Overview of psychological concepts of novelty and familiarity in regards to enjoyment and interest of remixed/remade/mashup/blended media content. Touches on novelty, familiarity, mere exposure effect, curiosity, perceptual fluency, variety, mystery, conflict, enjoyment, appreciation, and interest.
Contribution of amitav ghosh in sustainable development of Eco-criticism : a ...Haleshvvhals
Trough this ppt I tried to explain the importance of environment in human life. The question of existence human life and freedom. Through the literature we can create an awareness about the environment. For this Amitav Ghosh is the best example.
授課教師:李明璁(台大社會學系助理教授)
時間:2018/4/11 19:30-21:30
場所:台灣大學博雅講堂102大教室
出席人數:372
指定閱讀文章
Mary Douglas,1997,「污染象徵秩序」
收錄於Jeffrey C. Alexander 等編,《文化與社會》
Kate Cregan,2011,「血、膽汁與痰:儀式的身體與模糊的界線」《身體社會學》第四章
Мігель Сервантес – пасинок долі : бібліографічний нарис до 475-річчя від дн...Дарницька Книгиня
Інформаційний список «Мігель Сервантес – пасинок долі» вміщує твори автора у перекладі на українську мову, статті з періодичних видань та збірників, які висвітлюють період життя відомого іспанського новеліста, драматурга і поета, класика світової літератури.
Paragraph: Ancient Egypt – AT (History) | The Australian Curriculum .... A life in an Ancient Egypt - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Top 20 Ancient Egypt Facts - History, Culture, Gods & More | Facts.net. essay: Ancient Egypt Essays. Ancient Egypt Writing Topics and Essay Questions by Vagi's Vault. Introduction to Ancient Egypt. Paragraph: Ancient Egypt – Above (History) | The Australian Curriculum .... Ancient Egyptian society - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Business paper: Ancient egypt essays. Old kingdom of ancient egypt essay paper. Ancient Egyptian History Summary | Ancient Egypt | Egyptian Pyramids. Ancient egypt essay by jseres antiessays.com. College essay: Ancient egypt essay. About An Ancient Egypt - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Ancient egypt. Ancient Egypt Essay - Free Essay Example | StudyDriver.com. The Ancient Egyptians. - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay About Ancient Egypt. The egyptian civilization project essay. Essay about ancient egypt. Ancient Egypt - Lecture notes 2 - Ancient Egypt, an introduction Egypt .... A wonderful place Ancient Egypt - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Essay egyptian civilization. Ancient Egypt Summary for Secondary Students (Download Included .... Ancient Egypt Essay Assignments. Essay about egyptian civilization pictures. Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptians - PHDessay.com. Essay about egyptian pyramids.
Contribution of amitav ghosh in sustainable development of Eco-criticism : a ...Haleshvvhals
Trough this ppt I tried to explain the importance of environment in human life. The question of existence human life and freedom. Through the literature we can create an awareness about the environment. For this Amitav Ghosh is the best example.
授課教師:李明璁(台大社會學系助理教授)
時間:2018/4/11 19:30-21:30
場所:台灣大學博雅講堂102大教室
出席人數:372
指定閱讀文章
Mary Douglas,1997,「污染象徵秩序」
收錄於Jeffrey C. Alexander 等編,《文化與社會》
Kate Cregan,2011,「血、膽汁與痰:儀式的身體與模糊的界線」《身體社會學》第四章
Мігель Сервантес – пасинок долі : бібліографічний нарис до 475-річчя від дн...Дарницька Книгиня
Інформаційний список «Мігель Сервантес – пасинок долі» вміщує твори автора у перекладі на українську мову, статті з періодичних видань та збірників, які висвітлюють період життя відомого іспанського новеліста, драматурга і поета, класика світової літератури.
Paragraph: Ancient Egypt – AT (History) | The Australian Curriculum .... A life in an Ancient Egypt - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Top 20 Ancient Egypt Facts - History, Culture, Gods & More | Facts.net. essay: Ancient Egypt Essays. Ancient Egypt Writing Topics and Essay Questions by Vagi's Vault. Introduction to Ancient Egypt. Paragraph: Ancient Egypt – Above (History) | The Australian Curriculum .... Ancient Egyptian society - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Business paper: Ancient egypt essays. Old kingdom of ancient egypt essay paper. Ancient Egyptian History Summary | Ancient Egypt | Egyptian Pyramids. Ancient egypt essay by jseres antiessays.com. College essay: Ancient egypt essay. About An Ancient Egypt - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Ancient egypt. Ancient Egypt Essay - Free Essay Example | StudyDriver.com. The Ancient Egyptians. - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay About Ancient Egypt. The egyptian civilization project essay. Essay about ancient egypt. Ancient Egypt - Lecture notes 2 - Ancient Egypt, an introduction Egypt .... A wonderful place Ancient Egypt - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Essay egyptian civilization. Ancient Egypt Summary for Secondary Students (Download Included .... Ancient Egypt Essay Assignments. Essay about egyptian civilization pictures. Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptians - PHDessay.com. Essay about egyptian pyramids.
How Many Discourses Does It Take to Screw in a Humor Symposium: Theorizing th...JillianBelanger
Panel Presentation from the 2015 Popular Culture Association/American Culture Association Conference, presented by Renee Hobbs, Mike RobbGrieco, Will Luera, and Jillian Belanger
OVERVIEWwWrite a 3–4-page assessment in which you use exampl.docxkarlacauq0
OVERVIEW
w
Write a 3–4-page assessment in which you use examples and research findings to explain the connections between technology and self-regulation.
The more self-knowledge and self-awareness we have, the more intentional we can be about our behavioral choices and the more we can resolve conflicts between ourselves and the social world.
CONTEXT
Research conducted on the delay of gratification in the 1960s by Walter Mischel and his colleagues attempted to explain the concept of willpower by examining how long preschool children could resist settling for a small, immediately available reward in order to get a larger reward later. Follow-up surveys with the same group found that children who were able to resist for a longer period of time also scored higher on SAT tests, had higher levels of self-worth, and coped better with stress. The study also found that those children who had at first decided to wait and then chose the immediate reward were 30 percent more likely to be overweight by the age of 11 (Mischel, et al., 2011). Some of the ways the children self-regulated their behavior in order to delay gratification to receive a higher reward were to lay their heads down on the table, nap, talk to themselves, and sing.
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.
If you could learn how your thoughts may interfere with your own happiness and success, would you want to know?
RESOURCES
Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course. It is important to note that some of the articles listed here are fairly old but are considered seminal works in the field of social psychology.
•
Boer, D., & Fischer, R. (2013).
How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitude–value linkages
.
Psychological Bulletin
,
139
(5), 1113–1147.
•
Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013).
Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation
.
Psychological Bulletin
,
139
(3), 655–701.
•
Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K., & . . . Shoda, Y. (2011).
Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later
.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
,
108
(36), 14998–15003.
•
Crabb, P. B. (2003).
Technology and self-regulation: The case of alarm clock use
.
Social Behavior and Personality
,
31
(4), 343–348.
•
Hu, H., & Driscoll, M. P. (2.
Neil thin happiness anthropology talk canterbury may 2015Neil Thin
Slides from lecture on the prospects for mutual enrichment between happiness research and sociocultural anthropology, given at University of Canterbury as part of their 50th Anniversary series of lectures.
ASSESSMENT-2 OVERVIEWWrite a 3–4-page assessment in which yo.docxpetuniahita
ASSESSMENT-2
OVERVIEW
Write a 3–4-page assessment in which you examine the relationship between behavior and attitude and apply one theory to support your position.
Attitudes help guide behavior, although sometimes people act in ways that contradict their attitudes (Baumeister & Bushman, 2014). Some have said that attitudes are directly related to behavior; others say there is no strong relationship between attitude and behavior. Examining theories of how people develop attitudes and perceptions can lead to heightened self-awareness.
CONTEXT
The self is a complex and marvelous participant in the social world. There are three main components of the self: self-knowledge, interpersonal self, and agent self. The self is a vital means of gaining social acceptance and for participation in culture. But is there such a thing as a "true self"?
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.
•
Does your level of self-esteem change depending on the situation? In what types of situations have you noticed a change?
What self-defeating behaviors have you noticed in others or identified in yourself? How does this behavior relate to theory?
RESOURCES
Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course.
Note
: some of the articles included here are fairly old but are included because they are considered seminal works in the field of social psychology.
•
Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013).
Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation
.
Psychological Bulletin, 139
(3), 655–701.
•
Sitzmann, T., & Ely, K. (2010).
Sometimes you need a reminder: The effects of prompting self-regulation on regulatory processes, learning, and attrition
.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 95
(1), 132–144.
•
Hu, H., & Driscoll, M. P. (2013).
Self-regulation in e-learning environments: A remedy for community college?
Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 16
(4), 171–184.
•
Crabb, P. B. (2003).
Technology and self-regulation: The case of alarm clock use
.
Social Behavior and Personality, 31
(4), 343–348.
•
Schmitz, B., Schmidt, M., Landmann, M., & Spiel, C. (2007).
New developments in the field of self-regulated learning
.
Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 215
(3), 153–156.
•
Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., . . . Shoda, Y. (2011).
'Willpower' over the life span: Decomposing self-regulation.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Play it again, Sam. The role of familiarity and novelty in enjoyment of remixed media
1. Play it again... novelty versus
familiarity as a predictor of
enjoyment and interest
Allison Eden
Department of Communication Science
VU University Amsterdam
01/08/2013
Summer School in Media and Communications:
Repeat Remix Remediate – Modes and Norms of Digital Media
Repurposing
Hamburg
6. Familiarity
• “a warm glow” James
• ‘a glow or warmth, a sense of ownership, a
feeling of intimacy, a sense of being at home,
a feeling of ease, a comfortable feeling’
(Titchener, 1910, p.408)
12. Perceptual Fluency Misattribution
• Exposure to a stimulus increases processing
fluency (i.e., speed and efficiency) for the
stimulus
– Positive valence
– High fluency = safe environment
• When the perceiver has no explicit memory for
the stimulus, fluency is misattributed as liking
• After many exposures, the perceiver becomes
aware of the source of fluency and no longer
attributes it to liking.
15. Novelty
• ‘novel’
– Oxford English Dictionary as ‘interestingly new or
unusual’
– Latin word ‘novellus’, which comes from ‘novus’,
which simply means ‘new’
16. Novelty and Threat
• A novel stimulus has a high arousal potential
because it is a possible threat or possible
reward (but probably threat)
19. Novelty and Attention to Threat
• Exposure with benign consequences reduces
the threat of the stimulus
– lowering its arousal potential to a more optimal
level
– generating a more positive affective response
• Over-exposure leads to further reductions in
arousal potential below optimum levels
23. Berlyne’s
Collative Variables of Curiosity Appeal
• Novelty
– Lacks the quality of previous experience
• Complexity
– Extent to which parts represent the whole
• Uncertainty
– The probability that a specific event will occur
• Conflict
– When two or more incompatible responses are
aroused simultaneously in an organism
27. Enjoyment from
Uncertainty Reduction: Mysteries
• Something has happened!
• Viewer suspicion of guilt changes over time
- joy increases with variance in uncertainty
Uncertainty Model
Surprise Model
Confirmation Model
29. Conflicting Needs:
Enjoyment versus Appreciation
• Entertainment theory divides appeal into
– Enjoyment (pure pleasure)
– Appreciation (…)
• Appreciation
– Meaningfulness (Oliver & Bartsch, 2010)
• “thinking about human virtues”
– Satisfaction of higher-order needs (Vorderer,
2011)
• “a conflict between the heart and the head”
30. Lewis & Tamborini, 2012
Study 1
• Stimuli:
– 12 short narratives
• Three types of story endings:
– All positive
– Mixed positive
– All negative
35. Leaving with more questions…
• Are there different factors which more
strongly inform enjoyment of different types
of mashups?
36. What factors contribute to enjoyment
for whom?
Personality variables as moderators
Expertise/Ability Self Esteem
Silvia, 2005 exp 4 Knobloch, 2006
37. How best to balance old and new
content?
• What denotes optimal balance for enjoyment?
– PPZ = 15% original
– GT = Familiar music, new context
– Chart tracking Girl Talk Liking of new mix?
• What past experience or initial emotional
response is required before meta-emotions
kick in?
– Role of discrepancy with initial emotion
– Incongruity theory of humor (interest?)
38. Thank you for listening!
a.l.eden@vu.nl @allison_eden
August 2013
Lecture prepared for :
Summer School in Media and Communications:
Repeat Remix Remediate – Modes and Norms of Digital
Media Repurposing
Hamburg, Germany
39. References
• Berlyne, D.E. (1960). Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Bornstein, R.F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.
Psychological Bulletin, 106, 265–289.
• Bornstein, R. F., & D'Agostino, P. R. (1992). Stimulus recognition and the mere exposure
effect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63(4), 545.
• Förster, J., Marguc, J., & Gillebaart, M. (2010). Novelty Categorization Theory. Social Psychology
and Personality Compass, 4, 736-755. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00289.x
• Freitas, A.L., Azizian, A., Travers, S., & Berry Reber, R., Winkielman, P., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Effects
of perceptual fluency on affective judgments. Psychological Science, 9, 45-48. doi:10.1111/1467-
9280.00008
• Gillebaart, M. (2012). Something old, something new: When people favor novelty over familiarity
and how novelty affects creative processes. Faculty of social and behavioral sciences, University of
Amsterdam, Netherlands
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Keplinger, C. (2006). Mystery appeal: Effects of uncertainty and
resolution on the enjoyment of mystery. Media Psychology,8(3), 193-212.
• Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS):
Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual.Technical Report A-8.
• Leder, H., Belke, B., Oeberst, A., & Augustin, D. (2004). A model of aesthetic appreciation and
aesthetic judgments. British Journal of Psychology, 95(4), 489-508.
40. References
• Lewis, R., Tamborini, R., Grizzard, M., Weber, R., & Prabhu, S. (2012). Reactions to moral conflict in
narrative entertainment: The moderating influence of moral intuitions. Paper presented at the
annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Phoenix.
• Oliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2010). Appreciation as audience response: Exploring entertainment
gratifications beyond hedonism. Human Communication Research, 36(1), 53-81.
• Ratner, R. K., Kahn, B. E., & Kahneman, D. (1999). Choosing less-preferred experiences for the sake
of variety. Journal of Consumer Research, 26(1), 1-15.
• Rossman, G. (2008). By the numbers: Lessons from radio. Engaging Art: The Next Great
Transformation of America’s Cultural Life, edited by Steven Tepper and William Ivey. NY: Routledge.
• Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2008). A blast from the past: The terror
management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(1), 132-140
• Silvia, P.J. (2006). Exploring the psychology of interest. New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
• Vorderer, P. (2011). What’s next? Remarks on the current vitalization of entertainment
theory. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 23(1), 60.
• Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of personality and social
psychology, 9(2p2), 1.
• Zillmann, D. (1991). The logic of suspense and mystery. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.),
Responding to the screen. Reception and reaction processes (pp. 281–303). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc
Editor's Notes
It has been said that all stories are just variations on a few familiar themes. On the one hand, we relish stories that are instantly familiar to us, in which we can recognize the main characters and plots and feel instantly "at home." On the other, audiences are easily bored with the same old thing over and over again. Therefore, new stories created from old offer audiences the perfect opportunity to tread the line between familiarity and novelty to maximize enjoyment and interest. During this talk we will examine how audience attention and emotions are captured via the pathways of novelty and familiarity, and how "renewed" and "remixed" media may play on these psychological mechanisms to provoke enjoyment and interest in viewers.
Balance between novelty and familiarity promoting both interest and enjoymentUse of meaning structures to build novel commentary via shared social concepts
Schwarz (2007) stated that“To serve action in a given context, any adaptive system ofevaluation should be informed by past experience, but highlysensitive to the specifics of the present” (p. 639).
(Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968). One experiment that was conducted to test the mere-exposure effect used fertile chicken eggs for the test subjects. Tones of two different frequencies were played to different groups of chicks while they were still unhatched. Once hatched, each tone was played to both groups of chicks. Each set of chicks consistently chose the tone prenatally played to it.[1] Zajonc tested the mere-exposure effect by using meaningless Chinese characters on two groups of individuals. The individuals were then told that these symbols represented adjectives and were asked to rate whether the symbols held positive or negative connotations. The symbols that had been previously seen by the test subjects were consistently rated more positively than those unseen. After this experiment, the group with repeated exposure to certain characters reported being in better moods and felt more positive than those who did not receive repeated exposure.[1]
According to Zajonc, the mere-exposure effect is capable of taking place without conscious cognition, and that "preferences need no inferences".[7] This statement by Zajonc has spurred much research in the relationship between cognition and affect. Zajonc explains that if preferences (or attitudes) were merely based upon information units with affect attached to them, then persuasion would be fairly simple. He argues that this is not the case: such simple persuasion tactics have failed miserably.[7] Zajonc states that affective responses to stimuli happen much more quickly than cognitive responses, and that these responses are often made with much more confidence. He states that thought (cognition) and feeling (affect) are distinct, and that cognitions are not free from affect, nor is affect free of cognition.[7] Zajonc states, "...the form of experience that we came to call feeling accompanies all cognitions, that it arises early in the process of registration and retrieval, albeit weakly and vaguely, and that it derives from a parallel, separate, and partly independent system in the organism."[7]In regards to the mere-exposure effect and decision making, Zajonc states that there has been no empirical proof that cognition precedes any form of decision making. While this is a common assumption, Zajonc argues that the opposite is more likely: decisions are made with little to no cognitive process. He equates deciding upon something with liking it, meaning that more often we cognize reasons to rationalize a decision instead of deciding upon it.[7] Being that as it may, once we have decided that we 'like' something it is very difficult to sway that opinion. We are experts on ourselves, we know what we like, whether or not we have made cognitions to back it up.
After time, repetition can bring about Nostalgia, which can buffer against pain and existential threat, and is associated with personal and contextual memories
Helson, 1947; 1964; Mas-Colell, Whinston & Green, 1995Ratner, Kahn & Kahneman, 1999, Experiment 1Indeed, in one illustrative study, participants listened to a 45-second sample of a favorite song 15 times in quick succession, rating their enjoyment of the experience along the way. What began as an enjoyable experience became decidedly less so after only the 6th iteration (Ratner, Kahn & Kahneman, 1999, Experiment 1).
Bornstein, 1992 and Bornstein and D’Agostino, 1992) perceptual fluency/attribution model suggests that
So where I started was with what I think has the strongest intuitive response, and the one with the most research behind it. The idea here is that mashups represent a potentially ideal combination between familiarity and novelty, between old stuff and new stuff. Let me explain
Berlyne (1970) & Stang (1974)
Rate how appealing and how exciting each one is
Highly pleasurable and unpleasant stimuli are also arousing
So you minimize arousal, but also minimize liking
Berlyne 1976
People ratedtheir interest and enjoyment for each painting, and they appraisedeach painting on a wide range of appraisal dimensions.Our results showed that interest and enjoyment had contrastingwithin-person relationships with appraisals of the paintings.Paintings rated as interesting were appraised as complex, unfamiliar,negative, and disturbing; paintings rated as enjoyablewere appraised as simple, positive, and calming.
Uncertainty is uncomfortable
Balances novelty and familiarityCombines all models of mystery enjoyment via uncertainty reduction - we have reduced uncertainty via our familiarity with source content, which enables liking - We expect one thing and encounter another, which leads to pleasure - We are (perhaps) right
So this has led to a distinction between the two responses, where enjoyment is conceived as pure pleasure ….(Oliver & Bartsch, 2010; Raney, 2004; Vorderer, 2009)Whereas appreciation is conceptualized as not necessarily pleasurable. But the appreciation response is still conceptually unclear.Why would someone give a positive evaluation to something that is sad or unpleasurable?
So the first study is designed to test the logic of the dual-process model’s proposition that evaluations of conflicted narratives will be slower.We went back to the moral psychology literature and created 12 narratives based on classic moral dilemmas, and then manipulated whether the story endings resolved the conflict or maintained the conflict. We had three ending types. (All positive, mixed, positive, and all-negative). The mixed-positive endings are the conflicted endings. The all-positive endings are happy, and the all-negative endings are just horrible endings that you would almost never see in a movie.Here is an example …
We see that indeed it takes people a short time to evaluate the all-positive endings. It takes people longer to evaluate the mixed-positive endings.Contrary to our expectation though it also took longer to evaluate the all-negative endings.We think this is partly due to bad stimulus materials and partly due to the fact that these bad endings present an expectancy violation. The newer version of our paper discusses this at length.
Self-reported measure distinguishingEnjoyment (e.g., “This movie would be fun”)Appreciation (e.g., “This movie would be meaningful”)
12 songs over one hour
Our data confirm the hypothesis that, as for rewardmagnitude, the neuronal response to novelty is scaledadaptively as a function of contextual predictions. In particular,hippocampus, rhinal cortex, and orbital–medialPFC participated in scaled adaptive coding of both rewardand novelty. This anatomical overlap was notably absentfor signals reporting absolute novelty or the linearly codedprediction error for novelty (the deviation of stimulus noveltyfrom contextual predictions).The common participation of these three regions inadaptive scaling is consistent with the well-establishedfunctional and anatomical connectivity of these regions.All these regions interact functionally through monosynapticprojections from the hippocampus to the medial PFCand from medial PFC to the rhinal cortex, the main inputand output gateway for the hippocampus [Miller andCohen, 2001; Wallis, 2007]. Our data demonstrate that thisnetwork adapts its gain and sensitivity during reward andnovelty processing in a manner that accords with the statisticsof likely prediction errors [Tobler et al., 2005].
Rate of exposureIndividual differencesExpectancies