Please answer all 3 question below. Thank you
1. Give a short answer to the following topics:
Are all the layers necessary? If so, according to what criteria we may devise the number of layers?
Why do LANs tend to use broadcast networks? Why not use networks consisting of multiplexers and switches?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current approaches in packet-switching?
2. A university computer science department has 3 Ethernet segments, connected by two transparent bridges into a linear network. One day, the network administrator quits and is hastily replaced by someone from the computer center, which is a token ring shop. The new administrator, noticing that the ends of the network are not connected, quickly orders a new transparent bridge and connects both loose ends to it, making a closed ring. What happens next. Explain your answer.
3. Let's assume the following situation: In principle, we may have two acknowledgment strategies when a file is transferred between two computers. One is to segment the file into packets, that are individually acknowledged by the receiver, but the file transfer as a whole is not acknowledged. In the other one, packets are not acknowledged individually, but the entire file is acknowledged when it arrives.
Discuss these two approaches in terms of pros and cons.
The communication and processing functions of a computer network are done via several cooperating computing processes. The architectural model that defines the classes of functions or protocols involved in this cooperation is based on the concept of layering. So, the whole system is viewed as a hierarchy of functional layers. Every layer adds to the system a series of functions based on the services supplied by the below subordinate level. The functions are accomplished by the action of some entities or modules that belong to different nodes of the network. The entities on the same level coordinate their actions by transmitting a control information according to a certain protocol. Such a network with a perfect layering of its functions may be a reference model for open systems interconnection.
When a resource is shared among multiple independent stations or users, the need exists for a mechanism to control access to the resource, or in the absence of such a mechanism there must exist a course of action to be taken when two or more users attempt to acquire the resource at the same time. One solution would be to allow stations to transmit whenever they have data to send. A node transmits at random (i.e. there is no priory coordination among nodes) at the full rate of the channel. If two or more nodes collide, they retransmit at random times. Contention among users (or collisions of transmissions) limits network throughput and increase time delay. Thus, some protocols must be employed to exercise control over the access method of users. Random Access Protocols address this situation. The random access MAC protocol specifies how to detect.
The document describes the OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has distinct functions and handles different aspects of managing communications. The TCP/IP model also has 4 layers - link, internet, transport and application layer. It was developed for ARPANET and focuses on reliable end-to-end delivery of packets between hosts over diverse network types.
The OSI Reference Model describes a 7-layer network architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication globally. It defines separate protocols for each layer to define tasks and responsibilities. The physical layer is responsible for sending bits between systems by defining encoding, transmission rates, and hardware details. The data link layer provides error checking, frame creation, and hardware addressing. The network layer establishes logical connections between systems, performs routing, handles addressing, and switches packets between networks.
The document provides an overview of the seven layers of the OSI model:
1) The physical layer defines physical connections and transmission of raw bit streams.
2) The data link layer provides addressing and error checking for data transmission between systems on a local network.
3) The network layer establishes logical addressing to route packets across multiple networks and provides fragmentation and reassembly of packets.
4) The transport layer offers reliable or unreliable data transmission and handles issues like flow control and multiplexing of data streams.
5) The session layer manages communication sessions, synchronizing data flow between endpoints.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including routing protocols. It begins with an introduction and explanation of common networking terms like routers, switches, servers and IP addressing. The document then focuses on routing protocols, describing different types like static, default, dynamic routing protocols and examples like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF. It provides details on each protocol's functionality and purpose in routing network traffic between devices.
Network architecture defines the design of a communications network, including its physical components and their organization, operational principles, and data formats. There are two main network architectures: the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP model. The OSI model has seven layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application - with each layer performing a distinct function in sending data across a network in a standardized way.
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
The document describes the OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has distinct functions and handles different aspects of managing communications. The TCP/IP model also has 4 layers - link, internet, transport and application layer. It was developed for ARPANET and focuses on reliable end-to-end delivery of packets between hosts over diverse network types.
The OSI Reference Model describes a 7-layer network architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication globally. It defines separate protocols for each layer to define tasks and responsibilities. The physical layer is responsible for sending bits between systems by defining encoding, transmission rates, and hardware details. The data link layer provides error checking, frame creation, and hardware addressing. The network layer establishes logical connections between systems, performs routing, handles addressing, and switches packets between networks.
The document provides an overview of the seven layers of the OSI model:
1) The physical layer defines physical connections and transmission of raw bit streams.
2) The data link layer provides addressing and error checking for data transmission between systems on a local network.
3) The network layer establishes logical addressing to route packets across multiple networks and provides fragmentation and reassembly of packets.
4) The transport layer offers reliable or unreliable data transmission and handles issues like flow control and multiplexing of data streams.
5) The session layer manages communication sessions, synchronizing data flow between endpoints.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including routing protocols. It begins with an introduction and explanation of common networking terms like routers, switches, servers and IP addressing. The document then focuses on routing protocols, describing different types like static, default, dynamic routing protocols and examples like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF. It provides details on each protocol's functionality and purpose in routing network traffic between devices.
Network architecture defines the design of a communications network, including its physical components and their organization, operational principles, and data formats. There are two main network architectures: the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP model. The OSI model has seven layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application - with each layer performing a distinct function in sending data across a network in a standardized way.
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
The document discusses several IEEE 802 network standards including 802.1 for network management, 802.2 for the data link layer, 802.3 for Ethernet, 802.4 for token bus networks, 802.5 for token ring networks, and 802.6 for metropolitan area networks. It also covers the OSI model and its seven layers, common network topologies, the TCP/IP model, and other networking concepts such as encapsulation, addressing, and types of data transmission.
Power point presentation on osi model.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
The document discusses network redundancy and spanning tree protocols. It explains that redundant links between devices provide backup paths in case of failure, but can also cause loops. Spanning tree protocols select the best path and block redundant paths to prevent loops. They dynamically unblock backup paths if the primary path fails to maintain connectivity while avoiding loops.
Pwani notes-Network Essentials.pp for Internet ProtocoltxMosesOkumu4
These notes are for Internet Protocol and the OSI model layers
So any student looking for notes for the internet protocol layers , this is among the best
This document discusses computer networking concepts including the OSI model, TCP/IP model, and common networking devices. It provides an overview of the seven layers of the OSI model and examples of protocols and applications that operate at each layer. Additionally, it describes different types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), connecting devices like bridges and routers, and the client-server model.
Bacis Concept of Communication and NetworkingSnehal Shahane
The document provides information on various topics related to computer networks and networking concepts:
It defines the OSI 7-layer model and describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer (layer 1) that deals with physical connections, to the application layer (layer 7) that supports application-level processes.
It also discusses common network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh; protocols like TCP/IP; different types of computer networks from LAN to WAN; and networking devices like clients, servers, routers, and switches.
Finally, it gives examples of specific protocols, standards, and technologies that operate at each of the 7 layers of the OSI model, such as Ethernet, IP,
The document provides information about the ISO/OSI 7-layer model and TCP/IP 4-layer model for network communication. It describes the layers and functions of each model. The ISO/OSI model defines seven layers for complete communication including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has four layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application layer. It also compares the two models highlighting differences in their approach, layers, services provided, and protocol usage.
The document provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI model for computer networking. It describes each layer and its functions, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer defines cable specifications, the data link layer provides addressing and error detection, and the network layer enables routing between different networks using logical addresses. Higher layers include the transport layer for reliable data transmission, and the session, presentation and application layers for establishing communication between applications and presenting data to the end user.
The document discusses the OSI model, which defines 7 layers for network communication: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. It was developed by ISO to standardize network architectures and allow components from different vendors to communicate. Each layer has a set of well-defined functions and builds upon the layers below it, with standards developed independently for easier introduction and less effect of changes on other layers. This model divides network communication into simpler components and encourages standardization.
Reference models in Networks: OSI & TCP/IPMukesh Chinta
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides details on:
- The need for a reference model to standardize network components and layer functions to promote interoperability.
- The OSI reference model, approved in 1984, which divides communication problems into seven layers to aid in network interconnection.
- Each of the seven layers of the OSI model, describing their functions and responsibilities for moving data through the network.
This document contains class notes on data communication and the OSI model. It discusses the seven layers of the OSI model including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It also covers analog and digital signals, frequency, phase, and wavelength. The notes were submitted by Md. Zillur Rahman for the course Data Communication at City University.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and their basic components. It discusses how networks connect devices like computers, printers and servers to allow sharing of resources. Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a building, while wide area networks (WANs) span greater distances. The two main types of networks are peer-to-peer and client-server. Client-server networks have centralized data storage on servers for easier management. Network topologies like star, bus and ring determine how data flows. Key network components include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers and gateways. The document also describes the CSMA/CD and token ring access methods for transmitting data over the network.
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides background on the need for a reference model to standardize network communication and promote interoperability between different network implementations. It then describes the key aspects of the OSI reference model, which divides communication problems into seven layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. The OSI model was created in 1984 and became an international standard to ensure greater network compatibility.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was developed in 1977 by the International Organization for Standardization to establish a common framework for computer network architecture. The seven-layer OSI model describes the functions of a networking system without regard to specific technologies. It helped standardize network communication and allowed networks using different vendors to interconnect. The model defines the flow of data between two communicating entities and the functions of each layer, from the physical layer dealing with electrical signals to the application layer handling inter-process communication.
A network connects devices that exchange data over media. A host has a logical network address and can be devices like workstations, servers, printers. Protocols are agreed upon rules for network functions. The network topology refers to the physical layout, such as bus, star, or ring. Networks are LANs for small areas or WANs connecting multiple LANs over wide areas. Devices include routers, switches, bridges, firewalls, and more.
1.The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers.The mod.pdfanandatalapatra
1.The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers.The model partitions a
communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven
layers.OSI means Open Systems Interconnectionis reference model for how applications can
communicate over a network This article describes and explains them, beginning with the lowest
in the hierarchy the physical and proceeding to the highest the application. The layers are stay in
this way:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
features osi model:
If network communications need to happen with out any trouble, many problems must be
solved. Coordinating all these problems are so complex and not easy to manage.
Big picture of communication over network is understandable through this OSI model.
We can understand new technologies as they are developed.
Troubleshooting is easier by separate network.
2.
the Data process that takes placethe message from one host to another cab be done as such:
The data to be passed from one host to another can be composed at the first top layer of the
passing device layer N into a protocol data unit.
The protocal data unit is passed to next layer, where it is known as the service data unit.
At next layer let us consider that layer be N-1 the service data unit is observed the with a
header,a footer,some times both,producing a layer next protocal data unit. It is then passed to
layer next layer N-2.
The process repeated until reaching the lower level,from which the data is transmitted to the
receiving device.
At the receiving device the data is passed from the lowest to the highest layer as a series of
SDUs while being successively stripped from each layer\'s header and/or footer, until reaching
the topmost layer, where the last of the data is consumed.
3.
ISO
1.OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard, acting as a communication gateway between
the network and end user.
2.OSI is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of
a computing or telecommunication system irrespective of their underlying structure and
technology being used.
3.OSI is a reference model.
4.The OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers
TCp/IP
1. TCP/IP model is based on standard protocols around which the Internet has developed. It is a
communication protocol, which allows connection of hosts over a network.
2.TCP/IP is a core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). It is the basic communication
language or protocol of the internet. It can be used as a communications protocol in a private
network either an intranet or an extranet
3.TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.
4.The tcp/ip can contains only 4 laters
4.1.network inerface layer:The most widely-known Application layer protocols are those used
for the exchange of user information.
2.internet layer:The Internet layer is responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing
functions. The core protocols of the Internet layer are I.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO for data communication between devices on a network. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer defining electrical specifications to the application layer providing services to end users. Each layer has a specific role such as framing data, routing, reliability, or implementing protocols. Data moves down the layers at the sending device and up at the receiving device with each layer building upon the functions of the layer below.
Computer networks consist of end systems like PCs and servers connected by communication links and packet switches. Distributed applications run on end systems and exchange data over the network, including web browsing, email, and video conferencing. When an end system sends data, it is broken into packets which are routed individually through packet switches using the packet's destination address, like mailing letters. Protocols define the format and order of messages exchanged between systems to enable communication.
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model:
1) The physical layer is responsible for physical connections between devices and defines characteristics like data rates and topology.
2) The data link layer frames data and ensures error-free transmission between nodes through flow control and error checking.
3) The network layer handles packet routing and logical addressing between independent networks.
4) The transport layer manages reliable data transfer through segmentation, reassembly, and connection control using TCP or UDP.
The document describes the design and implementation of an on-chip system-on-chip (SOC) interconnect using an i-SLIP scheduling algorithm. The interconnect uses a crossbar switch architecture to connect 8 devices on the chip. Each device has an input and output block that can store up to 32 packets to send and receive. The scheduler block implements the i-SLIP algorithm to determine which packets from the input blocks will be sent to the output blocks. The goal is to provide an efficient communication mechanism between the on-chip devices using a packet-based protocol over the interconnect.
Please complete the assignment listed below.Define and explain, us.docxajoy21
Please complete the assignment listed below.
Define and explain, using at least five sentence or on-task bullet notes for each. Each answer earns up to five points. For each answer, please make five different substantive points, earning one point each.
Transnational corporation
Gentrification
Renewable resources
Desertification
Photochemical smog
Biodiversity
Barriers to migration
Hierarchical diffusion
Militant fundamentalism
Urbanization
Eastern European cities
Hazardous waste
The Endangered Species Act
Subsidence
Water Quality
Deforestation
Wetlands
Central place theory
Soil degradation
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)
Wind power
Oil sands
Models of urban form
Hinterland
Agglomeration economies
.
Please cite sources for each question. Do not use the same sources f.docxajoy21
Please cite sources for each question. Do not use the same sources for each question. Minimum of 2 resources and 300 words.
Briefly contrast the views of Locke and Rousseau on how children develop.
a) What do ethologists, such as Lorenz, mean by imprinting on a parent-figure?
b) What observations led Bowlby to suggest that imprinting occurs in human infants? That is, what parallels between human infants and other species did he point to?
"For children to learn, we must praise their correct responses and correct their mistakes." Would Montessori agree? Explain.
What did Werner mean by "microgenesis" and "microgenetic mobility?" Give examples. Discuss some valuable aspects of these concepts.
Piaget's critics charge that he made development appear too slow. Discuss this criticism with respect to either: a) object permanence, b) conservation training, or c) Kamii's teaching methods. Then, describe the Piagetian approach.
Compare conventional and postconventional morality in Kohlberg's theory.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Please answer all 3 question below. Thank you1. Give a short ans.docx
The document discusses several IEEE 802 network standards including 802.1 for network management, 802.2 for the data link layer, 802.3 for Ethernet, 802.4 for token bus networks, 802.5 for token ring networks, and 802.6 for metropolitan area networks. It also covers the OSI model and its seven layers, common network topologies, the TCP/IP model, and other networking concepts such as encapsulation, addressing, and types of data transmission.
Power point presentation on osi model.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
The document discusses network redundancy and spanning tree protocols. It explains that redundant links between devices provide backup paths in case of failure, but can also cause loops. Spanning tree protocols select the best path and block redundant paths to prevent loops. They dynamically unblock backup paths if the primary path fails to maintain connectivity while avoiding loops.
Pwani notes-Network Essentials.pp for Internet ProtocoltxMosesOkumu4
These notes are for Internet Protocol and the OSI model layers
So any student looking for notes for the internet protocol layers , this is among the best
This document discusses computer networking concepts including the OSI model, TCP/IP model, and common networking devices. It provides an overview of the seven layers of the OSI model and examples of protocols and applications that operate at each layer. Additionally, it describes different types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), connecting devices like bridges and routers, and the client-server model.
Bacis Concept of Communication and NetworkingSnehal Shahane
The document provides information on various topics related to computer networks and networking concepts:
It defines the OSI 7-layer model and describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer (layer 1) that deals with physical connections, to the application layer (layer 7) that supports application-level processes.
It also discusses common network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh; protocols like TCP/IP; different types of computer networks from LAN to WAN; and networking devices like clients, servers, routers, and switches.
Finally, it gives examples of specific protocols, standards, and technologies that operate at each of the 7 layers of the OSI model, such as Ethernet, IP,
The document provides information about the ISO/OSI 7-layer model and TCP/IP 4-layer model for network communication. It describes the layers and functions of each model. The ISO/OSI model defines seven layers for complete communication including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has four layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application layer. It also compares the two models highlighting differences in their approach, layers, services provided, and protocol usage.
The document provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI model for computer networking. It describes each layer and its functions, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer defines cable specifications, the data link layer provides addressing and error detection, and the network layer enables routing between different networks using logical addresses. Higher layers include the transport layer for reliable data transmission, and the session, presentation and application layers for establishing communication between applications and presenting data to the end user.
The document discusses the OSI model, which defines 7 layers for network communication: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. It was developed by ISO to standardize network architectures and allow components from different vendors to communicate. Each layer has a set of well-defined functions and builds upon the layers below it, with standards developed independently for easier introduction and less effect of changes on other layers. This model divides network communication into simpler components and encourages standardization.
Reference models in Networks: OSI & TCP/IPMukesh Chinta
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides details on:
- The need for a reference model to standardize network components and layer functions to promote interoperability.
- The OSI reference model, approved in 1984, which divides communication problems into seven layers to aid in network interconnection.
- Each of the seven layers of the OSI model, describing their functions and responsibilities for moving data through the network.
This document contains class notes on data communication and the OSI model. It discusses the seven layers of the OSI model including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It also covers analog and digital signals, frequency, phase, and wavelength. The notes were submitted by Md. Zillur Rahman for the course Data Communication at City University.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and their basic components. It discusses how networks connect devices like computers, printers and servers to allow sharing of resources. Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a building, while wide area networks (WANs) span greater distances. The two main types of networks are peer-to-peer and client-server. Client-server networks have centralized data storage on servers for easier management. Network topologies like star, bus and ring determine how data flows. Key network components include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers and gateways. The document also describes the CSMA/CD and token ring access methods for transmitting data over the network.
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides background on the need for a reference model to standardize network communication and promote interoperability between different network implementations. It then describes the key aspects of the OSI reference model, which divides communication problems into seven layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. The OSI model was created in 1984 and became an international standard to ensure greater network compatibility.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was developed in 1977 by the International Organization for Standardization to establish a common framework for computer network architecture. The seven-layer OSI model describes the functions of a networking system without regard to specific technologies. It helped standardize network communication and allowed networks using different vendors to interconnect. The model defines the flow of data between two communicating entities and the functions of each layer, from the physical layer dealing with electrical signals to the application layer handling inter-process communication.
A network connects devices that exchange data over media. A host has a logical network address and can be devices like workstations, servers, printers. Protocols are agreed upon rules for network functions. The network topology refers to the physical layout, such as bus, star, or ring. Networks are LANs for small areas or WANs connecting multiple LANs over wide areas. Devices include routers, switches, bridges, firewalls, and more.
1.The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers.The mod.pdfanandatalapatra
1.The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers.The model partitions a
communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven
layers.OSI means Open Systems Interconnectionis reference model for how applications can
communicate over a network This article describes and explains them, beginning with the lowest
in the hierarchy the physical and proceeding to the highest the application. The layers are stay in
this way:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
features osi model:
If network communications need to happen with out any trouble, many problems must be
solved. Coordinating all these problems are so complex and not easy to manage.
Big picture of communication over network is understandable through this OSI model.
We can understand new technologies as they are developed.
Troubleshooting is easier by separate network.
2.
the Data process that takes placethe message from one host to another cab be done as such:
The data to be passed from one host to another can be composed at the first top layer of the
passing device layer N into a protocol data unit.
The protocal data unit is passed to next layer, where it is known as the service data unit.
At next layer let us consider that layer be N-1 the service data unit is observed the with a
header,a footer,some times both,producing a layer next protocal data unit. It is then passed to
layer next layer N-2.
The process repeated until reaching the lower level,from which the data is transmitted to the
receiving device.
At the receiving device the data is passed from the lowest to the highest layer as a series of
SDUs while being successively stripped from each layer\'s header and/or footer, until reaching
the topmost layer, where the last of the data is consumed.
3.
ISO
1.OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard, acting as a communication gateway between
the network and end user.
2.OSI is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of
a computing or telecommunication system irrespective of their underlying structure and
technology being used.
3.OSI is a reference model.
4.The OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers
TCp/IP
1. TCP/IP model is based on standard protocols around which the Internet has developed. It is a
communication protocol, which allows connection of hosts over a network.
2.TCP/IP is a core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). It is the basic communication
language or protocol of the internet. It can be used as a communications protocol in a private
network either an intranet or an extranet
3.TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.
4.The tcp/ip can contains only 4 laters
4.1.network inerface layer:The most widely-known Application layer protocols are those used
for the exchange of user information.
2.internet layer:The Internet layer is responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing
functions. The core protocols of the Internet layer are I.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO for data communication between devices on a network. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer defining electrical specifications to the application layer providing services to end users. Each layer has a specific role such as framing data, routing, reliability, or implementing protocols. Data moves down the layers at the sending device and up at the receiving device with each layer building upon the functions of the layer below.
Computer networks consist of end systems like PCs and servers connected by communication links and packet switches. Distributed applications run on end systems and exchange data over the network, including web browsing, email, and video conferencing. When an end system sends data, it is broken into packets which are routed individually through packet switches using the packet's destination address, like mailing letters. Protocols define the format and order of messages exchanged between systems to enable communication.
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model:
1) The physical layer is responsible for physical connections between devices and defines characteristics like data rates and topology.
2) The data link layer frames data and ensures error-free transmission between nodes through flow control and error checking.
3) The network layer handles packet routing and logical addressing between independent networks.
4) The transport layer manages reliable data transfer through segmentation, reassembly, and connection control using TCP or UDP.
The document describes the design and implementation of an on-chip system-on-chip (SOC) interconnect using an i-SLIP scheduling algorithm. The interconnect uses a crossbar switch architecture to connect 8 devices on the chip. Each device has an input and output block that can store up to 32 packets to send and receive. The scheduler block implements the i-SLIP algorithm to determine which packets from the input blocks will be sent to the output blocks. The goal is to provide an efficient communication mechanism between the on-chip devices using a packet-based protocol over the interconnect.
Similar to Please answer all 3 question below. Thank you1. Give a short ans.docx (20)
Please complete the assignment listed below.Define and explain, us.docxajoy21
Please complete the assignment listed below.
Define and explain, using at least five sentence or on-task bullet notes for each. Each answer earns up to five points. For each answer, please make five different substantive points, earning one point each.
Transnational corporation
Gentrification
Renewable resources
Desertification
Photochemical smog
Biodiversity
Barriers to migration
Hierarchical diffusion
Militant fundamentalism
Urbanization
Eastern European cities
Hazardous waste
The Endangered Species Act
Subsidence
Water Quality
Deforestation
Wetlands
Central place theory
Soil degradation
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)
Wind power
Oil sands
Models of urban form
Hinterland
Agglomeration economies
.
Please cite sources for each question. Do not use the same sources f.docxajoy21
Please cite sources for each question. Do not use the same sources for each question. Minimum of 2 resources and 300 words.
Briefly contrast the views of Locke and Rousseau on how children develop.
a) What do ethologists, such as Lorenz, mean by imprinting on a parent-figure?
b) What observations led Bowlby to suggest that imprinting occurs in human infants? That is, what parallels between human infants and other species did he point to?
"For children to learn, we must praise their correct responses and correct their mistakes." Would Montessori agree? Explain.
What did Werner mean by "microgenesis" and "microgenetic mobility?" Give examples. Discuss some valuable aspects of these concepts.
Piaget's critics charge that he made development appear too slow. Discuss this criticism with respect to either: a) object permanence, b) conservation training, or c) Kamii's teaching methods. Then, describe the Piagetian approach.
Compare conventional and postconventional morality in Kohlberg's theory.
.
Please choose one of the following questions to answer for this week.docxajoy21
Please choose one of the following questions to answer for this week's assignment. When you respond to your fellow classmates this week, please choose someone who answered a different question than your own. This will help you familiarize yourself with more of the material. Remember, you need to post at least three responses to receive full credit for this assignment.
1. The French revolutionaries claimed that they were inspired by the Enlightenment
philosophes
. Would the
philosophes
we studied back in Week 2 have approved of how the Revolution started? What about how it developed through the 1790s?
2. In his
Reflections on the Revolutions in France,
British member of Parliament Edmund Burke predicted the Terror. Was this a lucky guess on his part or were the seeds of of the Terror part of the Revolution from the beginning? Why?
3. The French Revolution had a profound impact on the world, not just within the borders of France. Why were some nations willing to accept its gains-at least, partially-while others resisted them? Which country do you think was the most unwilling to accept the new ideas of
liberte,
e
galite,
and
fraternite
? Other than France, which was most willing to embrace the Revolutionary ideals? Why?
4. Although no historian doubts the importance of the reign of Napoleon in European (and even world) history, they do argue over the interpretation of these events. For example, they are torn on the role Napoleon played in the Revolution. Some argue that he continued the spirit of the Revolution, despite creating an Empire. Others believe he murdered it. Some include Napoleon's reign as a stage of the actual Revolution, while others consider it its own separate event. What do you think? Do you think Napoleon continued and spread the Revolution? Or do you think he destroyed its ideals when creating his empire? Do you think his reign should qualify as a separate historical event from the Revolution? Or was it simply another stage in a long process?
.
Please check the attachment for my paper.Please add citations to a.docxajoy21
Please check the attachment for my paper.
Please add citations to all paragraphs.
Also, please check the paper for plagiarism and please add two more pages on (Social Media & In person Communication) to make it fit the essay so far.
And please use 5 more sources in the paper. (1 Article, 1 Book, 1 Encyclopedia, 1 Newspaper and 1 magazine).
Finally, please correct all the grammar mistakes in the first 3 pages.
And please get rid of the first person used. (I,we etc...)
.
Please answer to this discussion post. No less than 150 words. Refer.docxajoy21
Please answer to this discussion post. No less than 150 words. Reference and APA style needed. Please no plagiarism. Similarity is <20%. Thanks
The most interesting thing about this chapter is that it helps people and scholars to develop skills to influence strategy in nowadays changing healthcare environment. The topic also contributes an extensive range of themes in strategies and politics, offering more complete contextual that can be in other policies textbook in the market (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2013). The topics also entail up-to-date updates concerning conflict organization, health economics, politicization, use of media as well as working with societies for change. Reviewed copy take account of new supplement with coverage of advanced reasonably priced care act. According to this perceptions and strategies, every individual will be equipped and ready to play a leadership role under four spheres where nurses are governmentally efficient, the workstation, government, specialized organization as well as the community (American Nurses Association, 2010). The topic has helped me to know more of nursing and healthcare policies and politics.
In thus, have understood that the concept of nursing policies influences can be defined as a nursing ability to have active, effective on decision making as well as affairs connected to health care by use of power, support, and strategy capability, and establishing or strengthening images. The nursing policy and politics within a healthcare connect to my clinical practices because as a nurse, I should view myself as a professional with the ability and being responsible for influencing recent and forthcoming health care conveyance system. But to attain this, there must be the presence of policies that define and assimilate suitable standards for healthcare delivery as well as addressing essential conditions for that care to happen.
References
American Nurses Association. (2010).
Nursing's social policy statement: The essence of the profession
. Nursesbooks. org.
Mason, D. J., Leavitt, J. K., & Chaffee, M. W. (2013).
Policy and Politics in Nursing and Healthcare-Revised Reprint
. Elsevier Health Sciences.
.
Please attach Non-nursing theorist summaries.
Jigsaw/Executive Summary Grading Criteria
Albert Bandura: Self-Efficacy
Points Possible
Your Points
Summary Paper
Introduction/Conclusion
2
History/Origins of Theory
3
Major Precepts of Theory
Current Application(s) of Theory
Mechanics
Grammar/form/spelling/punctuation/ Logical flow/readability/APA format
3
Citations and references
2
Total Points
10
.
Please answer the question .There is no work count. PLEASE NUMBER .docxajoy21
Please answer the question .There is no work count. PLEASE NUMBER THE ANSWERS.
1-How does the value of individual freedom effect the ethics of our American society differently than the value of family and religious loyalty?
What are some other values of contemporary American society?
How are they in conflict with the values of the 1950's?
Is one set of values superior to another?
Why?
2-Islam means, at its root, surrender.
How does Islamic belief and practice reflect the importance of surrendering to Allah?
3-What do you think about this focus on prayer?
What is the standard of prayer in Judaism?
What about in Christianity?
What about in your own life?
Are you humbled and challenged by the knowledge that Muslims stop 5 times to pray?
4-Do you think the call to prayer is a call to obedience or a reminder for devotion?
5-Please answer this question and discuss the implications, probe for assumptions, draw out evidence and clarify perspectives.
What was the influence of Islam on the arts and sciences in its Golden Age, which is when Europe was experiencing the Medieval Period, sometimes called the Dark Ages?
6a- You mention the art form of mosaic (you called it "geometric pieces") and I want to draw the class' attention to the idea of unity in diversity within this art form.
First, the main theological point of Islam is that Allah is one.
As the Muslim scientists and artists searched to make discoveries in their given fields of study, they were constantly looking for the unity of Allah in the diversity of the creation.
The artist brought out that unity in mosaic and in textiles.
The mosaic is a pattern that is derived by putting thousands of small colored stones together to make one design.
The individual pieces of stone lose their importance within the whole, but without each piece the whole would not be complete.
So their concept of God came through in their art.
6b-How else did the Muslims bring out unity in diversity?
7a-Because they were prohibited from figures in art, the Muslims developed other art forms and calligraphy is one of those art forms.
They believed that the words of the Qur'an were beautiful (to hear and for life) so they started to write them in a beautiful way and thus calligraphy developed.
Art is one of those things that cannot be totally squelched.
If you contain an artist in one area, their emotion will burst forth in another area.
7b What do you think about the Muslims' use of calligraphy?
The Muslim religion started very rapidly.
8--Class, Based on the information about Muhammad and the early spread of Islam, what do you think was the most important factor in the amazing way that Islam grew so quickly?
.
Please answer the following questions. Please cite your references..docxajoy21
Please answer the following questions. Please cite your references.
According to Section I readings, Democracy: what it is and what it is not? (15 points) (See attached PDF)
Is the U.S. a democratic country? Has your view/opinion changed or unchanged now comparing to your answer at the beginning of the class? (15 points)
What does democracy mean to you personally? What will you do/participate/take action to ensure/protect your definition of democracy? (15 points)
Has the United States been a positive or negative influence on global democracy? (15 points)
Identify yourself as either a municipal, state or federal lawmaker, discuss your action/plan for democracy in the United States and her role as it pertains to the spread of democracy and democratic values throughout the world in the 21
st
Century. (40 points)
.
Please answer the following questions.1. 1. Are you or.docxajoy21
Please answer the following questions.
1.
1.
Are you or your immediate supervisor involved with staffing decisions?
If so, describe how staffing forecasts are prepared.
2.
2.
Does your organization use a flexible or a static budget?
Explain and provide examples.
Note: I work at a hospital as a psychiatric technician
.
Please answer the following question with 200-300 words.Q. Discu.docxajoy21
Please answer the following question with 200-300 words.
Q. Discuss why Hurston's assertions in "Characteristics of Negro Expression" would have been frowned upon by middle and upper class blacks.
Source:
Zora Neale Hurston -
"Characteristics of Negro Expression"
Please don't forget to include at least one quote from the passage.
.
Please answer the following question Why do you think the US ha.docxajoy21
Please answer the following question:
Why do you think the US has such a high homicide rate compared to other Western countries? What would you do to change that?
The paper needs to be 3-4 pages long, 12 point font, Times New Roman, and double spaced. The paper needs to be in
APA format. All sources must be cited.
Due on April 7, 2017 @ 12:30pm.
Anything after 12:30pm will not be accepted.
.
Please answer the following questions. Define tunneling in the V.docxajoy21
Please answer the following questions.
Define tunneling in the VPN environment and explain the difference between voluntary and compulsory tunnels.
How does the VPN technology provides security to a corporate network? You may also choose to compare two or more VPN technologies.
Consider the VPN technologies studied in this session, including IPSec in the Tunnel mode, L2TP over IPsec, PPTP and SSL/TLS VPN. Which one would you choose for your company? Can you discuss its advantages and its weakness or drawbacks? Do you know some products that are based on that technology?
Discuss the specific techniques for securing the remote client and the remote access server and the common concerns of each.
.
Please answer the following questions1. How can you stimulate the.docxajoy21
Please answer the following questions:
1. How can you stimulate the brain development of an infant?
2. How do parents cope with the growing autonomy of toddlers and what should be done about temper tantrums?
3. How do children in these stages of development change the life style of their parents?
Observation:
Have a conversation with the parent of a toddler. What are the differences of dealing with an infant and a toddler?
.
Please answer the following questions very deeply and presicely .docxajoy21
Please answer the following questions very deeply and presicely :
"Ziff"
!)
As Ziff define artwork, what do you think would consider as an artwork, and who do you think is capable of deciding if the work is art or not?
"Danto"
2) Why do you think Danto compares Socrates and Hamlet in the beginning? Do you feel as if it was an imitation of nature? How would you describe the word "art" with these two philosophers?
* The answer should be (4-8 sentences)
.
Please answer the following questions in an informal 1 ½ - 2-page es.docxajoy21
Please answer the following questions in an informal 1 ½ - 2-page essay:
Describe Hubert’s characterization of white society in New York City during the Harlem Renaissance.
What does this essay reveal about black culture in Harlem?
Why does Hubert describe the Harlem Renaissance as “the golden age for Negro writers, artists, and musicians?”
Black writer Alain Locke used the term “New Negro” to describe individuals such as Hubert. What did that mean?
Please conclude your essay with at least one question for discussion. Choose a question that you think will both enlighten and enliven your discussion section.
.
Please answer the following questions in a response of 150 to 200 wo.docxajoy21
Please answer the following questions in a response of 150 to 200 words each, and submit your responses in a Word attachment no later than Sunday of this week at 11:59 p.m. EST.
Discuss the reasons for the Iranian hostage crisis in 1979, and how that has impacted US-Iranian relations since.
Examine the motives of both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Provide at least two examples in which these motives led to potential conflict between the two superpowers and/or their proxies (smaller nations in their respective spheres of influence).
Evaluate the assumption that the East European revolutions of 1989-90 that led to the breakup of the Warsaw Pact were a direct cause for the collapse of the Soviet Union. To what extent did these events influence the latter? Could the USSR have relinquished control of Eastern Europe yet remained intact?
.
Please answer these questions regarding the (TILA) Truth in Lending .docxajoy21
Please answer these questions regarding the (TILA) Truth in Lending Act.
1-Did the legislation or regulation solve the problem(s)? How?
2-Who were the major stakeholders?
The answers need to be complete, through and supported by evidence.
The length should as much as needed to answer the questions but not less than three quarters of a page for each question.
.
Please answer the following question pertaining to psychology. Inc.docxajoy21
Please answer the following question pertaining to psychology.
Include references/cites
at least 175 words each question.
1. 12
Despite much effort, a definition of personality has been elusive. Why do you think this is the case? How does this influence the relationship between personality theory and personality assessment?
13
What are the differences in test construction between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the NEO Personality Inventory? Which do you think is more valid? Explain your responses.
16
How are assessments used in the workplace? How can assessments be misused in the workplace?
Analyze the relationship between the major theories of personality and assessments of personality.
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of personality assessment methods.
Describe the application of psychological assessments in the workplace.
.
Please answer the following questions in a response of 250 to 300 .docxajoy21
Please answer the following questions in a response of
250 to 300 words each
, and submit your responses in a Word attachment no later than Sunday of this week at 11:59 p.m. EST.
Identify the causes, key battles, and outcome of World War II in both Europe and the Pacific.
Identify the causes of the Cold War, and explain whether you think the Cold War was inevitable or not following World War II. How did the conflict between communist and non-communist powers manifest in China and Korea?
Pollard, E., Rosenberg, C., & Tignor, R. (2015). Worlds Together Worlds Apart. From 1000 CE to the Present (1st ed., Vol. 2). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
.
Please answer the three questions completly. I have attached the que.docxajoy21
Please answer the three questions completly. I have attached the questions in excel where they need to be answered.
1)
XYZ Company had three defined benefit plans with the following information:
12 Points
Plan 1
Plan 2
Plan 3
Expected Payment over next year
3,500,000
3,500,000
3,500,000
Fair Value of Plan Assets
5,000,000
6,000,000
3,000,000
Projected Benefit Obligation
7,000,000
5,500,000
4,500,000
Record the over/(under) funded status of each plan. Then determine the balance sheet presentation based on the over/(under) funded status. (Input an amount in each yellow cell. If zero, input zero.)
Plan 1
Plan 2
Plan 3
Over/ (Under) Funded Status
Noncurrent Asset
Current Liability**
Noncurrent Liability
** Think about the expected payment over the next year compared to the Plan Assets available.
2)
XYZ Company received the following information from its actuary team for the
10 points
year pertaining to one of its defined benefit plans:
Service Cost
120,000
Interest on Projected Benefit Obligation
55,000
Expected Return on Plan Assets
30,000
Amortization of Prior Service Cost
15,000
Amortization of Actuarial Gain
10,000
Calculate the Pension Expense for the year (show all items included in the calculation):
3)
At the end of year, XYZ Corporation had the following pension related information in addition to the above information:
12 points
12/31/X1
12/31/X2
Fair Value of Plan Assets
405,000
505,000
Projected Benefit Obligation
1,065,000
1,035,000
Funded Status
(660,000)
(530,000)
Record the Necessary Journal Entries:
Entry to record Service Cost, Interest Cost and Return on Plan Assets:
Account Name:
Debit
Credit
Amortization of Prior Service Cost and/or Actuarial Losses:
Account Name:
Debit
Credit
Amortization of Actuarial Gains:
Account Name:
Debit
Credit
4)
a) Identify a US Company that offers a Defined Benefit Plan and review the 10K information for 2016 of the identified company and provide a brief analysis based on footnotes related to the plan.
3 points
b) Include screenshots to report the Funded Status and Pension Expense information for the selected plan.
1 Points
c) Record the associated journal entries based on the screenshots for that company.
12 points
Entry to record Service Cost, Interest Cost and Return on Plan Assets:
Account Name:
Debit
Credit
Amortization of Prior Serv.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Please answer all 3 question below. Thank you1. Give a short ans.docx
1. Please answer all 3 question below. Thank you
1. Give a short answer to the following topics:
Are all the layers necessary? If so, according to what criteria we
may devise the number of layers?
Why do LANs tend to use broadcast networks? Why not use
networks consisting of multiplexers and switches?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current
approaches in packet-switching?
2. A university computer science department has 3 Ethernet
segments, connected by two transparent bridges into a linear
network. One day, the network administrator quits and is hastily
replaced by someone from the computer center, which is a token
ring shop. The new administrator, noticing that the ends of the
network are not connected, quickly orders a new transparent
bridge and connects both loose ends to it, making a closed ring.
What happens next. Explain your answer.
3. Let's assume the following situation: In principle, we may
have two acknowledgment strategies when a file is transferred
between two computers. One is to segment the file into packets,
that are individually acknowledged by the receiver, but the file
transfer as a whole is not acknowledged. In the other one,
packets are not acknowledged individually, but the entire file is
acknowledged when it arrives.
Discuss these two approaches in terms of pros and cons.
The communication and processing functions of a computer
network are done via several cooperating computing processes.
The architectural model that defines the classes of functions or
protocols involved in this cooperation is based on the concept
of layering. So, the whole system is viewed as a hierarchy of
functional layers. Every layer adds to the system a series of
functions based on the services supplied by the below
subordinate level. The functions are accomplished by the action
of some entities or modules that belong to different nodes of the
network. The entities on the same level coordinate their actions
2. by transmitting a control information according to a certain
protocol. Such a network with a perfect layering of its functions
may be a reference model for open systems interconnection.
When a resource is shared among multiple independent stations
or users, the need exists for a mechanism to control access to
the resource, or in the absence of such a mechanism there must
exist a course of action to be taken when two or more users
attempt to acquire the resource at the same time. One solution
would be to allow stations to transmit whenever they have data
to send. A node transmits at random (i.e. there is no priory
coordination among nodes) at the full rate of the channel. If two
or more nodes collide, they retransmit at random times.
Contention among users (or collisions of transmissions) limits
network throughput and increase time delay. Thus, some
protocols must be employed to exercise control over the access
method of users. Random Access Protocols address this
situation. The random access MAC protocol specifies how to
detect collisions and how to recover from them (for instance,
via delayed retransmissions). There are a number of MAC
protocols which have been developed for various
communications networks. Depending upon the type and
limitations of the network, each protocol has its advantages and
disadvantages as well as unique performance limitations.
Some protocols have became "de facto" standards due to their
widespread by a large product selling. Thus, two of the early
ARPA's protocols have proliferated due to their inclusion in the
UNIX Berkeley operating system. These are the network
protocol IP (Internetwork Protocol) and the transport protocol
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). However, these protocols
that are the foundation of the TCP/IP architecture are not
unanimously accepted by the networks manufacturers. In order
to exist a unitary way of conceiving the functions performed at
every level, the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) has designed a reference model of protocol levels with 7
layers, called Open System Interconnection (OSI). This model
serves as a basis for the design and standardization of ISO's
3. own protocols.
An alternative to circuit-switching, where the communication
lines are dedicated to passing messages from the source to the
destination is packet-switching. Packet switching originates in
message switching, where each message can travel from the
source to destination independently. In order to know how to
arrive at destination, the message must contain the destination
address and also the source address for message identification.
The message is transmitted in its entirety from one node to
another. When messages are broken into smaller units called
packets, the message switching becomes packet switching. The
idea is to ensure that the packets size are more convenient for
the network transmission. At the destination the packets are
reassembled into the original message.
