1. The document analyzes alternations in Polish noun plurals. There are two main alternations: voicing of the final obstruent (voiced vs. voiceless), and quality of the preceding vowel ([u] vs. [o]).
2. To account for the alternations, two phonological rules are proposed. Rule 1 is final devoicing, where obstruents become voiceless word-finally. Rule 2 is vowel raising, where [o] raises to [u] in the final syllable before voiced obstruents or approximants. Rule 2 must precede Rule 1 to derive all the forms.
3. The underlying representations are identified based on which forms (singular or plural
This is simply an introduction to some of the main concepts we are going to be using quite frequently throughout the course. Become acquainted with them and try to get the gist of each concept in its own context.
Competence and Performance
Competence is the idealized conception of language, considered as opposite of performance that is special utterances of spoken language
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
Deep structure is an abstract syntactical representation of a sentence. On the other hand, the surface structure of a sentence is the final stage in the syntactical representation of a sentence
This is simply an introduction to some of the main concepts we are going to be using quite frequently throughout the course. Become acquainted with them and try to get the gist of each concept in its own context.
Competence and Performance
Competence is the idealized conception of language, considered as opposite of performance that is special utterances of spoken language
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
Deep structure is an abstract syntactical representation of a sentence. On the other hand, the surface structure of a sentence is the final stage in the syntactical representation of a sentence
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
Intro. to Linguistics_7 Phonetics (Phonetics Transcription and Suprasegmental)Edi Brata
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This powerpoint goes into depth and explains FSAs, HRAs and HSAs, how they work together, who can participate, and what types of rules apply. It's a little boring, long, and somewhat detailed. However, you can use just portions of the slides if you'd like. The last 20 or so slides may be useful if an employer is offering high deductible health insurance plans, with an HSA - and already has an FSA in place This is a Continuing Education Course in California, under the Department of Insurance.
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
Intro. to Linguistics_7 Phonetics (Phonetics Transcription and Suprasegmental)Edi Brata
This slide is seventh session of Introduction to Linguistics. This course is about Phonetics Transcription and Supra-segmental Features of sounds. It is the second of two topics of phonetics course.
This powerpoint goes into depth and explains FSAs, HRAs and HSAs, how they work together, who can participate, and what types of rules apply. It's a little boring, long, and somewhat detailed. However, you can use just portions of the slides if you'd like. The last 20 or so slides may be useful if an employer is offering high deductible health insurance plans, with an HSA - and already has an FSA in place This is a Continuing Education Course in California, under the Department of Insurance.
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2. Data
1
Singular Plural Singular Plural
klup klubi ‘club’ trup trupi ‘corpse’
dom domi ‘house’ snop snopi ‘sheaf’
ʒwup ʒwobi ‘crib’ trut trudi ‘labor’
dzvon dzvoni ‘bell’ kot koti ‘cat’
lut lodi ‘ice’ grus gruzi ‘rubble’
nos nosi ‘nose’ vus vozi ‘cart’
wuk wugi ‘lye’ wuk wuki ‘bow’
sok soki ‘juice’ ruk rogi ‘horn’
bur bori ‘forest’ vuw vowi ‘ox’
sul soli ‘salt’ buj boji ‘fight’
ʃum ʃumi ‘noise’ ʒur ʒuri ‘soup’
Question: What rules are needed to account for the alternations, and in what or
10. 2 Alternations…
9
#2. Quality of
the preceding
V:
[u] vs. [o]
#1. Voicing of
the final
obstruent:
voiced vs.
voiceless
Singular Plural
klup klub-i ‘club’
trut trud-i ‘labor’
grus gruz-i ‘rubble’
wuk wug-i ‘lye’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
bur bor-i ‘forest’
vuw vow-i ‘ox’
sul sol-i ‘salt’
buj boj-i ‘fight’
11. Alternation #1
10
Which one reflects the underlying form?
#1. Voicing of
the final
obstruent:
voiced vs.
voiceless
Singular Plural
klup klub-i ‘club’
trut trud-i ‘labor’
grus gruz-i ‘rubble’
wuk wug-i ‘lye’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
12. What is the UR of Alternation
#1?11
Hypothesis 1: UR reflected in
Singular.
However!
Singular Plural
trup trup-i ‘corpse’
snop snop-i ‘sheaf’
kot kot-i ‘cat’
sok sok-i ‘juice’
wuk wuk-i ‘bow’
nos nos-i ‘nose’
Predicted Pl.
*trub-i
*snob-i
*kod-i
*sod-i
*wug-i
*noz-i
need a intervocalic voicing rule
Singular Plural
klup klub-i ‘club’
trut trud-i ‘labor’
grus gruz-i ‘rubble’
wuk wug-i ‘lye’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
13. What is the UR of Alternation
#1?12
Hypothesis 2: UR reflected in Plural.
Singular Plural
dzvon dzvon-i ‘bell’
dom dom-i ‘house’
ʃum ʃum-i ‘noise’
ʒur ʒur-i ‘soup’
need a devoicing rule that affects
final obstruents(not nasals or approximants)
This hypothesis does
not derive any
unobserved forms,
thus we accept it!
Singular Plural
klup klub-i ‘club’
trut trud-i ‘labor’
grus gruz-i ‘rubble’
wuk wug-i ‘lye’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
14. ☞ Rule #1
13
Obstruents becomes voiceless in word final
position
[-son] [-voi] / __#
Singular Plural
klup klub-i ‘club’
trut trud-i ‘labor’
grus gruz-i ‘rubble’
wuk wug-i ‘lye’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
UR (or potential URs)
/klub/
/trud/
/gruz/
/wug/
either /ʒwub/ or /ʒwob/
either /rug/ or /rog/
either /lud/ or /lod/
either /vuz/ or /voz/
15. Alternation #2
14
Singular Plural
bur bor-i ‘forest’
vuw vow-i ‘ox’
sul sol-i ‘salt’
buj boj-i ‘fight’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
2. Quality of the
preceding V:
[u] vs. [o]
Which one reflects the underlying form?
16. What is the UR of Alternation
#2?15
Hypothesis 1: UR reflected in
Singular.
Singular Plural
bur bor-i ‘forest’
vuw vow-i ‘ox’
sul sol-i ‘salt’
buj boj-i ‘fight’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
uo before a voiced, non-
nasal, and non-approximant
C in a non-final position
However!
Singular Plural
klup klub-i ‘club’
trut trud-i ‘labor’
grus gruz-i ‘rubble’
wuk wug-i ‘lye’
Predicted Pl.
*klob-i
*trod-i
*groz-i
*wog-i
trup trup-i ‘corpse’
wuk wuk-i ‘bow’
ʃum ʃum-i ‘noise’
ʒur ʒur-i ‘soup’
17. What is the UR of Alternation
#2?16
Hypothesis 2: UR reflected in Plural.
Singular Plural
bur bor-i ‘forest’
vuw vow-i ‘ox’
sul sol-i ‘salt’
buj boj-i ‘fight’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
o>u in final syllable
preceding a non-nasal C
snop snop-i ‘sheaf’
kot kot-i ‘cat’
sok sok-i ‘juice’
nos nos-i ‘nose’
dzvon dzvon-i ‘bell’
dom dom-i ‘house’
underlyingl
y [-voi]
However!
Singular Plural
klup klub-i ‘club’
trut trud-i ‘labor’
grus gruz-i ‘rubble’
wuk wug-i ‘lye’
Rule #1!!!
underlyingly
[+voi]
18. What is the UR of Alternation
#2?17
Hypothesis 2: UR reflected in Plural.
Singular Plural
bur bor-i ‘forest’
vuw vow-i ‘ox’
sul sol-i ‘salt’
buj boj-i ‘fight’
ʒwup ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rog-i ‘horn’
lut lod-i ‘ice’
vus voz-i ‘cart’
o>u in final syllable
preceding a non-nasal C
snop snop-i ‘sheaf’
kot kot-i ‘cat’
sok sok-i ‘juice’
nos nos-i ‘nose’
dzvon dzvon-i ‘bell’
dom dom-i ‘house’
Maybe Alternation #2
happens before Rule
#1?
19. What is the UR of Alternation
#2?18
Hypothesis 2: UR reflected in Plural.
Singular Plural
bur bor-i ‘forest’
vuw vow-i ‘ox’
sul sol-i ‘salt’
buj boj-i ‘fight’
ʒwup ʒwub ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rug rog-i ‘horn’
lut lud lod-i ‘ice’
vus vuz voz-i ‘cart’
o>u in final syllable preceding a
voiced and non-nasal C (i.e. voiced
obstruents and approximants)
snop snop-i ‘sheaf’
kot kot-i ‘cat’
sok sok-i ‘juice’
nos nos-i ‘nose’
dzvon dzvon-i ‘bell’
dom dom-i ‘house’
20. ☞ Rule #2
19
Vowel of the final syllable is raised ([o][u]) when
preceding voiced obstruents or approximants
[+syl] [+hi] / __[-syl, +voi, -nas]#
Has to precede Rule #1!
Singular Plural
bur bor-i ‘forest’
vuw vow-i ‘ox’
sul sol-i ‘salt’
buj boj-i ‘fight’
ʒwup ʒwub ʒwob-i ‘crib’
ruk rug rog-i ‘horn’
lut lud lod-i ‘ice’
vus vuz voz-i ‘cart’
UR
/bor/
/vow/
/sol/
/boj/
/ʒwob/
/rog/
/lod/
/voz/
