The document provides information on various topics related to computer networks and networking concepts:
It defines the OSI 7-layer model and describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer (layer 1) that deals with physical connections, to the application layer (layer 7) that supports application-level processes.
It also discusses common network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh; protocols like TCP/IP; different types of computer networks from LAN to WAN; and networking devices like clients, servers, routers, and switches.
Finally, it gives examples of specific protocols, standards, and technologies that operate at each of the 7 layers of the OSI model, such as Ethernet, IP,
This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
This document defines and describes various types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses key characteristics that define networks such as topology, protocol, architecture, and media. Specific network types covered include Ethernet, switched Ethernet, and the Internet. The document also defines common networking terms like routing, bridging, segmentation, and protocols.
The document introduces computer networking concepts including definitions, advantages, disadvantages, classifications and topologies. It defines a network as connecting computers to share resources. Local area networks connect computers in a small area like a building, while wide area networks connect LANs across cities/countries. Key networking hardware includes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers and switches.
The document provides an overview of networking concepts including:
1) A network consists of devices that exchange data over media, with hosts having logical addresses. Common host types include workstations, servers, and routers.
2) Protocols establish rules for network functions, while bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be transmitted in a given time period.
3) Network topologies determine how devices are physically connected, with common types being bus, star, and ring configurations.
4) Networks are generally local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple LANs across a wide geographic region.
The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- The evolution of networking from ARPANET in the 1960s to the modern Internet.
- Common network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh configurations.
- Different transmission media and network devices.
- Key networking services and the need for resource sharing between connected devices.
- Important terminology related to data communication standards and switching techniques.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO for data communication between devices on a network. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer defining electrical specifications to the application layer providing services to end users. Each layer has a specific role such as framing data, routing, reliability, or implementing protocols. Data moves down the layers at the sending device and up at the receiving device with each layer building upon the functions of the layer below.
The document discusses TCP/IP and the OSI model. It provides details on:
- TCP/IP consisting of rules for protocol used with IP to send data between computers over the Internet. IP handles delivery while TCP tracks data transmission.
- The 7-layer OSI model with layers grouped into physical/data link, network/transport, and application/presentation/session. Layers define communication details and encapsulation/decapsulation of data.
- Common data units including segments, packets, datagrams, frames, cells, and bits/bytes. Encapsulation adds headers at each layer.
- Other topics covered include IP addressing, domain name servers, URLs, wireless networks, Wi-Fi, WiMax
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It then covers network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh; common network devices like switches, routers and hubs; and different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses client-server models and peer-to-peer networks.
This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
This document defines and describes various types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses key characteristics that define networks such as topology, protocol, architecture, and media. Specific network types covered include Ethernet, switched Ethernet, and the Internet. The document also defines common networking terms like routing, bridging, segmentation, and protocols.
The document introduces computer networking concepts including definitions, advantages, disadvantages, classifications and topologies. It defines a network as connecting computers to share resources. Local area networks connect computers in a small area like a building, while wide area networks connect LANs across cities/countries. Key networking hardware includes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers and switches.
The document provides an overview of networking concepts including:
1) A network consists of devices that exchange data over media, with hosts having logical addresses. Common host types include workstations, servers, and routers.
2) Protocols establish rules for network functions, while bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be transmitted in a given time period.
3) Network topologies determine how devices are physically connected, with common types being bus, star, and ring configurations.
4) Networks are generally local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple LANs across a wide geographic region.
The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- The evolution of networking from ARPANET in the 1960s to the modern Internet.
- Common network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh configurations.
- Different transmission media and network devices.
- Key networking services and the need for resource sharing between connected devices.
- Important terminology related to data communication standards and switching techniques.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO for data communication between devices on a network. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer defining electrical specifications to the application layer providing services to end users. Each layer has a specific role such as framing data, routing, reliability, or implementing protocols. Data moves down the layers at the sending device and up at the receiving device with each layer building upon the functions of the layer below.
The document discusses TCP/IP and the OSI model. It provides details on:
- TCP/IP consisting of rules for protocol used with IP to send data between computers over the Internet. IP handles delivery while TCP tracks data transmission.
- The 7-layer OSI model with layers grouped into physical/data link, network/transport, and application/presentation/session. Layers define communication details and encapsulation/decapsulation of data.
- Common data units including segments, packets, datagrams, frames, cells, and bits/bytes. Encapsulation adds headers at each layer.
- Other topics covered include IP addressing, domain name servers, URLs, wireless networks, Wi-Fi, WiMax
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It then covers network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh; common network devices like switches, routers and hubs; and different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses client-server models and peer-to-peer networks.
This document introduces computer networking concepts. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. Network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations for connecting devices either physically or logically. The document also discusses client-server models, peer-to-peer networking, intranets vs the Internet, and network hardware and software components.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networking such as:
1. It differentiates between an internet, which connects millions of computers globally through a network of networks, and a network, which connects computers locally.
2. It describes internetworking as connecting computer networks through gateways, resulting in an internetwork or internet. The Internet Protocol establishes internetworking on the internet.
3. It provides details on HDLC frames, which use flags to mark the beginning and end, and contain address, control and information fields for transmitting data between network points.
The document discusses network protocols and related standards. It introduces the OSI Reference Model, which defines seven layers of network functionality standardized by ISO to enable communication between systems. These layers include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The document also discusses IEEE 802 network specifications and various protocols like TCP/IP, NetBEUI, and others. It provides an overview of each OSI layer and their functions in network communication.
This document discusses computer networks and their classification. It defines the goals of computer networks as resource sharing without regard to physical location. It classifies networks into personal, local, metropolitan and wide area networks. The document then discusses how computer networks enable communication and collaboration between employees through technologies like email, video conferencing, desktop sharing and e-commerce. It explains how networks allow businesses to place electronic orders and enhance efficiency.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the key components and layers of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), protocols, addressing, and models like OSI and TCP/IP. It explains how data is encapsulated as it travels from an application down the protocol stack and across physical networks. Key topics covered include network interfaces, protocols, addressing, data encapsulation, the OSI model layers, TCP/IP layers, and protocols like IP, TCP, UDP.
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
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Presentation outline:
P2P Basics
Architecture
Lookup in P2P
Related work in P2P Lookup Protocols
Chord Protocol
Cluster based and Routing Balanced P2P Lookup Protocol
PathFinder
LiChord
Proposed P2P Lookup Model based on RCC8 and Scalable Bloom Filter
Future work for proposed P2P lookup model
The document discusses network architecture and provides details on:
1) The key components of network architecture including topology, protocols, and the OSI model.
2) The four basic types of network topologies - point-to-point, bus, star, and ring.
3) A comparison of the OSI model and TCP/IP model, describing their layered structures and functions.
What is computer network? What are different types of computer network? What are different topologies of network? What are different nodes in a network?
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network architecture, evolution of networking technologies, common network devices, transmission media, network topologies, wireless technologies, types of networks, standards organizations like IEEE, common network models, important network protocols, and types of servers. It covers fundamental topics in a comprehensive manner suitable for an introductory course on computer networks.
This document provides an overview of a data communication project for a group consisting of 5 students studying Business IT. It discusses key concepts in data communication including components of the communication system, transmission modes, network types, topologies and advantages of communication technology. The project focuses on exchanging data between sender and receiver using various protocols and through different mediums like LAN, WAN, VPN and more.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking. It defines a network as two or more connected computers that can share resources. It discusses network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. It also covers network hardware and software components like network interface cards, hubs, switches, and routers. The document provides an overview of networking fundamentals.
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network communication. It divides network architecture into seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer only communicates with the layers directly above and below it and has a specific set of functions. This layered approach makes networks easier to design, troubleshoot, and maintain when changes are made. The physical layer deals with physical connections and bit transmission. The data link layer organizes bits into frames and controls flow. The network layer decides how data moves between networks. Higher layers ensure reliable and secure delivery of data between applications.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and computer networking. It discusses key concepts like data communication, networking, communication models, and transmission media. It also covers topics like protocols, the OSI model, TCP/IP, and different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and tree. The document is serving to introduce students in the College of Engineering and Technology at Wollega University to foundational topics in data communication and computer networking.
This document discusses network protocols. It defines a network as a group of connected devices that can exchange data, with each device having a unique address. Network protocols establish rules for network access methods, topologies, cabling, and data transfer speeds. The most common protocols described are Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM, which use different access methods, cable types, speeds, and topologies to transmit data. Ethernet is the most widely used using CSMA/CD to transmit data at speeds up to 1000 Mbps over various cable types.
Networks allow devices to be interconnected using common protocols to exchange data. They connect endpoints, where data transmission originates or terminates, through nodes, which route data without stopping, using channels like wires or wireless connections. Early cellular networks divided space into cells using frequency division. Wireless generations progressed from analog 1G to 2G introducing TDMA and CDMA, and 3G combining voice and data. Network topologies like star, tree and bus determine how nodes connect and affect function and quality. Protocols establish communication rules to ensure reliable data exchange between layers like application, transport and network in models like OSI and TCP/IP. Data is transmitted using analog or digital signals over media like wired, wireless or fiber optic cables.
This document discusses several network communication standards and protocols. It explains that organizations like ANSI and IEEE establish network standards that specify how devices connect to networks and communicate. It describes several widely used standards including Ethernet, which defines cable-based networking, as well as wireless standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, WiMAX, and TCP/IP, which is the standard protocol that ensures data is routed and delivered correctly over the Internet.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines what a network is and discusses the purpose of sharing resources between connected computers. It describes different network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh and explains common network hardware like switches, routers, hubs and network interface cards. The document also distinguishes between local, wide and metropolitan area networks.
Learning Outcomes
A Network of Networks
Internet
Define Computer Networks
Define Communication
State Importance of Computer network and communication
Network classification
Types of networks
Comparison of different networks
TCP/IP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Internet
A network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large no. of computer networks.
Since Internet is formed by the interconnection of no. of networks, sometimes its also called as network of networks
This document introduces computer networking concepts. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. Network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations for connecting devices either physically or logically. The document also discusses client-server models, peer-to-peer networking, intranets vs the Internet, and network hardware and software components.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networking such as:
1. It differentiates between an internet, which connects millions of computers globally through a network of networks, and a network, which connects computers locally.
2. It describes internetworking as connecting computer networks through gateways, resulting in an internetwork or internet. The Internet Protocol establishes internetworking on the internet.
3. It provides details on HDLC frames, which use flags to mark the beginning and end, and contain address, control and information fields for transmitting data between network points.
The document discusses network protocols and related standards. It introduces the OSI Reference Model, which defines seven layers of network functionality standardized by ISO to enable communication between systems. These layers include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The document also discusses IEEE 802 network specifications and various protocols like TCP/IP, NetBEUI, and others. It provides an overview of each OSI layer and their functions in network communication.
This document discusses computer networks and their classification. It defines the goals of computer networks as resource sharing without regard to physical location. It classifies networks into personal, local, metropolitan and wide area networks. The document then discusses how computer networks enable communication and collaboration between employees through technologies like email, video conferencing, desktop sharing and e-commerce. It explains how networks allow businesses to place electronic orders and enhance efficiency.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the key components and layers of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), protocols, addressing, and models like OSI and TCP/IP. It explains how data is encapsulated as it travels from an application down the protocol stack and across physical networks. Key topics covered include network interfaces, protocols, addressing, data encapsulation, the OSI model layers, TCP/IP layers, and protocols like IP, TCP, UDP.
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Presentation outline:
P2P Basics
Architecture
Lookup in P2P
Related work in P2P Lookup Protocols
Chord Protocol
Cluster based and Routing Balanced P2P Lookup Protocol
PathFinder
LiChord
Proposed P2P Lookup Model based on RCC8 and Scalable Bloom Filter
Future work for proposed P2P lookup model
The document discusses network architecture and provides details on:
1) The key components of network architecture including topology, protocols, and the OSI model.
2) The four basic types of network topologies - point-to-point, bus, star, and ring.
3) A comparison of the OSI model and TCP/IP model, describing their layered structures and functions.
What is computer network? What are different types of computer network? What are different topologies of network? What are different nodes in a network?
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network architecture, evolution of networking technologies, common network devices, transmission media, network topologies, wireless technologies, types of networks, standards organizations like IEEE, common network models, important network protocols, and types of servers. It covers fundamental topics in a comprehensive manner suitable for an introductory course on computer networks.
This document provides an overview of a data communication project for a group consisting of 5 students studying Business IT. It discusses key concepts in data communication including components of the communication system, transmission modes, network types, topologies and advantages of communication technology. The project focuses on exchanging data between sender and receiver using various protocols and through different mediums like LAN, WAN, VPN and more.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking. It defines a network as two or more connected computers that can share resources. It discusses network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. It also covers network hardware and software components like network interface cards, hubs, switches, and routers. The document provides an overview of networking fundamentals.
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network communication. It divides network architecture into seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer only communicates with the layers directly above and below it and has a specific set of functions. This layered approach makes networks easier to design, troubleshoot, and maintain when changes are made. The physical layer deals with physical connections and bit transmission. The data link layer organizes bits into frames and controls flow. The network layer decides how data moves between networks. Higher layers ensure reliable and secure delivery of data between applications.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and computer networking. It discusses key concepts like data communication, networking, communication models, and transmission media. It also covers topics like protocols, the OSI model, TCP/IP, and different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and tree. The document is serving to introduce students in the College of Engineering and Technology at Wollega University to foundational topics in data communication and computer networking.
This document discusses network protocols. It defines a network as a group of connected devices that can exchange data, with each device having a unique address. Network protocols establish rules for network access methods, topologies, cabling, and data transfer speeds. The most common protocols described are Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM, which use different access methods, cable types, speeds, and topologies to transmit data. Ethernet is the most widely used using CSMA/CD to transmit data at speeds up to 1000 Mbps over various cable types.
Networks allow devices to be interconnected using common protocols to exchange data. They connect endpoints, where data transmission originates or terminates, through nodes, which route data without stopping, using channels like wires or wireless connections. Early cellular networks divided space into cells using frequency division. Wireless generations progressed from analog 1G to 2G introducing TDMA and CDMA, and 3G combining voice and data. Network topologies like star, tree and bus determine how nodes connect and affect function and quality. Protocols establish communication rules to ensure reliable data exchange between layers like application, transport and network in models like OSI and TCP/IP. Data is transmitted using analog or digital signals over media like wired, wireless or fiber optic cables.
This document discusses several network communication standards and protocols. It explains that organizations like ANSI and IEEE establish network standards that specify how devices connect to networks and communicate. It describes several widely used standards including Ethernet, which defines cable-based networking, as well as wireless standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, WiMAX, and TCP/IP, which is the standard protocol that ensures data is routed and delivered correctly over the Internet.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines what a network is and discusses the purpose of sharing resources between connected computers. It describes different network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh and explains common network hardware like switches, routers, hubs and network interface cards. The document also distinguishes between local, wide and metropolitan area networks.
Learning Outcomes
A Network of Networks
Internet
Define Computer Networks
Define Communication
State Importance of Computer network and communication
Network classification
Types of networks
Comparison of different networks
TCP/IP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Internet
A network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large no. of computer networks.
Since Internet is formed by the interconnection of no. of networks, sometimes its also called as network of networks
This document provides information on different types of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus area networks (CANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), home area networks (HANs), intranets, and extranets. It also covers topics like server-based networks, client/server networks, peer-to-peer networks, topologies (such as star, mesh, bus, ring, and tree), protocols (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI), network media (twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, wireless), and network devices (hubs, switches, bridges, routers,
Advanced computer network lab manual (practicals in Cisco Packet tracer)VrundaBhavsar
Book include how we can execute practical in cisco packet tracer.There are around 18 experiment covered .It contains topology also information about basic elements hub router.how we established
connection using HTTP and FTP protocols Also transferring Gmail and VOIP (Voice over IP) experiment. DHCP experiment included. How we create subnetmask.
The document introduces computer networking by defining what a network is and listing its main advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses fundamental network classifications like LANs, WANs and MANs. It also covers intranets, the internet, client/server networks, peer-to-peer networks and different network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The transport layer in computer networking provides host-to-host communication services for applications. It provides functions like connection-oriented data streams, reliability, flow control, and multiplexing. Common transport layer protocols include TCP, UDP, SCTP, and SPX. The OSI transport layer defines five classes of connection-mode protocols: class 0 (unacknowledged mode), class 1 (acknowledged mode), class 2 (numbered mode), class 3 (alternate mode), and class 4 (unconfirmed mode).
This document provides information about computer networks and telecommunications. It discusses terminals, telecommunications software, communication processors, communication media, network topologies, protocols, network architectures, and internet protocols. Terminals include video display terminals and other end user workstations. Telecommunications software functions include access control, transmission control, network control, error control, and security. Common network topologies include star, ring, bus, and tree configurations. Popular internet protocols are TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, Telnet, Gopher, and WAIS. The document also covers internet addressing, domains, email addresses, URLs, and web directories.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and discusses why networking is important. It also covers network classifications including LAN, WAN, MAN, peer-to-peer, client-server, and intranet/internet. Additionally, it describes common network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
- Network types such as LANs, WANs, and MANs and their key differences.
- Common network topologies like star, bus, ring, and mesh.
- Typical network hardware components including nodes, servers, and different types of servers.
- Popular transmission mediums for networks such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio waves, satellites, and infrared transmission.
Networking involves connecting electronic devices like computers to share resources and communicate. It allows devices to share internet access, hardware like printers, files and folders, and play multiplayer games. Networks use various topologies like star, bus or mesh to connect devices via physical cables or wireless links, and network protocols allow the connected devices to communicate according to shared rules.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking, including definitions of networking concepts and an overview of network topologies. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and disk drives. There are different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh, each with their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, ease of installation and reconfiguration, and fault tolerance. The document also discusses network hardware, software, client/server models, and the roles of local, wide, and metropolitan area networks.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
A computer network connects two or more computers allowing people to share files, printers, and other resources. The basic components of a network include computers, network interface cards, connection medium like wires or cables, and network operating system software. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple LANs over long distances, and metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes how network components work together in layers to enable communication. Ethernet is a common physical layer technology used to set up LANs.
A network connects devices that exchange data over media. A host has a logical network address and can be devices like workstations, servers, printers. Protocols are agreed upon rules for network functions. The network topology refers to the physical layout, such as bus, star, or ring. Networks are LANs for small areas or WANs connecting multiple LANs over wide areas. Devices include routers, switches, bridges, firewalls, and more.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
Networking connects computing devices together to share data. It allows devices to communicate through a mix of hardware like cables and wireless equipment, and software like communication protocols. Networks can be categorized based on their geographic reach - local area networks (LANs) span a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks (WANs) connect across cities, states or globally. The largest public WAN is the Internet. Networks also use common protocols like TCP/IP to define the language devices use to communicate. While wired networks were traditionally used, wireless networking has become more popular for new installations.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources like files, printers and bandwidth. The main components of a network include computers, networking interface cards, connection medium like cables, and network operating system software. Common network types are LANs for local connections and WANs for wide area connections between locations. Protocols like TCP/IP are used to allow communication between different computers and networks. Ethernet is a common standard for LAN connections using cables like twisted pair or fiber optic.
The document discusses networking and telecommunications. It provides an overview of network basics including why organizations use networks, advantages of networks over standalone computers, and common network types including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network architectures, topologies, protocols, media, and security considerations.
Similar to Bacis Concept of Communication and Networking (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
2. Data communication refers to the
transmission of the digital data between two
or more computers The physical connection
between networked computing devices is
established using either cable media or
wireless media. The best-known computer
network is the Interne
3. A workstation (WS) is a computer dedicated
to a user or group of users engaged in
business or professional work. It includes
one or more high resolution displays and a
faster processor than a personal computer
(PC). A workstation also has greater
multitasking capability because of
additional random access memory (RAM),
drives and drive capacity. A workstation may
also have a higher-speed graphics adapters
and more connected peripherals.
The term workstation also has been used to
reference a PC or mainframe terminal on a
local area network (LAN). These
workstations may share network resources
with one or more large client computers and
network servers.
4. In Computer science, client-server is a software
architecture model consisting of two parts, client systems
and server systems, both communicating over a computer
network or on the same computer. A client-server
application is a distributed systemmade up of both client
and server software. Client server application provide a
better way to share the workload.The
client process always initiates a connection to the server,
while the server process always waits for requests from
any client. When both the client process and
server process are running on the same computer, this is
called a single seat setup.
Another type of related software architecture is known
as peer-to-peer, because each host
or application instance can simultaneously act as both a
client and a server (unlike centralized servers of
the client-server model) and because each has equivalent
responsibilities and status. Peer-to-peer architectures are
often abbreviatedusing the acronym P2P.
5.
6. The client-server relationship describes the relation
between the client and how it makes a service request to the
server, and how the server can accept these requests, process
them, and return the requested information to the client. The
interaction between client and server is often described
using sequence diagrams. Sequence diagrams are
standardized in the Unified Modeling Language.
Both client-server and P2P architectures are in wide usage
today.
The basic type of client-server software architecture employs
only two types of hosts: clients and servers. This type of
architecture is sometimes referred to as two-tier. The two-
tier architecture means that the client acts as one tier
and server process acts as the other tier.
The client-server software architecture has become one of
the basic models of network computing. Many types of
applications have been written using the client-server model.
Standard networked functions such as E-
mail exchange, webaccess and database access, are based on
the client-server model. For example, a web browser is a
client program at the user computer that may access
information at any web server in the world.
7. A computer network is a set
of computers connected
together for the purpose of
sharing resources. The most
common resource shared
today is connection to the
Internet. Other shared
resources can include a
printer or a file server. The
Internet itself can be
considered a computer
network.
8. A network protocol defines rules and conventions for
communication between network devices. Network
protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and
make connections with each other, as well as formatting
rules that specify how data is packaged into messages
sent and received. Some protocols also support
message acknowledgment and data compression designed
for reliable and/or high-performance network
communication.
Modern protocols for computer networking all generally
use packet switching techniques to send and receive
messages in the form of packets —messages subdivided
into pieces that are collected and re-assembled at their
destination. Hundreds of different computer network
protocols have been developed each designed for
specific purposes and environments
9. Internet Protocols
The Internet Protocol family contains a set of related (and among
the most widely used) network protocols. Beside Internet Protocol
(IP) itself, higher-level protocols like TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP all
integrate with IP to provide additional capabilities. Similarly, lower-
level Internet Protocols like ARP and ICMP also co-exist with IP. In
general, higher level protocols in the IP family interact more closely
with applications like Web browsers while lower-level protocols
interact with network adapters and other computer hardware.
Wireless Network Protocols
Thanks to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and LTE, wireless networks have become
commonplace. Network protocols designed for use on wireless
networks must support roaming mobile devices and deal with issues
such as variable data rates and network security.
Network Routing Protocols
Routing protocols are special-purpose protocols designed
specifically for use by network routers on the internet. A routing
protocol can identify other routers, manage the pathways
(called routes) between sources and destinations of network
messages, and make dynamic routing decisions. Common routing
protocols include EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP.
10. TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of
communication protocols used to
interconnect network devices on the internet.
TCP/IP can also be used as a communications
protocol in a private network (an intranet or
an extranet).
Short for transmission control protocol/Internet
protocol, TCP/IP is a set of rules (protocols)
governing communications among all computers on
the Internet. More specifically, TCP/IP dictates how
information should be packaged (turned into
bundles of information called packets), sent, and
received, as well as how to get to its destination.
TCP/IP was developed in 1978 and driven by Bob
Kahn and Vint Cerf.
11. LAN MAN WAN
A LAN (local area network)
is a group of computers
and network devices
connected together,
usually within the same
building. By definition, the
connections must be high
speed and relatively
inexpensive (e.g., token
ring or Ethernet). Most
Indiana University
Bloomington departments
are on LANs.
A LAN connection is a
high-speed connection to a
LAN. On the IUB campus,
most connections are
either Ethernet (10 Mbps)
or Fast Ethernet (100
Mbps), and a few locations
have Gigabit Ethernet
(1000 Mbps) connections.
A MAN (metropolitan area
network) is a larger
network that usually spans
several buildings in the
same city or town. The IUB
network is an example of a
MAN.
A WAN (wide area
network), in comparison to
a MAN, is not restricted to
a geographical location,
although it might be
confined within the
bounds of a state or
country. A WAN connects
several LANs, and may be
limited to an enterprise (a
corporation or an
organization) or accessible
to the public. The
technology is high speed
and relatively expensive.
The Internet is an example
of a worldwide public
WAN.
12.
13. A network topology is the arrangement of a
network, including its nodes and connecting
lines. There are two ways of defining
network geometry: the physical topology and
the logical (or signal) topology.
The physical topology of a network is the
actual geometric layout of workstations.
There are several common physical
topologies, as described below and as shown
in the illustration.
14.
15. 1. In the bus network topology, every workstation is
connected to a main cable called the bus.
Therefore, in effect, each workstation is directly
connected to every other workstation in the
network.
2. In the star network topology, there is a central
computer or server to which all the workstations
are directly connected. Every workstation is
indirectly connected to every other through the
central computer.
3. In the ring network topology, the workstations are
connected in a closed loop configuration. Adjacent
pairs of workstations are directly connected. Other
pairs of workstations are indirectly connected, the
data passing through one or more intermediate
nodes.
16. 4. If a Token Ring protocol is used in a star or ring
topology, the signal travels in only one direction,
carried by a so-called token from node to node.
5. The mesh network topology employs either of two
schemes, called full mesh and partial mesh. In the full
mesh topology, each workstation is connected directly
to each of the others. In the partial mesh topology,
some workstations are connected to all the others,
and some are connected only to those other nodes
with which they exchange the most data.
6. The tree network topology uses two or more star
networks connected together. The central computers
of the star networks are connected to a main bus.
Thus, a tree network is a bus network of star
networks.
7. Logical (or signal) topology refers to the nature of
the paths the signals follow from node to node. In
many instances, the logical topology is the same as
the physical topology. But this is not always the case.
For example, some networks are physically laid out in
a star configuration, but they operate logically as bus
or ring networks.
17. The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is
a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes
the communication functions of a telecommunication or
computing system without regard to its underlying internal
structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of
diverse communication systems with standard protocols.
The model partitions a communication system
into abstraction layers. The original version of the model
defined seven layers.
A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer
below it. For example, a layer that provides error-free
communications across a network provides the path
needed by applications above it, while it calls the next
lower layer to send and receive packets that comprise the
contents of that path. Two instances at the same layer are
visualized as connected by a horizontalconnection in that
layer.
18.
19.
20. Application (Layer 7)
OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes.
Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified,
user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on
data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific.
This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and
other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that
exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures
are part of this layer.
Layer 7 Application examples include WWW browsers, NFS, SNMP,
Telnet, HTTP, FTP
Presentation (Layer 6)
This layer provides independence from differences in data
representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to
network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to
transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This
layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing
freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax
layer.
Layer 6 Presentation examples include encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC,
TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
21. Session (Layer 5)
This layer establishes, manages and terminates
connections between applications. The session layer
sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations,
exchanges, and dialogues between the applications
at each end. It deals with session and connection
coordination.
Layer 5 Session examples include NFS, NetBios
names, RPC, SQL.
are protocols with physical layer components.
Transport (Layer 4)
OSI Model, Layer 4, provides transparent transfer
of data between end systems, or hosts, and is
responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow
control. It ensures complete data transfer.
Layer 4 Transport examples include SPX, TCP, UDP.
22. Network (Layer 3)
Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical
paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.
Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well
as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet
sequencing.
Layer 3 Network examples include AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX.
Data Link (Layer 2)
At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It
furnishes transmission protocolknowledge and management and handles
errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data
link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer
and the Logical Link Control(LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a
computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit
it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error
checking.
Layer 2 Data Link examples include PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE
802.3/802.2, HDLC, Frame Relay.
Physical (Layer 1)
OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or
radio signal — through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It
provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier,
including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232,
and ATM