3. Introduction
anatomic anomalies that include the
absence of the sternocostal head of the
pectoralis major muscle with other varied
manifestations that include hypoplasia or
absence of the pectoralis minor muscle
as well as digital anomalies such as
syndactyly.
Other anomalies include the absence or
hypoplasia of the ipsilateral breast,
excavatum deformities, and rib aplasia
Mostly unilateral and right side
Al Faleh K, Al Saadi M, Khalid-Bantuas S. Poland's Syndrome with Absent Limb Anomalies. J Clin Neonatol. 2014 Jan;3(1):44-6.
Ibrahim A, Ramatu A, Helen A. Poland syndrome a rare congenital anomaly. Indian J Hum Genet. 2013 Jul;19(3):349-51.
4. Epidemiology
1 in 36,000 to 50,000 newborns
Male more likely to be symptomatic
than female
Sporadic (mostly)
Samuels TH, Haider MA, Kirkbride P. Poland's syndrome: a mammographic presentation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996 Feb;166(2):347-8.
Yiyit N, Işıtmangil T, Öksüz S. Clinical analysis of 113 patients with Poland syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015 Mar;99(3):999-1004.
David TJ. Familial Poland anomaly. J Med Genet. 1982 Aug;19(4):293-6.
5. Etiology
Abnormalities relating to the subclavian
arteries and branch vessels (hypoplasia)
during embryogenesis, reducing
perfusion to the affected ipsilateral side
of the chest wall.
Teratogenic etiology has also been
suggested because research shows an
association with maternal smoking and
cocaine use. History of misoprostol
administration has been implicated
Bavinck JN, Weaver DD. Subclavian artery supply disruption sequence: hypothesis of a vascular etiology for Poland, Klippel-Feil, and Möbius anomalies. Am J Med
Genet. 1986 Apr;23(4):903-18.
Martínez-Frías ML, Czeizel AE, Rodríguez-Pinilla E, Bermejo E. Smoking during pregnancy and Poland sequence: results of a population-based registry and a case-
control registry. Teratology. 1999 Jan;59(1):35-8.
Puvabanditsin S, Garrow E, Augustin G, Titapiwatanakul R, Kuniyoshi KM. Poland-Möbius syndrome and cocaine abuse: a relook at vascular etiology. Pediatr
Neurol. 2005 Apr;32(4):285-7.
Rosa RF, Travi GM, Valiatti F, Zen PR, Pinto LL, Kiss A, Graziadio C, Paskulin GA. Poland syndrome associated with an aberrant subclavian artery and vascular
abnormalities of the retina in a child exposed to misoprostol during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2007 Jun;79(6):507-11.
6. Clinical Presentation
usually present for cosmetic and
aesthetic complaints and are usually
asymptomatic
Patient history of cardiopulmonary
complaints, although rare, can be
important given the association of
dextroposition and lung herniation with
Poland syndrome
Yiyit N, Işıtmangil T, Öksüz S. Clinical analysis of 113 patients with Poland syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015 Mar;99(3):999-1004.
Gui L, Shen S, Mei W. Anaesthesia for chest wall reconstruction in a patient with Poland syndrome: CARE-compliant case report and literature
review. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018 May 24;18(1):57.
Gui L, Shen S, Mei W. Anaesthesia for chest wall reconstruction in a patient with Poland syndrome: CARE-compliant case report and literature review. BMC
Anesthesiol. 2018 May 24;18(1):57.
10. Prognosis
The majority of patients with Poland
syndrome are asymptomatic and have
few functional manifestations
Prognosis usually depends on the
degree of surgical intervention
performed and varies depending on
the severity of the syndrome.
Sunitha VC, Narayanan S, Nair PP, Prakash ML. Left-sided Poland's syndrome in a girl with rare associations like spina bifida and diaphragmatic hernia. BMJ Case
Rep. 2013 Sep 20;2013
Garg R, Saheer S, Gupta V, Mehra S. Poland sequence: Series of two cases and brief review of the literature. Ann Thorac Med. 2012 Apr;7(2):110-2.
Lantzsch T, Lampe D, Kantelhardt EJ. Correction of Poland's Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Current Literature. Breast Care (Basel). 2013 May;8(2):139-42.
11. Summary
Anatomic anomalies that include the
absence of the sternocostal head of the
pectoralis major muscle with other varied
manifestations that include hypoplasia or
absence of the pectoralis minor muscle
as well as digital anomalies such as
syndactyly
The majority of patients with Poland
syndrome are asymptomatic and have
few functional manifestations
