business concepts including definitions of business, characteristics of business, components and scope of business, factors of production, and qualities of a good businessman. It defines business as any human activity directed at acquiring wealth through buying and selling goods. Business has key characteristics like capital, creation of utility, and dealing in goods/services. It also discusses the components of business as industry and commerce. Finally, it outlines 23 qualities considered important for a good businessman, such as the ability to plan, be courageous, honest, hardworking, and a good decision maker.
Business planning and entrepreneurial management (s.y bms)LOHITA RAO
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship and business planning concepts. It discusses the definition of key terms like enterprise, entrepreneur and entrepreneurship. It also summarizes several theories of entrepreneurship such as Schumpeter's innovation theory, McClelland's theory of achievement motivation, Leibenstein's X-efficiency theory, Knight's theory of profit, and Hagen's theory of social change. Additionally, the document outlines the importance of entrepreneurship development, characteristics of entrepreneurs, and what is involved in business planning.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to entrepreneurship and small business management. It discusses the concept of an entrepreneur, distinguishing them from managers. It defines entrepreneurship and lists its key characteristics, including economic activity, innovation, risk-bearing, and enterprise creation. The document also discusses types of entrepreneurs, functions of entrepreneurs, the concept of intrapreneurs, and differences between entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. Additionally, it covers unemployment in India and the importance of wealth creation through entrepreneurship.
UNIT-I-Entrepreneurship Development BBA Sem IV.pptReena Nath
Concept of Entrepreneur, Manager, Intrapreneur
Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship
Meaning, Definition, Evolution.
Types of Entrepreneurs, Qualities and Functions of Entrepreneur.
Factors influencing Entrepreneurship: Psychological, Social, Economical and Environmental factors.
Role of Entrepreneur in growth and development of the small business.
Problem of Unemployment and Importance of wealth creation.
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship and the role of entrepreneurs. It discusses how entrepreneurs play a key role in economic development by organizing new business ventures, taking on risks to benefit from opportunities. The document defines entrepreneurship and discusses theories from scholars like Schumpeter, Knight and Kirzner. It outlines important characteristics of successful entrepreneurs like achievement motivation, determination, risk-taking ability. It explains the roles entrepreneurs play in stimulating economic activity, driving growth, innovating to meet new needs, managing businesses, and assuming financial risks.
The document provides an overview of the third semester entrepreneurship development program. It discusses the modules that will be covered in the semester, including concepts of entrepreneurship, business planning, feasibility studies, and funding. Evaluation will consist of internal and end-term assessments, including assignments, presentations, tests, and attendance. Students will study topics like infrastructure, technology, regulations, and business development and have opportunities to present their work to industry panels for prizes. The history and evolution of entrepreneurship and distinctions between entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs, and managers are also outlined.
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Pom part-a & b q & a - i set
1. Principles of Management
QUESTION BANK
UNIT: I
2 MARKS
1. Define Management.
According to KOONTZ & WEIHRICH, “Management is the process of designing and
maintaining of an environment in which individuals working together in groups efficiently
accomplish selected aims”.
“Management is the art of getting things through and with people in formally organized
groups”.
Ex: Human Resource Management, Financial Management.
2. Is Management - an art or science?
Managing as practice is an art; the organized knowledge underlying the practice is a
science.
Managing has the following features that make it an art.
• Creative
• Individual approach
• Application and dedication
• Initiative and
• Intelligence.
The following features make it a science.
• Systematic decision making
• Universal management process
• Situational output and
• Universally accepted management.
Thus management can be called both as an art and science.
2. 3. What are the essential skills of Managers?
The major skills required or expected out of managers are:-
• Technical skills – Pertaining to knowledge and proficiency in activities involving
methods and procedures;
• Human skills – Ability to work effectively with other persons and to build up
cooperative group relations to accomplish organizational objectives;
• Conceptual skills – Ability to recognize significant elements in a situation; and to
understand the relationship among those elements; and
• Design skills – Ability to solve problems in ways that will benefit the enterprise.
4. Define Scientific Management.
Scientific management involves specific method of determination of facts through
observation. The concept of scientific management was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor
in the USA in the beginning of 20th century. It was further carried on by Frank and Lillian
Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, etc. It was concerned essentially with improving the operational
efficiency at the shop floor level.
“Scientific Management is concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do
and then see in that they do it best and cheapest way”.
5. List the principles of Scientific Management.
Scientific management was introduced by F.W Taylor who is known as the Father of
Scientific Management. He adopted scientific methods to increase the productivity and greater
efficiency in production.
The principles of Scientific Management are:-
Separation of planning and working
Functional foremanship
Job analyzers
Time study
3. Motion study
Fatigue study
Standardization
Scientific selection of training
Financial incentives and
Economy and mental revolution.
6. List the contributions of Fayol towards Management.
Henry Fayol is a French industrialist whose contributions are termed as operational
management or administrative management. He followed ‘The Classical Approach’ to the
evolution of management thought. His contributions are given as follows:-
• Grouping of activities of an industrial organization into six groups, namely- Technical,
commercial, financial, security, accounting and managerial;
• Identified six types of qualities of a manager are- Physical, mental, moral, educational,
technical and experience;
• Fourteen principles of Management namely- Division of Work, Authority and
responsibility and so on; and
• Five elements/functions of management- Planning, organizing, commanding,
coordinating and controlling.
7. Functions of management
• Planning
• Organizing
• Staffing
• Leading or Direction or Coordination
• Controlling
8. Management level and functions.
• Top-level management
4. • Middle level management
• Lower level management
Top level management functions
1. To formulate goals and policies
2. To formulate budgets
3. To appoint top executives
Middle level management functions.
1. To train motives &develop supervisory level
2. To monitor and control the operations performance
Low level management
1. To train &develop workers
2. To assign job
3. To give orders and instructions
4. To report the information about the workers
9. What are the roles played by a Manager?
Interpersonal roles
1. Figurehead role
2. The leader role
3. The liaison role
Informational roles
4. The recipient role
5. The disseminator role
6. The spokesperson role
Decision roles
7. The entrepreneurial role
8. The disturbance-handler role
9. The resource allocator role
10. The negotiator role
5. 10. Define ‘Sole proprietorship’.
A Business unit that is owned and controlled by a single individual is known as sole
trading or sole proprietorship concern. He uses his own savings for running the business. The
sole trader makes all purchases and sells on his own and maintains all the accounts. He alone
enjoys all the profits and bears all the losses.
Ex: A Fancy store.
11. What do you mean by a ‘Partnership firm’?
A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on business and to share
its profit and losses. The relation of a partnership arises from contract. The maximum number of
partners is limited to 10 in the case of banking business and 20 in the case of other business.
Ex: Chand & Co.
12. What do you understand by the term ‘Joint Stock Company’?
“By a Company we mean an association of many persons who contribute money or
money’s worth to a common stock and employs it in some trade or business and also shares the
profit and loss as the case may be arising there from”.
There are two types of Joint stock companies:-
* Private Limited company – Ex: M/s Key Media Pvt. Ltd.
* Public Limited company – Ex: M/s Pearl credits Ltd.
13. Who is (i) an active partner (ii) a sleeping partner?
Active partner: Any partner who is authorized by others to manage the business is
known as active partner.
Sleeping partner: Any partner who does not express his intention to participate in the
business can be called as a sleeping partner. He will be just an investor who has a right to share
profits.
6. 14. What is a Co-operative Enterprise?
A Co-operative enterprise is a voluntary association of persons for mutual benefit and its
aims are accomplished through self-help and collective effort. It may be described as a protective
device used by the relatively less strong sections of society to safeguard their economic interests
in the face of exploitation by producers and sellers working solely for maximizing profits.
Ex: AAVIN Milk Federation Cooperative Society.
15. What is a Private limited company?
A Private limited company is a company which has a minimum paid up capital as may be
prescribed. It can be incorporated with just two persons. It can have a maximum of 50 members.
It cannot go in for a public issue. It restricts the transfer of its shares. It is particularly suitable for
industrial ventures which can get many concessions in respect of income tax.
Ex: M/s Key Media Pvt. Ltd.
16. What is a Public limited company?
A Public limited company should have a minimum of 7 members and the maximum limit
is unlimited. It can issue shares to the Public. The financial statement should be sent to all the
members and to the Registrar of Companies. The shares of a public limited company can be
transferred by the members to the others without any restriction by the company. Such transfers
are made through organized markets called ‘stock markets’ or ‘stock exchanges’.
Ex: M/s Pearl credits Ltd.
17. What is a Public sector Enterprise?
Public enterprise or State enterprise is an undertaking owned and controlled by the local
or state or central government. They are financed and managed by the government. They are
started with a service motive.
Ex: NLC Ltd.
7. 18. What is a Public Corporation?
A Public corporation is an autonomous body corporate created by a special statute of a
state or central government. A public corporation is a separate legal entity created for a specific
purpose.
Ex: LIC.
16 Marks
1. Trace the evolution of management with reference to the contributions made by
management thinkers.
Management is defined for conceptual, theoretical and analytical purposes as that process
by which managers direct, maintain and operate purposive organizations through systematic,
coordinated, cooperative human efforts. Management is a process involving planning,
organizing, staffing, directing and controlling human efforts to achieve stated objective in an
organization.
Contributions of:
Peter Drucker
F.W. Taylor
Elton Mayo
Henri Fayol
Max Weber
Henry Gantt
Frank & Lillian Gilbreth.
These contributions came bit by bit and in haphazard manner and have failed to stimulate
to study management as a distinct discipline. However their ideas created awareness about
managerial problems.
8. 2. What is the role of scientific management in the modern era?
Scientific management involves specific method of determination of facts through
observation. The concept of scientific management was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor
in the USA in the beginning of 20th century. It was further carried on by Frank and Lillian
Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, etc. It was concerned essentially with improving the operational
efficiency at the shop floor level.
“Scientific Management is concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do
and then see in that they do it best and cheapest way”.
Scientific management was introduced by F.W Taylor who is known as the Father of
Scientific Management. He adopted scientific methods to increase the productivity and greater
efficiency in production.
The Features of Scientific Management are:-
• Separation of planning and working
• Functional foremanship
• Job analyzers
• Time study or Work measurement
• Method study
• Motion study
• Fatigue study
• Standardization
• Scientific selection of training
• Financial incentives
• Economy and
• Mental revolution.
Role of scientific management in the modern era
• Paved way for progress in productivity
• Employee-Employer relationship to be harmonious
9. • Training & Development is the necessity of the hour
• Elimination of wastes through quality management is a control measure
• Optimal utilization of resources made possible.
Scientific management is still considered the basic idea for paving the way of modern
management approach.
3. Explain the contributions of F.W.Taylor to Management.
“Scientific Management is concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do
and then see in that they do it best and cheapest way”.
Scientific management was introduced by F.W Taylor who is known as the Father of
Scientific Management. He adopted scientific methods to increase the productivity and greater
efficiency in production.
Principles of Scientific Management:
• Replacing Rule of thumb with science
• Harmony in group action
• Cooperation
• Maximum output and
• Development of workers.
The Features of Scientific Management are:-
¬ Separation of planning and working
¬ Functional foremanship
¬ Job analyzers
¬ Time study or Work measurement
¬ Method study
¬ Motion study
¬ Fatigue study
¬ Standardization
10. ¬ Scientific selection of training
¬ Financial incentives
¬ Economy and
¬ Mental revolution.
Benefits of scientific management:
Taylor’s scientific management is more relevant to mechanization and automation-
technical aspect of efficiency- than the broader aspects of management of an organization. It
created awareness about operational efficiency at the shop floor level than at the higher levels.
4. Explain the contributions of Henri Fayol.
Management is simply the process of decision-making and control over the action of
human beings for the expressed purpose of attaining pre-determined goals. “Management is the
art of getting things through and with people in formally organized groups”.
Administrative Theory of Management – Usage of the term ‘Administration’; the six activities
of an industrial organization namely, technical, commercial, financial security, accounting and
managerial.
Fourteen general Principles of Management – Division of work, Espirit de corps.
Five Elements of management – Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating,
Controlling
Six Managerial qualities – Physical, Mental, Moral, Educational, Technical and Experience.
Fayol made a clear distinction between management principles and management
elements. These principles are flexible and capable of being adapting to every need. It is a matter
of knowing how to use each of them which is a difficult art requiring intelligence, experience
and proportion.
5. Discuss the functions of management with neat diagram. (study using author book )
11. 6. What are the various environmental factors that a manager should consider in an
organization?
Environment is a collectivity of all factors within the control of individual business and
beyond the control of individual business. Environment includes all the conditions,
circumstances, and influences surrounding the total organization or any of its part. The
environment may be
• External and
• Internal
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
It greatly influences the working of every business. Its major components are:
• Economic- capital, labor, suppliers, consumers and customers
• Technological
• Social
• Political
• Ethical
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
It is considered with the day to day work of the various departments of an organization. They
may be
• Financial aspects
• HR policies and procedures
• Production activities
• Marketing and selling activities
• Information system
The environmental forces may affect different parts of the organization in different ways
because different parts interact with their relevant external environment differently. The impact
of environmental forces on the organizations is not unilateral but the organizations may also
affect the environment. So the organizations must either adjust to the environment or perish.
12. 7. Outline the various forms of Business organizations.
Ownership of business is represented by the right of an individual or a group of
individuals to acquire legal title to assets for the purpose of controlling them and to enjoy gains
or profits from such possession and use.
Definition of Business organization
A Business organization comes into existence when there are a number of persons in
communication and relationship to each other and are willing to contribute towards a common
objective.
The classifications of Business Organizations are:
* Sole proprietorship concern
* Partnership concern
* Joint Stock Companies
- Private Limited Company
- Public Limited Company
* Co-operative societies
* Non- Profit Organizations.
13. UNIT: 2
2 Marks
1. What is planning?
Planning is a process of selecting the objectives & determining the course of action
required to achieve these objectives.
(Or)
Planning involves selecting missions and the objectives and the actions to achieve them.
It ends with decision making, which is choosing the best alternative from the avail-able future
courses of action.
EG: The goal set for limited period like five year plans
2. Important observations subjected about planning?
a) Planning is obtaining a future course of action in order to achieve an objective.
b) Planning is looking ahead.
c) Planning is getting ready to do something tomorrow.
d) Plan is a trap laid down to capture the future.
3. Define mission and vision?
Mission may be defines as a statement which defines the role that an organization plays
in the society. EG: Canara Bank “Good People to Grow With”.
A vision statement indicates how the organization should be, after a particular time
period.
4. Define policies?
Policies are general statement or understanding which provides guidance in decisions
making to various managers.
14. 5. Defining planning premises?
Planning premises are defined as the anticipated environment in which plans are expected
to operate. They include assumptions or forecasts of the future & known conditions that will
effects the operation of plans.
6. Explain in brief about the two approaches in which the hierarchy of objectives can be
explained?
There are two approaches in which the hierarchy can be explained.
1. top-down approach
2. bottom-up approach
In the top-down approach, the total organization is directed through corporate objective
provided by the top-level management. In the bottom up approach, the top level management
needs to have information from lower level in the form of objectives.
7. Definitions of MBO:
KOONTZ &WEIHRICH: Management by objectives (MBO) is defined as a
comprehensive managerial system that integrates many key managerial activities in a systematic
manner and that is consciously directed towards the effective and efficient achievement of
organizational and individual objective.
(OR)
“MBO is a process whereby the superiors and the subordinate managers of an enterprise
jointly identify its common goals, define each individual major areas of responsibility in terms of
results expected of him, and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the
contribution of each of its members.” - GEORGE ODIORNE
8. Define strategy?
A strategy may be defined as special type of plan prepared for meeting the challenges
posted by the activities of competitors and other environment forces.
15. 9. Steps involved in strategic planning:
1. Mission and objectives.
2. Environmental analysis
3. Corporate analysis
4. Identification of alternatives.
5. Strategic decision making
6. Implementations review & control.
10. Name the classification of planning premises?
1. Internal and external
2. Tangible and intangible premises.
3. Controllable and uncontrollable premises
11. Define Decision Making
Decision Making is defined as selection of a course of action from among alternatives. It
is a core of planning. A plan cannot be said to exist unless a decision – a commitment of
resources, direction or reputation has been made. Until that point, there is only planning studies
and analysis.
12. What are the three approaches in selecting an alternative?
1. Experience
2. Experimentation
3. Research and Analysis
Experience:
Relying on post experience, the choice among alternatives is selected to avoid mistakes.
Experimentation:
A firm may test a new product in a certain market before expanding its sale nationwide.
Research and Analysis:
The trend in research and analysis is simulation i.e. to develop mathematical tools.
16. 13. What is tows metrics?
The tows metrics is a conceptual frame work for a systematic analysis, which facilitates
matching the external threats and opportunities with the internal weakness & strength of the
organization. In the tows metrics ‘T’ stands for threat’s’ stands for opportunities ‘W’ for
weakness and ‘S’ for strength.
14. FORECASTING:
Forecasting is the process of predicting future conditions that will influence and guide the
activities, behavior and performance of the organization. EG: forecasting the output by sales
department.
16 Marks
1. Explain the Process of decision making with neat diagram.
2. Define MBO. Explain the process of MBO with the merits and demerits.
3. Explain the various types of planning.
4. Mention and explain the steps in planning with neat diagram.
17. UNIT 3
2 marks
1. Define Organization.
An identified group of people contributing their efforts towards the attainment of goals is
called an organization. Organization is the process of establishing relationships among the
members of the enterprise.
2. What is the purpose of Organization?
• Facilitates Administration
• Increases the efficiency management
• Stimulates creativity and innovation
• Facilitates growth and diversification and
• Facilitates co-ordination and communication.
3. What is organizing?
Organizing refers to the formal grouping of people and activities facilitate achievement of
the firm’s objectives.
Organizing may be defined as the process of
i) Identifying and classifying the required activities i.e. Job Design
ii) Grouping the work to be performed i.e., Departmentation
iii) Defining and delegating responsibility and authority i.e. Delegation of
authority
iv) Span of Control
4. What is Job design?
Job design is usually broad enough to accommodate people’s needs and desires. It may
be especially appropriate to design jobs for exceptional persons in order to utilize their potential.
People spend a great deal of time on the job and it is therefore important to design jobs so that
individuals feel good about their work.
18. Two important goals of job design are:-
• To meet the organizational requirements such as higher productivity, operational efficiency,
quality of products/service etc.
• To satisfy the needs of the individual employees like interests, challenge, achievement etc.
5. What is Organisation Structure?
In organisation structure simply by means the systematic arrangement of people working
for the organisation. The organisation is concerned with establishment of positions and
relationship between positions. The organisation structure has two dimensions.
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
6. What is an Organizational chart?
According to George Terry, “Organizational chart is a diagrammatical form, which
shows the important aspects of an organization including the major functions and their respective
relationships, the channels of supervision, and the relative authority of each employee who is in
charge of each respective function”. It is a representation of the framework or structure of an
organization. It may be a vertical or top-down chart, horizontal or left to right chart and circle or
concentric chart.
7. Uses of Organisation Chart
1. The organisation chart pinpoints the weakness of an organisation. This will helps to
overcome the short coming of organisation.
2. It tells quickly who is responsible for particular function.
3. It is useful in showing nature of an organisation and changes if any in the existing staff
and new comers.
8. Distinguish between authority and power
Power is the ability of individuals or groups to induce r influence the beliefs or actions of
other persons or groups.
19. Authority in organisation is the right in a position to exercise discretion in making
decisions and affecting others.
9. What are the different bases of power?
1. Legitimate Power
2. Referent Power
3. Reward Power
4. Coercive Power
10. Functional Authority
It is the right which is delegated to an individual or a department to control specified
processes practices, policies or other matters relating to activities, undertaken by persons in other
departments.
11. Formal Organization
The structure of jobs and positions with clearly defined functions and relationship as
prescribed by the top management and bound by rules, systems and procedures.
12. Informal Organization
A network of interpersonal relationships that arise when people associate with each other.
13. Departmentation
The organizational process of determining how activities are to be grouped is called
departmentation.
(or)
Departmentation is a means of dividing the large and complex organization into smaller,
flexible administrative units.
14. Empowerment
Empowerment means that employees, managers or teams at all levels in the organization
are given the power to make decision without asking their superiors for permission.
20. 15. Decentralization
The tendency to disperse decision making authority in an organized structure.
16. What do you mean by a strategy?
Strategy is defined as the determination of long-term objectives of an organisation.
Making the best choices for the future and allocating the resources necessary to accomplish the
objectives.
17. What is decision making?
Decision making is defined as the selection of a course of action among alternative
courses of action. Decision making should be rational. Decision making involves a choice among
alternatives.
18. What is the purpose of planning?
a. To determine the direction of an organisation
b. To provide a basis for team work
c. To minimise wastages in the future
d. To facilitate decision making
e. To improve morale of the employees.
19. State the importance of HRM?
1. To achieve competitive advantage over other organisation.
2. To improve the efficiency of the organisation.
3. For the fuller utilization of available resources.
4. Cost effective administration.
20. State the importance of staffing:-
1. It helps to make use of the Organisational resources.
2. It provides effective and efficient personals to the organisation.
21. 3. Helps to discover talented and competent persons.
4. Helps to ensure uninterrupted flow of business.
21. What is Human resource Management?
Planning and executing all those activities are associated with recruitment, selection,
training, and Performance appraisal and career development in known as human resource
management.
21. What is span of control?
Span of control tells the ratio between superiors and subordinates. Usually organizations
are having two different types of spans. They are
1. Wide Span
2. Narrow span
16 Marks
1. Enumerate in detail about the selection process which is widely followed in selecting IT
professionals. Also highlight the different techniques used in selection process. (Draw the figure)
2. Bring out the factors affecting centralization / decentralization. Also highlight the merits and
demerits of centralization and decentralization with examples.
3. Explain in detail about delegation of authority.
4. What do you mean by departmentation? Discuss in detail about the different strategies
adopted in departmentation?
5. Explain detail about performance appraisal with neat diagram.
22. UNIT 4
1. Define Direction.
Direction may be defined as the process of instructing, guiding and inspiring human
factors in the organization to achieve organization objectives.
2. State two important characteristics of Directing.
Any two characteristics of Directing are:
• Directing is an important managerial function through which the management initiates actions
in the organisation.
• It is a continuous process and it continues throughout the life of the Organization.
3. Mention the importance of Leadership
1. Motivating Employees
2. Leader develops team work
3. Better utilization of manpower
4. Creating confidence to followers
5. Directing group activities
6. Building morale
7. Maintaining discipline
4. Name the various leadership styles.
1. Autocratic or Dictatorial leadership
2. Participative or Democratic leadership
3. Laissez – faire or Free – rein leadership
5. What are the advantages of democratic leadership?
1. The subordinates are motivated by participation in decision – making process. This will
also increase job satisfaction
2. Absence of leader does not affect output
3. Labour absenteeism and turn – over will be minimum
4. The quality of decision is improved
5. The leader multiplies his abilities through the contribution of his followers
23. 6. What is Laissez – faire?
Complete freedom is given to the subordinates so that they plan, motivate, control and
otherwise be responsible for their own actions.
7. List out the human factors in managing.
The Human factors in managing include:
• Multiplicity of roles
• Individuality and
• Personal dignity.
8. Define creativity.
Creativity is defined as the ability to produce new and useful ideas through the
combination of known principles and components in novel and non-obvious ways. Creativity
exists throughout the population largely independent of age, sex and education.
9. What are the steps involved in creative process?
Creativity is defined as the ability to produce new and useful ideas through the
combination of known principles and components in novel and non-obvious ways. The steps
involved in creative process are:
• Saturation
• Preparation
• Frustration and incubation
• Inspiration or illumination
• Verification
10. How are problems solved by creative tool?
Creativity tools are designed to help you devise creative and imaginative solutions to
problems. Creativity tools are designed to help you devise creative and imaginative solutions to
problems.
24. 11. What is a SCAMPER tool?
SCAMPER is a checklist that helps us to think of changes where
S - Substitute
C - Combine
A - Adapt
M - Modify
P - Put to another use
E - Eliminate and
R - Reverse.
12. What is a meant by reframing matrix?
Reframing matrix is a simple technique that helps to look at business problems from a
number of different viewpoints. The approach relies on the fact that different people with
different experience approach problems in different experience approach in different ways.
13. What are the steps involved in simplex tool?
Simplex tool is an industrial-strength creativity tool. The steps involved in simplex tool are:-
• Problem finding
• Fact finding
• Problem definition
• Idea finding
• Selection and evaluation
• Planning
• Sell data and
• Action.
25. 14. Differentiate Innovation and Invention.
Innovation means the use of creative ideas. It is not only relevant to high-tech enterprises
but also crucial for old-line, traditional companies, which may not service without the infusion of
innovation.
Ex: A new product or a service.
Invention means really finding new things that are not already available. It is mostly
applicable in the field of science.
Ex: Invention of radio.
15. How can be harmonizing objectives achieved?
Harmonizing objectives can be achieved through:
• Mutual trust
• Cooperation and understanding and
• Workers participation in management.
16. Define Multiplicity of Roles.
Individuals are not only the productive factor in management Plans. They are members of
social system of many organizations.
17. Mention the various factors involved in using motivational techniques:
1. Money
2. Reward : intrinsic and extrinsic
3. Participation
4. Quality of working life
18. What is job enrichment?
Building into jobs a higher sense of challenge and achievement. (or)
Job enrichment is therefore based on the assumption that in order to motivate personnel, the job
itself must provide opportunities for the achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement and
growth
26. 19. What are the limitations of job enrichment?
1. Job enrichment is based on the assumption that workers want more responsibility. But, in
practice, most of the workers may prefer less responsible jobs with good social interaction. Such
workers may show feelings of inadequacy and fear of failure to job enrichment.
2. Some jobs cannot be enriched beyond a certain point.
20. Give the required guidelines to make effective job enrichment.
1. Use job enrichment selectively after taking into account situational variables such as job
characteristics, personal characteristics of employees, Organisational level etc.
2. Provide a supportive climate for innovation and change.
21. Define Leadership
Leadership is the process of influencing the behavior of others towards the accomplishment of
goals in a given situation.
Leadership is the ability to influence others and enthusiastically making them to achieve the
desired results.
22. What is Communication?
Communication is passing of information from one person to another person with understandable
manner.
23. Mention the various elements in the process of communication
1. Sender
2. Communication Channels
3. Symbols
4. Receiver
5. Noise and feedback in communication
24. List the different types of communication flow
1. Downward Communication
2. Upward communication
27. 3. Horizontal or Lateral Communication
25. Explain the creative process?
Creativity: Creativity is the ability to create large number of ideas quickly. Creative process has
interacting and over lapping phase. It has four phases:
• Unconscious Scanning
• Intuition
• Insight
• Logical Formulation
Unconscious Scanning: A condition beyond consciousness.
Intuition: It connects unconscious with conscious
Insight: It is the result of hard work
Logical Formulation: referred to as verification
Techniques to enhance creativity:
The following are the techniques to enhance Creativity:
1. Brainstorming – Technique used for problem solving by using new methods
2. Synectics – In this technique group members are selected according to problem of
organization. Then a group leader chose who plays a vital role in this process.
26. What is brainstorming?
This kind of training is given to increase people’s creativity and decisional ability. These types of
training individual participants are encouraged to give their own ideas to resolve the existing
problem.
28. UNIT 5
1. What is Feed Forward Control?
Feed Forward Control involves evaluation of input and corrective measures before a particular
sequence of operation is completed. It is based on timely and accurate information about changes in the
environment.
2. What is Concurrent Control?
Concurrent Control is also known as "real-time" or steering" control. It provides for taking
corrective actions or making adjustments while the programmes is still in operation and before any major
damage occurs.
3. List out the important features of controlling?
a) Function of Management.
b) Continuous function
c) Future -oriented and
d) Action-oriented.
4. What is Flexible Budget?
Flexible Budget is one which is designed to change in accordance with the level of activity
actually attained. It is suitable when the estimation of demand is uncertain and the enterprise works under
conditions of lack of material and labor power.
5. What are the benefits of control?
1. Control eliminates actions which deviate or which is not in conformity with the cherished goals
of the firm.
2. It offers enough information for future planning and Organising.
6. List out the characteristics of Control function?
1) Functional Management
2) Continuous function
29. 3) Future-oriented
4) Action-oriented
5) Measuring the performance and
6) Planning the control
7. What are the basic steps involved in the process of controlling?
1 establishment of standards
2 measurement of performance
3 comparing performance with the slandered
4 taking corrective action
8. What is performance Appraisal?
Performance appraisal is the system of measuring Employee performance and giving feedback to
the employee regarding his performance.
9. What are the advantages of performance Appraisal?
1. Getting performance Feedback
2. Identifying training needs
3. Motivating Personnel
4. Promotional consideration
5. Pay fixation.
10. What is Globalization?
Doing business without geographical boundaries is known as globalization.