This document is a draft resolution from the 73rd World Health Assembly regarding the COVID-19 response. It acknowledges WHO's leadership role and calls on all countries and organizations to intensify cooperation to contain the pandemic. It requests that countries implement comprehensive response plans, ensure access to healthcare and protections for frontline workers. It calls for equitable access to diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines. It requests WHO to continue supporting country responses and coordinating the global response to COVID-19.
HIV - 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDSY-PEER Hacioglu
This document is a political declaration to intensify efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it expresses concern that prevention efforts and funding remain inadequate and that most low- and middle-income countries did not meet universal access to treatment targets. The declaration calls for more coordinated, evidence-based responses tailored to each country's epidemic and priorities.
This document is a political declaration on intensifying efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it notes ongoing challenges like insufficient funding and prevalence of stigma. The declaration reaffirms commitments to human rights and expanding access to treatment, care, and support while intensifying prevention, especially among at-risk groups.
This document discusses health and nutrition in the Philippines. It provides an overview of healthcare in the Philippines, including key indicators, personnel and facilities, diseases, and the goal of universal healthcare. It also discusses nutrition issues like malnutrition rates, the Scaling Up Nutrition initiative, and the Task Force Zero Hunger program. The document emphasizes the importance of ensuring healthy lives and nutrition at all ages to build prosperous societies and economies.
The International Health Regulations originated in 1851 to promote international cooperation and limit interference with trade during disease outbreaks. The IHR have been revised multiple times to address new public health challenges, including the 2005 revision to strengthen surveillance and response systems for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The IHR (2005) require countries to develop core surveillance and response capacities and obligate information sharing during public health events of international concern in order to rapidly detect and respond to global health threats.
This document is a draft political declaration from a high-level meeting on universal health coverage. It reaffirms commitments to achieve universal health coverage by 2030, recognizes challenges that still exist, and commits to scaling up efforts to accelerate progress in several key areas:
- Cover an additional 1 billion people with essential health services and medicines by 2023
- Stop the rise and reverse catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures by 2030
- Implement high-impact interventions and policies across all sectors to comprehensively address determinants of health
The document discusses the history and structure of international health organizations and the World Health Organization (WHO). It describes how early international health efforts focused on quarantine measures for diseases like plague and cholera. Over time, organizations were established to promote cooperation and standards between countries on international health issues, culminating in the formation of WHO in 1945. WHO aims to coordinate global health initiatives and works on priorities like disease prevention, health systems, and environmental health. It has six regional offices and is overseen by the World Health Assembly and Executive Board.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works to improve global health. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO aims to coordinate international health work and attain the highest standard of health for all people. It addresses issues like communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, and health emergencies. The WHO played a key role in eradicating smallpox and bringing polio cases down by 99% globally. It also works with countries like India on initiatives to eliminate malaria and tackle health emergencies like COVID-19.
Perspectives and Controversies surrounding human rightsUWGlobalHealth
This document discusses the right to health from a human rights perspective. It begins by defining key concepts like health, human rights, and the relationship between health and human rights. It then examines how the right to health is established under international law through conventions like the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The document also summarizes commentary on the right to health from the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Finally, it discusses some controversies and challenges regarding a human rights-based approach to health, such as issues of universality and developing appropriate indicators.
HIV - 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDSY-PEER Hacioglu
This document is a political declaration to intensify efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it expresses concern that prevention efforts and funding remain inadequate and that most low- and middle-income countries did not meet universal access to treatment targets. The declaration calls for more coordinated, evidence-based responses tailored to each country's epidemic and priorities.
This document is a political declaration on intensifying efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it notes ongoing challenges like insufficient funding and prevalence of stigma. The declaration reaffirms commitments to human rights and expanding access to treatment, care, and support while intensifying prevention, especially among at-risk groups.
This document discusses health and nutrition in the Philippines. It provides an overview of healthcare in the Philippines, including key indicators, personnel and facilities, diseases, and the goal of universal healthcare. It also discusses nutrition issues like malnutrition rates, the Scaling Up Nutrition initiative, and the Task Force Zero Hunger program. The document emphasizes the importance of ensuring healthy lives and nutrition at all ages to build prosperous societies and economies.
The International Health Regulations originated in 1851 to promote international cooperation and limit interference with trade during disease outbreaks. The IHR have been revised multiple times to address new public health challenges, including the 2005 revision to strengthen surveillance and response systems for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The IHR (2005) require countries to develop core surveillance and response capacities and obligate information sharing during public health events of international concern in order to rapidly detect and respond to global health threats.
This document is a draft political declaration from a high-level meeting on universal health coverage. It reaffirms commitments to achieve universal health coverage by 2030, recognizes challenges that still exist, and commits to scaling up efforts to accelerate progress in several key areas:
- Cover an additional 1 billion people with essential health services and medicines by 2023
- Stop the rise and reverse catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures by 2030
- Implement high-impact interventions and policies across all sectors to comprehensively address determinants of health
The document discusses the history and structure of international health organizations and the World Health Organization (WHO). It describes how early international health efforts focused on quarantine measures for diseases like plague and cholera. Over time, organizations were established to promote cooperation and standards between countries on international health issues, culminating in the formation of WHO in 1945. WHO aims to coordinate global health initiatives and works on priorities like disease prevention, health systems, and environmental health. It has six regional offices and is overseen by the World Health Assembly and Executive Board.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works to improve global health. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO aims to coordinate international health work and attain the highest standard of health for all people. It addresses issues like communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, and health emergencies. The WHO played a key role in eradicating smallpox and bringing polio cases down by 99% globally. It also works with countries like India on initiatives to eliminate malaria and tackle health emergencies like COVID-19.
Perspectives and Controversies surrounding human rightsUWGlobalHealth
This document discusses the right to health from a human rights perspective. It begins by defining key concepts like health, human rights, and the relationship between health and human rights. It then examines how the right to health is established under international law through conventions like the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The document also summarizes commentary on the right to health from the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Finally, it discusses some controversies and challenges regarding a human rights-based approach to health, such as issues of universality and developing appropriate indicators.
The document summarizes the history and development of international public health from the mid-1800s to the present. It discusses the establishment of early international health organizations to coordinate disease prevention and control efforts between European nations and their colonies. It then outlines the creation of the World Health Organization in 1948 and its role in promoting universal health coverage through the "Health for All" movement beginning in the 1970s. The movement advocated for primary healthcare as a practical approach for low and middle income countries to improve population health and reduce health inequities globally by the year 2000. While progress was made in many areas, implementation challenges remained due to lack of coordination, community involvement, and health system strengthening in some nations.
The document outlines objectives, measures, targets, and initiatives for ending poverty and hunger, achieving health and well-being, quality education, reducing inequality, economic growth and jobs, infrastructure and innovation. The goals aim to end poverty and hunger by 2030 by eradicating extreme poverty, ensuring access to food and nutrition, doubling small farmers' incomes, and achieving full and productive employment and decent work for all.
This document provides background information for the Prince Mahidol Award Conference (PMAC) 2021. PMAC 2021 will address lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. It will explore how countries responded to the pandemic, the health and socioeconomic impacts, and how to better prepare for future crises. The conference will be held virtually in January 2021 with webinars beforehand. Topics will include national and international pandemic responses, health system impacts, broader social effects, and visions of a post-COVID world with a reshaped global order.
The document is Jordan's position paper for the World Health Organization (WHO) addressing three topics: ensuring health coverage for all, combating non-communicable diseases, and improving health care services for aging populations. Jordan supports the WHO's goals of universal health coverage, prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and expanding preventative care for the elderly. Jordan has taken steps domestically such as providing free preventative services and increasing public health spending to work towards these goals. Internationally, Jordan advocates for collaboration between countries to share resources and expertise to tackle these global health issues.
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
The document discusses the history and objectives of international health organizations. It describes several early international health organizations from the 19th century including the First International Sanitary Conference in 1851, the Pan American Sanitary Bureau in 1902, and the Office International D'Hygiene Publique in 1907. It then covers the health organizations of the League of Nations formed after WWI and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration during WWII. Finally, it provides details on the founding and functions of the World Health Organization, established in 1948 as the directing and coordinating authority for international health.
The document discusses the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), which systematically assesses data on diseases, injuries, and risk factors to estimate their global burden. The original 1990 GBD study created a common metric (DALYs) to quantify health loss. A new 2005 GBD study aims to update 1990 estimates and produce 2005 estimates using improved methods and more data from over 800 experts. The study seeks to provide evidence-based evaluations of global health issues to inform research and policy.
Public health bill 2017 & epidemic disease actDrsnehas2
The document summarizes the Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897 and the proposed Public Health Bill of 2017 in India. The Epidemic Diseases Act gave powers to detain and isolate infected individuals but had a narrow scope of only epidemic diseases. The proposed Public Health Bill aims to modernize legislation to deal with all public health threats including epidemics, bioterrorism and disasters. It defines key terms, outlines measures for prevention, control and management of outbreaks, and establishes penalties for non-compliance. While an improvement, experts note the bill could still be strengthened by clarifying responsibilities, improving expertise, and ensuring community involvement.
This document discusses a 1979 article from The New England Journal of Medicine titled "Selective Primary Health Care - an Interim Strategy for Disease Control in Developing Countries" by Julia A. Walsh and Kenneth S. Warren. The article proposes selective primary health care as the most cost-effective approach for improving health in developing countries. It recommends prioritizing diseases based on prevalence, mortality, morbidity, and feasibility of control. The highest priorities should target diseases causing the most preventable illness and death, such as diarrhea, malaria, measles, whooping cough, and neonatal tetanus, through low-cost interventions like vaccination programs.
Containing the COVID 19 Pandemic in Nigeria A Reflection on Government Action...ijtsrd
The outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic led to the lockdown of the global economy in the early part of the year 2020. In line with the measures recommended by the World Health Organization WHO , countries also introduced further mechanisms based on their respective unique environment to contain the virus. This paper reflected on the citizens’ reactions to government measures in containing the COVID 19 pandemic in Nigeria. Specifically, it reviewed the government’s actions towards containing the virus and how they influenced the citizens’ response. The study was qualitative and focused between March and September 2020. Relying on secondary data that were analyzed through content analysis, we triangulated the Persuasive Communication Theory and Resistance Theory to interrogate the governments actions and the citizens’ reactions. We argued that the governments approach towards containing the virus contributed to i the doubt on the existence of the virus in the country held by some of the citizens, ii the lack of strict observation of precautionary measures and safety regulations, iii the seeming non co operation between the government and the citizens in containing the virus. The implications of this relationship pose challenges for future epidemics, pandemics, and development in the country and could serve as a premise for further research. Vincent Chukwukadibia Onwughalu "Containing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: A Reflection on Government Actions and Citizens Reactions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35701.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/35701/containing-the-covid19-pandemic-in-nigeria-a-reflection-on-government-actions-and-citizens-reactions/vincent-chukwukadibia-onwughalu
This document provides an introduction to a multimedia guide titled "COVID Katha - A Multimedia Guide for Mass Awareness" produced by the National Council for Science & Technology Communication (NCSTC) in India in association with Dr. Anamika Ray Memorial Trust. The guide aims to provide consolidated and authentic information on COVID-19 to the masses in an interactive format covering topics from A to Z on the virus. It contains text, audio-visuals and graphics to explain health concepts and risks related to COVID-19 in a simple manner.
AIDSTAR-One Emergency Planning for HIV Treatment Access in Conflict and Post-...AIDSTAROne
1) The document describes the challenges of providing HIV treatment in northern Uganda during the conflict and post-conflict periods. During the conflict, over 1.8 million people lived in internally displaced person (IDP) camps where conditions were poor and HIV services were limited.
2) After the conflict ended in 2006, the government closed many IDP camps and encouraged residents to return home. However, returning home presented additional challenges as basic services and infrastructure had been destroyed. Continuity of HIV treatment for those returning home was a major concern.
3) The document highlights some interventions, such as those funded by PEPFAR, that helped improve access to HIV treatment during this transition period from conflict to post-conflict reconstruction in northern
Raad van EU wil 'desinformatie' over COVID-19 aanpakkenThierry Debels
De Raad van de Europese Unie (EU) wil de desinformatie over het coronavirus aanpakken. De vraag is uiteraard of dit vandaag de prioriteit is en vooral wat deze 'desinformatie' inhoudt.
Sommet mondial sur la santé : Déclaration de Rome (21 mai 2021)Guy Boulianne
The Rome Declaration summarizes the discussions and commitments from G20 leaders and other states at the Global Health Summit in Rome on May 21, 2021 regarding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Key points include: reaffirming COVID-19 as an unprecedented global health crisis; supporting the WHO's leading role and strengthening global health systems; committing to equitable global access to COVID-19 vaccines and tools; and establishing principles to guide improved pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response through strengthened international cooperation and health system capabilities.
This document is a political declaration on intensifying efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it notes ongoing challenges like insufficient funding and prevalence of stigma. The declaration reaffirms commitments to human rights and expanding access to treatment, care, and support while intensifying prevention, especially among at-risk groups.
The document summarizes the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were revised in 2005 and entered into force in 2007. The IHR aim to help countries work together to detect and respond to public health threats, and minimize interference with international trade and travel. Key points of the revised IHR include expanding their scope to cover all public health emergencies instead of just three diseases, promoting rapid response at the source of outbreaks, and strengthening national and global surveillance and response capabilities. The IHR also establish procedures for international collaboration and information sharing during public health events.
IHR_Overview.ppt unicef international health agencyAkshayaKiran2
The document summarizes the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were revised in 2005 and entered into force in 2007. The IHR aim to help countries work together to detect and respond to public health threats, and minimize interference with international trade and travel. Key points of the revised IHR include expanding their scope to cover all public health emergencies instead of just three diseases, promoting rapid response at the source of outbreaks, and strengthening national and global surveillance and response capabilities. The IHR also establish procedures for international collaboration and information sharing during public health events.
This document outlines a unit on international public health. It discusses the need for a global perspective on health and defines key concepts like international health, public health, and global health. Important forces affecting international health are noncommunicable diseases, communicable diseases, food security and nutrition, environmental health, and health inequity. Current issues requiring global action include long COVID, mental health, climate change impacts, and strengthening health systems. International public health actions involve health promotion, disease prevention, health protection like immunization, and pandemic control. Globalization can impact health through issues like nutrition, emerging diseases, pharmaceutical industries, and effects on underdeveloped nations.
The G20 Health Ministers met in Okayama, Japan to address major global health issues and work towards achieving universal health coverage (UHC) by 2030. They discussed responses to population aging and managing health risks. The ministers committed to strengthening health systems, improving access to quality healthcare, and supporting other countries' efforts to provide healthcare for all. They also pledged to enhance immunization programs, address issues like antimicrobial resistance and nutrition, and use digital technologies to accelerate progress on UHC.
The document summarizes a presentation on International Health Regulations given on July 32nd, 2022. It provides an outline of the topics covered in the presentation, including an introduction to IHR, its purpose and scope, history, comparison of the 1969 and 2005 versions, Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, and challenges of implementation. The presentation also discusses the need for IHR, its benefits, COVID-19, and the way forward.
The document summarizes the history and development of international public health from the mid-1800s to the present. It discusses the establishment of early international health organizations to coordinate disease prevention and control efforts between European nations and their colonies. It then outlines the creation of the World Health Organization in 1948 and its role in promoting universal health coverage through the "Health for All" movement beginning in the 1970s. The movement advocated for primary healthcare as a practical approach for low and middle income countries to improve population health and reduce health inequities globally by the year 2000. While progress was made in many areas, implementation challenges remained due to lack of coordination, community involvement, and health system strengthening in some nations.
The document outlines objectives, measures, targets, and initiatives for ending poverty and hunger, achieving health and well-being, quality education, reducing inequality, economic growth and jobs, infrastructure and innovation. The goals aim to end poverty and hunger by 2030 by eradicating extreme poverty, ensuring access to food and nutrition, doubling small farmers' incomes, and achieving full and productive employment and decent work for all.
This document provides background information for the Prince Mahidol Award Conference (PMAC) 2021. PMAC 2021 will address lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. It will explore how countries responded to the pandemic, the health and socioeconomic impacts, and how to better prepare for future crises. The conference will be held virtually in January 2021 with webinars beforehand. Topics will include national and international pandemic responses, health system impacts, broader social effects, and visions of a post-COVID world with a reshaped global order.
The document is Jordan's position paper for the World Health Organization (WHO) addressing three topics: ensuring health coverage for all, combating non-communicable diseases, and improving health care services for aging populations. Jordan supports the WHO's goals of universal health coverage, prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and expanding preventative care for the elderly. Jordan has taken steps domestically such as providing free preventative services and increasing public health spending to work towards these goals. Internationally, Jordan advocates for collaboration between countries to share resources and expertise to tackle these global health issues.
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
The document discusses the history and objectives of international health organizations. It describes several early international health organizations from the 19th century including the First International Sanitary Conference in 1851, the Pan American Sanitary Bureau in 1902, and the Office International D'Hygiene Publique in 1907. It then covers the health organizations of the League of Nations formed after WWI and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration during WWII. Finally, it provides details on the founding and functions of the World Health Organization, established in 1948 as the directing and coordinating authority for international health.
The document discusses the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), which systematically assesses data on diseases, injuries, and risk factors to estimate their global burden. The original 1990 GBD study created a common metric (DALYs) to quantify health loss. A new 2005 GBD study aims to update 1990 estimates and produce 2005 estimates using improved methods and more data from over 800 experts. The study seeks to provide evidence-based evaluations of global health issues to inform research and policy.
Public health bill 2017 & epidemic disease actDrsnehas2
The document summarizes the Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897 and the proposed Public Health Bill of 2017 in India. The Epidemic Diseases Act gave powers to detain and isolate infected individuals but had a narrow scope of only epidemic diseases. The proposed Public Health Bill aims to modernize legislation to deal with all public health threats including epidemics, bioterrorism and disasters. It defines key terms, outlines measures for prevention, control and management of outbreaks, and establishes penalties for non-compliance. While an improvement, experts note the bill could still be strengthened by clarifying responsibilities, improving expertise, and ensuring community involvement.
This document discusses a 1979 article from The New England Journal of Medicine titled "Selective Primary Health Care - an Interim Strategy for Disease Control in Developing Countries" by Julia A. Walsh and Kenneth S. Warren. The article proposes selective primary health care as the most cost-effective approach for improving health in developing countries. It recommends prioritizing diseases based on prevalence, mortality, morbidity, and feasibility of control. The highest priorities should target diseases causing the most preventable illness and death, such as diarrhea, malaria, measles, whooping cough, and neonatal tetanus, through low-cost interventions like vaccination programs.
Containing the COVID 19 Pandemic in Nigeria A Reflection on Government Action...ijtsrd
The outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic led to the lockdown of the global economy in the early part of the year 2020. In line with the measures recommended by the World Health Organization WHO , countries also introduced further mechanisms based on their respective unique environment to contain the virus. This paper reflected on the citizens’ reactions to government measures in containing the COVID 19 pandemic in Nigeria. Specifically, it reviewed the government’s actions towards containing the virus and how they influenced the citizens’ response. The study was qualitative and focused between March and September 2020. Relying on secondary data that were analyzed through content analysis, we triangulated the Persuasive Communication Theory and Resistance Theory to interrogate the governments actions and the citizens’ reactions. We argued that the governments approach towards containing the virus contributed to i the doubt on the existence of the virus in the country held by some of the citizens, ii the lack of strict observation of precautionary measures and safety regulations, iii the seeming non co operation between the government and the citizens in containing the virus. The implications of this relationship pose challenges for future epidemics, pandemics, and development in the country and could serve as a premise for further research. Vincent Chukwukadibia Onwughalu "Containing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: A Reflection on Government Actions and Citizens Reactions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35701.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/35701/containing-the-covid19-pandemic-in-nigeria-a-reflection-on-government-actions-and-citizens-reactions/vincent-chukwukadibia-onwughalu
This document provides an introduction to a multimedia guide titled "COVID Katha - A Multimedia Guide for Mass Awareness" produced by the National Council for Science & Technology Communication (NCSTC) in India in association with Dr. Anamika Ray Memorial Trust. The guide aims to provide consolidated and authentic information on COVID-19 to the masses in an interactive format covering topics from A to Z on the virus. It contains text, audio-visuals and graphics to explain health concepts and risks related to COVID-19 in a simple manner.
AIDSTAR-One Emergency Planning for HIV Treatment Access in Conflict and Post-...AIDSTAROne
1) The document describes the challenges of providing HIV treatment in northern Uganda during the conflict and post-conflict periods. During the conflict, over 1.8 million people lived in internally displaced person (IDP) camps where conditions were poor and HIV services were limited.
2) After the conflict ended in 2006, the government closed many IDP camps and encouraged residents to return home. However, returning home presented additional challenges as basic services and infrastructure had been destroyed. Continuity of HIV treatment for those returning home was a major concern.
3) The document highlights some interventions, such as those funded by PEPFAR, that helped improve access to HIV treatment during this transition period from conflict to post-conflict reconstruction in northern
Raad van EU wil 'desinformatie' over COVID-19 aanpakkenThierry Debels
De Raad van de Europese Unie (EU) wil de desinformatie over het coronavirus aanpakken. De vraag is uiteraard of dit vandaag de prioriteit is en vooral wat deze 'desinformatie' inhoudt.
Sommet mondial sur la santé : Déclaration de Rome (21 mai 2021)Guy Boulianne
The Rome Declaration summarizes the discussions and commitments from G20 leaders and other states at the Global Health Summit in Rome on May 21, 2021 regarding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Key points include: reaffirming COVID-19 as an unprecedented global health crisis; supporting the WHO's leading role and strengthening global health systems; committing to equitable global access to COVID-19 vaccines and tools; and establishing principles to guide improved pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response through strengthened international cooperation and health system capabilities.
This document is a political declaration on intensifying efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it notes ongoing challenges like insufficient funding and prevalence of stigma. The declaration reaffirms commitments to human rights and expanding access to treatment, care, and support while intensifying prevention, especially among at-risk groups.
The document summarizes the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were revised in 2005 and entered into force in 2007. The IHR aim to help countries work together to detect and respond to public health threats, and minimize interference with international trade and travel. Key points of the revised IHR include expanding their scope to cover all public health emergencies instead of just three diseases, promoting rapid response at the source of outbreaks, and strengthening national and global surveillance and response capabilities. The IHR also establish procedures for international collaboration and information sharing during public health events.
IHR_Overview.ppt unicef international health agencyAkshayaKiran2
The document summarizes the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were revised in 2005 and entered into force in 2007. The IHR aim to help countries work together to detect and respond to public health threats, and minimize interference with international trade and travel. Key points of the revised IHR include expanding their scope to cover all public health emergencies instead of just three diseases, promoting rapid response at the source of outbreaks, and strengthening national and global surveillance and response capabilities. The IHR also establish procedures for international collaboration and information sharing during public health events.
This document outlines a unit on international public health. It discusses the need for a global perspective on health and defines key concepts like international health, public health, and global health. Important forces affecting international health are noncommunicable diseases, communicable diseases, food security and nutrition, environmental health, and health inequity. Current issues requiring global action include long COVID, mental health, climate change impacts, and strengthening health systems. International public health actions involve health promotion, disease prevention, health protection like immunization, and pandemic control. Globalization can impact health through issues like nutrition, emerging diseases, pharmaceutical industries, and effects on underdeveloped nations.
The G20 Health Ministers met in Okayama, Japan to address major global health issues and work towards achieving universal health coverage (UHC) by 2030. They discussed responses to population aging and managing health risks. The ministers committed to strengthening health systems, improving access to quality healthcare, and supporting other countries' efforts to provide healthcare for all. They also pledged to enhance immunization programs, address issues like antimicrobial resistance and nutrition, and use digital technologies to accelerate progress on UHC.
The document summarizes a presentation on International Health Regulations given on July 32nd, 2022. It provides an outline of the topics covered in the presentation, including an introduction to IHR, its purpose and scope, history, comparison of the 1969 and 2005 versions, Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, and challenges of implementation. The presentation also discusses the need for IHR, its benefits, COVID-19, and the way forward.
The document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the history and development of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. A key change was expanding the scope from 3 specific diseases to cover all public health emergencies that could spread internationally. Events meeting specified criteria are designated as Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. The document reviews past health events like SARS and avian influenza that demonstrated the need for strengthened global cooperation under a revised IHR framework.
The document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the history and development of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. A key change was expanding the scope from specific diseases to cover all public health emergencies. Events like SARS, avian influenza, and Chernobyl showed the need for a revised international framework for coordinated response. The 2005 IHR aim to prevent the spread of disease while avoiding unnecessary trade restrictions.
This document is a report from The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness & Response that makes recommendations to improve pandemic preparedness and response in the future. It summarizes that COVID-19 has caused over 3 million deaths globally, trillions in economic losses, and widespread disruption to education, healthcare and more. It finds failures in countries' early responses and stresses the need for urgent action now to curb the pandemic, including consistent use of public health measures, scaled up equitable global vaccine rollout, and addressing uneven international access to vaccines. The Panel calls the current situation intolerable and recommends immediate, ambitious transformation of the global health system to prevent future pandemics.
The document provides an outline for a seminar on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the purpose and scope of the IHR, which is to prevent and respond to the spread of disease across borders in a way that balances public health risks with trade and travel. The document outlines the history of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. It discusses events that demonstrated the need for revisions, like SARS in 2003. Key aspects of the updated IHR include applying to all health threats rather than specific diseases and emphasizing containment at the source of outbreaks.
This document provides a summary of the G20 Rome Leaders' Declaration from their October 2021 summit. The following key points are made:
1) Leaders committed to overcoming the global health and economic crisis from the COVID-19 pandemic and advancing progress on sustainable development goals.
2) They agreed to further strengthen the global response to the pandemic by improving access to vaccines and supporting developing countries.
3) On health, leaders pledged to increase vaccine access and manufacturing capacity to help reach global vaccination targets. They also committed to strengthening pandemic preparedness.
4) On sustainable development, leaders reaffirmed their commitment to achieving the UN goals and supporting recovery efforts in developing countries impacted by the pandemic.
Texte de la déclaration finale du G20 de Rome, récapitulant les différents points décidés à l'occasion de ce sommet très important pour la mise en place du Great Reset.
Ministerial declaration of the high-level segment of the 2022 session
of the Economic and Social Council and the 2022 high-level political
forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of
the Council, on the theme “Building back better from the
coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full
implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”
Health and Disaster Risk- A contribution by the United Nations to the consultation leading to the third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction.
The International Health Regulations (IHR) provide the framework for global health security and require reforms to address new initiatives. The World Health Organization is responsible for overseeing the IHR and its leadership is critical for effective implementation. The IHR establish procedures for reporting and coordinating responses to public health emergencies of international concern. Member countries must develop capabilities for detection, assessment, reporting and response. The IHR were revised in 2005 and went into effect in 2007 to address new health risks.
During the past 3 weeks, new major outbreaks of COVID-19 have been identified rapidly expanding in Europe, North America, Asia, and the Middle East. By March 16th, there were over 143 countries reporting cases. The WHO now characterizes COVID-19 as a pandemic. The WHO recommends countries take actions like contact tracing, promoting hygiene, preparing health systems, and postponing large gatherings. More research is still needed to understand transmission and develop treatments, but information sharing between scientists has increased global understanding of COVID-19.
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Fairer world for a healthier and safer world
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Priyanka Raj CK
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.2021.1112
Affiliation: Deputy Editor-In-Chief, IJMSNR, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, National University of Science & Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, Al Batinah North, Sultanate of Oman. Email ID: priyankaraj@nu.edu.om
Article Summary: Submitted: 02-August-2021
Revised : 30-August-2021
Accepted : 03-September-2021
Published: 30-September-2021
How To Prepare for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Pandemic.pdfauroraaudrey4826
The emergence of infectious diseases and the threat they pose to global health have garnered
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evolve, understanding emerging infectious diseases and implementing effective pandemic preparedness
strategies becomes paramount. In this article, we will explore the nature of emerging infectious
diseases, examine the factors contributing to their rise, delve into the importance of proactive pandemic
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Plus de 100 pays demandent une enquête indépendante sur la crise des coronavirus
1. SEVENTY-THIRD WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY A73/CONF./1 Rev.1
Agenda item 3 18 May 2020
COVID-19 response
Draft resolution proposed by Albania, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil,
Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Djibouti,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Georgia, Guatemala,
Guyana, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan,
Jordan, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Micronesia
(Federated States of), Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru,
Nepal, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar,
Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation,
San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
the African Group and its Member States, the European Union and its
Member States, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uruguay
The Seventy-third World Health Assembly,
Having considered the address of the Director-General on the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,1
PP1 Deeply concerned by the morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the
negative impacts on physical and mental health and social well-being, the negative impacts on economy
and society and the consequent exacerbation of inequalities within and between countries;
PP2 Expressing solidarity to all countries affected by the pandemic, as well as condolences and
sympathy to all the families of the victims of COVID-19;
PP3 Underlining the primary responsibility of governments to adopt and implement responses
to the COVID-19 pandemic that are specific to their national context as well as for mobilizing the
necessary resources to do so;
PP4 Recalling the constitutional mandate of WHO to act, inter alia, as the directing and
coordinating authority on international health work, and recognizing its key leadership role within the
1
Document A73/3.
2. A73/CONF./1 Rev.1
2
broader United Nations response and the importance of strengthened multilateral cooperation in
addressing the COVID-19 pandemic and its extensive negative impacts;
PP5 Recalling the Constitution of WHO, which defines health as a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, and declares that the
enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human
being, without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition;
PP6 Recalling the declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on novel
Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) on 30 January 2020 by the Director-General; and the temporary
recommendations issued by the Director-General under the International Health Regulations (2005,
IHR) upon the advice of the Emergency Committee for COVID-19;
PP7 Recalling the United Nations General Assembly resolutions A/RES/74/270 on “Global
solidarity to fight the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)” and A/RES/74/274 on “International
cooperation to ensure global access to medicines, vaccines and medical equipment to face COVID-19”;
PP8 Noting resolution EB146.R10 entitled “Strengthening Preparedness for Health
Emergencies: implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005)” and reiterating the
obligation for all Parties to fully implement and comply with the IHR;
PP9 Noting WHO’s Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP) and the Global
Humanitarian Response Plan for COVID-19;
PP10 Recognizing that the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affects the poor and the most
vulnerable people, with repercussions on health and development gains, in particular in low- and
middle-income and developing countries, thus hampering the achievement of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC) including through the strengthening
of Primary Health Care, and reiterating the importance of continued and concerted efforts, and the
provision of development assistance, and further recognizing with deep concern the impact of high debt
levels on countries’ ability to withstand the impact of the COVID-19 shock;
PP11 Recognizing further the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on health, including
hunger and malnutrition, increased violence against women, children, and frontline health workers, as
well as disruptions in care of older persons and persons with disabilities;
PP12 Emphasizing the need to protect populations, in particular people with pre-existing health
conditions, older persons, and other people at risk of COVID-19 including health professionals, health
workers and other relevant frontline workers, especially women who represent the majority of the health
workforce as well as persons with disabilities, children and adolescents and people in vulnerable
situations, and stressing the importance of age-, gender-responsive and disability-sensitive measures in
this regard;
PP13 Recognizing the need for all countries to have unhindered timely access to quality, safe,
efficacious and affordable diagnostics, therapeutics, medicines and vaccines, and essential health
technologies, and their components as well as equipment for the COVID-19 response;
PP14 Noting the need to ensure the safe and unhindered access of humanitarian personnel, in
particular medical personnel responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, their means of transport and
equipment, and to protect hospitals and other medical facilities as well as the delivery of supplies and
3. A73/CONF./1 Rev.1
3
equipment, in order to allow such personnel to efficiently and safely perform their task of assisting
affected civilian populations;
PP15 Recalling resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991 on the strengthening of the coordination
of emergency humanitarian assistance of the United Nations and all subsequent General Assembly
resolutions on the subject, including resolution 74/118 of 16 December 2019;
PP16 Underscoring that respect for international law, including international humanitarian law,
is essential to contain and mitigate outbreaks of COVID-19 in armed conflicts;
PP17 Recognizing further the many unforeseen public health impacts, challenges and resource
needs generated by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the potential re-emergences, as well as the
multitude and complexity of necessary immediate and long-term actions, coordination and collaboration
required at all levels of governance across organizations and sectors, including civil society and the
private sector, required to have an efficient and coordinated public health response to the pandemic,
leaving no-one behind;
PP18 Recognizing the importance of planning and preparing for the recovery phase, including to
mitigate the impact of the pandemic and of the unintended consequences of public health measures on
society, public health, human rights and the economy;
PP19 Expressing optimism that the COVID-19 pandemic can be successfully mitigated,
controlled and overcome through leadership and sustained global cooperation, unity, and solidarity;
OP1 Calls for, in the spirit of unity and solidarity, intensification of cooperation and collaboration at
all levels to contain, control and mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic;
OP2 Acknowledges the key leadership role of WHO and the fundamental role of the United Nations
system in catalysing and coordinating the comprehensive global response to the COVID-19 pandemic
and the central efforts of Member States therein;
OP3 Expresses its highest appreciation of and support to the dedication, efforts and sacrifices, above
and beyond the call of duty of health professionals, health workers and other relevant frontline workers,
as well as the WHO Secretariat, in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic;
OP4 Calls for the universal, timely and equitable access to and fair distribution of all quality, safe,
efficacious and affordable essential health technologies and products including their components and
precursors required in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic as a global priority, and the urgent
removal of unjustified obstacles thereto; consistent with the provisions of relevant international treaties
including the provisions of the TRIPS agreement and the flexibilities as confirmed by the Doha
Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health;
OP5 Reiterates the importance of urgently meeting the needs of low- and middle-income countries in
order to fill the gaps to overcome the pandemic through timely and adequate development and
humanitarian assistance;
OP6 Recognizes the role of extensive immunization against COVID-19 as a global public good for
health in preventing, containing and stopping transmission in order to bring the pandemic to an end,
once safe, quality, efficacious, effective, accessible and affordable vaccines are available;
4. A73/CONF./1 Rev.1
4
OP7 Calls on Member States,1
in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, to:
OP7.1 Put in place a whole of government and whole of society response including through
implementing a national, cross-sectoral COVID-19 action plan that outlines both immediate and
long term actions with a view to sustainably strengthening their health system and social care and
support systems, preparedness, surveillance and response capacities as well as taking into account,
according to national context, WHO guidance, engaging with communities and collaborating with
relevant stakeholders;
OP7.2 Implement national action plans by putting in place, according to their specific contexts,
comprehensive, proportionate, time-bound, age- and disability-sensitive and gender-responsive
measures across government sectors against COVID-19, ensuring respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms and paying particular attention to the needs of people in vulnerable
situations, promoting social cohesion, taking necessary measures to ensure social protection,
protection from financial hardship and preventing insecurity, violence, discrimination,
stigmatization and marginalization;
OP7.3 Ensure that restrictions on the movement of persons and of medical equipment and
medicines in the context of COVID-19 are temporary and specific and include exceptions for the
movement of humanitarian and health workers, including community health workers to fulfil their
duties and for the transfer of equipment and medicines required by humanitarian organizations
for their operations;
OP7.4 Take measures to support access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene, and infection
prevention and control, ensuring that adequate attention is placed on the promotion of personal
hygienic measures in all settings, including humanitarian settings and particularly in health
facilities;
OP7.5 Maintain the continued functioning of the health system in all relevant aspects, in
accordance with national context and priorities, necessary for an effective public health response
to the COVID-19 pandemic and other ongoing epidemics, and the uninterrupted and safe
provision of population and individual level services, for, among others, communicable diseases,
including by undisrupted vaccination programmes, neglected tropical diseases, noncommunicable
diseases, mental health, mother and child health and sexual and reproductive health and promote
improved nutrition for women and children, recognizing in this regard the importance of increased
domestic financing and development assistance where needed in the context of achieving UHC;
OP7.6 Provide the population with reliable and comprehensive information on COVID-19 and
the measures taken by authorities in response to the pandemic, and take measures to counter
misinformation and disinformation and as well as malicious cyber activities;
OP7.7 Provide access to safe testing, treatment, and palliative care for COVID-19, paying
particular attention to the protection of those with pre-existing health conditions, older persons,
and other people at risk, in particular health professionals, health workers and other relevant
frontline workers;
OP7.8 Provide health professionals, health workers and other relevant frontline workers exposed
to COVID-19, access to personal protective equipment and other necessary commodities and
1
And regional economic integration organizations as appropriate.
5. A73/CONF./1 Rev.1
5
training, including in the provision of psychosocial support, taking measures for their protection
at work, facilitating their access to work, and the provision of their adequate remuneration,
consider also the introduction of task-sharing and task-shifting to optimize the use of resources;
OP7.9 Leverage digital technologies for the response to COVID-19, including for addressing its
socioeconomic impact, paying particular attention to digital inclusion, patient empowerment, data
privacy, and security, legal and ethical issues, and the protection of personal data;
OP7.10 Provide WHO timely, accurate and sufficiently detailed public health information related
to the COVID-19 pandemic as required by the IHR;
OP7.11 Share, COVID-19 related knowledge, lessons learned, experiences, best practices, data,
materials and commodities needed in the response with WHO and other countries, as appropriate;
OP7.12 Collaborate to promote both private sector and government-funded research and
development, including open innovation, across all relevant domains on measures necessary to
contain and end the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular on vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics
and share relevant information with WHO;
OP7.13 Optimize prudent use of antimicrobials in the treatment of COVID-19 and secondary
infections in order to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance;
OP7.14 Strengthen actions to involve women’s participation in all stages of decision-making
processes, and mainstream a gender perspective in the COVID-19 response and recovery;
OP7.15 Provide sustainable funding to WHO to ensure that it can fully respond to public health
needs in the global response to COVID-19, leaving no one behind;
OP8 CALLS on international organizations and other relevant stakeholders to:
OP8.1 Support all countries, upon their request, in the implementation of their multisectoral
national action plans and in strengthening their health systems to respond to the COVID-19
pandemic, and in maintaining the safe provision of all other essential public health functions and
services;
OP8.2 Work collaboratively at all levels to develop, test, and scale-up production of safe,
effective, quality, affordable diagnostics, therapeutics, medicines and vaccines for the
COVID-19 response, including, existing mechanisms for voluntary pooling and licensing of
patents to facilitate timely, equitable and affordable access to them, consistent with the provisions
of relevant international treaties including the provisions of the TRIPS agreement and the
flexibilities as confirmed by the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health;
OP8.3 Address, and where relevant in coordination with Member States, the proliferation of
disinformation and misinformation particularly in the digital sphere, as well as the proliferation
of malicious cyber-activities that undermine the public health response, and support the timely
provision of clear, objective and science-based data and information to the public;
6. A73/CONF./1 Rev.1
6
OP9 REQUESTS the Director-General to:
OP9.1 Continue to work with the United Nations Secretary-General and relevant multilateral
organizations, including the signatory agencies of the Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and
Well-Being, on a comprehensive and coordinated response across the United Nations system to
support Member States in their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in full cooperation with
governments, as appropriate, demonstrating leadership on health in the United Nations system,
and continue to act as the health cluster lead in the United Nations humanitarian response;
OP9.2 Continue to build and strengthen the capacities of WHO at all levels to fully and effectively
perform the functions entrusted to it under the IHR;
OP9.3 Assist and continue to call upon all States’ Parties to take the actions according to the
provisions of the IHR, including by providing all necessary support to countries for building,
strengthening and maintaining their capacities to fully comply with the IHR;
OP9.4 Provide assistance to countries upon their request, in accordance with their national
context, to support the continued safe functioning of the health system in all relevant aspects
necessary for an effective public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic and other ongoing
epidemics, and the uninterrupted and safe provision of population and individual level services,
for, among others, communicable diseases, including by undisrupted vaccination programmes,
neglected tropical diseases, noncommunicable diseases, mental health, mother and child health
and sexual and reproductive health and promote improved nutrition for women and children;
OP9.5 Assist countries upon request in developing, implementing and adapting relevant national
response plans to COVID-19, by developing, disseminating and updating normative products and
technical guidance, learning tools, data and scientific evidence for COVID-19 responses,
including to counter misinformation and disinformation, as well as malicious cyber activities, and
continue to work against substandard and falsified medicines and medical products;
OP9.6 Continue to work closely with the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and countries, as part of the
One-Health Approach to identify the zoonotic source of the virus and the route of introduction to
the human population, including the possible role of intermediate hosts, including through efforts
such as scientific and collaborative field missions, which will enable targeted interventions and a
research agenda to reduce the risk of similar events as well as to provide guidance on how to
prevent SARS-COV2 infection in animals and humans and prevent the establishment of new
zoonotic reservoirs, as well as to reduce further risks of emergence and transmission of zoonotic
diseases;
OP9.7 Regularly inform Member States, including through Governing Bodies, on the results of
fundraising efforts, the global implementation of and allocation of financial resources through the
WHO Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP), including funding gaps and results
achieved, in a transparent, accountable and swift manner, in particular on the support given to
countries;
OP9.8 Rapidly, and noting OP2 of RES/74/274 and in consultation with Member States,1
and
with inputs from relevant international organizations civil society, and the private sector, as
1
And regional economic integration organizations as appropriate.
7. A73/CONF./1 Rev.1
7
appropriate, identify and provide options that respect the provisions of relevant international
treaties, including the provisions of the TRIPS agreement and the flexibilities as confirmed by the
Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health to be used in scaling up
development, manufacturing and distribution capacities needed for transparent equitable and
timely access to quality, safe, affordable and efficacious diagnostics, therapeutics, medicines, and
vaccines for the COVID-19 response taking into account existing mechanisms, tools, and
initiatives, such as the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) accelerator, and relevant pledging
appeals, such as “The Coronavirus Global Response” pledging campaign, for the consideration
of the Governing Bodies;
OP9.9 Ensure that the Secretariat is adequately resourced to support the Member States granting
of regulatory approvals needed to enable timely and adequate COVID-19 countermeasures;
OP9.10 Initiate, at the earliest appropriate moment, and in consultation with Member States,1
a
stepwise process of impartial, independent and comprehensive evaluation, including using
existing mechanisms,2
as appropriate, to review experience gained and lessons learned from the
WHO-coordinated international health response to COVID-19, including (i) the effectiveness of
the mechanisms at WHO’s disposal; (ii) the functioning of the IHR and the status of
implementation of the relevant recommendations of the previous IHR Review Committees;
(iii) WHO’s contribution to United Nations-wide efforts; and (iv) the actions of WHO and their
timelines pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic, and make recommendations to improve global
pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response capacity, including through strengthening, as
appropriate, WHO’s Health Emergencies Programme;
OP9.11 Report to the Seventy-fourth World Health Assembly, through the 148th session of the
Executive Board, on the implementation of this resolution.
= = =
1
And regional economic integration organizations as appropriate.
2
Including an IHR Review Committee and the Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee for the WHO Health
Emergencies Programme.