This document provides background information on Krakivski visti, a Ukrainian newspaper published during World War 2 under Nazi occupation. In spring/summer 1943, the German authorities demanded the newspaper publish a series of anti-Jewish articles. While the editors did not initiate this series, they saw it as an opportunity to promote Ukrainian interests. The series began with an article by Oleksander Mokh on the alleged harmful influence of Jews. However, the sources available provide an incomplete picture and leave many aspects unclear.
- Orest Subtelny was a historian who specialized in Ukrainian history. He studied under Omeljan Pritsak at Harvard, who focused on Central Asian history, but Subtelny was more interested in Ukraine.
- Subtelny's early works focused on Ukrainian Cossack history and sources, revealing his interest in Ukrainian national history rather than Pritsak's "territorial" views. These works were published by Ukrainian American institutions.
- Subtelny emerged as a master of multiple European languages in his writing and translations, which was unusual for American scholars at the time. He brought attention to understudied historical sources about Ukraine.
This illustrated article describes the history of Ukrainian Studies in North America during the Cold War and after. It's major thesis is that the popularity of multiculturalism in Canada led to a different tone to Ukrainian Studies in that country as opposed to the United States. Major institutions such as the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies are compared and contrasted and the careers of many important scholars are discussed.
Benson, ivor russia 1917-1918 a key to the riddle of an age of conflict - j...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of the events surrounding the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the overthrow of the Russian monarchy. It discusses how the true facts of what happened have long been suppressed on both sides of the Cold War. It summarizes that the Tsar and his family were assassinated in 1918 in Ekaterinburg on direct orders from Bolshevik leaders in Moscow, and details of the killing were thoroughly investigated and documented in the Sokolov Archive. The document also notes that Jews were overrepresented among the Bolshevik revolutionaries and left Russia in large numbers recently due to a new antisemitism blaming Jews for the revolution and its aftermath, showing how the events still have modern relevance.
VOLTAIRE ON MAZEPA AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UKRAINEThomas M. Prymak
Voltaire discussed Ukraine and its ruler Ivan Mazepa in two of his historical works. In his 1731 history of Charles XII of Sweden, he described how Charles turned to Ukraine for supplies after defeats in Poland, hoping for an alliance with Mazepa against Russia. Voltaire portrayed Ukraine as aspiring to freedom but forced to seek protection from Poland, Turkey, or Russia, and having its autonomy reduced over time. In his 1761 history of Peter the Great's Russian Empire, Voltaire focused more on Peter's reforms but still mentioned Mazepa's revolt against Russian rule. His treatment of Ukraine and Mazepa differed in emphasis between the two works due to their different subjects and time periods.
The czech conspiracy-george_lane_fox-pitt_rivers-1938-102pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document is an introduction and prologue to a book about the Czech conspiracy and its role in the events leading up to World War II. The author provides background on why and how the book was written, describing their experiences and research in Central Europe. They discuss the controversy around a meeting they spoke at about Czechoslovakia and the tensions around discussing different ethnic groups and minorities, particularly Jews. The prologue sets up the topic of the full book and arguments that will be made about the secret influences and plots that threatened to bring about catastrophe in Europe.
J.B. Rudnyckyj was a Ukrainian linguist who immigrated to Canada after World War 2 and had a significant impact on both academia and politics. He founded the Slavic Studies department at the University of Manitoba and advocated for the recognition of non-British and non-French ethnic groups in Canada. This led to the adoption of official multiculturalism in Canada. Rudnyckyj made valuable contributions to the study of Ukrainian language and folklore in Canada through his research and teaching. He played a key role in the establishment of Ukrainian Canadian studies as an academic field.
World War and Its Influence on Literature and Films..pptxDrashtiJoshi21
The document discusses how World War I influenced literature and films. It had a major impact, changing literary styles and techniques. Many early 20th century works focused on reflecting the grim realities and horrors of trench warfare. Writers like Wilfred Owen directly addressed the war's toll. The brutality of the conflict altered perspectives around the world for decades. Films also served as a medium to depict and shape collective memories of the war through various genres. Both literature and cinema played roles in understanding and processing the experience and legacy of World War I.
- Orest Subtelny was a historian who specialized in Ukrainian history. He studied under Omeljan Pritsak at Harvard, who focused on Central Asian history, but Subtelny was more interested in Ukraine.
- Subtelny's early works focused on Ukrainian Cossack history and sources, revealing his interest in Ukrainian national history rather than Pritsak's "territorial" views. These works were published by Ukrainian American institutions.
- Subtelny emerged as a master of multiple European languages in his writing and translations, which was unusual for American scholars at the time. He brought attention to understudied historical sources about Ukraine.
This illustrated article describes the history of Ukrainian Studies in North America during the Cold War and after. It's major thesis is that the popularity of multiculturalism in Canada led to a different tone to Ukrainian Studies in that country as opposed to the United States. Major institutions such as the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies are compared and contrasted and the careers of many important scholars are discussed.
Benson, ivor russia 1917-1918 a key to the riddle of an age of conflict - j...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of the events surrounding the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the overthrow of the Russian monarchy. It discusses how the true facts of what happened have long been suppressed on both sides of the Cold War. It summarizes that the Tsar and his family were assassinated in 1918 in Ekaterinburg on direct orders from Bolshevik leaders in Moscow, and details of the killing were thoroughly investigated and documented in the Sokolov Archive. The document also notes that Jews were overrepresented among the Bolshevik revolutionaries and left Russia in large numbers recently due to a new antisemitism blaming Jews for the revolution and its aftermath, showing how the events still have modern relevance.
VOLTAIRE ON MAZEPA AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UKRAINEThomas M. Prymak
Voltaire discussed Ukraine and its ruler Ivan Mazepa in two of his historical works. In his 1731 history of Charles XII of Sweden, he described how Charles turned to Ukraine for supplies after defeats in Poland, hoping for an alliance with Mazepa against Russia. Voltaire portrayed Ukraine as aspiring to freedom but forced to seek protection from Poland, Turkey, or Russia, and having its autonomy reduced over time. In his 1761 history of Peter the Great's Russian Empire, Voltaire focused more on Peter's reforms but still mentioned Mazepa's revolt against Russian rule. His treatment of Ukraine and Mazepa differed in emphasis between the two works due to their different subjects and time periods.
The czech conspiracy-george_lane_fox-pitt_rivers-1938-102pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document is an introduction and prologue to a book about the Czech conspiracy and its role in the events leading up to World War II. The author provides background on why and how the book was written, describing their experiences and research in Central Europe. They discuss the controversy around a meeting they spoke at about Czechoslovakia and the tensions around discussing different ethnic groups and minorities, particularly Jews. The prologue sets up the topic of the full book and arguments that will be made about the secret influences and plots that threatened to bring about catastrophe in Europe.
J.B. Rudnyckyj was a Ukrainian linguist who immigrated to Canada after World War 2 and had a significant impact on both academia and politics. He founded the Slavic Studies department at the University of Manitoba and advocated for the recognition of non-British and non-French ethnic groups in Canada. This led to the adoption of official multiculturalism in Canada. Rudnyckyj made valuable contributions to the study of Ukrainian language and folklore in Canada through his research and teaching. He played a key role in the establishment of Ukrainian Canadian studies as an academic field.
World War and Its Influence on Literature and Films..pptxDrashtiJoshi21
The document discusses how World War I influenced literature and films. It had a major impact, changing literary styles and techniques. Many early 20th century works focused on reflecting the grim realities and horrors of trench warfare. Writers like Wilfred Owen directly addressed the war's toll. The brutality of the conflict altered perspectives around the world for decades. Films also served as a medium to depict and shape collective memories of the war through various genres. Both literature and cinema played roles in understanding and processing the experience and legacy of World War I.
Czeslaw Milosz was a Polish poet, prose writer, and diplomat born in 1911 in what was then Russian Lithuania. He came from a multi-ethnic family and was raised Catholic but later adopted atheism in his youth. He wrote extensively in Polish and spent time in Warsaw during World War II before defecting from communist Poland in 1951. His 1953 book The Captive Mind examined the attraction of Stalinism among Eastern European intellectuals. The document also discusses other Polish intellectuals and writers such as Wislawa Szymborska and their relationship with and experiences under Russian and communist rule.
Henri roques from the gerstein affair to the roques affair - journal of his...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides background information on Henri Roques' thesis analyzing the testimony of Kurt Gerstein, a former SS officer. It discusses:
1) Roques' interest in revisionist historian Paul Rassinier led him to critically examine Gerstein's testimony, which had been cited as major evidence for the Holocaust by historians Leon Poliakov and Pierre Vidal-Naquet.
2) Roques conducted research at the Bielefeld Evangelical Church Archives and French military archives to collect unpublished Gerstein documents and versions of his testimony.
3) Roques' thesis analyzed the authenticity and veracity of Gerstein's texts, finding improbabilities and inconsistencies between versions. It encouraged readers to
Near and Not Lost -- The International Memorialization of the Czech Holocaust...YHRUploads
Olivia Noble's prize-winning essay, "Near and not Lost-- The International Memorialization of the Czech Holocaust Torahs" appears in the Fall 2020 edition of The Yale Historical Review.
36 Literary Journalism Studies
Svetlana Alexievich, Oct. 14, 2013. Elke Wetzig/Wikipedia Creative Commons
37
Literary Journalism Studies
Vol. 7, No. 2, Fall 2015
The Literature in the Journalism of Nobel
Prize Winner Svetlana Alexievich
John C. Hartsock
State University of New York at Cortland, United States
Abstract: For the first time the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded
for literary journalism as revealed in the work of Belarusian author Svetlana
Alexievich. Fundamentally, her approach has been to juxtapose the every-
day details of life against the secular mythologies of the state. Moreover, she
makes it clear that the intention of her journalism is to be literary. As such,
she is part of a larger Russian tradition, as well as a tradition practiced in
the Soviet Union and other communist countries during the Cold War. The
following is excerpted and adapted from the author’s forthcoming book,
Literary Journalism and the Aesthetics of Experience, to be published by the
University of Massachusetts Press in 2016. Permission to reprint passages
from the volume is gratefully acknowledged.
There is a scene in Svetlana Alexievich’s account about the Soviet war in
Afghanistan in the 1980s when a wife recalls how she and her soldier-
husband got married. They go to the marriage registry office in their village:
They took one look at us in the Village Soviet and said, “Why wait two
months. Go and get the brandy. We’ll do the paperwork.” An hour later we
were husband and wife. There was a snowstorm raging outside.
“Where’s the taxi for your new wife, bridegroom?”
“Hang on!” He went out and stopped a Belarus tractor for me.1
Such is how one wife recalls the nature of their admittedly modest nuptials,
riding away with her husband not in a limousine (much less a taxi) as one might
today, but in a snowstorm on a farm tractor. But the scene takes on a powerful
poignancy, because we know that her husband has died in Afghanistan.
And such is the nature of Alexievich’s literary method, to explore how
38 Literary Journalism Studies
larger ambitions in the form of secular mythologies—in this case, the Soviet Af-
ghanistan venture—had, in the details, so devastatingly scarred people’s psyches.
The announcement in October that Alexievich had received the Nobel
Prize for Literature was, of course, a validation for scholars of a narrative
literary journalism. A review of past recipients since the award was established
in 1901 reveals that she is the first journalist, and indeed literary journalist, to
receive what is undoubtedly the most distinguished recognition in the world
for literary endeavor.2 This is not to suggest that earlier recipients did not
engage in journalism. But the award is given for an author’s collected works,
and what we can detect is that most recipients have been primarily authors
of fiction, drama, and poetry. Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel,
but despite his work as a jour.
This document summarizes a scholarly article about Svetlana Alexievich and her work as a literary journalist from Belarus who won the Nobel Prize in Literature. It discusses how Alexievich uses first-hand accounts and narratives to challenge Soviet state myths and ideologies by juxtaposing the everyday details of people's lives against these myths. Her work focuses on revealing the human impact of major events in Soviet history like World War II and the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The document examines how Alexievich's style reconstructs narratives in a way that gives voice to individuals and subverts propaganda, while also drawing from Russian cultural traditions. It argues her work validates narrative literary journalism as a genre and that she intentionally aimed to create
This document provides a summary and analysis of two publications about the reception and influence of the Beatles in the Soviet Union: How the Beatles Rocked the Kremlin by Leslie Woodhead and History of the Beatles in the USSR 1964-1970 by Vladimir Bokarev and Yury Mitrofanov. It argues that Woodhead's account, based largely on dissident sources, overstates Soviet efforts to suppress the Beatles, while Bokarev and Mitrofanov provide extensive evidence from Soviet archives showing widespread availability and popularity of the Beatles despite some establishment hostility. The author draws on his own experiences broadcasting the Beatles in Russian for the BBC to suggest jamming was not used and the Beatles were praised by Soviet
Anne Frank In Historical Perspective A Teaching Guide For Secondary SchoolsNatasha Grant
This document provides an overview of the uniqueness of the Holocaust compared to other modern tragedies. It argues that while other events involved large-scale loss of life, they did not target the total destruction of an entire people in the way that the Holocaust did against European Jews. Specifically, it notes that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki aimed to end the war, not destroy the Japanese people. Treatment of Native Americans and African slaves involved exploitation for economic gain rather than a goal of extermination. Japanese internment in the US during WWII was due to security concerns, not a plan for murder. While the Armenian genocide and other mass killings were atrocities, they did not have the same industrialized system of mass
Mit Lessing konnten die Nazis nichts anfangen.docxJulian Scutts
1) Marcel Reich-Ranicki was a Polish-born literary critic who became famous in Germany for his role on the television program Literarisches Quartett.
2) He had an unusual background as a Jewish survivor of the Warsaw ghetto who nonetheless became deeply knowledgeable about German literature and culture.
3) In the quote, Reich-Ranicki notes that the Nazis could make no use of the German author Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, due to Lessing's association with Moses Mendelssohn and support for religious tolerance.
Secret Societies have a history of being considered a threat to overall society and deeply involved in all types of world corruption as well as every war. This was written by an historical writer researcher nearly 100 years ago. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us.
Charles lutton stalin's war victims and accomplices - journal of historical...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary and analysis of Nikolai Tolstoy's book "Stalin's Secret War". It discusses how Tolstoy argues that Stalin ruled the Soviet Union with an "unrestricted police state" and that conditions under Stalin were far worse than under the Tsars. It describes how Stalin signed non-aggression pacts with Hitler in 1939 to buy time, but overreached with territorial demands in 1940, leading Hitler to decide to invade. It analyzes how Stalin prioritized internal security over the war effort, using penal battalions and the NKVD to terrorize Soviet citizens and soldiers. It estimates that Stalin may have been responsible for as many as 23 million Soviet deaths, in addition to those caused by the Axis powers
Ezra Pound: Anti-Semitism, Cantos and ConfucianismAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT
This paper examines particular facets of American poet Ezra Pound's writings. Many have come to recognize
the real Pound, even though some scholars still find him to be controversial. Enjoying his work necessitates a
close reading of not just his poems and essays but also the reasons behind his political stance, canto writing
style, conversion of Confucianism to philosophy, and frequent use of the Chinese ideogram in his writing.
Because of his efforts to pinpoint the start of the Modernist Age of writing, which permanently altered the way
poets present their work, Ezra Pound is a significant figure in literary studies. In addition, he deserves more
respect because of his assistance and support for other artists, including Robert Frost, T. S. Eliot, and James
Joyce among others. In addition to these noteworthy details, his poetry is a masterful example of canto-style
Imagist writing that transports the reader through a historical account, stunning imagery, and a philosophical
analysis of the world. To help in understanding Pound and his accomplishments, these issues are addressed here.
Keywords: Ezra Pound; canto; Confucianism; Chinese ideogram.
2014.6 journal of literature and art studiesDoris Carly
This document provides information about the Journal of Literature and Art Studies, including its publication details, aims and scope, editorial board members, submission guidelines, and contact information. It is a monthly academic journal covering research on literature, art, culture, and art history. It is published in both print and online formats by David Publishing Company in New York. The journal aims to publish the latest research findings and achievements from experts worldwide in these fields. It has an international editorial board and invites manuscript submissions in various formats.
The Katyn Forest Massacre involved the murder of thousands of Polish prisoners, including over 8,000 officers, by the Soviet NKVD secret police in 1940. When the mass graves were discovered by Germany in 1943, the Soviet Union falsely blamed the Nazis for the killings. After the war, the Soviet Union continued propagating this lie and the Western allies covered up the true perpetrators to preserve their alliance with the Soviet Union against Germany. It was not until 1990 that the Soviet Union under Gorbachev finally admitted that the Soviet secret police carried out the massacre on Stalin's orders.
Primary Source World War I Primary sources are sources that.docxstilliegeorgiana
Primary Source: World War I
Primary sources are sources that were produced during, and are thus nearest to, the historical event or period in
question. Historians usually work with texts, including books, letters, newspapers, diaries and other documents. But
primary sources may also include coins, paintings, photographs, maps, and monuments that were produced during
the historical event or period. Primary sources are important because they provide first-hand accounts of how
contemporaries lived and how those contemporaries understood and represented historical events. Historians use
primary sources to reconstruct the past. But historians do not merely recount or re-present what is found in primary
sources. Instead, they analyze and interpret primary sources within their appropriate contexts and synthesize them
with other sources of information to produce a historical narrative or a "story" about the past.
Balkan Troubles
This image depicts the European powers,
including Great Britain, France, Russia,
Germany, and Austria-Hungary, represented
by their leaders attempting to "keep a lid"
on nationalism in the Balkan region, which
threatened the stability of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire and promised to upset
the delicate balance of power in Europe.
Indeed, as early as 1888, the German
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had
presciently remarked that if a war would
ever consume all of Europe, it would result
from "some damned foolish thing in the
Balkans."
The Balkan Peninsula encompassed a
region that included a myriad of different
ethnic and cultural groups, including Slavs,
Greeks, Turks, Christians, and Muslims.
Long under the control of the Ottoman
Turkish Empire, as it declined the different
ethnic and cultural groups began to demand
their own nation-states to be carved out of
the remnants of the empire. Several of these
ethnic and cultural groups also lived in the
neighboring Austro-Hungarian Empire, and
they, like their neighbors, demanded their
own nation-states—in this case to be carved
out of Austria-Hungary. The Austrians
cracked down on nationalists in their own
empire, but nationalism in the Balkan
region threatened to spill over into the rest of Europe. When a Serbian nationalist assassinated the Austrian archduke
Franz Ferdinand, Austria perceived it as an act of war. But as Austria and their German allies mobilized for war, it
triggered a complicated system of alliances that plunged all of Europe into war.
Primary Source: Cold War
Primary sources are sources that were produced during, and are thus nearest to, the historical event or period in
question. Historians usually work with texts, including books, letters, newspapers, diaries and other documents. But
primary sources may also include coins, paintings, photographs, maps, and monuments that were produced during
the historical event or period. Primary sources are important because they provide first-hand accounts of how
contempor ...
A comprehensive catalog of there various, ignominious racially prejudices pontificated by Karl Marx and Engels. This book is needed for those studying economics, Marxism, capitalism, wealth inequality, communism, income equality, and anthropology.
Frank h. hankins how many jews were eliminated by the nazis - - journal of ...RareBooksnRecords
This document discusses the difficulties in determining the number of Jews eliminated by Nazis during World War II. It notes that estimates range widely from 4-7 million due to a lack of reliable census data and the many variables that affected Jewish populations, such as escapes, deaths from war conditions, and reclassification of identities. The author was an expert demographer who aimed to objectively study the issues and consider factors beyond assuming the number was exactly 6 million. He highlighted problems with previous studies and the need for a careful demographic analysis of population movements and causes of deaths.
Szymborska was a Polish poet, essayist, and winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was born in 1923 in Poland and died in 2012 in Krakow. Throughout her career she published several books of poems and was a member of several Polish literary organizations.
Milosz was a Polish poet, novelist, and winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature. He spent many years in exile from Poland due to his anti-communist views, living in France from 1951-1960 and the United States from 1960-1993 before returning to Poland. His poems are intellectual with suggestive metaphors.
Reymont was a Polish novelist and winner of the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature for his four
This document summarizes the key facts and arguments about the Holocaust and mass killings in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. It argues that the Holocaust was centered in Poland and the Soviet Union, where the majority of Jewish victims lived, rather than Auschwitz. It also notes that Nazi Germany carried out mass killings of non-Jewish Slavic populations and that Stalin's Soviet Union deliberately starved and executed millions of civilians, with Belarus, Ukraine, Poland and the Baltic states experiencing the highest death tolls from both regimes' policies of mass killing.
Teaching World War IPoetry—ComparativelyMargot Norris.docxerlindaw
Teaching World War I
Poetry—Comparatively
Margot Norris
Margot Norris is professor of
English and Comparative
Literature at the University of
California, Irvine, and the
author of six books on modern
literature. Her latest Ulysses
(2004) is a study of the 1967
film byfoseph Strick of Joyce's
novel.
I n his magisterial book, A War Imagined: TheFirst World War and English Culture, SamuelHynes describes the challenge that World
War I posed to art. "Reality had changed, in
fundamental ways that called into question
the assumptions on which art, and civilization
itself, had been based" (1990, 11), he writes.
This insight has always shaped my approach
to the poetic experiments of the canonical
figures I teach in my required upper-division
course on "Anglo-American Modernism."
This large lecture class confix)nts undergrad-
uates with the difficult texts ofT. S. Eliot, Ezra
Pound, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, H.D.,
Djuna Barnes, and others. Students readily
grasp the notion that writers shaken by a cat-
aclysmic four-year war would feel impelled
to develop new forms and devices for con-
veying a post-traumatic vision of the modern
world. But a curious problem emerges when
the High Modernists and the trench poets are
taught side by side in the same syllabus.
Margot Norris 137
Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Isaac Rosenberg, and the other British sol-
dier-poets appear so much more conventional, formally, and so much less
brilliantly experimental, than the Eliot of TTie Waste Land, the Pound o(Hugh
Selwyn Mauberley, the Woolf of Mrs. Dalloway, and the Barnes of Nightwood.
This emergence of such a disparity in the classroom is interesting because it
harks back to some of the controversies betv̂ êen British poets with different
aesthetic and ideological allegiances at the time of the war and in its after-
math. These controversies culminated, as we remember, in W. B. Yeats's infa-
mous marginalization of trench poetry on poetic and aesthetic grounds. ̂ But
in the classroom, this problem of poetic evaluation is best addressed by consid-
ering it in light of the different aesthetic and ideological pressures on the trench
poets or soldier poets that can be historically and culturally contextualized.
One highly productive response to this problem is to teach the British
trench poets side by side with the German soldier-poets of the First World
War. Like their British counterparts, the German poets too needed to pres-
ent a new vision of reality, as Hynes has called it (1990,11). And for the sol-
dier-poets who saw mechanized combat on both sides of the trenches, this
challenge was not merely aesthetic, but also ethical and ideological. The
problem of inventing new forms for a new reality was further intensified by
the immense volume of poetry stimulated almost instantly by the outbreak
of World War I. Reliable estimates suggest that close to 50,000 poems were
written daily in Germany as well as in Britain during the first month of the
War,.
This document provides background information on Arthur Koestler, the author of the book "The Thirteenth Tribe". It then summarizes Koestler's book, which explores the history of the Khazar Empire, a Turkic kingdom in Eastern Europe between the 7th-10th centuries that converted to Judaism. The summary discusses how the Khazar Empire blocked the Arab invasion into Europe and that after the empire fell, many Khazar tribes may have migrated to areas where large Jewish populations later emerged, raising questions about the ethnic origins of Ashkenazi Jews.
Czeslaw Milosz was a Polish poet, prose writer, and diplomat born in 1911 in what was then Russian Lithuania. He came from a multi-ethnic family and was raised Catholic but later adopted atheism in his youth. He wrote extensively in Polish and spent time in Warsaw during World War II before defecting from communist Poland in 1951. His 1953 book The Captive Mind examined the attraction of Stalinism among Eastern European intellectuals. The document also discusses other Polish intellectuals and writers such as Wislawa Szymborska and their relationship with and experiences under Russian and communist rule.
Henri roques from the gerstein affair to the roques affair - journal of his...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides background information on Henri Roques' thesis analyzing the testimony of Kurt Gerstein, a former SS officer. It discusses:
1) Roques' interest in revisionist historian Paul Rassinier led him to critically examine Gerstein's testimony, which had been cited as major evidence for the Holocaust by historians Leon Poliakov and Pierre Vidal-Naquet.
2) Roques conducted research at the Bielefeld Evangelical Church Archives and French military archives to collect unpublished Gerstein documents and versions of his testimony.
3) Roques' thesis analyzed the authenticity and veracity of Gerstein's texts, finding improbabilities and inconsistencies between versions. It encouraged readers to
Near and Not Lost -- The International Memorialization of the Czech Holocaust...YHRUploads
Olivia Noble's prize-winning essay, "Near and not Lost-- The International Memorialization of the Czech Holocaust Torahs" appears in the Fall 2020 edition of The Yale Historical Review.
36 Literary Journalism Studies
Svetlana Alexievich, Oct. 14, 2013. Elke Wetzig/Wikipedia Creative Commons
37
Literary Journalism Studies
Vol. 7, No. 2, Fall 2015
The Literature in the Journalism of Nobel
Prize Winner Svetlana Alexievich
John C. Hartsock
State University of New York at Cortland, United States
Abstract: For the first time the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded
for literary journalism as revealed in the work of Belarusian author Svetlana
Alexievich. Fundamentally, her approach has been to juxtapose the every-
day details of life against the secular mythologies of the state. Moreover, she
makes it clear that the intention of her journalism is to be literary. As such,
she is part of a larger Russian tradition, as well as a tradition practiced in
the Soviet Union and other communist countries during the Cold War. The
following is excerpted and adapted from the author’s forthcoming book,
Literary Journalism and the Aesthetics of Experience, to be published by the
University of Massachusetts Press in 2016. Permission to reprint passages
from the volume is gratefully acknowledged.
There is a scene in Svetlana Alexievich’s account about the Soviet war in
Afghanistan in the 1980s when a wife recalls how she and her soldier-
husband got married. They go to the marriage registry office in their village:
They took one look at us in the Village Soviet and said, “Why wait two
months. Go and get the brandy. We’ll do the paperwork.” An hour later we
were husband and wife. There was a snowstorm raging outside.
“Where’s the taxi for your new wife, bridegroom?”
“Hang on!” He went out and stopped a Belarus tractor for me.1
Such is how one wife recalls the nature of their admittedly modest nuptials,
riding away with her husband not in a limousine (much less a taxi) as one might
today, but in a snowstorm on a farm tractor. But the scene takes on a powerful
poignancy, because we know that her husband has died in Afghanistan.
And such is the nature of Alexievich’s literary method, to explore how
38 Literary Journalism Studies
larger ambitions in the form of secular mythologies—in this case, the Soviet Af-
ghanistan venture—had, in the details, so devastatingly scarred people’s psyches.
The announcement in October that Alexievich had received the Nobel
Prize for Literature was, of course, a validation for scholars of a narrative
literary journalism. A review of past recipients since the award was established
in 1901 reveals that she is the first journalist, and indeed literary journalist, to
receive what is undoubtedly the most distinguished recognition in the world
for literary endeavor.2 This is not to suggest that earlier recipients did not
engage in journalism. But the award is given for an author’s collected works,
and what we can detect is that most recipients have been primarily authors
of fiction, drama, and poetry. Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel,
but despite his work as a jour.
This document summarizes a scholarly article about Svetlana Alexievich and her work as a literary journalist from Belarus who won the Nobel Prize in Literature. It discusses how Alexievich uses first-hand accounts and narratives to challenge Soviet state myths and ideologies by juxtaposing the everyday details of people's lives against these myths. Her work focuses on revealing the human impact of major events in Soviet history like World War II and the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The document examines how Alexievich's style reconstructs narratives in a way that gives voice to individuals and subverts propaganda, while also drawing from Russian cultural traditions. It argues her work validates narrative literary journalism as a genre and that she intentionally aimed to create
This document provides a summary and analysis of two publications about the reception and influence of the Beatles in the Soviet Union: How the Beatles Rocked the Kremlin by Leslie Woodhead and History of the Beatles in the USSR 1964-1970 by Vladimir Bokarev and Yury Mitrofanov. It argues that Woodhead's account, based largely on dissident sources, overstates Soviet efforts to suppress the Beatles, while Bokarev and Mitrofanov provide extensive evidence from Soviet archives showing widespread availability and popularity of the Beatles despite some establishment hostility. The author draws on his own experiences broadcasting the Beatles in Russian for the BBC to suggest jamming was not used and the Beatles were praised by Soviet
Anne Frank In Historical Perspective A Teaching Guide For Secondary SchoolsNatasha Grant
This document provides an overview of the uniqueness of the Holocaust compared to other modern tragedies. It argues that while other events involved large-scale loss of life, they did not target the total destruction of an entire people in the way that the Holocaust did against European Jews. Specifically, it notes that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki aimed to end the war, not destroy the Japanese people. Treatment of Native Americans and African slaves involved exploitation for economic gain rather than a goal of extermination. Japanese internment in the US during WWII was due to security concerns, not a plan for murder. While the Armenian genocide and other mass killings were atrocities, they did not have the same industrialized system of mass
Mit Lessing konnten die Nazis nichts anfangen.docxJulian Scutts
1) Marcel Reich-Ranicki was a Polish-born literary critic who became famous in Germany for his role on the television program Literarisches Quartett.
2) He had an unusual background as a Jewish survivor of the Warsaw ghetto who nonetheless became deeply knowledgeable about German literature and culture.
3) In the quote, Reich-Ranicki notes that the Nazis could make no use of the German author Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, due to Lessing's association with Moses Mendelssohn and support for religious tolerance.
Secret Societies have a history of being considered a threat to overall society and deeply involved in all types of world corruption as well as every war. This was written by an historical writer researcher nearly 100 years ago. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us.
Charles lutton stalin's war victims and accomplices - journal of historical...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary and analysis of Nikolai Tolstoy's book "Stalin's Secret War". It discusses how Tolstoy argues that Stalin ruled the Soviet Union with an "unrestricted police state" and that conditions under Stalin were far worse than under the Tsars. It describes how Stalin signed non-aggression pacts with Hitler in 1939 to buy time, but overreached with territorial demands in 1940, leading Hitler to decide to invade. It analyzes how Stalin prioritized internal security over the war effort, using penal battalions and the NKVD to terrorize Soviet citizens and soldiers. It estimates that Stalin may have been responsible for as many as 23 million Soviet deaths, in addition to those caused by the Axis powers
Ezra Pound: Anti-Semitism, Cantos and ConfucianismAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT
This paper examines particular facets of American poet Ezra Pound's writings. Many have come to recognize
the real Pound, even though some scholars still find him to be controversial. Enjoying his work necessitates a
close reading of not just his poems and essays but also the reasons behind his political stance, canto writing
style, conversion of Confucianism to philosophy, and frequent use of the Chinese ideogram in his writing.
Because of his efforts to pinpoint the start of the Modernist Age of writing, which permanently altered the way
poets present their work, Ezra Pound is a significant figure in literary studies. In addition, he deserves more
respect because of his assistance and support for other artists, including Robert Frost, T. S. Eliot, and James
Joyce among others. In addition to these noteworthy details, his poetry is a masterful example of canto-style
Imagist writing that transports the reader through a historical account, stunning imagery, and a philosophical
analysis of the world. To help in understanding Pound and his accomplishments, these issues are addressed here.
Keywords: Ezra Pound; canto; Confucianism; Chinese ideogram.
2014.6 journal of literature and art studiesDoris Carly
This document provides information about the Journal of Literature and Art Studies, including its publication details, aims and scope, editorial board members, submission guidelines, and contact information. It is a monthly academic journal covering research on literature, art, culture, and art history. It is published in both print and online formats by David Publishing Company in New York. The journal aims to publish the latest research findings and achievements from experts worldwide in these fields. It has an international editorial board and invites manuscript submissions in various formats.
The Katyn Forest Massacre involved the murder of thousands of Polish prisoners, including over 8,000 officers, by the Soviet NKVD secret police in 1940. When the mass graves were discovered by Germany in 1943, the Soviet Union falsely blamed the Nazis for the killings. After the war, the Soviet Union continued propagating this lie and the Western allies covered up the true perpetrators to preserve their alliance with the Soviet Union against Germany. It was not until 1990 that the Soviet Union under Gorbachev finally admitted that the Soviet secret police carried out the massacre on Stalin's orders.
Primary Source World War I Primary sources are sources that.docxstilliegeorgiana
Primary Source: World War I
Primary sources are sources that were produced during, and are thus nearest to, the historical event or period in
question. Historians usually work with texts, including books, letters, newspapers, diaries and other documents. But
primary sources may also include coins, paintings, photographs, maps, and monuments that were produced during
the historical event or period. Primary sources are important because they provide first-hand accounts of how
contemporaries lived and how those contemporaries understood and represented historical events. Historians use
primary sources to reconstruct the past. But historians do not merely recount or re-present what is found in primary
sources. Instead, they analyze and interpret primary sources within their appropriate contexts and synthesize them
with other sources of information to produce a historical narrative or a "story" about the past.
Balkan Troubles
This image depicts the European powers,
including Great Britain, France, Russia,
Germany, and Austria-Hungary, represented
by their leaders attempting to "keep a lid"
on nationalism in the Balkan region, which
threatened the stability of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire and promised to upset
the delicate balance of power in Europe.
Indeed, as early as 1888, the German
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had
presciently remarked that if a war would
ever consume all of Europe, it would result
from "some damned foolish thing in the
Balkans."
The Balkan Peninsula encompassed a
region that included a myriad of different
ethnic and cultural groups, including Slavs,
Greeks, Turks, Christians, and Muslims.
Long under the control of the Ottoman
Turkish Empire, as it declined the different
ethnic and cultural groups began to demand
their own nation-states to be carved out of
the remnants of the empire. Several of these
ethnic and cultural groups also lived in the
neighboring Austro-Hungarian Empire, and
they, like their neighbors, demanded their
own nation-states—in this case to be carved
out of Austria-Hungary. The Austrians
cracked down on nationalists in their own
empire, but nationalism in the Balkan
region threatened to spill over into the rest of Europe. When a Serbian nationalist assassinated the Austrian archduke
Franz Ferdinand, Austria perceived it as an act of war. But as Austria and their German allies mobilized for war, it
triggered a complicated system of alliances that plunged all of Europe into war.
Primary Source: Cold War
Primary sources are sources that were produced during, and are thus nearest to, the historical event or period in
question. Historians usually work with texts, including books, letters, newspapers, diaries and other documents. But
primary sources may also include coins, paintings, photographs, maps, and monuments that were produced during
the historical event or period. Primary sources are important because they provide first-hand accounts of how
contempor ...
A comprehensive catalog of there various, ignominious racially prejudices pontificated by Karl Marx and Engels. This book is needed for those studying economics, Marxism, capitalism, wealth inequality, communism, income equality, and anthropology.
Frank h. hankins how many jews were eliminated by the nazis - - journal of ...RareBooksnRecords
This document discusses the difficulties in determining the number of Jews eliminated by Nazis during World War II. It notes that estimates range widely from 4-7 million due to a lack of reliable census data and the many variables that affected Jewish populations, such as escapes, deaths from war conditions, and reclassification of identities. The author was an expert demographer who aimed to objectively study the issues and consider factors beyond assuming the number was exactly 6 million. He highlighted problems with previous studies and the need for a careful demographic analysis of population movements and causes of deaths.
Szymborska was a Polish poet, essayist, and winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was born in 1923 in Poland and died in 2012 in Krakow. Throughout her career she published several books of poems and was a member of several Polish literary organizations.
Milosz was a Polish poet, novelist, and winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature. He spent many years in exile from Poland due to his anti-communist views, living in France from 1951-1960 and the United States from 1960-1993 before returning to Poland. His poems are intellectual with suggestive metaphors.
Reymont was a Polish novelist and winner of the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature for his four
This document summarizes the key facts and arguments about the Holocaust and mass killings in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. It argues that the Holocaust was centered in Poland and the Soviet Union, where the majority of Jewish victims lived, rather than Auschwitz. It also notes that Nazi Germany carried out mass killings of non-Jewish Slavic populations and that Stalin's Soviet Union deliberately starved and executed millions of civilians, with Belarus, Ukraine, Poland and the Baltic states experiencing the highest death tolls from both regimes' policies of mass killing.
Teaching World War IPoetry—ComparativelyMargot Norris.docxerlindaw
Teaching World War I
Poetry—Comparatively
Margot Norris
Margot Norris is professor of
English and Comparative
Literature at the University of
California, Irvine, and the
author of six books on modern
literature. Her latest Ulysses
(2004) is a study of the 1967
film byfoseph Strick of Joyce's
novel.
I n his magisterial book, A War Imagined: TheFirst World War and English Culture, SamuelHynes describes the challenge that World
War I posed to art. "Reality had changed, in
fundamental ways that called into question
the assumptions on which art, and civilization
itself, had been based" (1990, 11), he writes.
This insight has always shaped my approach
to the poetic experiments of the canonical
figures I teach in my required upper-division
course on "Anglo-American Modernism."
This large lecture class confix)nts undergrad-
uates with the difficult texts ofT. S. Eliot, Ezra
Pound, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, H.D.,
Djuna Barnes, and others. Students readily
grasp the notion that writers shaken by a cat-
aclysmic four-year war would feel impelled
to develop new forms and devices for con-
veying a post-traumatic vision of the modern
world. But a curious problem emerges when
the High Modernists and the trench poets are
taught side by side in the same syllabus.
Margot Norris 137
Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Isaac Rosenberg, and the other British sol-
dier-poets appear so much more conventional, formally, and so much less
brilliantly experimental, than the Eliot of TTie Waste Land, the Pound o(Hugh
Selwyn Mauberley, the Woolf of Mrs. Dalloway, and the Barnes of Nightwood.
This emergence of such a disparity in the classroom is interesting because it
harks back to some of the controversies betv̂ êen British poets with different
aesthetic and ideological allegiances at the time of the war and in its after-
math. These controversies culminated, as we remember, in W. B. Yeats's infa-
mous marginalization of trench poetry on poetic and aesthetic grounds. ̂ But
in the classroom, this problem of poetic evaluation is best addressed by consid-
ering it in light of the different aesthetic and ideological pressures on the trench
poets or soldier poets that can be historically and culturally contextualized.
One highly productive response to this problem is to teach the British
trench poets side by side with the German soldier-poets of the First World
War. Like their British counterparts, the German poets too needed to pres-
ent a new vision of reality, as Hynes has called it (1990,11). And for the sol-
dier-poets who saw mechanized combat on both sides of the trenches, this
challenge was not merely aesthetic, but also ethical and ideological. The
problem of inventing new forms for a new reality was further intensified by
the immense volume of poetry stimulated almost instantly by the outbreak
of World War I. Reliable estimates suggest that close to 50,000 poems were
written daily in Germany as well as in Britain during the first month of the
War,.
This document provides background information on Arthur Koestler, the author of the book "The Thirteenth Tribe". It then summarizes Koestler's book, which explores the history of the Khazar Empire, a Turkic kingdom in Eastern Europe between the 7th-10th centuries that converted to Judaism. The summary discusses how the Khazar Empire blocked the Arab invasion into Europe and that after the empire fell, many Khazar tribes may have migrated to areas where large Jewish populations later emerged, raising questions about the ethnic origins of Ashkenazi Jews.
Similar to Krakivski Visti and the Jews, 1943 (20)
DEFCON-21 - How to Hack Your Mini Cooper, by Jason StaggsGuy Boulianne
This document discusses hacking a Mini Cooper by reverse engineering its Controller Area Network (CAN) messages. The presenter, Jason Staggs, captured CAN traffic from a Mini Cooper during a crash test. By plotting the data values over time, he was able to identify the message IDs corresponding to the speedometer and tachometer. He then built a proof-of-concept "CAN clock" by sending manipulated CAN messages from an Arduino to control the instrument cluster display. The document warns that lack of authentication on CAN messages leaves vehicles vulnerable and discusses the need for better access control and security on automotive networks.
How to Hack Your Mini Cooper. Reverse Engineering CAN Messages on Passenger A...Guy Boulianne
This document discusses reverse engineering CAN messages on passenger vehicles to manipulate vehicle systems. It presents a methodology for identifying proprietary CAN message IDs through analyzing logged CAN data from a staged crash of a Mini Cooper. The methodology is demonstrated by transforming the Mini Cooper's instrument cluster into a clock controlled by spoofed CAN messages from an Arduino. Wires from the instrument cluster are connected to a small CAN network along with the Arduino. The Arduino sends customized CAN messages to display the time on the instrument cluster gauges.
Conspirators Hierarchy: The Story of the Committee of 300, by John ColemanGuy Boulianne
This document provides an overview of a secret upper-level parallel government that controls the governments of Britain and the United States. It identifies the Committee of 300 as the ultimate power behind this secret government. It argues that this secret government operates in plain sight through public institutions like the White House and Congress, rather than in secret underground chambers. It claims this secret government is responsible for orchestrating wars, economic crises, and depopulation efforts as part of a conspiracy for a one world government.
COVID-Period Mass Vaccination Campaign and Public Health Disaster in the USAGuy Boulianne
This document analyzes all-cause mortality data in the United States from 1999-2022 to assess the impact of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. It finds:
1) Excess all-cause mortality during the COVID period (March 2020-February 2022) was not reduced by vaccination and remained high irrespective of vaccinations. No deaths were averted due to vaccination.
2) Excess mortality risk was relatively uniform across age groups during the COVID period, inconsistent with COVID-19 risk which increases strongly with age. This implies COVID-19 was not a dominant cause of excess deaths.
3) Excess mortality correlated strongly with poverty levels by state but not elderly population fractions, further suggesting COVID-19
The Truth about mRNA Vaccines, by Raffaele AnsoviniGuy Boulianne
The document summarizes the key claims of an article arguing that mRNA vaccines do not work as advertised. It argues that for mRNA to produce spike proteins as claimed: 1) the mRNA must incorporate into the host cell genome to avoid destruction, and 2) must alter the cell's redox state and activate nucleus factors to trigger protein synthesis, which mRNA alone cannot do. The conclusion is that vaccine manufacturers are lying by claiming mRNA can produce spike proteins without integrating into the genome and then being destroyed, and that pandemics cannot be stopped through such scientific untruths.
Memorandum of conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and James Baker in MoscowGuy Boulianne
The National Security Archive is located at Suite 701 of Gelman Library at The George Washington University. It is located at 2130 H Street NW in Washington D.C. with a phone number of 202/994-7000 and fax number of 202/994-7005.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of MindWar and proposes its development as a new branch of the US Army focused on psychological operations. It begins with a preface discussing the historical reliance on physical warfare (PhysWar) despite its limited effectiveness in resolving disputes. The concept of MindWar is presented as a holistic alternative approach for resolving problems through emerging scientific methodologies focused on the information and cognitive domains. The document is divided into three parts that outline the concept of MindWar, how it could be organized as new branches within the Army, and a proposed multi-phase model for conducting a MindWar campaign.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
1. Krakivski visti and the Jews, 1943:
A Contribution to the History of
Ukrainian-Jewish Relations
during the Second World War
fohn-Paul Himka
The history of Ukrainian-Jewish relations during World War II is one of
those subjects that has generated much more heat than light. ^ This is
strikingly evident when one compares Philip Friedman's pioneering
article on the subject, originally published in 1959/ with two later
interpretations, both published in the late 1980s, by Taras Hunczak and
Aharon Weiss.^ Although a generation had passed since the publication
1. Earlier, Ukrainian-language versions of this article were presented at
conferences on Ukrainian-Jewish relations held in Kyiv (1991) and Jerusalem
(1993). I would like to thank the Central Research Fund at the University of
Alberta for the grant to travel to Jerusalem. I would also like to thank my wife,
Chrystia Chomiak, for reading this text; as is often the case, her critical insights
resulted in a number of improvements and clarifications. Other readers to whom
I am in debt for pointing out problems and suggesting improvements are Natalia
Chomiak, Chrystia Freeland, and Alan Rutkowski. In the case of this particular
article, I would like to say explicitly what should go without saying: that I alone
am responsible for the views expressed herein.
2. Philip Friedman, “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Nazi Occupation,"
his Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, ed. Ada June Friedman (New York
and Philadelphia: Conference on Jewish Social Studies, The Jewish Publication
Society of America, 1980), 176-208. The article first appeared in the YIVO Annual
of Jewish Social Science 12 (1958-9).
3. Taras Hunczak, “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Soviet and Nazi
Occupations," in Ukraine during World War II: History and its Aftermath. A
Symposium, ed. Yury Boshyk (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies,
1986), 39-57; Aharon Weiss, “Jewish-Ukrainian Relations in Western Ukraine
during the Holocaust," in Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective, ed.
Howard Aster and Peter J. Potichnyj (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian
Studies, 1988, 1990), 409-20.
2. 82 John-Paul Himka
of Friedman's article, both Hunczak and Weiss relied on essentially the
same source material as Friedman; the most substantive addition to their
source base was Raul Hilberg's monumental study of the destruction of
the European Jews.^ To Friedman's and Hilberg's materials Hunczak and
Weiss primarily added their own interpretive spin, defensive in the case
of Hunczak and accusatory in the case of Weiss. I do not wish even to
suggest that interpretation is not a primary task of scholarship; but I do
want to point out how little hard research has been conducted. The
history of Ukrainian-Jewish relations during the last world war remains
relatively uninvestigated, disproportionately so when one considers the
stereotypes and passions that surround the issue. It is this anomalous,
and indeed unhealthy, situation that has induced me to offer the present
study of a concrete incident in the history of Ukrainian-Jewish relations
during World War II—the appearance in the spring and summer of 1943
of a series of anti—Jewish articles in the flagship of Ukrainian journalism
under Nazi occupation, Krakivski visti.
The primary sources for this study, aside from the articles them-
selves, are the editorial correspondence and records of Krakivski visti,
which were acquired by the Provincial Archives of Alberta in 1985, a year
after the death of the newspaper's chief editor, Mykhailo Khomiak
(Michael Chomiak).^ It is worth noting that this collection seems to
constitute the fullest set of editorial documentation of any of the legal
newspapers published in Nazi-occupied Poland (the Generalgouverne-
ment).^ The papers in the Provincial Archives of Alberta make it possible
to identify the authors of the anti-Jewish articles, none of whom signed
their real names to these contributions, to ascertain at whose initiative the
articles appeared, and to acquire more insight into Ukrainian attitudes to
4. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, revised, definitive ed., 3
vols. (New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 1985). The first edition appeared
in 1961.
5. Michael Chomiak Papers, Provincial Archives of Alberta, accession no.
85.191. For this study 1 have relied on: item no. 32 (lists of authors and honoraria,
June 1940-June 1944); item no. 40 (general editorial correspondence, April 1943-30
June 1943, and undated); and item no. 41 (general editorial correspondence, 1
July-31 December 1943 and undated).
6. A description of the other surviving documentation can be found in Lucjan
Dobroszycki, Die legale polnische Presse im Generalgouvernement,
1939-1945 (Munich:
Institut fiir Zeitgeschichte, 1977), 8-9. Dobroszycki's book was recently published
in English translation under the title Reptile Journalism: The Official Polish-Language
Press under the Nazis, 1939-1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984).
3. Krakivski visti and the Jews 83
the fate of the Jews under Nazi rule—not just the attitudes of the authors
and editors, but also those of wider circles of Ukrainian public opinion.
I must emphasize at the outset that my sources do not provide a
complete picture. At least one letter from a potential contributor of an
anti-Jewish article seems to have been destroyed by the editorial board
because the author of the letter refused to write against the Jews and
presumably explained the grounds for this refusal. The retention of such
a letter could have constituted a grave risk for its author, and the
editorial board prudently did not retain it in their files. ^ In fact, there is
no letter of refusal in the editorial files, although it is clear that several
individuals who were approached to write anti-Jewish articles declined
to do so. What else had never been included in the editorial records that
would shed a different light on the incident under investigation can only
be a matter of speculation. Moreover, a daughter of the chief editor, who
interviewed her father about his wartime experiences, has informed me
that Mykhailo Khomiak and the editorial board as a whole worked to
some extent with the anti-Nazi resistance; in particular, they issued false
papers for members of the underground.® Such activities, of course, are
not directly reflected in the official editorial records. The sources, then,
are fragmentary and one-sided, and this must be kept in mind by readers
of this study. The sources do cast light on the problem of Ukrainian-
Jewish relations during the war, but they leave many shadows. Fuller
illumination can only be the result of sustained scholarly research into a
wide range of individual problems and incidents relating to the interac-
tion between Ukrainians and Jews during the Second World War. Only
then will it be possible to construct meaningful scholarly syntheses of the
overall problem.
Krakivski visti: Background
Krakivski visti first appeared in Cracow on 7 January 1940, and for the
duration of the war it played an important and, generally, positive role
in Ukrainian life. When the Soviets occupied Lviv, the capital of
Ukrainian Galicia, in 1939, many Ukrainian intellectuals and political
7. Marian Kozak, of the editorial board of Krakivski visti, wrote to lurii Lypa
on 15 May 1943 to solicit an anti-Jewish article from him. In a subsequent letter,
dated 26 May 1943, Kozak thanked Lypa for his "long letter" in reply. From the
tone of Kozak's second letter and from the absence of an anti-Jewish article by
Lypa, it is evident that Lypa had responded that he would not write the desired
article. Usually the editors scrupulously filed letters and even postcards from
contributors, but Lypa's reply is missing.
8. Personal communication from Natalia Chomiak.
4. 84 John-Paul Himka
activists fled to Cracow in the German zone of occupation, both to avoid
eventual arrest by Soviet security organs and to maintain some Ukrainian
institutions independent of Soviet control and censorship. Krakivski visti
was able to publish, even within the limits imposed by the German
occupation authorities, many excellent articles on Ukrainian history and
culture that are still worth reading a half-century later. Volodymyr
Kubijovyc described it thus: "Krakivski visti was not a German paper in
the Ukrainian language, but was a Ukrainian paper edited within the
German reality."^ The paper was closely associated with the Ukrainian
Central Committee (UTsK), which Kubijovyc headed, and, like the Utsk,
it served as a buffer between the German occupation authorities and the
population of the Generalgouvernement.
Aside from an educational and opinion-forming function, the
newspaper served the Ukrainian community by providing a source of
income for the Ukrainian intelligentsia during the difficult years of the
war. This was a particularly valuable service to the nation, because the
Ukrainian intelligentsia, relatively young and small in number to begin
with, had suffered tremendous blows in the interwar years as a result of
physical liquidation in Stalin's Soviet Union and discrimination and
exclusion from employment under Poland and Romania. The contributors
to Krakivski visti represented all regions of Ukraine, including, after 1941,
what had been Soviet Ukraine. Writing for the newspaper were some of
Ukraine's most prominent intellectuals—poets, novelists, art historians,
literary critics, linguists, theologians, politicians, historians, and physi-
cians. The list of contributors reads like a Who's Who of Ukrainian
intellectual and public life. Among them were Dmytro Doroshenko, Panas
Fedenko, Damian Horniatkevych, Myron Korduba, lurii Kosach, Father
Havryil Kostelnyk, Hryhorii Kostiuk, Ivan Kryp'iakevych, Zenon Kuzelia,
Bohdan Lepky, Denys Lukiianovych, lurii Lypa, Evhen Malaniuk, Vasyl
Mudry, Oleksander Ohloblyn, Evhen Onatsky, Sofiia Parfanovych, luliian
Revai, Lev Shankovsky, lurii (George Y.) Shevelov, Mykhailo Vozniak,
and Andrii Zhuk.
There were certain topics the paper had to avoid, and about other
topics the paper could only write from a pro-German perspective. At
times the editors had to publish material that they knew to be false and
pained them to print. Por example, the editorial board was well aware
that Ukrainian forced labourers in work camps in Germany were treated
9. Volodymyr Kubiiovych [Kubijovyc], Ukraintsi v Heneralnii hubernii,
1939-1941: Istoriia Ukrainskoho tsentralnoho komitetu (Chicago: Vydavnytstvo
Mykoly Denysiuka, 1975), 276.
5. Krakivski visti and the Jews 85
as slaves, but nonetheless they had to publish enthusiastic reports about
'
the workers and the conditions in which they lived. The editors went
ahead and printed the false reports because the German authorities had
I
made it clear that disobedience would result in the appointment of a
German as editor of the paper. In that case offensive materials would
appear more frequently and the precious Ukrainian cultural work carried
j
on by the paper would be undermined. The relative autonomy that
Krakivski visti enjoyed by having a Ukrainian editor was an unusual
privilege, since from fall of 1939 until the spring of 1944 all the editors of
Polish periodicals in the Generalgouvernement were German.”
Motivations of the Anti-Jewish Articles
In May 1943, as the editorial correspondence establishes beyond a
doubt, the German press chief, Emil Gassner, demanded that the paper
print a series of anti-Jewish articles.^^ It is not clear from the sources
why the German authorities demanded such a series at this particular
time. One of the editors, Marian Kozak, speculated that the order was
issued "in the first place in order to divert attention from other mat-
ters.'”^ I understand this to mean that the Germans were seeking to
distract attention from their brutal treatment of the Ukrainian population
in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. But the Germans may have had other
10. "The publication in January 1940 of information on the Soviet-Finnish War,
information based on German sources and published without editorial commen-
tary, resulted in a warning by the press chief [Emil Gassner] to the editor-in-chief
[at that time], Borys Levytsky, and later to his removal from the position of
editor. For reprinting an obituary of Mykhailo Konovalets, Evhen's father, from
the daily Krakivski visti in the weekly, the latter's editor, Vasyl Kochmar, had to
leave; for a lead article that made reference to the inimical attitude towards the
Ukrainian people of Ukraine's western neighbours, editor Vasyl Mudry lost his
job in Krakivski visti. Editor-in-chief Khomiak was being threatened that he would
be sent, along with the other editors, for 're-education' and that his place would
be taken by a German." Kubiiovych, Ukraintsi v Heneralnii hubernii, 274. The
editorial correspondence in the Provincial Archives confirms that the Germans
kept the editorial board in a state of anxiety about various alleged lapses that had
occurred.
11. Dobroszycki, Die legale polnische Presse, 100.
12. Erom Marian Kozak's letter to lurii Lypa, 15 May: "For your information,
we received an order to publish a series of anti-Jewish articles." Kozak to X [the
addressee is still living], 22 May: "We have an order to conduct an anti-Jewish
campaign." Kozak to Oleksander Mokh, 15 May: "All these [anti-Jewish] articles
will be published, for such is the desire expressed by the 'Pressechef der Regier-
ung.'"
13. Marian Kozak's letter to lurii Lypa, 26 May.
6. 86 John-Paul Himka
reasons for wanting anti-Jewish articles to appear. In the spring of 1943
they were suppressing the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Perhaps they feared
(correctly, as it turned out) that an uprising would also break out in the
Lviv ghetto, which they were about to "clear" completely, and the articles
were intended as a prophylactic against possible Ukrainian sympathy for
the insurgent Jews. Or possibly the articles were connected with the
changes in German policy towards occupied populations that began to
take place after the defeat at Stalingrad. Perhaps the articles were
intended to foster a more positive attitude to the Germans. This was also
roughly the time when the Germans exhumed or permitted to be
exhumed the mass graves of victims of Stalinism in Katyn and Vinnytsia.
Although the editors of Krakivski visti did not initiate the anti-Jewish
series, they thought that they could turn it to the advantage of the
Ukrainian cause. Marian Kozak wrote to lurii Lypa on 15 May: "We
received an order to publish a series of anti-Jewish articles. Now it is a
matter of making use of this opportunity from our standpoint." On 26
May he wrote to Lypa again: "When there is an opportunity to remind
people of the harmfulness of Jewish influences, we have to do it so that
the understanding will not be lost that the Jews continue to be an
important factor in international life. They might still have more than one
chance to do us harm."
The Articles and Their Authors
The anti-Jewish series started off with an article by Oleksander Mokh
entitled "At the Sources of the Universal Conspiracy," which appeared
in the 25 May issue. Mokh was a Catholic publicist, editor, and publisher;
his publishing house. Dobra knyzhka, was based in Lviv, and after the
war it was re-established in Toronto. On 15 May Editor Kozak had
written to him: "We need serious articles that would reveal the harmful
and disintegrative role of the Jewish element in literature, the press, art,
and philosophy... You are the only one who knows these matters well
and you feel strongly about them." Mokh accepted the invitation and
wrote a whole series of articles under such titles as "A Nation of
Desperados," "The Jews are Depraving Europe" and "How They Helped
the Bolsheviks. Taken together, his articles constituted a fairly
14. M. L., "U dzherel vsesvitnoi zmovy," Krakivski visti, 25 May 1943; M. L.,
"Taina vplyviv i uspikhiv," Krakivski visti, 30 May 1943; M. L., "Za dushu
inteligenta," Krakivski visti, 3 June 1943; "Natsiia desperadiv," Krakivski visti, 4
June 1943; M. L., "Zhydy depravuiut Evropu," Krakivski visti, 5 June 1943; M. L.,
"Idealy i nosii rozkladu," Krakivski visti, 8 June 1943; M. L., "lak spomahaly
bol'shevykiv," Krakivski visti, 9 June 1943; M. L., "Spravedlyvyi u Sodomi,"
7. Krakivski visti and the Jews 87
comprehensive exposition of anti-Semitic doctrine. They mainly focused
on what Mokh saw as the secret but powerful and corrupting influences
of the Jews and their loyal collaborators, the Masons. Mokh's articles
were general and theoretical in character, since the editors asked him to
refrain from dealing with the specifics of the Ukrainian case. He cited a
varied corpus of anti-Semitic literature—West European and Polish—and
frequently referred to 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion."
Kost Kuzyk, an editor of a local paper in Sambir, contributed two
articles to the series. The content of the first of them is clear from the
title: "Ivan Eranko and the Jewish Question."^^ The selection of Franko's
texts and their interpretation in the article were, of course, quite one-
sided. Kuzyk's second article concentrated on economic problems,
specifically exploitation of the peasantry of the Boiko region by Jewish
taverners, merchants, leaseholders, and Drohobych mineowners, as well
as unscrupulous lawyers and physicians. The article also stated that the
Jews "always took the side of our enemies," especially in the years of the
first Soviet occupation of Galicia (1939-41), when they "penetrated into
all Bolshevik institutions, not excluding the NKVD."^^
Luka Lutsiv, a literary critic and later, for many years, an editor of
the newspaper Svohoda in Jersey City, also contributed two articles: on
Jews as agents of demoralization, and cosmopolitanism in the realm of
literature.^^
One longish article, published in two parts, was contributed by Olena
Kysilevska. Kysilevska was a well-known activist in the Ukrainian
women's movement, the editor and publisher of the women's fortnightly
Zhinocha dolia in Kolomyia, and a former Polish senator associated with
the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance; after the war she continued
her activities as a leader of the emigre Ukrainian women's movement in
the West. Her article, entitled "Who Ruined the Hutsul Region?"^®
concentrated on Jewish economic activities in the Carpathians, but also
mentioned the role of the Jews in propagating Communism.^^
Krakivski visti, 10 June 1943; M. L., "Pered naizdom Dzhingiskhana," Krakivski
visti, 11 June 1943.
15. K. K., "Ivan Franko i zhydivske pytannia," Krakivski visti, 28 May 1943.
16. Boiko, "Tin Ahasfera nad Boikivshchynoiu," Krakivski visti, 29 May 1943.
17. L. Hranychka, "Pro smikh, zhydiv, radnyka Shchypku i Makolondru Miska
(Nashym humorystam pid uvahu)," Krakivski visti, 1 June 1943; L. Hranychka,
"Deshcho pro roliu zhydivskykh pysmennykiv," Krakivski visti, 27 June 1943.
18. Kh., "Khto ruinuvav Hutsulshchynu?" Krakivski visti, 16-17 June 1943.
19. After the war, as an emigre, Kysilevska wrote the article "Za dobre im'ia
ukrainskoho narodu" (For the Good Name of the Ukrainian People), originally
8. 88 John-Paul Himka
The well-known economist, former minister of internal affairs under
the UNR Directory, and professor of the Ukrainian Husbandry Academy
and the Ukrainian Free University, Oleksander Mytsiuk, contributed a
lengthy article entitled simply 'The Jews in Ukraine." Devoted to
examining the negative role of the Jews in the economic life of Ukraine,
it was serialized in six issues of the paper, with rather long intervals
between them.^° The first part came out in the Pentecost issue (mid-
June), and the last in the issue of 11 September; with this last instalment,
the anti-Jewish series came formally to a close.
There was, however, one other author. (He is still living, and I will
refrain from naming him.) The editors did not print his contribution.
Editor Kozak wrote to him on 18 June: "The article on Jews could not
appear because you touched upon too many issues in it. Furthermore, it's
hard to maintain the position that the Jews alone are responsible for
everything."
The editorial board of Krakivski visti felt that it had been able to
remain objective in publishing the anti-Jewish series. Having it specifi-
cally in mind, the editor-in-chief wrote to Volodymyr Levynsky on 10
July, as the series was drawing to a close: "It seems to us that we
approach every issue in the most objective manner and try to shed light
on the problems that life itself suggests or forces upon us. We try to do
this sine ira et studio."
The Negative Reception of the Anti-Jewish Articles
The editorial board of Krakivski visti and the authors of the anti-
Jewish articles were aware that at least some Ukrainian circles would
disapprove of the publication of the articles. It is telling that all the
articles were signed with pseudonyms or initials, while the normal
practice of the paper was to publish articles signed with real names.
When the editors informed Oleksander Mokh that they were not going
to print what he had written "about our li.e., Ukrainian] Jews and
Masons," Mokh responded, in his letter of 28 May: "You want to put off
the examples for another time, but it will never come. If you sincerely
entitled "Do spravy zhydivsko-ukrainskykh vidnosyn" (On the Issue of Jewish-
Ukrainian Relations). In it she stated that the Jews were the enemies of the
Ukrainians in Galicia—they exploited them and got them drunk, and they actively
collaborated with their oppressors; nonetheless, Ukrainian peasants helped and
fed Jews during the war. Copy in the Olena Kysilevska Collection, National
Archives (Ottawa), MG 31, H42, vol. 4, file 37.
20. O. M., "Zhydy v Ukraini," Krakivski visti, Pentecost {zeleni sviata, June), 29
June, 7 July, 12 August, 13 August, and 11 September 1943.
9. Krakivski visti and the Jews 89
want to open the eyes of society, then you can only do it right now—later
you will have to write the way Dr. Mykhailo Rudnytsky and other
'Europeans' tell you. Being polite in these matters will no longer help
you, because the publication of anti-Semitic theory has decided your fate
as an 'uncultured' editor; a person who dared to publish this cannot
occupy a prominent place in democratic Europe."
A negative attitude to the anti-Jewish series probably explains why
some potential authors did not accept the invitation to participate in it.
Among those who refused to write were: the prominent National
Democratic politician Stepan Baran; the writer and physician lurii Lypa,
who a year later died as a physician in the ranks of the Ukrainian
Insurgent Army (UFA); the editor and economist Levko Lukasevych,
who, at the very time he was asked to write against the Jews, was himself
hiding a Jew in Warsaw;^^ and the leading poet of the nationalist camp,
Evhen Malaniuk. In fact, the editors had difficulty getting a sufficient
number of anti-Jewish articles. As Marian Kozak wrote in a letter on 22
May: "We have an order to conduct an anti-Jewish campaign, but there's
not enough material."
The appearance of the anti-Jewish articles provoked indignation
among a part of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. I cite from the letter of the
editor-in-chief to Volodymyr Levynsky, 10 July: "I have to confess that
we have written enough on the Jewish question, and we have heard our
fill of accusations from many people that we are conducting or, rather,
justifying the action against the Jews, [and] also that we are acting in bad
conscience and thinking only of our own backyard and that we are run-
ning away from reality and responsibility." And from another letter, to
Oleksander Mytsiuk, 20 August: "Many people are upset that we are
touching upon this sensitive theme in such conditions as we are now
ourselves forced to live in. It is also true that very many people express
their approval of the good manner in which the authors approach this
painful problem."
Some Reflections on the Material
What is probably most striking to the modern reader of Krakivski
visti' articles against the Jews and related editorial correspondence is the
callous indifference displayed to the great tragedy that struck the Jewish
population of Ukraine under Nazi occupation. That the editors solicited
and published articles against the Jews does not of itself indicate lack of
21. Levko Lukasevych, Rozdumy na skhylku zhyttia (New York: Ukrainske
pravoslavne vydavnytstvo sv. Sofii, 1982), 243.
10. 90 John-Paul Himka
sympathy with the Jews' plight or a willing complicity in the Nazi
crimes. Had they refused to assemble the required series, the only
relatively autonomous Ukrainian newspaper would have lost its
autonomy and they personally would have been exposed to severe
punishment, probably dispatch to a concentration camp. And these
consequences would have been precipitated by a gesture that was
symbolic rather than effective, since their own refusal to prepare the
series would not actually have prevented its appearance. This is not to
deny that they could have taken a stand anyway, consequences be
damned; one should be aware, however, that the impediments to such
conduct were formidable. Yet, that more than submission to coercion
came into play in the preparation of the anti-Jewish series is suggested
by the conviction on the part of the editors that they could use the series
to promote the Ukrainian cause.
Indifference to the fate of the Jews on the part of the authors of the
anti-Jewish articles is more readily apparent: they were under no
compulsion to accept the proposal to write these articles (as the number
of refusals demonstrates), although it cannot be excluded that not all of
the authors realised this. There were also certain passages in some of the
articles that expressed approval of what the Nazis were doing to the
Jews. Olena Kysilevska ended her account of Jewish exploitation in the
Hutsul region on what for her was an optimistic note: "Today there are
no more Jews in the mountains," and the Hutsuls appear to be on the
verge of economic revival.^^ Oleksander Mytsiuk, after describing the
economic ruin of Transcarpathia through the agency of Jewish usurers,
quoted with approval what Transcarpathian peasants had told him in
1938: "If only Adolf Hitler would come to them, to their Jewry, even for
a month!"23
What were the sources of this indifference to and even approval of
the destruction of the Jews at the hands of the Nazis? From this
specialised study it is impossible to formulate generalizations with any
certainty, and what are offered here are no more than reflections intended
to move the analysis of the problem forward. These reflections were
suggested in part by a close reading of the sources to this study, but in
part they also stem from a more general consideration of the Ukrainian-
Jewish relationship during the war. It seems to me that three broad
causes primarily lay behind the lack of sympathy exhibited by some
22. Kh., "Khto ruinuvav Hutsulshchynu?" Krakivski visti, 17 June 1943.
23. O. M., "Zhydy v Ukraini," Krakivski visti, 13 August 1943.
11. Krakivski visti and the Jews 91
Ukrainians with respect to the suffering of the Jewish people in their
midst:
1. deep-seated animosity towards the Jews on the part of some
Ukrainian circles, exacerbated by the pervasiveness of the nationalist
world-view and by the penetration of modern anti-Semitic ideology;
2. the abnormality of the moral-political universe in which the
Ukrainians found themselves; and
3. the inability to assimilate the magnitude of the crime that was
being perpetrated.
This list could be expanded, but I will limit myself here to a brief
consideration of these three factors.
It must first be understood that there was a history of genuine
Ukrainian-Jewish conflict in Galicia that had nothing to do with
ideological anti-Semitism.^^ It was a conflict in many ways similar to,
and indeed related to, the Ukrainian-Polish conflict. The feeling of many
Ukrainians towards the Jews was akin to, if not identical with, an
anticolonial rancour, the main grievance being socio-economic. Although
the articles by Kuzyk, Kysilevska, and Mytsiuk painted the picture in the
darkest colours, the general outline that emerges from their depictions is
a recognizable likeness of reality. Many Ukrainian peasants, and their
spokesmen in the leadership of the national movement, felt that Jewish
usurers, taverners, merchants, and leaseholders were responsible for the
economic ruin of the Galician countryside. And although they did not
understand the problem from the standpoint of the larger economic
processes at work, they were certainly correct in their analysis that the
economic interests of large sectors of the Jewish population were
antithetical to the interests of even larger sections of the Ukrainian
population. This socio-economic antagonism had its roots deep in the
feudal era, but was profoundly exacerbated after the abolition of serfdom
and the penetration of a money economy into the Galician village. Mutatis
mutandis, a similar antagonism existed in other regions of Ukraine.
In the nineteenth century a political dimension was grafted on to this
essentially economic conflict. Leaders of the Ukrainian national move-
ment resented the fact that the Jews tended to assimilate culturally to the
politically dominant nationality—to the Polish in Galicia, to the Russian
in Right-and Left-Bank Ukraine, to the German and later the Romanian
24. By no means, however, was the history of Ukrainian-Jewish relations
marked exclusively by antagonism. For a useful corrective, see la. R. Dashkevych,
"Vzaiemovidnosyny mizh ukrainskym ta ievreiskym naselenniam u Skhidnii
Halychyni (kinets XlX-pochatok XX st.)," Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal, 1990, no.
10: 63-73.
12. 92 John-Paul Himka
in Bukovyna, and to the Magyar in Transcarpathia. Political antipathies
were particularly pronounced in Galicia in the period after 1873 and
before 1907, when Jews as a group supported Polish candidates against
Ukrainian candidates to the Austrian parliament and Galician diet; and
again in the 1930s, when many Ukrainians placed their hopes on Hitler's
Germany (for reasons that had nothing to do with anti-Semitism) and
Jews, of course, opposed Hitler (precisely because of his anti-Semitism).
From this background of genuine national conflict, stemming from legiti-
mate grievances and differences, it was perhaps inevitable that national
hatred would emerge.
But one must add to this the peculiar distortion of vision that
resulted from the permeation of Galician-Ukrainian society by the
nationalist worldview. An aspect of nationalism that had a particularly
deleterious effect on the Ukrainian-Jewish relationship was the tendency
to equate the actions of individual Jews or particular sectors of Jewish
society with the Jewish nation as a whole. This tendency infuses all the
anti-Jewish articles in Krakivski visti, but it stands out very clearly in one
passage from Kysilevska: "Although all of the Hutsul region was dotted
with taverns and little Jewish stores, the Jews were unable to wait for the
Hutsul to come to them. They collected all sorts of petty merchandise in
a sack and wandered over the mountains, pushing their wares almost by
force."^^ What is remarkable about these sentences is Kysilevska's
equation of the Jewish taverner with the Jewish pedlar as if they were
just different organs of the same body, although in reality the social and
economic distance between them was great. Perhaps the combination of
these two factors—the genuine antagonism and the nationalist vision
were sufficient to produce the kind of enmity that would permit
indifference or even Schadenfreude when the enemy suffered.
And yet one more exacerbating factor must be included in this
complex cause: the influence of modern anti-Semitic ideology, i.e., the set
of views, with strong irrationalist underpinnings, that demonizes and
ultimately dehumanizes Jews. Galicia was receptive terrain for this
ideology to take root, given the animosities and nationalist mind-set
already described. It was also a territory with prolonged exposure to
political cultures in which anti-Semitism formed an important component,
namely the political cultures of old Austria, where Hitler himself learned
anti-Semitism, and interwar Poland. The military success of Nazi
Germany and its occupation of Galicia must have had the effect of
confirming, to some, that anti-Semitism was a force to take seriously. The
25. Kh., "Khto ruinuvav Hutsulshchynu?" Krakivski visti, 17 June 1943.
13. Krakivski visti and the Jews 93
influence of modern anti-Semitism can be felt in all the anti-Jewish
articles in Krakivski visti, although Mokh's contributions stand out for
their exposition of the pure doctrine.
The second major cause for this indifference, I believe, had less to do
with the particular victims, i.e., the Jews, than with those whose attitude
is under consideration, i.e., the Ukrainians. They had experienced so
much national discrimination and political violence directed against
themselves that they were somewhat desensitized to what was happening
to the Jews around them during the Nazi occupation. In interwar Poland
the Ukrainians were a persecuted minority. The Polish government used
violence against them, although, for the most part, not of the deadly
variety: largely mass beatings (the Pacification of 1930) and the destruc-
tion of property (particularly of Orthodox churches in Podlachia in the
1930s). However, over the border, in Soviet Ukraine, Ukrainians
experienced systematic mass violence in the decade preceding the
outbreak of the war. The Galicians were keenly aware of the dekulak-
ization, the famine of 1932-33, and the mass arrests and execution of the
Ukrainian intelligentsia. Then in 1939-41 the Soviet regime came to them
and claimed thousands of victims. The Nazis too, particularly but not
exclusively in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, killed many Ukrainian
POWs and civilians. In short, Ukrainians inhabited a world in which
mass murder was frightfully commonplace. From the perspective of their
experiences, the Nazis' mass murder of Jews more closely approximated
"normal" politics than it would have for people who had known more
peace and security.
The third cause of the indifference was that the full magnitude of the
unprecedented crime against the Jews, its exceptional character, was not
comprehended. It is perhaps only with the passage of time and in
historical perspective that we can begin to appreciate the meaning of
Hitler's attempt to extinguish an entire people. Over the past half century
we have become familiar with the memoirs and testimony of survivors,
the tragedy has been interpreted in literature and cinema, and philos-
ophers and historians have studied it; we have even given it (although
we might argue about its appropriateness) a name—the Holocaust. We
understand it and its place in human history better than we did before,
and in the future we may come to understand it yet more fully. There
was much less perspective in 1943. The enormity of what was happening
often even escaped the victims, the Jews themselves.^^ I am not suggest-
26. "After information filtered into the ghettos about the mass shootings in the
outdoors, about the operations of mobile death vans, about gassing installations
14. 94 John-Paul Himka
ing that the Ukrainians who published and wrote anti-Jewish articles in
Krakivski visti were unaware that the Nazis were killing the Jews, but only
that they were unable, perhaps also even unwilling, to think the matter
through to the end.
Conclusions
Krakivski visti was an important institution in Ukraine under the Nazi
occupation. In difficult circumstances it was able to preserve and develop
Ukrainian cultural life and offer a source of income to the threatened
Ukrainian intelligentsia. The newspaper could conduct this cultural work
only under the condition that it was obedient to the directives of the
occupational authorities. In May 1943 these authorities demanded from
the editors of the paper a series of anti-Jewish articles. The editorial board
agreed, hoping that it would be able to turn the anti-Jewish articles to the
advantage of the Ukrainian cause. The editors believed that they had
succeeded in maintaining their objectivity in preparing the series. The
articles were written by figures prominent in Ukrainian cultural and
political life, but under pseudonyms. Socio-economic themes dominated
in the articles, but the articles also broached other themes, especially pro-
Communist sympathies among Jews and the questioning of traditional
morality in the works of Jewish writers. One author wrote a series of
articles on anti-Semitic theory. The articles showed indifference to the
tragic fate of the Jewish population of Ukraine during the war. The roots
of this indifference lay perhaps in the long-standing, pre-eminently socio-
economic conflict between Jews and Ukrainians, exacerbated by ideologi-
cal factors; also in the abnormal, brutal moral-political environment in
which the Ukrainians found themselves; and in the inability, resulting
from the lack of distance, to comprehend the exceptional character and
historical significance of the Hitlerite crime. Although these factors gave
rise to indifference among some Ukrainians, others felt that, at a time
when the Hitlerites were conducting their actions against the Jews, it was
impermissible to publish anti-Jewish articles. Thus some prominent
representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia refused to write anti-Jewish
articles. Judging from the editorial correspondence ("we have heard our
in desolate camps, the first response everywhere was disbelief grounded in shock.
Even the wanton and unconstrained killings and cruelties committed by the
Germans had not prepared the Jews to grasp the facts of systematic mass
murder.... The information about the death camps was rejected all over Europe,
not only by the Jews, who, as the first targets and victims, would be expected to
disbelieve most because the news threatened them most." Lucy S. Dawidowicz,
The War against the Jews, 1933-1945 (New York: Bantam Books, 1986), 349-50.
15. Krakivski visti and the Jews 95
fill of accusations from many people"), the reaction of the Ukrainian
intelligentsia in general to the appearance of the anti-Jewish articles was
more negative than not.