The document discusses key concepts in political science and the territory of the Philippines. It defines political science as the study of the state and its institutions. It outlines theories on the origins of states. It then discusses the key elements that comprise a state's territory, including land, waters, airspace, and seabed/subsoil. Specific to the Philippines, it notes that the national territory comprises its archipelago based on the archipelago doctrine, which recognizes the integration of islands and waters. It delineates the different domains that fall under Philippine territory and sovereignty.

1. ““ Politics and Diaper have something inPolitics and Diaper have something in
common. They both should be changedcommon. They both should be changed
regularly and for the same reason”regularly and for the same reason”

2. Politics and Governance w/Politics and Governance w/
ConstitutionConstitution
““POLITICALPOLITICAL
SCIENCE”SCIENCE”

3. Political SciencePolitical Science
defined….defined….
derived from Greek word “polis” meaning “city/state”
and “ scire” meaning “to know/ to study”
 “therefore it is the study of the state”
or
 “the systematic study of the state or government
with its institutions, principles, theories, concepts,
ideals and processes

4. Why do we need to study Pol.Why do we need to study Pol.
Scie?Scie?
 Functions and Importance of Political Science as a discipline:
1. Education for Citizenship
2. Knowledge and Understanding of the Government
3. Essential parts of Liberal Education

5. STATE?STATE?
 The term state is equivalent to a country, though state is a
political concept. In common usage however, the two terms are
often used synonymously. The Constitution use them
interchangeably
 state is defined as “community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of the
territory, having a government of their own to which the great
body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom
from external control”

6. STATEPEOPLE
SOVEREIGNTY
TERRITORY
GOVERNMENT

7. Origins of StatesOrigins of States
 There are several theories concerning the origin ofThere are several theories concerning the origin of
a statea state
1.1. Divine Right TheoryDivine Right Theory
-- it holds that the state is a divine creation and theit holds that the state is a divine creation and the
ruler is ordained by God to govern the peopleruler is ordained by God to govern the people

8. Origins of StatesOrigins of States
2.2. Necessity or Force TheoryNecessity or Force Theory
-- it maintains that states must have beenit maintains that states must have been
created through force, by some great warriors whocreated through force, by some great warriors who
imposed their will upon the weakimposed their will upon the weak
3.3. Paternalistic TheoryPaternalistic Theory
-- It attributes the origin of the states to theIt attributes the origin of the states to the
enlargement of the family which remained under theenlargement of the family which remained under the
authority of the father.authority of the father.

9. Origins of StatesOrigins of States
2.2. Social Contract TheorySocial Contract Theory
-- It asserts that the early states mustIt asserts that the early states must
have been formed by deliberate and voluntaryhave been formed by deliberate and voluntary
compact among the people to form a society andcompact among the people to form a society and
organize a government for their common good.organize a government for their common good.

10. TERRITORYTERRITORY
 these are the geographical
areas under the jurisdiction of a
country
 it includes the terrestrial, fluvial
and aerial domain as a total of
its territory
 it is important for a state to have
a territory as place where a
government is built, where
people reside and live and where
sovereignty is exercised

11. Modes of AcquiringModes of Acquiring
TerritoryTerritory
 Discovery and Occupation
- a state may acquire a territory through
discovering continent, island or land with no
inhabitants or occupied by uncivilized
inhabitants
 Prescription
- it is mode of acquiring territory through
continuous and undisputed exercised of
sovereignty over it such a long period of time

12. Modes of AcquiringModes of Acquiring
TerritoryTerritory
 Cession
- it is the assignment, transfer, or yielding
up territory by one state or government to
another
 Conquest/ Invasion
- it is a mode of acquiring territory
belonging to a state by occupation and
conquest made by another state in the course
of war.

13. Modes of AcquiringModes of Acquiring
TerritoryTerritory
 Accretion
- it is a mode of acquiring territory through
by addition of portions of soil either artificial or
natural way by gradual deposition through the
operation of natural causes.

14. ““Any leader who compromises even anAny leader who compromises even an
inch of his nation without the benefit toinch of his nation without the benefit to
his people, has committed treason”his people, has committed treason”

15. The Philippine TerritoryThe Philippine Territory

16. Section 1 of Article I of the 1987 PhilippineSection 1 of Article I of the 1987 Philippine
ConstitutionConstitution
““The national territory comprises the PhilippineThe national territory comprises the Philippine
Archipelago,Archipelago,
with all the waters and islands embraces therein, and allwith all the waters and islands embraces therein, and all
otherother
territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty orterritories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerialjurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial
domains, including its territorial sea, the sea bed, thedomains, including its territorial sea, the sea bed, the
subsoil,subsoil,
the insular shelves and other submarine areas. Thethe insular shelves and other submarine areas. The
waters around, between, and connecting the islands of thewaters around, between, and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions,archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions,

17. Philippines isPhilippines is
Archipelago StateArchipelago State
Archipelago?Archipelago?
- derived from the Greek word “- derived from the Greek word “pelagos”pelagos”
meaning seameaning sea
-- or defined as sea studded with islands oror defined as sea studded with islands or
group of islandsgroup of islands

18. Archipelago DoctrineArchipelago Doctrine
- This doctrine asserts the integration of group ofThis doctrine asserts the integration of group of
islands to the sea and their oneness so thatislands to the sea and their oneness so that
together they constitute as one unit, one countrytogether they constitute as one unit, one country
and one state.and one state.
- It adopts the “baseline method” where imaginaryIt adopts the “baseline method” where imaginary
straight lines are drawn joining the outermost pointsstraight lines are drawn joining the outermost points
of the outermost islands of the archipelagoof the outermost islands of the archipelago
- This Principle or Doctrine was made by a FilipinoThis Principle or Doctrine was made by a Filipino
named Arturo Tolentino and was recognized bynamed Arturo Tolentino and was recognized by
UNCLOSUNCLOS

19. Archipelago DoctrineArchipelago Doctrine

20. “…“…consisting its terrestrial,consisting its terrestrial,
fluvial and aerial domain…”fluvial and aerial domain…”
 Terrestrial DomainTerrestrial Domain
- refers to the land whether agricultural, forest- refers to the land whether agricultural, forest
or timber, mineral lands and national parks underor timber, mineral lands and national parks under
the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Philippinesthe sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Philippines
 Fluvial DomainFluvial Domain
- refers to the internal or national waters,- refers to the internal or national waters,
external or territorial waters, over which theexternal or territorial waters, over which the
Philippines exercised jurisdictionPhilippines exercised jurisdiction

21. Bodies of Navigable WaterBodies of Navigable Water
 Inland WatersInland Waters
-- such as rivers, lakes, canals, ports, bays,such as rivers, lakes, canals, ports, bays,
harbors and other similar bodies of water.harbors and other similar bodies of water.
 Internal WatersInternal Waters
- this refers to the bodies of water- this refers to the bodies of water
circumscribed by the imaginary line connecting thecircumscribed by the imaginary line connecting the
points of the outermost islandspoints of the outermost islands

22. Bodies of Navigable WaterBodies of Navigable Water
 Territorial SeaTerritorial Sea
-- is measured from the baseline and extendsis measured from the baseline and extends
up to twelve (12) nautical miles called the “marginalup to twelve (12) nautical miles called the “marginal
belt”belt”
 Contiguous ZoneContiguous Zone
- measured from the edge of the territorial sea- measured from the edge of the territorial sea
up to another twenty- four (24) miles from theup to another twenty- four (24) miles from the
baselinebaseline

23. Bodies of Navigable WaterBodies of Navigable Water
 Exclusive Economic ZoneExclusive Economic Zone
-- it is extended up to a distance of 200 nauticalit is extended up to a distance of 200 nautical
miles from the baselines.miles from the baselines.
 International Waters, High Seas orInternational Waters, High Seas or
Open SeasOpen Seas
- it refers to the portion of the ocean which is- it refers to the portion of the ocean which is
beyond the territorial jurisdiction of any country.beyond the territorial jurisdiction of any country.

24. “…“…consisting its terrestrial,consisting its terrestrial,
fluvial and aerial domain…”fluvial and aerial domain…”
 Aerial DomainAerial Domain
- refers to the air space above the territorial- refers to the air space above the territorial
land and sea except for the outer space over whichland and sea except for the outer space over which
the Philippines exercised jurisdiction.the Philippines exercised jurisdiction.

25. “…“…including the seabed, theincluding the seabed, the
subsoil, the insular shelves andsubsoil, the insular shelves and
other submarine areas…”other submarine areas…”
 SeabedSeabed
- or the sea floor or sea bottom, refers to the- or the sea floor or sea bottom, refers to the
land that holds the sea, lying beyond the sea shoreland that holds the sea, lying beyond the sea shore
including mineral and natural resourcesincluding mineral and natural resources
 SubsoilSubsoil
- refers to everything beneath the surface of the- refers to everything beneath the surface of the
land and the seabed, including mineral and naturalland and the seabed, including mineral and natural
resourcesresources

26. “…“…including the seabed, theincluding the seabed, the
subsoil, the insular shelves andsubsoil, the insular shelves and
other submarine areas…”other submarine areas…”
 Insular ShelvesInsular Shelves
- Insular shelves can be defined as the parts of- Insular shelves can be defined as the parts of
an island that remain under water. These landan island that remain under water. These land
'shelves' are under shallow water and thus the'shelves' are under shallow water and thus the
concept of a shelfconcept of a shelf
 Other Submarine AreasOther Submarine Areas
- they refer to all areas under territorial sea.- they refer to all areas under territorial sea.
Like seamount, trough, trench, basin, deep bank,Like seamount, trough, trench, basin, deep bank,
shoal and reef.shoal and reef.