This document discusses the object-oriented programming concept of polymorphism in Java. It defines polymorphism as the ability for multiple methods to have the same name but implement different behaviors depending on the object. The document provides examples of method overloading and late binding to demonstrate polymorphism. It also discusses upcasting and downcasting between base and derived classes.

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Chapter 8
Polymorphism

2. ProgrammingWithJava
ICS201 Object-Oriented Concept
 Object & Class
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
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Polymorphism
 polymorphism: many forms

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Polymorphism
 Polymorphism (from the Greek, meaning "many
forms", or something similar)
 The mechanism by which several methods can have the
same name and implement the same abstract
operation.
 Requires that there be multiple methods of the
same name
 The choice of which one to execute depends on the
object that is in a variable
 Reduces the need for programmers to code many if-
else or switch statements

5. ProgrammingWithJava
ICS201 Polymorphism
DrawChart
DrawChart(1)
DrawChart(1,2,1,2)
DrawChart(1,1,1)
DrawTriangle(1,1,1)
DrawRect(1,2,1,2)
DrawCircle(1)
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Polymorphism Example

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ICS201 Polymorphism
 Add(integer, integer)
 Add(string, string)
 Add(string, integer)
 Add(1,1)  2
 Add(“Hello”, “World”) 
“HelloWorld”
 Add(“Hello”, 2)  “Hello2”

8. ProgrammingWithJava
ICS201 Polymorphism
:PaySlip
:HourlyPaidEmployee
:WeeklyPaidEmployee
:MonthlyPaidEmployee

getTotalPay()
calculatePay()
calculatePay()
calculatePay()
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Which bill() version ?
Which bill() version ?
Which bill() versions ?
Introductory example to Polymorphism

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Polymorphism
 Methods can be overloaded. A method has the same
name as another member methods, but the type and/or
the count of parameters differs.
class Integer
{
float val;
void add( int amount )
{
val = val + amount;
}
void add( int num, int den)
{
val = float(num) / den;
}
}

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Polymorphism
 Polymorphism is the ability to associate many meanings
to one method name
 It does this through a special mechanism known as
late binding or dynamic binding
 Inheritance allows a base class to be defined, and other
classes derived from it
 Code for the base class can then be used for its own
objects, as well as objects of any derived classes
 Polymorphism allows changes to be made to method
definitions in the derived classes.

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Late Binding
 The process of associating a method definition with a
method invocation is called binding.
 If the method definition is associated with its call when
the code is compiled, that is called early binding.
 If the method definition is associated with its call when
the method is invoked (at run time), that is called late
binding or dynamic binding.

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The Sale and DiscountSale Classes
 The Sale class contains two instance variables
 name: the name of an item (String)
 price: the price of an item (double)
 It contains two constructors
 A no-argument constructor that sets name to "No
name yet", and price to 0.0
 A two-parameter constructor that takes in a String
(for name) and a double (for price)

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The Sale and DiscountSale Classes
 The Sale class also has
 a set of accessors (getName, getPrice),
 mutators (setName, setPrice),
 overridden methods equals and toString
 a static announcement method.
 a method bill, that determines the bill for a sale, which
simply returns the price of the item.
 It has also two methods, equalDeals and lessThan,
each of which compares two sale objects by comparing
their bills and returns a boolean value.

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The Sale and DiscountSale Classes
 The DiscountSale class inherits the instance variables and
methods from the Sale class.
 In addition, it has its own instance variable, discount (a
percent of the price),
 it has also its own suitable constructor methods,
 accessor method (getDiscount),
 mutator method (setDiscount),
 overriden toString method, and static announcement
method.
 It has also its own bill method which computes the bill as a
function of the discount and the price.

16. ProgrammingWithJava
ICS201The Sale and DiscountSale Classes
 The Sale class lessThan method
 Note the bill() method invocations:
public boolean lessThan (Sale otherSale)
{
if (otherSale == null)
{
System.out.println("Error:null object");
System.exit(0);
}
return (bill( ) < otherSale.bill( ));
}

17. ProgrammingWithJava
ICS201The Sale and DiscountSale Classes
 The Sale class bill() method:
public double bill( )
{
return price;
}
 The DiscountSale class bill() method:
public double bill( )
{
double fraction = discount/100;
return (1 - fraction) * getPrice( );
}

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The Sale and DiscountSale Classes
 Given the following in a program:
. . .
Sale simple = new sale(“xx", 10.00);
DiscountSale discount = new DiscountSale(“xx", 11.00, 10);
. . .
if (discount.lessThan(simple))
System.out.println("$" + discount.bill() +
" < " + "$" + simple.bill() +
" because late-binding works!");
. . .
 Output would be:
$9.90 < $10 because late-binding works!

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The Sale and DiscountSale Classes
 In the previous example, the boolean expression in the if
statement returns true.
 As the output indicates, when the lessThan method in
the Sale class is executed, it knows which bill() method
to invoke
 The DiscountSale class bill() method for discount,
and the Sale class bill() method for simple.
 Note that when the Sale class was created and compiled,
the DiscountSale class and its bill() method did not yet
exist
 These results are made possible by late-binding

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The final Modifier
 A method marked final indicates that it cannot be
overridden with a new definition in a derived class
 If final, the compiler can use early binding with the
method
public final void someMethod() { . . . }
 A class marked final indicates that it cannot be used as a
base class from which to derive any other classes

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Upcasting and Downcasting
 Upcasting is when an object of a derived class is assigned
to a variable of a base class (or any ancestor class):
Example:
class Shape {
int xpos, ypos ;
public Shape(int x , int y){
xpos = x ;
ypos = y ;
}
public void Draw() {
System.out.println("Draw method called of class Shape") ;
}
}

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Upcasting and Downcasting
class Circle extends Shape {
int r ;
public Circle(int x1 , int y1 , int r1){
super(x1 , y1) ;
r = r1 ;
}
public void Draw() {
System.out.println("Draw method called of class Circle") ;
}
}
class UpcastingDemo {
public static void main (String [] args) {
Shape s = new Circle(10 , 20 , 4) ;
s.Draw() ;
}
}
Output:
Draw method called of class Circle

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Upcasting and Downcasting
 When we wrote Shape S = new Circle(10 , 20 , 4), we
have cast Circle to the type Shape.
 This is possible because Circle has been derived from Shape
 From Circle, we are moving up to the object hierarchy to
the type Shape, so we are casting our object “upwards” to
its parent type.

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Upcasting and Downcasting
 Downcasting is when a type cast is performed from a
base class to a derived class (or from any ancestor class
to any descendent class).
Example:
class Shape {
int xpos, ypos ;
public Shape(int x , int y){
xpos = x ;
ypos = y ;
}
public void Draw() {
System.out.println("Draw method called of class Shape") ;
}
}

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Upcasting and Downcasting
class Circle extends Shape {
int r ;
public Circle(int x1 , int y1 , int r1){
super(x1 , y1) ;
r = r1 ;
}
public void Draw() {
System.out.println("Draw method called of class Circle") ;
}
public void Surface() {
System.out.println("The surface of the circle is " +
((Math.PI)*r*r));
}
}

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Upcasting and Downcasting
class DowncastingDemo {
public static void main (String [] args) {
Shape s = new Circle(10 , 20 , 4) ;
((Circle) s).Surface() ;
}
}
Output:
The surface of the circle is 50.26

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Upcasting and Downcasting
 When we wrote Shape s = new Circle(10 , 20 , 4) we have
cast Circle to the type shape.
 In that case, we are only able to use methods found in
Shape, that is, Circle has inherited all the properties and
methods of Shape.
 If we want to call Surface() method, we need to down-
cast our type to Circle. In this case, we will move down
the object hierarchy from Shape to Circle :
 ((Circle) s).Surface() ;

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Downcasting
 It is the responsibility of the programmer to use
downcasting only in situations where it makes sense
 The compiler does not check to see if downcasting is a
reasonable thing to do
 Using downcasting in a situation that does not make sense
usually results in a run-time error.