This document discusses various elements and poetic devices used in poetry, including form, lines, stanzas, rhyme, pattern, rhythm, and euphony. It provides definitions and examples of different forms of poetry, such as free verse, couplet, tercet, and blank verse. Rhythm is described as the pivotal element that creates a pleasant flow when reading poetry, influenced by factors like meter, feet, stressed and unstressed syllables. Common poetic feet include iamb, trochee, anapest and dactyl. Modern poetry often employs free verse without strict adherence to traditional meter or rhyme.
The document discusses various elements of poetry such as stanzas, lines, rhythm, rhyme, imagery and different forms of poetry including free verse, haikus, and limericks. It provides examples of different rhyme schemes and describes how various literary devices such as metaphor, simile and personification are used in poems to appeal to different senses and create vivid pictures and emotions for the reader.
This document defines and provides examples of various sound devices used in poetry, including rhythm, meter, scansion, feet, rhyme, assonance, and consonance. Rhythm refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter is the organization of these patterns into regular lines. Rhyme involves the repetition of similar sounds, often at the end of lines. Assonance and consonance refer to the repetition of vowel and consonant sounds within words. Examples are provided to illustrate how poets use these sound devices to reinforce meaning and create emotional responses in readers.
The document describes different types of poetry including lyric poetry such as sonnets, odes, and elegies. It also discusses narrative poetry genres like epics and ballads. Additionally, it covers dramatic poetry forms such as dramatic monologues, soliloquies, and orations. Specific poetry styles like haiku, cinquain, name poems, and free verse are also defined. In the second part, key terms are matched to their poetic genre descriptions.
Definition, elements, types, and genres of poetryRabiatul Hamidah
This document defines poetry and discusses its key elements. It notes that poetry uses words, form, sound patterns, imagery and figurative language to convey meaning. The elements discussed include rhythm, rhyme, alliteration, assonance, stanzas, imagery, diction. It also defines common poetic forms like sonnets, villanelles, haiku, and genres like narrative, dramatic and lyrical poetry.
A short story is a brief work of fiction that focuses on a single incident or conflict. It emphasizes human nature and values through limited characters and events occurring over a short period of time. Key elements include a plot involving a conflict, characters that may undergo some change, and the use of symbols, themes and point of view to convey emotion and meaning in a concise manner.
This document defines and explains various elements of poetry, including its compact form, use of lines and stanzas, sounds like rhyme and rhythm, repetition, imagery, and figurative language like similes, metaphors, and personification. It notes that poetry packs ideas, feelings, and sounds into carefully chosen words, and that the look, sound, and language all work together to create an overall effect.
All About Poetry (Elements and Types of Poetry)Louise Gwyneth
This document provides an overview of poetry, defining it, outlining its key elements and forms, and describing different types of poetry. It defines poetry as literary work that uses distinctive style and rhythm to intensely express feelings and ideas. Some key elements discussed include stanzas, rhyme schemes, rhythm, imagery, figures of speech, tone and theme. The main types covered are lyrical, narrative, dramatic and special forms like sonnets, odes and epics.
This document discusses poetic meter and feet. It defines syllables, scansion, and the five main poetic feet: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, and spondaic. Examples are provided for each foot. The iamb is described as the most common foot in English poetry. Combinations of feet and lines make different meters, such as iambic pentameter. Understanding poetic feet and meters can help analyze and create poetry.
The document discusses various elements of poetry such as stanzas, lines, rhythm, rhyme, imagery and different forms of poetry including free verse, haikus, and limericks. It provides examples of different rhyme schemes and describes how various literary devices such as metaphor, simile and personification are used in poems to appeal to different senses and create vivid pictures and emotions for the reader.
This document defines and provides examples of various sound devices used in poetry, including rhythm, meter, scansion, feet, rhyme, assonance, and consonance. Rhythm refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter is the organization of these patterns into regular lines. Rhyme involves the repetition of similar sounds, often at the end of lines. Assonance and consonance refer to the repetition of vowel and consonant sounds within words. Examples are provided to illustrate how poets use these sound devices to reinforce meaning and create emotional responses in readers.
The document describes different types of poetry including lyric poetry such as sonnets, odes, and elegies. It also discusses narrative poetry genres like epics and ballads. Additionally, it covers dramatic poetry forms such as dramatic monologues, soliloquies, and orations. Specific poetry styles like haiku, cinquain, name poems, and free verse are also defined. In the second part, key terms are matched to their poetic genre descriptions.
Definition, elements, types, and genres of poetryRabiatul Hamidah
This document defines poetry and discusses its key elements. It notes that poetry uses words, form, sound patterns, imagery and figurative language to convey meaning. The elements discussed include rhythm, rhyme, alliteration, assonance, stanzas, imagery, diction. It also defines common poetic forms like sonnets, villanelles, haiku, and genres like narrative, dramatic and lyrical poetry.
A short story is a brief work of fiction that focuses on a single incident or conflict. It emphasizes human nature and values through limited characters and events occurring over a short period of time. Key elements include a plot involving a conflict, characters that may undergo some change, and the use of symbols, themes and point of view to convey emotion and meaning in a concise manner.
This document defines and explains various elements of poetry, including its compact form, use of lines and stanzas, sounds like rhyme and rhythm, repetition, imagery, and figurative language like similes, metaphors, and personification. It notes that poetry packs ideas, feelings, and sounds into carefully chosen words, and that the look, sound, and language all work together to create an overall effect.
All About Poetry (Elements and Types of Poetry)Louise Gwyneth
This document provides an overview of poetry, defining it, outlining its key elements and forms, and describing different types of poetry. It defines poetry as literary work that uses distinctive style and rhythm to intensely express feelings and ideas. Some key elements discussed include stanzas, rhyme schemes, rhythm, imagery, figures of speech, tone and theme. The main types covered are lyrical, narrative, dramatic and special forms like sonnets, odes and epics.
This document discusses poetic meter and feet. It defines syllables, scansion, and the five main poetic feet: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, and spondaic. Examples are provided for each foot. The iamb is described as the most common foot in English poetry. Combinations of feet and lines make different meters, such as iambic pentameter. Understanding poetic feet and meters can help analyze and create poetry.
This document provides definitions and explanations of various poetry terms and techniques, including types of poetry like narrative, lyric, and dramatic poetry. It also defines poetic forms like ballads, sonnets, odes, and epics. Additionally, it covers poetic devices such as rhyme, meter, figures of speech, and rhetorical techniques. The document uses examples to illustrate different poetic concepts in an educational style.
This document discusses various concepts related to versification and poetic structure, including rhythm, meter, poetic feet, rhyme schemes, and stanza forms. It defines key terms like iambic, trochaic, and dactylic feet. It also covers rhyming patterns like perfect rhyme, half rhyme, masculine and feminine rhymes. Literary devices like alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia are explained. The document provides a comprehensive overview of poetic form and prosody.
There are several traditional forms of poetry that have existed for centuries, each with their own purpose and set of rules. Some of the forms examined are the ballad, which tells a story in quatrains; blank verse, which is unrhymed with a meter of 10 syllables per line; and the epic, which is a long poem describing a hero's adventures. Other forms include the cinquain, free verse, limerick, and lyric.
The document discusses various elements of poetry such as stanzas, rhyme schemes, imagery, symbolism and themes. It defines different types of stanzas including couplets, tercets, quatrains and explains rhyme schemes like ABAB. It also explores poetic devices like imagery, symbolism, repetition and refrains that poets use to convey meaning and emotion.
This document provides an overview of prose and poetry as literary genres. It defines prose as everyday written language that flows like conversation. Prose is divided into fiction, like short stories and novels, and non-fiction works based on facts such as essays. Poetry is defined as written verse using techniques like rhyme and meter. Poetry genres include lyric poetry, narrative poetry which tells a story, and dramatic poetry using dramatic forms. The document provides examples and definitions of different types within each genre.
This document discusses different types of lyrical poetry including lyrics, sonnets, odes, and elegies. Lyrical poetry records the poet's personal experiences and feelings. Lyrics are short poems that express spontaneous emotion inspired by something immediate, while sonnets are 14 lines written in iambic pentameter discussing one idea. Odes describe or celebrate events with irregular meter, and elegies lament death, either plainly or through the metaphor of a pastoral death. The document provides examples of different forms of lyrical poetry.
The document provides an introduction to various poetic forms and literary devices. It defines poetry and discusses its structure, including lines, stanzas, meter, rhyme, and repetition. It also explains figurative language such as similes, metaphors, and alliteration. Additionally, it covers imagery, hyperbole, idioms, personification, free verse, haiku, limericks, and ballads.
This document discusses the key differences between poetry and prose. Poetry uses techniques like rhythm, rhyme, imagery and figurative language to convey emotion and ideas concisely. Prose focuses on presenting information or concepts in a more ordinary manner through narrative or exposition. The document then examines various forms of poetry, including lyric, narrative, and dramatic poetry, and provides examples and definitions of specific poetic genres like sonnets, odes, epics, and more.
Literature can be categorized into genres based on certain stylistic criteria. The three main genres of literature are poetry, prose, and drama. Poetry uses aesthetic and rhythmic language and includes lyric, narrative, and descriptive forms. Prose is written without meter and includes fiction like realistic and fantastic stories, as well as non-fiction genres such as biography and essays. Drama is literature intended for performance and includes genres like comedy, tragedy, and musicals.
Poetry drama is a type of drama written in verse form meant to be recited or spoken aloud, and can include closet drama performed privately, dramatic monologues by a single character, or stories told through rhyming verse.
The document provides an overview of key poetic elements and literary devices used in poetry. It defines elements such as stanzas, rhyme schemes, imagery, tone, mood, diction, persona, repetition, and themes. It also explains common poetic forms like couplets, quatrains, and tercets. Examples are given for many elements, such as imagery, repetition, and rhyme schemes. The document serves as a reference for understanding the building blocks of poetry.
This document discusses poetic rhythm and meter. It defines syllables and poetic feet, including the five main patterns: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, and spondaic. It provides examples of each pattern in words and lines of poetry. The document also explains poetic meter as the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables that occur at regular intervals. It describes how poetic feet are combined into different line lengths or meters, such as iambic pentameter. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic rhythmic building blocks and patterns found in poetry.
This document provides examples and descriptions of different forms of poetry, including limericks, diamante poetry, cinquains, free verse, ballads, sonnets, and bio poems. A limerick is a five line humorous poem with a rhyming structure. Diamante poetry shows change through contrasting words at the beginning and end. Cinquains follow a specific format with line counts and some rhyming. Free verse has no set pattern and expresses ideas through rhythm. Ballads tell stories through repeated refrains and various stanza structures. Sonnets are fourteen line poems that can be Italian or Shakespearean in form. Bio poems describe a person in specific lines.
This document discusses poetic meter and feet. It explains that meter gives poetry its unique rhythm and has two main parts - the number of syllables in each line and which syllables are stressed. To determine the meter, one scans a poem by identifying patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables called metrical feet. Common feet include iambs, trochees, anapests and dactyls. The meter of a poem is described using two words, such as iambic pentameter, with the first referring to the foot and the second referring to the number of feet per line. Examples are provided to illustrate different meters.
This document discusses imagery and its use in literature. It defines imagery as the mental pictures or sensations that readers experience based on an author's use of descriptive words that appeal to the senses. There are five main types of imagery: visual (what is seen), auditory (what is heard), kinesthetic (what is felt), olfactory (what is smelled), and gustatory (what is tasted). Several examples are provided for each type. The document then analyzes a poem for the different types of imagery used, including visual, kinesthetic, and others. It encourages identifying imagery to better understand an author's intended meaning or message.
This document discusses the key differences between poetry, prose, and drama. It provides the purposes, features, and forms of each. Poetry is meant to entertain, describe, inform, and persuade. It uses techniques like rhyme and is intended to be read aloud. Prose uses paragraphs and can be fiction or nonfiction, using techniques like headings. Its purposes are to inform, entertain, persuade and describe. Drama is meant to inform, persuade and entertain through techniques like staging directions, characters, and scripts. It is written to be performed.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of lyric poetry: elegies, odes, and sonnets. Elegies express sorrow over someone who has died using couplets with a specific meter pattern, as shown in Walt Whitman's poem "O Captain! My Captain!". Odes praise people or events and are meant to be performed to music, like Mark Twain's "Ode to Stephen Dowling Bots". Sonnets have 14 lines with a rhyme scheme and often summarize a theme, such as Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18.
This document defines and describes the key elements of drama, including setting, characters, plot, theme, style, and types of drama. Setting identifies the time and place events occur. Characters are described through their physical, social, psychological, and moral aspects. Plot lays out the series of events and can be natural or episodic. Theme is the unifying idea of the play. Style refers to the mode of expression. Types of drama discussed include tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, farce, and melodrama.
This document discusses different forms and structures of poetry. It begins by explaining that poems use arrangement and literary devices to create emotion. Lines in poems may be incomplete thoughts and the arrangement defines the form. A stanza is a group of lines that follow a rhyme scheme throughout the poem. Common stanza patterns include couplets and quatrains. A couplet contains two rhyming lines that usually express a complete idea. A sonnet is 14 lines addressing an idea or problem and resolving it in the final lines. Free verse has no set rhythm or rhyme. Haiku uses three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables in the present tense. Acrostic poems use the first letter of each line to spell a word
This document provides an overview of different genres, forms, and elements of poetry. It discusses the key aspects of poetry including point of view, kinds of stanzas, poetry forms, sound effects like rhythm, meter, rhyme, and free verse. It defines different poetic devices and terminology used in poetry like couplet, quatrain, foot, iambic pentameter, end rhyme, internal rhyme, and rhyme scheme. The document serves as a reference for understanding the building blocks and technical aspects of poetic works.
This document provides definitions and explanations of various poetry terms and techniques, including types of poetry like narrative, lyric, and dramatic poetry. It also defines poetic forms like ballads, sonnets, odes, and epics. Additionally, it covers poetic devices such as rhyme, meter, figures of speech, and rhetorical techniques. The document uses examples to illustrate different poetic concepts in an educational style.
This document discusses various concepts related to versification and poetic structure, including rhythm, meter, poetic feet, rhyme schemes, and stanza forms. It defines key terms like iambic, trochaic, and dactylic feet. It also covers rhyming patterns like perfect rhyme, half rhyme, masculine and feminine rhymes. Literary devices like alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia are explained. The document provides a comprehensive overview of poetic form and prosody.
There are several traditional forms of poetry that have existed for centuries, each with their own purpose and set of rules. Some of the forms examined are the ballad, which tells a story in quatrains; blank verse, which is unrhymed with a meter of 10 syllables per line; and the epic, which is a long poem describing a hero's adventures. Other forms include the cinquain, free verse, limerick, and lyric.
The document discusses various elements of poetry such as stanzas, rhyme schemes, imagery, symbolism and themes. It defines different types of stanzas including couplets, tercets, quatrains and explains rhyme schemes like ABAB. It also explores poetic devices like imagery, symbolism, repetition and refrains that poets use to convey meaning and emotion.
This document provides an overview of prose and poetry as literary genres. It defines prose as everyday written language that flows like conversation. Prose is divided into fiction, like short stories and novels, and non-fiction works based on facts such as essays. Poetry is defined as written verse using techniques like rhyme and meter. Poetry genres include lyric poetry, narrative poetry which tells a story, and dramatic poetry using dramatic forms. The document provides examples and definitions of different types within each genre.
This document discusses different types of lyrical poetry including lyrics, sonnets, odes, and elegies. Lyrical poetry records the poet's personal experiences and feelings. Lyrics are short poems that express spontaneous emotion inspired by something immediate, while sonnets are 14 lines written in iambic pentameter discussing one idea. Odes describe or celebrate events with irregular meter, and elegies lament death, either plainly or through the metaphor of a pastoral death. The document provides examples of different forms of lyrical poetry.
The document provides an introduction to various poetic forms and literary devices. It defines poetry and discusses its structure, including lines, stanzas, meter, rhyme, and repetition. It also explains figurative language such as similes, metaphors, and alliteration. Additionally, it covers imagery, hyperbole, idioms, personification, free verse, haiku, limericks, and ballads.
This document discusses the key differences between poetry and prose. Poetry uses techniques like rhythm, rhyme, imagery and figurative language to convey emotion and ideas concisely. Prose focuses on presenting information or concepts in a more ordinary manner through narrative or exposition. The document then examines various forms of poetry, including lyric, narrative, and dramatic poetry, and provides examples and definitions of specific poetic genres like sonnets, odes, epics, and more.
Literature can be categorized into genres based on certain stylistic criteria. The three main genres of literature are poetry, prose, and drama. Poetry uses aesthetic and rhythmic language and includes lyric, narrative, and descriptive forms. Prose is written without meter and includes fiction like realistic and fantastic stories, as well as non-fiction genres such as biography and essays. Drama is literature intended for performance and includes genres like comedy, tragedy, and musicals.
Poetry drama is a type of drama written in verse form meant to be recited or spoken aloud, and can include closet drama performed privately, dramatic monologues by a single character, or stories told through rhyming verse.
The document provides an overview of key poetic elements and literary devices used in poetry. It defines elements such as stanzas, rhyme schemes, imagery, tone, mood, diction, persona, repetition, and themes. It also explains common poetic forms like couplets, quatrains, and tercets. Examples are given for many elements, such as imagery, repetition, and rhyme schemes. The document serves as a reference for understanding the building blocks of poetry.
This document discusses poetic rhythm and meter. It defines syllables and poetic feet, including the five main patterns: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, and spondaic. It provides examples of each pattern in words and lines of poetry. The document also explains poetic meter as the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables that occur at regular intervals. It describes how poetic feet are combined into different line lengths or meters, such as iambic pentameter. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic rhythmic building blocks and patterns found in poetry.
This document provides examples and descriptions of different forms of poetry, including limericks, diamante poetry, cinquains, free verse, ballads, sonnets, and bio poems. A limerick is a five line humorous poem with a rhyming structure. Diamante poetry shows change through contrasting words at the beginning and end. Cinquains follow a specific format with line counts and some rhyming. Free verse has no set pattern and expresses ideas through rhythm. Ballads tell stories through repeated refrains and various stanza structures. Sonnets are fourteen line poems that can be Italian or Shakespearean in form. Bio poems describe a person in specific lines.
This document discusses poetic meter and feet. It explains that meter gives poetry its unique rhythm and has two main parts - the number of syllables in each line and which syllables are stressed. To determine the meter, one scans a poem by identifying patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables called metrical feet. Common feet include iambs, trochees, anapests and dactyls. The meter of a poem is described using two words, such as iambic pentameter, with the first referring to the foot and the second referring to the number of feet per line. Examples are provided to illustrate different meters.
This document discusses imagery and its use in literature. It defines imagery as the mental pictures or sensations that readers experience based on an author's use of descriptive words that appeal to the senses. There are five main types of imagery: visual (what is seen), auditory (what is heard), kinesthetic (what is felt), olfactory (what is smelled), and gustatory (what is tasted). Several examples are provided for each type. The document then analyzes a poem for the different types of imagery used, including visual, kinesthetic, and others. It encourages identifying imagery to better understand an author's intended meaning or message.
This document discusses the key differences between poetry, prose, and drama. It provides the purposes, features, and forms of each. Poetry is meant to entertain, describe, inform, and persuade. It uses techniques like rhyme and is intended to be read aloud. Prose uses paragraphs and can be fiction or nonfiction, using techniques like headings. Its purposes are to inform, entertain, persuade and describe. Drama is meant to inform, persuade and entertain through techniques like staging directions, characters, and scripts. It is written to be performed.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of lyric poetry: elegies, odes, and sonnets. Elegies express sorrow over someone who has died using couplets with a specific meter pattern, as shown in Walt Whitman's poem "O Captain! My Captain!". Odes praise people or events and are meant to be performed to music, like Mark Twain's "Ode to Stephen Dowling Bots". Sonnets have 14 lines with a rhyme scheme and often summarize a theme, such as Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18.
This document defines and describes the key elements of drama, including setting, characters, plot, theme, style, and types of drama. Setting identifies the time and place events occur. Characters are described through their physical, social, psychological, and moral aspects. Plot lays out the series of events and can be natural or episodic. Theme is the unifying idea of the play. Style refers to the mode of expression. Types of drama discussed include tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, farce, and melodrama.
This document discusses different forms and structures of poetry. It begins by explaining that poems use arrangement and literary devices to create emotion. Lines in poems may be incomplete thoughts and the arrangement defines the form. A stanza is a group of lines that follow a rhyme scheme throughout the poem. Common stanza patterns include couplets and quatrains. A couplet contains two rhyming lines that usually express a complete idea. A sonnet is 14 lines addressing an idea or problem and resolving it in the final lines. Free verse has no set rhythm or rhyme. Haiku uses three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables in the present tense. Acrostic poems use the first letter of each line to spell a word
This document provides an overview of different genres, forms, and elements of poetry. It discusses the key aspects of poetry including point of view, kinds of stanzas, poetry forms, sound effects like rhythm, meter, rhyme, and free verse. It defines different poetic devices and terminology used in poetry like couplet, quatrain, foot, iambic pentameter, end rhyme, internal rhyme, and rhyme scheme. The document serves as a reference for understanding the building blocks and technical aspects of poetic works.
This document discusses the key elements of poetry, including form, line, stanza, rhyme, and meter. It provides examples of different forms of poetry like haiku, couplet, tanka, cinquain, and limerick. Each form has its own rules regarding line length, number of lines, and rhyme scheme. The document aims to describe the basic structural components and styles that define different types of poems.
Poetry, often honored as the language of the soul, is a unique form of expression that eclipses traditional prose. Meter serves as one of the key contributors to confer the beauty and cadence to poetry. Meter, in the realm of poetry, is akin to the heartbeat that gives life to the verses. It is the systematic disposition of stressed and unstressed syllables that paints a picture with the sounds which shapes the poem's emotional impact and intellectual resonance. Meter functions as an apparatus for poetic expression, allowing poets to choreograph language with precision and artistry.
Study of meter along with rhyme, accents, syllables, rhythm etc. is called Prosody. Number of beats in a line tells how lengthy a verse is like tetrameter, pentameter etc. and arrangement of beats in a line tells which meter is applied like iambic meter, trochee meter etc. In some poems meter is not used, in some rhyme is not used and (Blank verse), in some poems, both are not used (Free verse).
Poetry, often honored as the language of the soul, is a unique form of expression that eclipses traditional prose. Meter serves as one of the key contributors to confer the beauty and cadence to poetry. Meter, in the realm of poetry, is akin to the heartbeat that gives life to the verses. It is the systematic disposition of stressed and unstressed syllables that paints a picture with the sounds which shapes the poem's emotional impact and intellectual resonance. Meter functions as an apparatus for poetic expression, allowing poets to choreograph language with precision and artistry.
Poetry is the art of expressing thoughts in rhythmic and descriptive language. It can be analyzed by examining elements such as rhythm, rhyme, imagery, and form. Common poetic forms include sonnets, haiku, tanka, and concrete poetry which uses the poem's physical layout to convey meaning. Poets employ devices like simile, metaphor, and alliteration to craft vivid descriptions and invoke emotion in readers.
You may have gotten away with not annotating any words twice in the .docxdavezstarr61655
You may have gotten away with not annotating any words twice in the short fiction annotations, but you will definitely have to double annotate for the poetry annotation. For instance, a word could be a part of a metaphor, but it also could have heavy connotative meaning as well. Therefore, you would want to highlight and annotate it once for the metaphor and another time for the connotation. Then, you could possibly annotate it again for denotative meaning and/or for being an image or an example of jargon, etc. As I said before, words are chosen very carefully in poetry, and every word is packed with much more meaning than in short fiction, resulting in much more possibility for element use by the author for each word. Even pronouns can have heavy meaning.
We, unfortunately, do not have time to move into a study of sound, but that is a very important part of poetry, and you can still use it if you want to.
Alliteration
is a sound element that you have probably heard of. It is when the beginning of words share similar sounds. For instance, "car," "queen," and "cream." These words also share other sounds, like the "r" sound in "car" and "cream." That is called
consonance
, which is when words share consonant sounds. "Queen" and "cream" both share a vowel sound, which is referred to as
assonance
. Those are three easy ways to assess sound beyond the primary way of connecting words by the way they sound,
rhyming
, which occurs when a word shares two or more of these similar sounds. Sound is a very important part of poetry.
However, some poets choose to use
blank verse
or
free verse
. The difference between those is that the former has no rhyme but keeps the use of
meter
, which is regularity in the use of syllables. For instance, using five sets of two syllables in every line is called
iambic pentameter
. The groups of syllables are called i
ambs
. Poetry used to always have meter and rhyme. It began to lose rhyme and keep meter, which was blank verse, which primarily used iambic pentameter. This is what Shakespeare used in his plays. Then, as poets began to experiment heavily with form, they lost both. Poets like Walt Whitman pioneered this type of poetry, and many people argued at first that this was not true poetry. Nowadays no one would make that argument. We are used to thinking of poetry without rhyme and meter.
There are many different poetic forms that use specific types of rhyme and meter, and many poets start with and move into innovating with those forms. For instance, a
sonnet
is when a poet uses 14 lines, usually iambic pentameter, and has a volta, or a change. Depending on which type of sonnet, the volta and the rhyme scheme changes and sometimes the meter. For instance, the Shakespearean sonnet, called such because of it being used by William Shakespeare, is written in iambic pentameter, which is ten syllables in each line or five groups of iambs (two syllable groups), and has a rhyme pattern of abab–cdcd–efef–gg (.
Rhyme of a poem means similar stressed vowel sounds occur mostly in the last words and sometimes in the middle words of the verses of a stanza or poem. Common vowel sounds are also called "Assonance" and common consonant sounds are called "Consonance". For example 'money' and 'honey' have rhyming sounds with each other. Both words have similar stressed vowel sound 'ey' which makes them rhyming words. When this type of words occur in the middle or end of both the lines of a verse, it is called rhyming verse. Rhyme has been an important feature of English poetry since Chaucer's Age. Rhyme along with meter is used to create music and rhythm in poetry and gives different poetical forms to the poem. However there are some poetical forms like blank verse and free verse where rhyme is not used.
Rhyming sounds in every line of a stanza are collectively called rhyme scheme of a poem. Rhyme scheme lends smoothness, appeal, musicality ,ear-fascinating rhythm and an effect of unity to poem. Most part of English poetry keeps rhyme as an essential element but some portion of English poetry especially modern poetry does not give considerable importance to rhyme scheme.
Rhyme scheme is a typical pattern of rhymes of a stanza in a poem. Normally poets use rhyme scheme to add a musical sound effect to their poems. To find out rhyme scheme of a poem we have to identify rhymes occurring at the end of every line of stanza and label every new ending rhyme with a different letters. If the same rhyme occurs again in the same stanza then again same above given letter will be assigned to the identical rhyme. In the end arrange all the letters assigned at the end of every line in an order and there will be rhyme scheme for a stanza. Rhyme scheme of first stanza of a poem remains same for the whole poem.
So in the above image there is a poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" by William Wordsworth. The rhyme scheme of first stanza is ABABCC where first line ends with the rhyme cloud which is given letter A and second line ends with the rhyme hills which is given letter B. Third line ends with the similar rhyme crowd as of first line cloud so it is again given letter A. Same is the case with fourth line which ends with the similar rhyme daffodils as of second line hills, so it is agian given letter B. Fifth and sixth line end with trees and breeze respectively so they are given C letter. As a whole it becomes ABABCC and same rhythm scheme follows in every stanza throughout the poem.
This document provides an overview of various elements of poetry, including form, point of view, stanzas, meter, rhyme, figurative language, and types of poems. It defines poetry as using lines and stanzas to express ideas or tell stories. It describes different stanza forms, sound effects like rhythm and meter, and poetic devices such as simile, metaphor, personification, and allusion. Various genres are also summarized, like lyric poems, haiku, cinquain, sonnets, and narrative poems.
This slideshow was prepared for my students at PVS College of Arts & Science. This is to be used by the teacher community the world over to teach elements of poetry to UG students of Indian Universities. This is prepared as per the syllabus of UG programme in English of University of Calicut. Your opinion on Elements of Poetry and this slideshow can be incorporated here.
This document provides an overview of key poetic elements and devices, including:
- Poetry uses specific forms like stanzas and lines to express ideas and tell stories.
- Elements like meter, rhyme, imagery, and figurative language are used to create rhythm, sound effects, and meaning.
- Common forms include sonnets, haiku, narrative poems, and concrete poems which arrange words in visual patterns.
- Devices like simile, metaphor, personification, and symbolism allow poets to make comparisons and represent abstract ideas.
This document provides an overview of key poetic elements and devices, including:
- Poetry uses specific forms like stanzas and lines to express ideas and tell stories.
- Elements like meter, rhyme, imagery, and figurative language are used to create rhythm, sound effects, and meaning.
- Different forms of poetry include sonnets, haiku, narrative poems, and concrete poems which use visual arrangements.
- Devices like simile, metaphor, personification, and symbolism allow poets to make comparisons and represent abstract ideas.
The document provides guidance on analyzing poetry by examining its key elements. It discusses considering themes, language, sound/rhythm, and structure. It then outlines a 10 step process for analyzing a poem which includes reading it multiple times, mapping rhyme schemes, scanning meter, studying language/content, and paraphrasing each line. Examples are also provided of Italian and English sonnets, the most common poetic forms during the Renaissance, along with their defining characteristics.
This document provides an overview of poetry, including its structure, forms, and literary devices. It discusses the basic elements of poetry such as line, stanza, meter, rhyme, and free verse. It also explains common poetic forms like sonnets and haiku. Additionally, the document outlines figurative language techniques employed in poetry including simile, metaphor, personification, and irony.
The document provides information about different forms and terms related to poetry. It defines types of poems like ballads, lyrics, haikus, sonnets, and free verse. It also explains common literary devices and terminology used in poetry like stanzas, meter, rhyme, imagery, figurative language, and provides guidance on how to analyze and read a poem.
The document provides information about different forms and terms related to poetry. It defines types of poems like ballads, sonnets, and haikus. It also explains common literary devices and terminology used in poetry like stanzas, meter, rhyme schemes, imagery, figurative language, and guidelines for analyzing a poem.
The document provides information about different forms and terms related to poetry. It defines types of poems like ballads, sonnets, and haikus. It also explains common literary devices and terminology used in poetry like meter, rhyme, figurative language, and guidelines for analyzing a poem.
The document provides an overview of various elements of poetry including form, structure, devices, and types. It defines poetry as a type of literature that expresses ideas through specific forms using lines and stanzas. It discusses poetic elements such as point of view, form, stanzas, meter, rhyme, figures of speech, and common types of poems including lyric, haiku, cinquain, and narrative poems.
Poetry is a form of literature that uses specific techniques like figurative language, rhythm, and form to express ideas, feelings, or tell a story. There are many types of poems defined by their form, such as sonnets, haikus, and cinquains. Poems use literary devices like rhyme, meter, and symbolism to create vivid imagery and engage the reader. Successful poems employ techniques like metaphor, personification, and allusion to concisely convey meaning in a precise manner distinct from prose.
The document discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic elements of poetry.
The intrinsic elements include theme, figurative language, imagery, rhyme, rhythm, meter, and message. Figurative language includes similes, metaphors, and personification. Rhyme can be perfect, slant, eye, masculine, and feminine. Rhythm and meter refer to patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.
The extrinsic elements are factors outside the poem, such as the author's biography, values of the time period, and social context in which the poem was written.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
2. “Poetry is thoughts that breath and words that
burn”
- Thomas Gray
“The spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings“
- Wordsworth
"If I read a book and it makes my body so cold
no fire ever can warm me, I know that is
poetry“
- Emily Dickinson
4. FORM
Each poet uses the "form" which will
most effectively EXPRESS what he wants
to convey to other human beings.
Traditional poetry used to follow very
strict forms.
This kind of poetry is called FREE
VERSE. It is most often used in modern
times and presents a multitude of
possibilities.
The poet uses free form to make the
poem fit the contents and to express the
mood or feeling of his work.
5. LINES
These are the vehicle of the authors thoughts
and ideas. These are the building blocks with
which to create a poem.
The WORDS of each line proceed as usual from
left to right, but they curiously end where the
poet wants them to stop. Therefore, you may
have some lines that are of equal length and
others which are not.
Besides the length and margining of the first
word in each line, the PUNCTUATION at the
end of each is also a major tool for the poet. At
times he will want us to make a full stop, other
times a gentle or slight pause, and even others
perhaps a sudden break, and so on. Ultimately,
then, poetry creates sensations, moods, and
images in the reader's mind.
6. STANZAS
The lines in a poem are most often divided into
sections looking as some sort of paragraphing.
These we call STANZAS. A stanza, therefore, is
the grouping of the lines, sort of like a
paragraph.
One way to identify a stanza is to count the number
of lines. Thus:
couplet (2 lines)
tercet (3 lines)
quatrain (4 lines)
cinquain (5 lines)
sestet (6 lines) (sometimes it's called a sexain)
septet (7 lines)
octave (8 lines)
7. RHYME
Rhyme is the SONIC imitation usually of end syllables of
words.
Two kinds of Rhyme:
1. END RHYME
In which the words at the end of a given line rhyme.
2. INTERNAL RHYME
This kind of rhyming is different from end rhyme in
that the rhyming takes place somewhere within the line and
not at the end. But most of us find it more natural to use
rhyming at the end and not in the middle of our poem's
lines. Still, the most widely read and enjoyed poetry artfully
combines these and other patterns and techniques for the
creation of the poems.
Ex: (Internal Rhyme)
It won't be LONG before my SONG ends the day,
And the FLOWERS near the TOWERS reach the sky.
8. Colonel John McCrae wrote a famous poem called 'In Flanders
Fields,' which uses end rhyme to create a rhythmic flow as he
expresses his grief over the fallen soldiers who died on Flanders'
battlefield during World War I. Here's the first stanza of the poem:
'In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly.
Scarce heard amid the guns below.‘
In lines one and two, the words 'blow' and 'row' rhyme, as do the
words 'sky' and 'fly' in lines three and four. In line five, the word
'below' rhymes with the first two lines. In order to use end rhyme,
one does not need to make every line rhyme. Only two lines need to
rhyme in order to create end rhyme, but McCrae chose to use end
rhyme multiple times to enhance the musicality of the poem.
10. AABB
Many poems that follow the AABB pattern are broken into
quatrains, which are four line stanzas, where the first and second
lines rhyme and the third and fourth lines rhyme.
He'll Never Know
I want to run, I want to hide
From all the pain he caused inside.
I want to scream, I want to cry.
Why can't I tell him goodbye?
I want to move on, I just can't let go.
I love him more than he will ever know.
I want to start over, I want to feel free!
But this pain will never leave me be.
He hurt me bad, the pain is deep.
From all the promises he couldn't keep.
All the lies, I heard him say.
Are in my head and just won't fade.
How can I forget him, leave the him behind.
Erase the memories from my mind.
He doesn't love me, and he never will.
He will never care how I feel.
- Jenifer
12. ABAB
In an ABAB format, the rhyming alternates lines. The first and third rhyme
with each other, and the second and fourth rhyme.
Healing Love
Oh Great God, You alone can ease
The pounding of my troubled heart
Only with You I am at peace
For You make all my fears depart
Comfort me with Your blazing love
And pacify my worried soul
Your grace of love from up above
Is healing love that makes me whole
Cast away all my doubts and fears
And lift my downcast spirit, Lord
Please let my heart be brought to cheer
By Your comforting love and Word
My body and mind may be frail
But your healing love keeps me strong
Your love will never ever fail
So to me, nothing will go wrong
- Jocelyn S. Ongdico
13. And it is rhyme which is one of the contributors to
the pattern created in reading or writing a poem:
SQUEEZE ... TEASE;
RUN ... FUN;
DEMONSTRATE ... WHAT SHE ATE.
Another contributor to pattern is the number of
syllables, as can be seen in the third set of the
examples given right above. DE-MONS-TRATE as
imitated by WHAT-SHE-ATE. Still another element
which contributes to pattern is the accommodation
and distribution of the lines. The reader is thus led
or even forced into following a given pattern, and
BEAT.
But the ultimate creator of pattern is the
combination of the STRESSED SYLLABLES IN ANY
PARTICULAR LINE of a poem.
14. RHYTHM
This brings us to the topic of
RHYTHM, perhaps the pivot
point of all the elements,
because it is rhythm which
creates the pleasant gliding
effect when we read a poem. It
helps us as readers to travel
along the lines of the poem with
a certain enjoyable tempo
created by the components of
rhythm.
15. Counting-Out Rhyme
Silver bark of beech , and sallow
Bark of yellow birch and yellow
Twig of willow.
Stripe of green in moosewood maple,
Colour seen in leaf of apples,
Bark of popple.
Wood of popple pale as moonbeam,
Wood of oak for yoke and bran-beam,
Wood of hornbeam.
Silver bark of beech, and hollow
Stem of elder, tall and yellow
Twig of willow.
-Edna St. Vincent Millay
16. Meter
The systematic regularity in rhythm;
this systematic rhythm (or sound pattern) is usually
identified by examining the type of "foot" and
the number of feet.
1. Poetic Foot: The traditional line of metered poetry
contains a number of rhythmical units, which are
called feet. The feet in a line are distinguished as a
recurring pattern of two or three syllables("apple"
has 2 syllables, "banana" has 3 syllables, etc.). The
pattern, or foot, is designated according to
the number of syllables contained, and
the relationship in each foot between the strong and
weak syllables.Thus:
__ = a stressed (or strong, or LOUD) syllable
U = an unstressed (or weak, or quiet) syllable
17. In other words, any line of poetry with a systematic
rhythm has a certain number of feet, and each
foot has two or three syllables with a constant beat
pattern .
a. Iamb (Iambic) - weak syllable followed by strong
syllable. [Note that the pattern is sometimes fairly hard
to maintain, as in the third foot.]
b. Trochee (Trochaic): strong syllable followed by a
weak syllable.
c. Anapest (Anapestic): two weak syllables followed
by a strong syllable.
e.g.
In her room at the prow of the house
Where light breaks, and the windows are tossed...
From "The Writer", by Richard Wilbur
18. d. Dactyl (Dactylic): a strong syllable followed
by two weak syllables.
Here's another (silly) example of dactylic rhythm.
DDDA was an / archer, who / shot at a / frog
DDDB was a / butcher, and / had a great / dog
DDDC was a / captain, all / covered with / lace
DDDD was a / drunkard, and / had a red / face.
e. Spondee (Spondaic): two strong syllables
(not common as lines, but appears as a foot). A
spondee usually appears at the end of a line.
19. 2. The Number of Feet: The second part of meter is the number of
feet contained in a line.
Thus:
one foot=monometer
two feet=dimeter
three feet=trimeter
four feet=tetrameter
five feet=pentameter
six feet=hexameter (when hexameter is in iambic rhythm, it is called
an alexandrine)
Poems with an identifiable meter are therefore identified by the type
of feet (e.g. iambic) and the number of feet in a line (e.g.
pentameter). The following line is iambic pentameter because it (1)
has five feet [pentameter], and (2) each foot has two syllables with
the stress on the second syllable [iambic].
That time | of year | thou mayst | in me | behold
Thus, you will hear meter identified as iambic pentameter, trochaic
tetrameter, and so on.
20. 3. Irregularity: Many metered poems in English avoid
perfectly regular rhythm because it is monotonous.
Irregularities in rhythm add interest and emphasis to the
lines. In this line:
The first foot substitutes a trochee for an iamb. Thus, the
basic iambic pentameter is varied with the opening
trochee.
4. Blank Verse: Any poetry that does have a set metrical
pattern (usually iambic pentameter),
butdoes not have rhyme, is blank verse. Shakespeare
frequently used unrhymed iambic pentameter in his plays;
his works are an early example of blank verse.
21. 5. Free Verse: Most modern poetry no longer follows
strict rules of meter or rhyme, especially throughout
an entire poem. Free verse, frankly, has no rules about
meter or rhyme whatsoever! [In other words, blank
verse has rhythm, but no rhyme, while free verse
has neither rhythm norrhyme.] So, you may find it
difficult to find regular iambic pentameter in a
modern poem, though you might find it in particular
lines. Modern poets do like to throw in the occasional
line or phrase of metered poetry, particularly if they’re
trying to create a certain effect. Free verse can also
apply to a lack of a formal verse structure.
22. EUPHONY
EUPHONY is simply the combination of
agreeable and melodious sounds which
make a poem pleasant to listen to. It is the
nice- sounding tone of a poem when read.
This is the reason why a poem is never as
effective as when read aloud -- simply
because poetry in general deals a lot with
the euphonic sounds contained within it.
EUPHONY is perhaps one ultimate aim of
poetry. The esthete -- the beautiful. It is
poetry which allows mankind to express
such beauty from within. Poetry itself is
beauty created.
24. ALLITERATION
The purposeful repetition of a consonant sound in two or
more consecutive words, usually at the beginning of
such words.
Poem: "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe
Example:
Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak
and weary (1); rare and radiant maiden (11); And thesilken sad
uncertain rustling of each purple curtain (notice the deft use
of consonance as well) (13); Deep into thatdarkness peering,
long I stood there wondering, fearing,
/ Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream
before (19-20).
25. Analysis:
One purpose of alliteration is to draw attention to
specific words. When combined with other sound
devices--rhyme, assonance, consonance, rhythm,
meter, for example--the effect multiplies. In line 1, Poe
repeats the w sound, with the last example
being weary. Weary also happens to end a couplet,
drawing added emphasis to it. The critical reader and
thinker, therefore must ask himself, why? The narrator
could be weary with life, the reason for which is given
throughout the poem; Poe may emphasize the
narrator's weariness as a clue that perhaps he's fallen
asleep and the entire episode is a dream or an
hallucination.
26. REPETITION
a) Repetition of WORDS/ IDEAS/ or, IMAGES;
b) ANAPHORA:
The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning
of successive lines or stanzas.
Tomorrow when the sun comes out,
Tomorrow when the birds sing out,
Tomorrow it will come to be,
Tomorrow, when you'll come to me.
c) ANADIPLOSIS:
The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of
one line and at the beginning of the next; or, at the end
of the last line in a stanza or verse, and at the beginning
of the next stanza.
She will never come to this my land,
To this my land where I belong.
27. ONOMATOPOEIA
The use of words which imitate the
sounds they stand for.
BEACH ORCHESTRA
The waves are racing
Towards the shore
Booming crashing…more more more!
The sand is crunching beaneth my feet
Boom crash crunch crunch
I march to the beat
Sandcastles toppling
Umbrellas whisking by
Storm clouds brewing
Land meets sky
Booming waves
Biting winds
Full grey clouds
Let the storm begin.
-
28. INVERSION
a) ANASTROPHE:
To the sea she went,
Without smiling they parted,
b) HYSTERON-PROTERON (the last first):
Then came the thunder.
Out she went.
Fear she felt.
30. Simile Metaphor
-is the rhetorical term used to
designate the most
elementary form of
resemblances: most similes
are introduced by "like" or
"as." These comparisons are
usually between dissimilar
situations or objects that have
something in common, such
as
"My love is like a red,
red rose.“
- leaves out "like" or "as" and
implies a direct comparison
between objects or situations.
"All flesh is grass."
31. Storm At Sea
CRASHING waves... SMASHING seas...
Bringing sailors to their knees.
As they struggle to save their lives,
Hoping and praying help arrives.
The stormy seas as dark as coal,
Preventing the sailors from reaching their goal.
Battered and bruised, but still they fight...
Staring ahead into the dead of night.
Rocking and rolling as they try to stand...
Hoping against hope that they soon reach land.
Bleary eyed from lack of sleep.
Down in their cabins, huddled like sheep.
As they're rocking and rolling down beneath,
Weary sailors above resist with gritted teeth.
Hours later, as the storm starts to dissipate,
It leaves a calm tranquil sea in it wake.
The veteran sailors know the battle is over and they have won...
As they contemplate other storms yet to come...
By Amar Qamar
Source: http://www.familyfriendpoems.com/poem/storm-at-sea
32.
33. Synecdoche
-is a form of metaphor, which in mentioning an important
(and attached) part signifies the whole (e.g. "hands" for
labor).
-Examples:
Boots on the ground—refers to soldiers
New wheels—refers to a new car
Ask for her hand—refers to asking a woman to marry
Suits—can refer to businesspeople
Plastic—can refer to credit cards
The White House—can refer to statements made by
individuals within the United States government
34. Metonymy
-is similar to synecdoche; it's a form of metaphor allowing
an object closely associated (but unattached) with a object
or situation to stand for the thing itself (e.g. the crown or
throne for a king or the bench for the judicial system).
-Example:
The given lines are from Shakespeare’s “Julies Caesar” Act I.
“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.”
Mark Anthony uses “ears” to say that he wants the people
present there to listen to him attentively. It is a metonymy
because the word “ears” replaces the concept of
attention.
35. Symbol
-is like a simile or metaphor with the
first term left out. "My love is like a red,
red rose" is a simile. If, through
persistent identification of the rose with
the beloved woman, we may come to
associate the rose with her and her
particular virtues. At this point, the rose
would become a symbol.
36. My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold
My heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky
Spring and daisies means youth in Sara Teasdale’s “Wild Asters”:
In the spring, I asked the daisies
If his words were true,
And the clever, clear-eyed daisies
Always knew.
Brown and barren means growing old in Sara Teasdale’s “Wild Asters”:
Now the fields are brown and barren,
Bitter autumn blows,
Bitter autumn means death in Sara Teasdale’s “Wild Asters”:
Now the fields are brown and barren,
Bitter autumn blows,
And of all the stupid asters
Not one knows.
- William Wordsworth’s
37. Allegory
- can be defined as a one to one
correspondence between a series of abstract
ideas and a series of images or pictures
presented in the form of a story or a
narrative. For example, George
Orwell's Animal Farm is an extended allegory
that represents the Russian Revolution
through a fable of a farm and its rebellious
animals.
38. 1. “Animal Farm”, written by George Orwell, is an allegory that
uses animals on a farm to describe the overthrow of the last
of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and the Communist
Revolution of Russia before WW I. The actions of the
animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and
corruption of the revolution. It also describes how powerful
people can change the ideology of a society. One of the
cardinal rules on the farm for the animals is:
“All animals are equal but a few are more equal than others.”
The animals on the farm represent different sections of Russian
society after the revolution.
For instance, the pigs represent those who came to power
following the revolution; “Mr. Jones” the owner of the farm
represents the overthrown Tsar Nicholas II; while “Boxer” the
horse, represents the laborer class etc. The use of allegory in
the novel allows Orwell to make his position clear about the
Russian Revolution and expose its evils.
39. Personification
-occurs when you treat abstractions or inanimate objects as
human, that is, giving them human attributes, powers, or
feelings (e.g., "nature wept" or "the wind whispered many
truths to me").
Look at the human characteristics used by Howard Nemerov
in his poem “The Vacuum.” Also notice how personification
reveals the speaker’s attitude toward housekeeping.
40. The Vacuum
The house is quiet now
The vacuum cleaner sulks in the corner closet,
Its bag limp as a stopped lung, its mouth
Grinning into the floor, maybe at my
Slovenly life, my dog-dead youth.
I’ve lived this way long enough,
But when my old woman died her soul
Went into that vacuum cleaner, and I can’t bear
To see the bag swell like a belly, eating the dust
And the woolen mice, and begin to howl
Because there is old filth everywhere
She used to crawl, in corner and under the stair.
I know now how life is cheap as dirt,
And still the hungry, angry heart
Hangs on and howls, biting at air.
41. Irony
takes many forms. Most basically, irony is a figure of speech
in which actual intent is expressed through words that carry
the opposite meaning.
Paradox: usually a literal contradiction of terms or
situations
Situational Irony: an unmailed letter
Dramatic Irony: audience has more information or
greater perspective than the characters
Verbal Irony: saying one thing but meaning another
Overstatement (hyperbole)
Understatement (meiosis)
Sarcasm
Irony may be a positive or negative force. It is most valuable
as a mode of perception that assists the poet to see around
and behind opposed attitudes, and to see the often
conflicting interpretations that come from our examination
of life.
42. We come across the following lines
in Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet”, Act I,
Scene V.
“Go ask his name: if he be married.
My grave is like to be my wedding bed.”
Juliet commands her nurse to find out who
Romeo was and says if he were married,
then her wedding bed would be her grave. It
is a verbal irony because the audience knows
that she is going to die on her wedding bed.
43. IMAGERY
The use of language, sensory language, language which stimulates the reader's
imagination. The use of the sensory language which serves to transmit or invoke
the same or similar images in the reader's mind.
Those Winter Sundays
Sundays too my father got up early
and put his clothes on in the blueblack cold,
then with cracked hands that ached
from labor in the weekday weather made
banked fires blaze. No one ever thanked him.
I’d wake and hear the cold splintering, breaking.
When the rooms were warm, he’d call,
and slowly I would rise and dress,
fearing the chronic angers of that house,
Speaking indifferently to him,
who had driven out the cold
and polished my good shoes as well.
What did I know, what did I know
of love’s austere and lonely offices?
Robert Hayden
44. VARIETY
The use of variety in length of lines, rhythm, rhyme,
distribution of lines and words, and anything else
which adds to the EFFECTIVENESS of the poem.
Variety may be used to create humor, depression, or
many other moods or sensations. The effective poet
learns to use variety whenever and wherever it serves
his purposes of expression and externalization of
internal experiences.
45. Assonance
Takes place when two or more words close to one
another repeat the same vowel sound but start with
different consonant sounds.
“Men sell the wedding bells.”
The same vowel sound of the short vowel “-e-” repeats
itself in almost all the words excluding the definite
article. The words do share the same vowel sounds but
start with different consonant sounds
unlike alliteration that involves repetition of the same
consonant sounds.
47. NARRATIVE
There are many kinds or types of poems. Some
describe what poets see; some what they remember;
and others what they perceive through other senses.
But other poems are intended to tell a story. These are
called NARRATIVE POEMS. Just like the regular
stories which you read in your literature courses, a
narrative poem also has the same basic elements. It
has a setting, one or more characters in it, usually a
conflict, a plot which builds up to a climax, and even a
conclusion, oftentimes. The story which the narrative
poem tells can also be about almost anything.
48. On Being Human
Angelic minds, they say, by
simple intelligence Behold
the Forms of nature.
They discern Unerringly
the Archtypes, all the
verities Which mortals lack
or indirectly learn.
Transparent in primordial
truth, unvarying, Pure
Earthness and right
Stonehood from their clear,
High eminence are seen;
unveiled, the seminal Huge
Principles appear.
The Tree-ness of the tree
they know-the meaning of
Arboreal life, how from
earth's salty lap The solar
beam uplifts it; all the
holiness Enacted by leaves'
fall and rising sap;
But never an angel knows
the knife-edged severance
Of sun from shadow where
the trees begin, The
blessed cool at every pore
caressing us -An angel has
no skin.
They see the Form of Air;
but mortals breathing it
Drink the whole summer
down into the breast.
The lavish pinks, the field
new-mown, the ravishing
Sea-smells, the wood-fire
smoke that whispers Rest.
The tremor on the rippled
pool of memory That from
each smell in widening
circles goes, The pleasure
and the pang --can angels
measure it? An angel has
no nose.
The nourishing of life, and
how it flourishes On death,
and why, they utterly know;
but not The hill-born,
earthy spring, the dark cold
bilberries.
The ripe peach from the
southern wall still hot Full-
bellied tankards foamy-
topped, the delicate Half-
lyric lamb, a new loaf's
billowy curves, Nor
porridge, nor the tingling
taste of oranges.
—An angel has no nerves.
Far richer they! I know the
senses' witchery Guards us
like air, from heavens too
big to see; Imminent death
to man that barb'd
sublimity And dazzling
edge of beauty unsheathed
would be.
Yet here, within this tiny,
charmed interior, This
parlour of the brain, their
Maker shares With living
men some secrets in a
privacy Forever ours, not
theirs.
49. LYRIC/DESCRIPTIVE
LYRIC poetry, also called DESCRIPTIVE poetry, is a
very personal kind of poetry. It is usually brief,
melodic, and very expressive. It is descriptive in
essence, and conveys IMPRESSIONS, FEELINGS,
EMOTIONS, SENSATIONS, and very personal and
INTIMATE VIEWS concerning an experience. Lyric or
Descriptive poetry may touch such themes as: nature,
beauty, love and friendship, the joy of life, death,
patriotism, and the like.
50. Dying
(aka I heard a fly buzz when I died )
I heard a fly buzz when I died;
The stillness round my form
Was like the stillness in the air
Between the heaves of storm.
by
Emily Dickinson
51. HUMOROUS
It is probable that you, as student of literature, have
never really stopped to think how versatile poetry is.
But it is because poetry is so FLEXIBLE, so PLASTIC,
that there are so many varieties of poetry in the world
or nation. The plasticity of poetry makes it possible
therefore for author's to bend and shape this kind of
written expression to suit their needs or purposes.
It is no wonder then that some poets should choose
HUMOR as their main purpose in writing a poem.
52. A BUBBLE
MRS. Mehitable Marcia
MooreWas a dame of
superior mind,With a
gown which, modestly
fitting before,Was
greatly puffed up
behind.
The bustle she wore was
ingeniously
plannedWith an
inspiration bright:It
magnified seven
diameters andWas
remarkably nice and
light.
It was made of rubber and
edged with laceAnd
riveted all with
brass,And the whole
immense interior
spaceInflated with
hydrogen gas.
The ladies all said when
she hove in viewLike the
round and rising
moon:"She's a stuck up
thing!" which was partly
true,And men called her
the Captive Balloon.
To Manhattan Beach for a
bath one dayShe went
and she said: "O dear!If I
leave of this what will
people say?I shall look
so uncommonly queer!
" So a costume she had
accordingly madeTo take
it all nicely in,And when
she appeared in that suit
arrayed,She was greeted
with many a grin.
Proudly and happily
looking around,She
waded out into the
wet;But the water was
very, very profound,And
her feet and her
forehead met!
As her bubble drifted away
from the shore,On the
glassy billows borne,All
cried: "Why, where is
Mehitable Moore?I saw
her go in, I'll be sworn!
" Then the bulb it swelled
as the sun grew hot,Till
it burst with a sullen
roar,And the sea like oil
closed over the spot--
Farewell, O Mehitable
Moore!
- by: Ambrose Bierce
(1842-1914)
54. LIMERICK
A LIMERICK is a special type of
poem intended to be humorous. It
consists of five lines only. It is
usually a nonsense verse which
often concerns something
ridiculous. But even so, it follows a
regular and distinctive pattern.
55.
56. HAIKU
This is a traditional form of poetry which
originated in Japan. In form, it is apparently a
very simplistic sort of poetry, but the truth is that
it is an art trying to create Haiku poetry with the
beauty and effectiveness it requires.
Haiku poetry consists of only THREE lines in all.
The first line of the Haiku poem must have FIVE
syllables; the second line must have SEVEN
syllables; and finally, the third must consist of
another FIVE, just like the first. (5/7/5). Thus, the
Haiku poet is obliged to describe as vividly as
possible, in only seventeen syllables, a picture or
IMAGE or SCENE which beautifully forms sharply
in the reader's mind.
57. What is the Structure of a Haiku Poem?
A Haiku consists of 3 lines and 17 syllables.
Each line has a set number of syllables see below:
Line 1 – 5 syllables
Line 2 – 7 syllables
Line 3 – 5 syllables
An Example of a Haiku Poem
(5) The sky is so blue.
(7) The sun is so warm up high.
(5) I love the summer.
Haiku poems don't need to rhyme, but for more of a
challenge some poets try to rhyme lines 1 and 3.
58. BALLAD
One of the oldest types of poetry is a special kind of
Narrative poem known as the BALLAD. The Ballad
tells a story and happens to be quite lengthy. As a
rule, a Ballad is concerned with a sharp CONFLICT
and with deep HUMAN EMOTION. Once in a great
while, though, a ballad here and there will deal
with the funnier side of life. But, as a rule ballads
dealt with love, honor, courage, and death.
The BALLAD STANZA contains FOUR LINES. The
FOURTH line rhymes with the SECOND. The FIRST
and THIRD lines usually have FOUR ACCENTED
SYLLABLES while the SECOND and FOURTH have
THREE each.
59. Annabel Lee
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden lived whom you may know
By the name of Annabel Lee; —
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.
She was a child and I was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea,
But we loved with a love that was more than love
—
I and my Annabel Lee —
With a love that the wingéd seraphs of Heaven
Coveted her and me.
And this was the reason that, long ago,
In this kingdom by the sea,
A wind blew out of a cloud by night
Chilling my Annabel Lee;
So that her high-born kinsmen came
And bore her away from me,
To shut her up, in a sepulchre
In this kingdom by the sea.
The angels, not half so happy in Heaven,
Went envying her and me;
Yes! that was the reason (as all men know,
In this kingdom by the sea)
That the wind came out of the cloud, chilling
And killing my Annabel Lee.
But our love it was stronger by far than the love
Of those who were older than we —
Of many far wiser than we —
And neither the angels in Heaven above
Nor the demons down under the sea
Can ever dissever my soul from the soul
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee: —
For the moon never beams without bringing me
dreams
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And the stars never rise but I see the bright eyes
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side
Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride
In her sepulchre there by the sea —
In her tomb by the side of the sea.
Edgar Allan Poe (1849)
60. FREE VERSE
The poet uses free form to make the poem fit the
contents and to express the mood or feeling of his
intentions or purposes. The length of the lines is
irregular, the indentation of the lines may also vary
from one to the next, it does use rhythm, but it
seldom uses end rhyme nor regular stanzas.
Capitalization of the first letter in each line and
proper nouns is unorthodox or conveniently
changed. Punctuation is equally affected, and the
distribution of the lines and words is entirely in the
hands of the writer. Most poetry we read today,
therefore, is Free Verse.
61. After the Sea-Ship
After the Sea-Ship—after the whistling winds;
After the white-gray sails, taut to their spars and ropes,
Below, a myriad, myriad waves, hastening, lifting up their
necks,
Tending in ceaseless flow toward the track of the ship:
Waves of the ocean, bubbling and gurgling, blithely
prying,
Waves, undulating waves—liquid, uneven, emulous waves,
Toward that whirling current, laughing and buoyant, with
curves,
Where the great Vessel, sailing and tacking, displaced the
surface;
by Walt Whitman
62. EPIC
It is a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a
legendary or historical hero.
The Iliad (800 BCE)
Iliad is another example of an epic. It was written by the popular Greek
poet, Homer. It relates the story of the Trojan wars, involving themes
of courage, boldness, love for one’s country and nostalgia of family.
However, it describes many legends related to the siege of Troy, the
events took place before the siege, the gathering of the warriors prior
to the siege and the causes of the war. Later, the epic foretold the
looming death of Achilles and the destruction of Troy. The style of
narration is grand, and suits an epic poem — the reason that it is still
one the most celebrated work of antiquity.
63. SONNET
It is a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and, in the English
version, is usually written in iambic pentameter. There are
two basic kinds of sonnets: the Italian (or Petrarchan)
sonnet and the Shakespearean (or Elizabethan/English)
sonnet. The Italian/Petrarchan sonnet is named after
Petrarch, an Italian Renaissance poet. The Petrarchan
sonnet consists of an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six
lines).
The Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains (four
lines each) and a concluding couplet (two lines). The
Petrarchan sonnet tends to divide the thought into two
parts (argument and conclusion); the Shakespearean, into
four (the final couplet is the summary).
64. A Shakespearean sonnet is generally written in an iambic
pentameter, there are 10 syllables in each line. The rhythm of
the lines must be as below:
From fairest creatures we desire increase,
That thereby beauty’s rose might never die.
But as the riper should by time decease,
His tender heir might bear his memory:
But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,
Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
Making a famine where abundance lies,
Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.
Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament
And only herald to the gaudy spring,
Within thine own bud buriest thy content
And, tender churl, mak’st waste in niggarding.
Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee
-William Shakespeare
65. ELEGY
It is a lyric poem that mourns the dead. [It's not to be
confused with a eulogy.]
It has no set metric or stanzaic pattern, but it usually
begins by reminiscing about the dead person, then
laments the reason for the death, and then resolves the
grief by concluding that death leads to immortality. It
often uses "apostrophe" (calling out to the dead
person) as a literary technique. It can have a fairly
formal style, and sound similar to an ode.
66. O CAPTAIN MY CAPTAIN
O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done;
The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won;
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills; 10
For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding;
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head;
It is some dream that on the deck,
You've fallen cold and dead.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;
The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won; 20
Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
- WALT WITMAN
67. ODE
It is usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated
style, and an elaborate stanza pattern.
The Ship of State (Odes I, 14)
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Horace) (65-8 B.C.)
On Ship! New billows sweep thee out
Seaward. What wilt thou? Hold the port, be stout
See'st not thy mast
How rent by stiff Southwestern blast?Thy side, of rowers how forlorn?
Thine hull, with groaning yards, with rigging torn,
Can ill sustain
The fierce, and ever fiercer main;Thy gods, no more than sails entire,
From whom yet once they need might aid require,
Oh Pontic Pine,
The first of woodland stocks is thine.Yet race and name are but as dust,
Not painted sterns gave storm-tost seamen trust;
Unless thou dare
To be the sport of storms, beware.O fold at best a weary weight,
A yearning care and constant strain of late,
O shun the seas
That girt those glittering Cyclades