The document discusses various aspects of campaigning and voting in America, including: 1) Different methods used to nominate candidates including national conventions, direct primaries, caucuses, and nominating petitions. 2) Key aspects of national political conventions including nominating presidential and vice presidential candidates and developing the party's platform. 3) Factors that influence voter turnout such as registration difficulties, number of elections, weak political parties, and voter apathy. 4) Characteristics of who votes including age, income, education, and race.

1. Campaigning and Voting in America Ms. Suzie Nestico Grade 12 – Principles of Democracy

2. A. National Convention B. Direct Primary Elections C. Nominating Petition D. Caucus

3. A. National Convention (Presidential Elections Only) 1. Held every four years 2. Nominates presidential candidate 3. Nominates VP candidate 4. Develops the party’s platform

4. B. Direct Primary Elections (most other elections) 1. Open Primary - voters may vote for any party’s candidate 2. Closed Primary - voters may only vote for candidates within their registered party. 3. Caucus --Iowa Caucuses

5. C. Nominating Petition 1. Used primarily at the local level ** Robert Belfanti - PA State Representative was recently replaced. Who were some of the candidates circulating petitions for this office? 2. Candidate circulates petitions obtaining voter signatures to be put on the election ballot

6. D. Caucus 1. Old caucuses vs. today’s caucus 2. Andrew Jackson - elections of 1824 and 1828

7. A. Keynote Speech - Day 1 B. Committee Reports - Day 2 C. Nominee is Chosen - Day 3 D. Balance the Ticket - Day 3 E. VP nominee Chosen - Day 4 F. Acceptance Speeches - Day 4

8. A. Keynote Speech - Day One **person chosen provides a speech intended to rally and increase the ‘hype’ of the convention -Who gave Democratic and Republican Speeches in 2008 Campaign? B. Committee Reports - Day Two 1. Credentials Committee - examines qualified delegates from each state 2. Platform Committee - presents the direction of the party’s overall platform in the upcoming election .

9. C. Nominee is chosen - Day Three 1. State delegates vote on the nominees presented by the states for the party’s presidential nominee for general election -”State delegates” is comparable to what voting body in the general election in the fall? D. Balance the Ticket - Day Three 1. Nominations are taken for VP candidate 2. Usually chose someone slightly different with alternate characteristics and beliefs to appeal to a greater number of voters. -What were the implications of this in Decision ‘08?

10. E. VP Nominee is Officially Chosen - Day Four 1. Delegates vote on Vice Presidential Nominee for their party. F. Acceptance Speeches & Close - Day Four 1. All Nominees deliver acceptance speeches 2. Close of party business and plans to move on with heart of campaign

11. “ I made the canvass on my own horse; my entertainment, being at the houses of my friends, cost me nothing; and my only outlay was $.75 for a barrel of cider, which some farm-hands insisted I treat them to.” ~Abe Lincoln describing his 1846 run for Congress

12. Usual Positions in a Campaign Campaign Manager Treasurer Press Secretary Media Consultant Speech Writers Policy Advisors Fundraisers

13. Information Gathering Finding the Voters Canvassing Mass Media Coverage Endorsement Presidential Debates (televised)

14. 1976 – approx. $456 Million spent on Federal Campaigning 1988 – 1992 – over $3 Billion spent

15. Sources: Individual candidates themselves (Kennedy, Bush, Kerry, Clinton) Other Individual Contributions Limited by a series of Federal Regulatory Acts in the ‘70’s Limits individual contributions to $1,000

16. Sources (con’t.) PAC’s – Political Action Committees Organizations created by interest groups to channel money to political candidates PAC contributions limited to $5,000 H0WEVER there is no limit to how much money a PAC can spend on supporting a candidate’s campaign

17. Ending Discriminatory Laws Poll taxes Literacy tests Grandfather clause

18. 26 th Amendment – extends voting rights to 18 yr olds Australian ballot – “secret ballot” Poll watchers

19. Who votes? Socioeconomic Status – refers to a combination of an individual’s social characteristics, such as age and education, and economic status, such as occupation and income

20. I. Voting A. Types of Participation B. Turnout Trends C. Who Votes? II. Elections A. The Election Process B. Money and Elections C. Variations in Federal Elections D. How Voters Decide

21. Voting Historical Expansion of the Franchise Voting for Multiple Offices at Different Levels Voting beyond Elections for Office – Referenda – Initiatives – Recall

22. Conventional: Petitions Letters to representatives Campaign Activity (Canvassing; Money) Regular Protest Unconventional: Disruptive Protest March (Seattle, Genoa) Occupying/Blocking Access to Buildings (Abortion Clinics) Vandalism (Greenpeace) Political Violence (Oklahoma City, 9-11)

23. Why is turnout so low? – Difficulty in Registration – Number and Frequency of Elections – Weak Political Parties – Voter Apathy Voting is Related to: – Age – Income – Education – Race

24. YES: Legitimacy of System Potential Policy Bias Functional Disenfranchisement NO: Opportunity for All Most Informed/Interested are Participating Non-voting and Contentment Participation and Discontent

25. Voting on the Basis of Party Loyalty Voting on the Basis of Policy Issues – Prospective? – Retrospective? – General or Specific? Voting on the Basis of Candidate Image