This document provides recommendations for state-specific plans to prevent community transmission of COVID-19 in India. It analyzes testing data from 18 Indian states between April and September 2020. The document finds that states with higher test growth rates than case growth rates, and decreasing test positivity rates, have been more successful at controlling the pandemic. It recommends classifying states into categories based on their test positivity rates, and setting targets to reduce rates over time. The document uses mathematical modeling to estimate the optimal minimum number of daily tests needed in different states to bring their test positivity rates down to recommended levels. It highlights Gujarat as improving its situation through increased testing, while Maharashtra has seen rising test positivity due to testing below
Socio economic attributes of covid-19 pandemic in Maharashtra State IndiaSoumik Chakraborty
Discussion about factors affecting Covid-19 spread and situation of virus spread. Relationship and generation of Covid susceptibility map in the region
A Point Cross-sectional study of Swine Flu Cases admitted at a Tertiary Level Hospital, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Presently in India Swine Flu cases were reported maximum from Rajasthan in this year (2015). So this study was aimed to analyzed the swine flu cases on various grounds to know the reasons for this increase. 77 swine flu cases addimited on 10.3.15 in a tertiary level hospital were interrogated. Total 2603 swine flu cases and 101 deaths were confirmed upto 10.3.15 in this current year concluding CFR 3.88%. Mean age of identified 77 swine flu cases was 41.32 ± 16.19 years with age range 1.5 to 75 years and MF ratio 0.51. Significantly more females were affected with swine flu than males but no significant age wise difference was found in males and females. Out of total 77 cases, 32.47 % were in ICU. About one third (31%) were self motivated others were from government and private health institutes. They were correctly diagnosed symptomatically in 33.77% before referred and about half of cases were advised for investigation (44.16%) for swine flu and precautions (51.95%) regarding respiratory antiquates. And 63.64% were admitted within 24 hours shows good awareness. Co morbidity was found in 57.14% of admitted cases and maximum (84%) co morbidity was found in cases admitted in ICU.
Top 10 practical questions about Flu Vaccine in India!Gaurav Gupta
What does a practising paediatrician want to to know about the Flu vaccination? Talk for Abbott Vaccines (Influvac Tetra) in Oct 2020 about common queries that doctors have about the flu vaccine in India, including how it may help in COVID-19?
Anxiety is natural response to any stressful situation. Pandemic can trigger the level of stress and anxiety among people. Present study attempted to assess the level of anxiety among adult in the Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. On line survey was conducted with structured questionnaire, a total of 374 responses were received. Non-probability snowball sampling was adopted to collect the data. The anxiety level identified in this study was moderate to mild level. More than 58% had mild level of anxiety and 14% had severe anxiety. 28% of them expressed moderate amount of anxiety. It shows that there is need to create awareness and address the psychological problems during COVID- 19 pandemic lockdown.
Test positivity – Evaluation of a new metric to assess epidemic dispersal med...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Epidemic control may be hampered when the percentage of asymptomatic cases is high. Seeking remedies for this problem, test positivity was explored between the first 60 to 90 epidemic days in six countries that reported their first COVID-19 case between February and March 2020: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Uruguay.
Test positivity (TP) is the percentage of test-positive individuals reported on a given day out of all individuals tested the same day. To generate both country-specific and multi-country information, this study was implemented in two stages. First, the epidemiologic data of the country infected last (Uruguay) were analyzed. If at
least one TP-related analysis yielded a statistically significant relationship, later assessments would investigate the six countries. The Uruguayan data indicated (i) a positive correlation between daily TP and daily new cases (r = 0.75); (ii) a negative correlation between TP and the number of tests conducted per million inhabitants (TPMI, r = 0.66); and (iii) three temporal stages, which differed from one another in both TP and TPMI medians (p < 0.01) and, together, revealed a negative relationship between TPMI and TP. No significant relationship
was found between TP and the number of active or recovered patients. The six countries showed a positive correlation between TP and the number of deaths/million inhabitants (DMI, r = 0.65, p < 0.01). With one exception –a country where isolation was not pursued , all countries showed a negative correlation between
TP and TPMI (r = 0.74). The temporal analysis of country-specific policies revealed four patterns, characterized by: (1) low TPMI and high DMI, (2) high TPMI and low DMI; (3) an intermediate pattern, and (4) high TPMI and
high DMI. Findings support the hypothesis that test positivity may guide epidemiologic policy-making, provided that policy-related factors are considered and high-resolution geographical data are utilized.
The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health
Julio Torales, Marcelo O’Higgins, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Antonio Ventriglio
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 0020764020915212, 2020
Socio economic attributes of covid-19 pandemic in Maharashtra State IndiaSoumik Chakraborty
Discussion about factors affecting Covid-19 spread and situation of virus spread. Relationship and generation of Covid susceptibility map in the region
A Point Cross-sectional study of Swine Flu Cases admitted at a Tertiary Level Hospital, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Presently in India Swine Flu cases were reported maximum from Rajasthan in this year (2015). So this study was aimed to analyzed the swine flu cases on various grounds to know the reasons for this increase. 77 swine flu cases addimited on 10.3.15 in a tertiary level hospital were interrogated. Total 2603 swine flu cases and 101 deaths were confirmed upto 10.3.15 in this current year concluding CFR 3.88%. Mean age of identified 77 swine flu cases was 41.32 ± 16.19 years with age range 1.5 to 75 years and MF ratio 0.51. Significantly more females were affected with swine flu than males but no significant age wise difference was found in males and females. Out of total 77 cases, 32.47 % were in ICU. About one third (31%) were self motivated others were from government and private health institutes. They were correctly diagnosed symptomatically in 33.77% before referred and about half of cases were advised for investigation (44.16%) for swine flu and precautions (51.95%) regarding respiratory antiquates. And 63.64% were admitted within 24 hours shows good awareness. Co morbidity was found in 57.14% of admitted cases and maximum (84%) co morbidity was found in cases admitted in ICU.
Top 10 practical questions about Flu Vaccine in India!Gaurav Gupta
What does a practising paediatrician want to to know about the Flu vaccination? Talk for Abbott Vaccines (Influvac Tetra) in Oct 2020 about common queries that doctors have about the flu vaccine in India, including how it may help in COVID-19?
Anxiety is natural response to any stressful situation. Pandemic can trigger the level of stress and anxiety among people. Present study attempted to assess the level of anxiety among adult in the Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. On line survey was conducted with structured questionnaire, a total of 374 responses were received. Non-probability snowball sampling was adopted to collect the data. The anxiety level identified in this study was moderate to mild level. More than 58% had mild level of anxiety and 14% had severe anxiety. 28% of them expressed moderate amount of anxiety. It shows that there is need to create awareness and address the psychological problems during COVID- 19 pandemic lockdown.
Test positivity – Evaluation of a new metric to assess epidemic dispersal med...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Epidemic control may be hampered when the percentage of asymptomatic cases is high. Seeking remedies for this problem, test positivity was explored between the first 60 to 90 epidemic days in six countries that reported their first COVID-19 case between February and March 2020: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Uruguay.
Test positivity (TP) is the percentage of test-positive individuals reported on a given day out of all individuals tested the same day. To generate both country-specific and multi-country information, this study was implemented in two stages. First, the epidemiologic data of the country infected last (Uruguay) were analyzed. If at
least one TP-related analysis yielded a statistically significant relationship, later assessments would investigate the six countries. The Uruguayan data indicated (i) a positive correlation between daily TP and daily new cases (r = 0.75); (ii) a negative correlation between TP and the number of tests conducted per million inhabitants (TPMI, r = 0.66); and (iii) three temporal stages, which differed from one another in both TP and TPMI medians (p < 0.01) and, together, revealed a negative relationship between TPMI and TP. No significant relationship
was found between TP and the number of active or recovered patients. The six countries showed a positive correlation between TP and the number of deaths/million inhabitants (DMI, r = 0.65, p < 0.01). With one exception –a country where isolation was not pursued , all countries showed a negative correlation between
TP and TPMI (r = 0.74). The temporal analysis of country-specific policies revealed four patterns, characterized by: (1) low TPMI and high DMI, (2) high TPMI and low DMI; (3) an intermediate pattern, and (4) high TPMI and
high DMI. Findings support the hypothesis that test positivity may guide epidemiologic policy-making, provided that policy-related factors are considered and high-resolution geographical data are utilized.
The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health
Julio Torales, Marcelo O’Higgins, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Antonio Ventriglio
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 0020764020915212, 2020
Indian Governance on SARS-COV2 Viral Outbreak – A Chronology. International J...Premier Publishers
The world is now facing an unprecedented crisis due to the novel coronavirus. The disease has spread around 210 countries and territories around the globe and infected (confirmed) more than twelve million people (09/07/2020). The global death rate due to coronavirus was around 584k, respectively. This intense situation emerges the necessity of drug discovery and vaccination against SARS-COV2. The total (cumulative) number of confirmed infected people is 767K until now across India (09 JUL 2020). Most of the research and newspaper articles focus on the number of infected people over the countries. In the absence of a vaccine, the preventive measures of maintaining basic personal hygiene and large-scale social distancing appears to be most effective against SARS-COV2 causing infection. The effect of preventing actions and lockdown was observed that the count was in control during the lockdown period. Complete unlocking protocols may elevate the possibility of viral spread. A sustained lockdown with considerable relaxation is suggested. This article discusses the timeline events and guidance of Indian governance on this pandemic 2020. Additionally, it also covers the graphical growth curvature of Morbidity and Mortality rate, centre’s accomplishments, economical inspection, and exponential growth.
ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 IN THE UNITED STATES USING MACHINE LEARNINGmlaij
The unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 also known as the coronavirus has caused a pandemic like none
ever seen before this century. Its impact has been massive on a global level. The deadly virus has
commanded nations around the world to increase their efforts to fight against the spread of the virus after
the stress it has put on resources. With the number of new cases increasing day by day around the world,
the objective of this paper is to contribute towards the analysis of the virus by leveraging machine learning
models to understand its behavior and predict future patterns in the United States (US) based on data
obtained from the COVID-19 Tracking Project.
Analysis of Covid-19 in the United States using Machine Learningmlaij
The unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 also known as the coronavirus has caused a pandemic like none ever seen before this century. Its impact has been massive on a global level. The deadly virus has commanded nations around the world to increase their efforts to fight against the spread of the virus after the stress it has put on resources. With the number of new cases increasing day by day around the world, the objective of this paper is to contribute towards the analysis of the virus by leveraging machine learning models to understand its behavior and predict future patterns in the United States (US) based on data obtained from the COVID-19 Tracking Project.
Tuberculosis affected mankind for over 5000 yrs and continue to be a major public health problem. So to generate hypothesis about tuberculosis this study was conducted to study the profile of tuberculosis cases attending at DTC Jaipur. A record based cross-sectional study of tuberculosis patients attended at District Tuberculosis Centre, Jaipur were taken. Chi-square test was used to find out association. It was found in this study that Cure Rate significantly varied with type of case, age and sex of case. It was observed highest in cat.III and below 20 yrs of age. Defaulters were max. in Relapse retreated cases and in elderly (>60 yrs.) cases whereas it was not affected significantly with age . Failure Rate was highest in category I cases and significantly varied with age and sex. About 3/4th of total deaths were observed in Failure and Relapse retreated cases. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) showed not significant variation with sex. So it can be concluded with this study that maximally affected age group with tuberculosis is either children or 40-60 years with male predominance. Category III cases are more easier to cured and Category II cases are most difficult to cured. Cure rate was lesser in 40-60 years of age group and males. Defaulters and CFR were more in category II, 40-60 year of age group and males. And Failure Rate was more in category I, 40-60 year of age group and males
Descriptive Analysis of Malaria Surveillance Data of Belaichari Upazila Healt...Dr. Habibur Rahim
A malaria case can be defined as a patient having febrile period within 48 hours (Temperature ≥ 37.5°C) associated with clinical symptoms like headache, chills, severe malaise, severe weakness, vomiting etc. at the time of examination or within 48 hours and also confirmation of presence of Plasmodium Vivax or P. Falciparum in Blood slide examination (BSE) or Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) test. The Analysis of public health surveillance data on Malaria has been conducted in Upazila health complex of Belaichari of Rangamati hill tracts. Study duration was 10 days dated from 22-11-2018 to 03-12-2018. Data collected from monthly submitted data of web based surveillance of National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) website MIS, DHIS2, hospital Registry with the help of honorable UHFPO and Statistician and other related staffs also. Data of last four months (from July-October, 2018) taken for this simple analysis from monthly web based surveillance of NMCP, MIS. This data set has been taken to analyze the distribution of Malaria according to Age, sex, Time, place, during the study period. To find out the susceptibility and trend of this disease by appropriate analysis and interpretation of data. This study also given a look on the comparison of performance of GoB and NGO work to make a clear view. This study shows that incidence of malaria was high in July, 2018 as it was in monsoon season, and people above 15 years old are more affected, where male are more in ratio as they work in forests and outside of home. The Farua Union is riskier for malaria infection as it carries boundary with India and Myanmar territory. Plasmodium falciparum is the most infective parasite at Belaichari as it causes about 89% of total Malaria cases. In comparison with the previous year cases this year rate of infection of malaria is decreasing. It’s a matter of hope that it will guide us to walk through the way of Malaria elimination program in the next decade. The study was confined only in analysis of data of four months. It’s not reflective for the criteria of disease distribution round the year or the criteria of Malaria in the hill tracts area at all. Big scale analysis of data is recommended to be conducted for public health interest.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Master of Public Health Dissertation
Supervisors: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Dr Steven Kelly
University of the West of Scotland
A Study to Assess the Post Covid Home Quarantine Stress Level in Second Wave ...ijtsrd
AIM The present study aims to assess the post covid home quarantine stress level in second wave among general population in selected community at SMCH. METHODS AND MATERIALS A descriptive research design was used for the present study. A total 50 samples were collected using non probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic variable and level of stress was assessed using structured questioner, followed by that data was gathered and analyzed. RESULTS the results the study revealed that there is a significant association between level of stress and demographic variable among the general population at the level of p 0.01 conclusion Thus, the present despites that factors associated with level of stress and demographic variable among general population. Dayana. B. A. A | Nagalakshmi. H "A Study to Assess the Post Covid Home Quarantine Stress Level in Second Wave among General Population in a Selected Community" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59990.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/59990/a-study-to-assess-the-post-covid-home-quarantine-stress-level-in-second-wave-among-general-population-in-a-selected-community/dayana-b-a-a
Socio-demographic Characteristics of Clients Visiting Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre (ICTC) at SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic and India counts for 10% of the global HIV burden and 65% of that in the South and South-East Asia. This study of clients of ICTC was carried out to know the association of HIV positivity with socio-demographic variables. Total 2412 clients have visited at ICTC of SMS Medical College, Jaipur, either voluntarily or referred by various department of this institute in ICTC in 1st quarter of 2009. They Overall HIV positivity was found 12.35% with a significant difference in voluntary and referred clients i.e. 83.59% v/s 8.36%. It was also found that HIV positivity is more in reproductive age group than extremes of ages, more in females than males, more in person who were married but presently single because of separation of spouse, divorce form spouse or death of spouse than the unmarried or married living with their spouses.
Surging Cancer, Costly Treatment and Wrecking of Family Finances Reflections ...ijtsrd
Surging cancer cases in Punjab’s Malwabel thas become one of the most serious concerns for the policy makers and stakeholders. Many studies showed that the people in productive age group of 30 65 years were suffering from this dreaded disease. Economic and social costs of cancer to the individual family society are also enormous and run into crore of rupees that include direct costs out of pocket expenditures while seeking treatment and indirect costs reduced labour supply, production and productivity . The present study is modest attempt to study incidence of cancer and patterns in Punjab’s Malwa belt how the cancer patients families bear high treatment costs and how the high cost of treatment wreck the family finances. The study is primarily based on the primary data. Out of 1172 cancer suffering rural households located in 21 villages of Fazilka District of Punjab, 154 cancer patients were randomly selected and surveyed in the last six months of 2021. Wheat, cotton and paddy in order of importance found to be main crops grown in these villages. Dr. Mohan Lal "Surging Cancer, Costly Treatment and Wrecking of Family Finances: Reflections from the Punjab's Malwa Belt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/57485/surging-cancer-costly-treatment-and-wrecking-of-family-finances-reflections-from-the-punjabs-malwa-belt/dr-mohan-lal
Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge Regarding Covid 19 among Nurs...ijtsrd
Aim This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of awareness programs on improving the level of knowledge regarding COVID 19among nursing students in selected nursing colleges from Uttar Pradesh and to find out various factors associated with it. Materials and methods A quantitative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design and Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 nursing students from selected nursing colleges of Uttar Pradesh. Self structured knowledge questionnaire was used for assessing the knowledge regarding COVID 19among the subjects. SPSS version 25 was used for analyzing the data. Results The knowledge mean score in pre test 9.4±3.7 was lesser than the post test mean score 20.1±4.4, the obtained t value 22.2, p = 0.001. There was an association between nursing students’ levels of knowledge regarding COVID 19 with their previous source of information x2 = 9.6, p=0.04 . Conclusion Awareness program was effective to improve the level of knowledge regarding COVID 19 among nursing students. Bince Varghese | Jubin Varghese | Saniya Susan Issac "Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge Regarding Covid-19 among Nursing Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37913.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/37913/effectiveness-of-awareness-program-on-knowledge-regarding-covid19-among-nursing-students/bince-varghese
Acceptance and Attitudes of North Indian Population Towards COVID-19. 4-10-20...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic which had a severe impact on all aspects of life all over the world. Vaccines are the most significant and effective interventions which are capable enough to reduce the high burden of diseases around the globe. An effective vaccine is the most anticipated resolution. The hesitancy in general public towards vaccination is a major problem for Government and health authorities as well. In this study, evaluation of health issues faced after vaccination, preferred vaccines, role of health authorities in preventing the COVID 19 disease spread, and kind of hesitancy for vaccination are discussed. Primary random data is collected from 370 individuals from north India about the COVID vaccine. The descriptive and infernal statistical tools are implemented to analyze the data using SPSS software.
The SARS-CoV 2 pandemic, since its origin in China as a cluster of pneumonia cases, had reached almost every part of the world and had killed more than one million people
worldwide [1]. The case fatality differs substantially between countries along with the number of symptomatic patients, sequelae of the disease and those who require intensive lifecare
support. Such a perceived difference can be attributed to macroecological dissimilarities like the general well-being of the population and a more extent, its demographic structure.
The demographic characteristics, most notably the age structure and population density, has important implications in the spread of infectious diseases [2,3]. Like most of the infectious
diseases we have known so far, COVID-19 is seen more severely in groups like the elderly and those with comorbidities [4,5]. Robustness of the health system and abundance of resources might have helped the western countries to report proportionately a greater number of cases. However huge proportion of elderly population in these countries might have contributed to higher reporting of severe illness and deaths in these countries [6].
Covid 19 spreading in rural india a geospatial study of villages, semi-urban ...Mohd Akhter Ali
The COVID-19 pandemic is considered as the most critical global health disaster of the century and the greatest challenge that the human civilization faced since the 2nd World War.
It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the whole human population
Microbial biotechnology by the participation of microorganism also along with microbial derivatives results in useful products for human welfare. In this process the conversion of natural substances to the processed food is done. The processed substrates can be of diverse range such as enzymes, organic acids, alcohols, polymers, and many more. In reference to human health secondary metabolites are significantly important, such an economically important has deeply benefitted humans by establishing variety of industrial microbial strains. In this chapter we have tried in explaining the microbial role in diverse fields in food production.
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Indian Governance on SARS-COV2 Viral Outbreak – A Chronology. International J...Premier Publishers
The world is now facing an unprecedented crisis due to the novel coronavirus. The disease has spread around 210 countries and territories around the globe and infected (confirmed) more than twelve million people (09/07/2020). The global death rate due to coronavirus was around 584k, respectively. This intense situation emerges the necessity of drug discovery and vaccination against SARS-COV2. The total (cumulative) number of confirmed infected people is 767K until now across India (09 JUL 2020). Most of the research and newspaper articles focus on the number of infected people over the countries. In the absence of a vaccine, the preventive measures of maintaining basic personal hygiene and large-scale social distancing appears to be most effective against SARS-COV2 causing infection. The effect of preventing actions and lockdown was observed that the count was in control during the lockdown period. Complete unlocking protocols may elevate the possibility of viral spread. A sustained lockdown with considerable relaxation is suggested. This article discusses the timeline events and guidance of Indian governance on this pandemic 2020. Additionally, it also covers the graphical growth curvature of Morbidity and Mortality rate, centre’s accomplishments, economical inspection, and exponential growth.
ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 IN THE UNITED STATES USING MACHINE LEARNINGmlaij
The unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 also known as the coronavirus has caused a pandemic like none
ever seen before this century. Its impact has been massive on a global level. The deadly virus has
commanded nations around the world to increase their efforts to fight against the spread of the virus after
the stress it has put on resources. With the number of new cases increasing day by day around the world,
the objective of this paper is to contribute towards the analysis of the virus by leveraging machine learning
models to understand its behavior and predict future patterns in the United States (US) based on data
obtained from the COVID-19 Tracking Project.
Analysis of Covid-19 in the United States using Machine Learningmlaij
The unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 also known as the coronavirus has caused a pandemic like none ever seen before this century. Its impact has been massive on a global level. The deadly virus has commanded nations around the world to increase their efforts to fight against the spread of the virus after the stress it has put on resources. With the number of new cases increasing day by day around the world, the objective of this paper is to contribute towards the analysis of the virus by leveraging machine learning models to understand its behavior and predict future patterns in the United States (US) based on data obtained from the COVID-19 Tracking Project.
Tuberculosis affected mankind for over 5000 yrs and continue to be a major public health problem. So to generate hypothesis about tuberculosis this study was conducted to study the profile of tuberculosis cases attending at DTC Jaipur. A record based cross-sectional study of tuberculosis patients attended at District Tuberculosis Centre, Jaipur were taken. Chi-square test was used to find out association. It was found in this study that Cure Rate significantly varied with type of case, age and sex of case. It was observed highest in cat.III and below 20 yrs of age. Defaulters were max. in Relapse retreated cases and in elderly (>60 yrs.) cases whereas it was not affected significantly with age . Failure Rate was highest in category I cases and significantly varied with age and sex. About 3/4th of total deaths were observed in Failure and Relapse retreated cases. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) showed not significant variation with sex. So it can be concluded with this study that maximally affected age group with tuberculosis is either children or 40-60 years with male predominance. Category III cases are more easier to cured and Category II cases are most difficult to cured. Cure rate was lesser in 40-60 years of age group and males. Defaulters and CFR were more in category II, 40-60 year of age group and males. And Failure Rate was more in category I, 40-60 year of age group and males
Descriptive Analysis of Malaria Surveillance Data of Belaichari Upazila Healt...Dr. Habibur Rahim
A malaria case can be defined as a patient having febrile period within 48 hours (Temperature ≥ 37.5°C) associated with clinical symptoms like headache, chills, severe malaise, severe weakness, vomiting etc. at the time of examination or within 48 hours and also confirmation of presence of Plasmodium Vivax or P. Falciparum in Blood slide examination (BSE) or Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) test. The Analysis of public health surveillance data on Malaria has been conducted in Upazila health complex of Belaichari of Rangamati hill tracts. Study duration was 10 days dated from 22-11-2018 to 03-12-2018. Data collected from monthly submitted data of web based surveillance of National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) website MIS, DHIS2, hospital Registry with the help of honorable UHFPO and Statistician and other related staffs also. Data of last four months (from July-October, 2018) taken for this simple analysis from monthly web based surveillance of NMCP, MIS. This data set has been taken to analyze the distribution of Malaria according to Age, sex, Time, place, during the study period. To find out the susceptibility and trend of this disease by appropriate analysis and interpretation of data. This study also given a look on the comparison of performance of GoB and NGO work to make a clear view. This study shows that incidence of malaria was high in July, 2018 as it was in monsoon season, and people above 15 years old are more affected, where male are more in ratio as they work in forests and outside of home. The Farua Union is riskier for malaria infection as it carries boundary with India and Myanmar territory. Plasmodium falciparum is the most infective parasite at Belaichari as it causes about 89% of total Malaria cases. In comparison with the previous year cases this year rate of infection of malaria is decreasing. It’s a matter of hope that it will guide us to walk through the way of Malaria elimination program in the next decade. The study was confined only in analysis of data of four months. It’s not reflective for the criteria of disease distribution round the year or the criteria of Malaria in the hill tracts area at all. Big scale analysis of data is recommended to be conducted for public health interest.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Master of Public Health Dissertation
Supervisors: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Dr Steven Kelly
University of the West of Scotland
A Study to Assess the Post Covid Home Quarantine Stress Level in Second Wave ...ijtsrd
AIM The present study aims to assess the post covid home quarantine stress level in second wave among general population in selected community at SMCH. METHODS AND MATERIALS A descriptive research design was used for the present study. A total 50 samples were collected using non probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic variable and level of stress was assessed using structured questioner, followed by that data was gathered and analyzed. RESULTS the results the study revealed that there is a significant association between level of stress and demographic variable among the general population at the level of p 0.01 conclusion Thus, the present despites that factors associated with level of stress and demographic variable among general population. Dayana. B. A. A | Nagalakshmi. H "A Study to Assess the Post Covid Home Quarantine Stress Level in Second Wave among General Population in a Selected Community" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59990.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/59990/a-study-to-assess-the-post-covid-home-quarantine-stress-level-in-second-wave-among-general-population-in-a-selected-community/dayana-b-a-a
Socio-demographic Characteristics of Clients Visiting Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre (ICTC) at SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic and India counts for 10% of the global HIV burden and 65% of that in the South and South-East Asia. This study of clients of ICTC was carried out to know the association of HIV positivity with socio-demographic variables. Total 2412 clients have visited at ICTC of SMS Medical College, Jaipur, either voluntarily or referred by various department of this institute in ICTC in 1st quarter of 2009. They Overall HIV positivity was found 12.35% with a significant difference in voluntary and referred clients i.e. 83.59% v/s 8.36%. It was also found that HIV positivity is more in reproductive age group than extremes of ages, more in females than males, more in person who were married but presently single because of separation of spouse, divorce form spouse or death of spouse than the unmarried or married living with their spouses.
Surging Cancer, Costly Treatment and Wrecking of Family Finances Reflections ...ijtsrd
Surging cancer cases in Punjab’s Malwabel thas become one of the most serious concerns for the policy makers and stakeholders. Many studies showed that the people in productive age group of 30 65 years were suffering from this dreaded disease. Economic and social costs of cancer to the individual family society are also enormous and run into crore of rupees that include direct costs out of pocket expenditures while seeking treatment and indirect costs reduced labour supply, production and productivity . The present study is modest attempt to study incidence of cancer and patterns in Punjab’s Malwa belt how the cancer patients families bear high treatment costs and how the high cost of treatment wreck the family finances. The study is primarily based on the primary data. Out of 1172 cancer suffering rural households located in 21 villages of Fazilka District of Punjab, 154 cancer patients were randomly selected and surveyed in the last six months of 2021. Wheat, cotton and paddy in order of importance found to be main crops grown in these villages. Dr. Mohan Lal "Surging Cancer, Costly Treatment and Wrecking of Family Finances: Reflections from the Punjab's Malwa Belt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/57485/surging-cancer-costly-treatment-and-wrecking-of-family-finances-reflections-from-the-punjabs-malwa-belt/dr-mohan-lal
Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge Regarding Covid 19 among Nurs...ijtsrd
Aim This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of awareness programs on improving the level of knowledge regarding COVID 19among nursing students in selected nursing colleges from Uttar Pradesh and to find out various factors associated with it. Materials and methods A quantitative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design and Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 nursing students from selected nursing colleges of Uttar Pradesh. Self structured knowledge questionnaire was used for assessing the knowledge regarding COVID 19among the subjects. SPSS version 25 was used for analyzing the data. Results The knowledge mean score in pre test 9.4±3.7 was lesser than the post test mean score 20.1±4.4, the obtained t value 22.2, p = 0.001. There was an association between nursing students’ levels of knowledge regarding COVID 19 with their previous source of information x2 = 9.6, p=0.04 . Conclusion Awareness program was effective to improve the level of knowledge regarding COVID 19 among nursing students. Bince Varghese | Jubin Varghese | Saniya Susan Issac "Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge Regarding Covid-19 among Nursing Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37913.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/37913/effectiveness-of-awareness-program-on-knowledge-regarding-covid19-among-nursing-students/bince-varghese
Acceptance and Attitudes of North Indian Population Towards COVID-19. 4-10-20...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic which had a severe impact on all aspects of life all over the world. Vaccines are the most significant and effective interventions which are capable enough to reduce the high burden of diseases around the globe. An effective vaccine is the most anticipated resolution. The hesitancy in general public towards vaccination is a major problem for Government and health authorities as well. In this study, evaluation of health issues faced after vaccination, preferred vaccines, role of health authorities in preventing the COVID 19 disease spread, and kind of hesitancy for vaccination are discussed. Primary random data is collected from 370 individuals from north India about the COVID vaccine. The descriptive and infernal statistical tools are implemented to analyze the data using SPSS software.
The SARS-CoV 2 pandemic, since its origin in China as a cluster of pneumonia cases, had reached almost every part of the world and had killed more than one million people
worldwide [1]. The case fatality differs substantially between countries along with the number of symptomatic patients, sequelae of the disease and those who require intensive lifecare
support. Such a perceived difference can be attributed to macroecological dissimilarities like the general well-being of the population and a more extent, its demographic structure.
The demographic characteristics, most notably the age structure and population density, has important implications in the spread of infectious diseases [2,3]. Like most of the infectious
diseases we have known so far, COVID-19 is seen more severely in groups like the elderly and those with comorbidities [4,5]. Robustness of the health system and abundance of resources might have helped the western countries to report proportionately a greater number of cases. However huge proportion of elderly population in these countries might have contributed to higher reporting of severe illness and deaths in these countries [6].
Covid 19 spreading in rural india a geospatial study of villages, semi-urban ...Mohd Akhter Ali
The COVID-19 pandemic is considered as the most critical global health disaster of the century and the greatest challenge that the human civilization faced since the 2nd World War.
It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the whole human population
Similar to Plausible State-Specific Plans and Recommendations to Avert COVID-19 Community Transmission (20)
Microbial biotechnology by the participation of microorganism also along with microbial derivatives results in useful products for human welfare. In this process the conversion of natural substances to the processed food is done. The processed substrates can be of diverse range such as enzymes, organic acids, alcohols, polymers, and many more. In reference to human health secondary metabolites are significantly important, such an economically important has deeply benefitted humans by establishing variety of industrial microbial strains. In this chapter we have tried in explaining the microbial role in diverse fields in food production.
Ab-initio density functional and docking studies of α-Santalol molecule deriv...Dr Varruchi Sharma
α-Santalol (a sesquiterpene), an organic compound found in sandalwood was assessed for its reactive potential by computing bond length, Mullikan atomic charges, electrostatic potential surfaces, vibrational frequencies, polarizability, dipole moment and IR spectra with different basis sets implying Hartree Fock and Density functional theory (DFT) Redistribution of charges on α-Santalol was reported to be over a larger range along with the the Bond length values of C32-O39 reportedly higher than the corresponding values of O39-H40 suggestive of its reactivity mainly attributed to hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to C32.Molecular docking studies of α-Santalol with the Monkeypoxgp158 protein further indicate that the designed best probable ligand compound showed significant binding affinity i.e ΔG-8.4Kcal/mole across the binding cleft, suggestive of the therapeutic potential of α-Santalol against monkeypox. Quantum mechanical study of electronic structure, ground state properties and electrostatic potential surface study further supports the reactive sites present in α-Santalol.
Computational Docking Study of the Phytochemical Constituent, Silybin (Silybu...Dr Varruchi Sharma
SARS-CoV-2 is continually evolving with the emergence of new variants with increased viral pathogenicity. The emergence of heavily mutated Omicron (B.1.1.529) with spike protein mutations are known to mediate its higher transmissibility and immune escape that has brought newer challenges for global public health to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection. One has to come up with a therapeutic strategy against the virus so as to effectively contain the infection and spread. Natural phytochemicals are being considered a significant source of bioactive compounds possessing an antiviral therapeutic potential. Being a promising anticancer and chemo-preventive agent, Silybin holds a significant potential to be used as a therapeutic. In the present study, molecular docking of Silybin with Omicron spike protein (7QNW) was carried out. Molecular docking results showed greater stability of Silybin in the active site of the Omicron spike protein with suitable binding mode of interactions. The study reveals that Silybin has the potential to block the host ACE2 receptor-viral spike protein binding; thereby inhibiting the viral entry to human cells. Therefore, Silybin may be further developed as a medication with the ability to effectively combat SARS-CoV-2 Omicron.
Role of plant secondary metabolites as potential antimalarial drugs Dr Varruchi Sharma
Malaria is a global problem affecting a large population without any demarcation between developed and developing world communities. The already approved compounds for the treatment of the disease hold significant efficacy but the emergence of resistant strains and reduced efficacy of drugs against the disease leave the scope for the identification of noval natural products as potential therapeutic agents. There are seven major classes of antiplasmodium agents which are plant secondary metabolites and can be used as a potential antimalarial drugs. In the present review, the focus is on the antimalarial compounds which have been isolated from plants which could be potentially used as antimalarial drugs.
PI3Kinase/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Breast Cancer; Pathogenesis and Prevention with...Dr Varruchi Sharma
The most recurrent and considered second most frequent cause of cancerrelated death in women is the breast cancer worldwide. In breast cancer cases patients are usually diagnosed in the beginning at the curable stage. However, its treatment remains a great clinical challenge. A number of studies have been carried out for the treatment of breast cancer which includes the targeted therapies and increased survival rates in women. Essential PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway activation is observed in most breast cancers. The cell growth and tumor development in this case involves phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/ Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. It has been observed, through preclinical and clinical trials, that there are a number of other inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which either alone or in combination with other agents can be used for treatment of cancer. Pre-clinical studies have confirmed that P13K, Akt and mTOR inhibitors achieve anticancer effects by targeting different levels of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. This chapter evaluates the role of mTOR along with some of its inhibitors and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in the pathogenesis and prevention of breast cancer.
BIOINFORMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH AND I...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Bioinformatics in integration to computational biology is a novel field which applies computer to biology, with which biologists are able to make detailed use of biological data for its advancement. In bioinformatics, the computers are used for the storage followed by the processing and analyzing, along with retrieval of large amounts of biologic and genomic data. In recent years, the field of Bioinformatics is gaining more interest. Earlier, the methodology adopted by the researchers to generate, collect followed by the analysis of various types of scientific data, which is the most time consuming and quite expensive for the work to be carried out. On the other hand with the help of computational tools & techniques, software & databases, one can process a large amount of biological data in a short span such as computer-aided drug designing (CADD). Environment and its protection in today’s word are the most challenging. The problems associated with its protection, planning can be resolved by the best bases of Information technology.
Current Perspective on Dominant Negative Mutations: Trends, Scope and Relevance Dr Varruchi Sharma
Despite the advancements in tools and technologies implicated in identifying and characterizing novel genes, there are still a significant number of unknown function proteins. Moreover, the practices employed in order to characterize such proteins have proven to be a futile exercise so far because of many limitations associated with such traditional approaches. Dominant-negative mutations have shown great promise in this direction as the introduction of mutation in the target protein may abolish the protein function and inhibit the function of the simultaneously expressed wild-type protein. These dominant mutations have broader applications in biological processes to study various proteins in terms of their functional aspects, etiological factors, and mechanism of action, paving the way to diagnose many dreadful diseases, including cancer. Considering these facts, the current review emphasizes utilizing the full potential of such dominant-negative mutations in deciphering protein functions and their broad-spectrum applications in biology
PROBING INTO THE EDIBLE VACCINES: NEWER PARADIGMS, SCOPE AND RELEVANCEDr Varruchi Sharma
Vaccines are proved to be boon for the prevention of infectious diseases and provide acquired immunity against life threatening infections. The lethality of infectious diseases has decreased due to vaccination as it is one of the safe and effective measure to control various infectious diseases. A protein which acts as the vaccine, present in food and consumed as the internal composition of food is known as the edible vaccine. As the name suggests, the term “Edible vaccines” was first used by Charles Arntzen in 1990 and refers to plants that produce vitamins, proteins or other nourishment that act as a vaccine against a certain disease. These vaccines are capable to stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Edible vaccines have been the newer form of vaccines which have the power to cover the risks associated with conventional vaccines. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines are produced by the incorporation of the selected desired genes into the plants and then modified to produce the encoded proteins, providing immunity for certain diseases. Identification, isolation and characterization of a pathogenic antigen is important for making an edible vaccine. At present edible vaccine are developed for various veterinary and human diseases such as cholera, measles, hepatitis and foot and mouth diseases. Current review highlights the importance of edible vaccines which could prove to be cost effective, efficient and safe and would not require refrigeration, making them more accessible to poor people as compared to traditional vaccines.
An In-Silico Approach for Designing a Potential Antagonistic Molecule Targeti...Dr Varruchi Sharma
One of the largest families of membrane proteins, the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been a very important target of drug discovery as they are involved in having a regulatory role in a variety of signaling pathways at the cellular level in response to external stimuli. Modern in-silico and crystallographic approaches have further made it easier to peep into their structures. In this study, β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) has been targeted, and a new ligand molecule using the de-novo approach has been proposed. Using 1-Amino-3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propan-2-ol, the best fitting binding fragments were established with a significant dissociation constant value of 5-7 nanomolar. The flexibility of specific active sites was also investigated, and it was observed that residues 114 (V), 117 (V), 203 (S), 286 (W), and 289 (F) played a crucial role in accommodating ligand for the best binding. Upon examination of the bioavailability parameters, the ligand var9 exhibited significant inhibitory characteristics having lower toxicity values and high drug likeliness properties. Findings certainly hold significance in terms of targeting GPCRs in getting insight into structure-based drug designing and drug discovery.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been considered to be the most common malignancy of the head and neck region. OSCC develops as a result of certain genetic and epigenetic variations in the squamous epithelium, which in turn leads to a series of consequences leading to the definitive stage of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Majority of oral malignancy cases have been associated with specific exposure to certain risk factors such as smoking, smokeless tobacco products, heavy consumption of alcohol, poor oral hygiene, human papilloma virus infection along with other lifestyle factors and dietary changes. There are certain genes named as BIRC2 and BIRC3 belonging to the inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP) family which become over-expressed and upregulated during the course of OSCC. The proteins made are pronounced as cIAPs which are inhibitors of specific caspases leading to the suppression of apoptosis induced by a variety of triggering factors.
Current review has brought together all such concrete studies along with diagnostic and therapeutic relevance to OSCC at a single platform so as to understand the etiological factors, mechanism and regulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, the recent emergence of microbiome as a diagnostic and therapeutic target has also been discussed in order to find a sustainable and reliable therapeutic solution to OSCC.
Essence of PTEN: a Broad-Spectrum Therapeutic Target in Cancer Dr Varruchi Sharma
The levels of protein tyrosine phosphorylation within a cell is regulated by protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases. These protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) can act both as positive and negative regulators during cell cycle progression and signal transduction. Phosphatase activity is shown by Phosphatase and Tensin homolog (PTEN) protein encoded by PTEN gene localized on human chromosome 10. Earlier findings established the role of PTEN as a tumor suppressor in Cowden’s disease, where PTEN mutations resulted in disease outcomes. Subsequent studies found the role of PTEN mutations in various human cancers, making it one of the vastly studied tumor suppressor genes. The current review has been planned to get a deeper insight into the potential role of PTEN in a variety of physiological processes involved in normal development like cell growth, migration, and differentiation along with the factors, regulation, and underlying mechanism
Current Paradigms to Explore the Gut Microbiota Linkage to Neurological Disor...Dr Varruchi Sharma
It has been suggested that an intricate communication link exists between the gut microbiota and the brain and its ability to modulate behaviour of an individual governing homeostasis. Metabolic activity of the microbiota is considered to be relatively constant in healthy individuals, despite diff erences in the composition of microbiota. The metabolites produced by gut microbiota and their homeostatic balance is often perturbed as a result of neurological complications. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to explore the link between gut microbiota and brain function and behaviour through neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. This current review focusses on the impact of altered gut microbiota on brain functions and how microbiome modulation by use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics might prove benefi cial in the prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders. It is important to carefully understand the complex mechanisms underlying the gut–brain axis so as to use the gut microbiota as a therapeutic intervention strategy for neurological disorders.
GENDER-BIAS SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CORONA VIRUS DISEASE : PEEPING INTO THE FACTORS...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Recent pandemic of corona virus disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in humans is the third outbreak by this family of viruses, which is reminiscent of the SARS-COV outbreak happened in the year 2003. General characteristics of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) especially in regards to the disease susceptibility amongst males and females have been focused providing a better understanding of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in males, females and children. A thorough literature search for articles in major databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar etc. has been carried out. COVID-19 has been known to have varied symptoms ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure and death. Ageing, genetics, comorbidities and many other associated factors may play a crucial role in predisposing an individual towards COVID-19 disease as there exists chronic inflammation, thrombosis and immune response impairment due to SARS-CoV-2 providing a therapeutic window. Current study emphasizes upon the role of gender in morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 with men higher at risk to COVID-19 than women in terms of mortality despite having the similar prevalence of the disease. The study has been well supported by the data available from the hot-spots affected states from Indian subcontinent. However, current evidence is not sufficient to conclude on the gender-bias susceptibility but certainly men have an edge over women in terms of susceptibility towards COVID-19.
Cancer Chemoprevention by Flavonoids, Dietary Polyphenols and Terpenoids Dr Varruchi Sharma
The world population is aging, and cancer is always considered to be one of the major causes of death all over the globe. The advent of recent drug-targeted therapies undoubtedly is going to reduce the incidence of cancer over the coming years. However, the frequency of occurrence of such chronic diseases like cancer would continue to increase. Therefore, the search for a safer and cost-effective treatment is urgently needed. Phytochemicals found in plants, foods, vegetables, tea, etc. have emerged as proven therapeutic compounds modulating signaling pathways involved in cancer. We carried out a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature using the keywords: cancer chemoprevention, flavonoids, dietary polyphenols, terpenoids, bioactive, microbiota. Quality of the retrieved papers and characteristic outcomes of the articles included in the study was assessed by employing standard tools and deductive qualitative content analysis methodology. The development of personalized supplements comprising particular phytochemicals has been the key, especially dealing with chronic inflammatory disorders like cancer. Better understanding at the molecular level explains the influence of phytochemicals on human health, which has been extensively covered through this review. Moreover, the wide collection of dietary polyphenols that has significant properties in reference to human health has been highlighted. Furthermore, the etiology of end products of such phytochemicals, especially on the modulation of gut microbiota and the host-microbial interactions thereof, need to be properly understood. The present study summarizes the chemoprevention and treatment of cancer using the bioactive components, including flavonoids, dietary polyphenols, and terpenoids. Likewise, the effect of dietary polyphenols on the human gut microbiota has been realized more recently. However, more research is needed in this field, especially focused on the communications, interlinks between the gut microbiota and polyphenols with the precise mechanism of action.
MULTIFACETED POTENTIAL OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (WATER HYACINTH) LADENED WITH ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Being an aquatic weed which is growing dense and widespread across many lakes and water bodies, it is of paramount importance to utilize Eichhornia crassipes (commonly known as water hyacinth) for the benefit of the mankind, especially for its value added and medical properties, such as bio-fuel, biogas, bioremediation and therapeutics. Many of the bird sanctuaries and water-bodies have been drastically invaded by this aquatic weed which is really affecting ecological niche and bird migrations. Several researchers have successfully demonstrated the use of water hyacinth in the bio-remediation and as a potential source of renewable energy. Different heavy and toxic metals showing biomagnifications and therefore creating health hazards, could be remediated by using water hyacinth. The process of decontaminating agro-industrial waste polluted with heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants could possibly be done using water hyacinth. Current review focuses towards the efforts to utilize this weed for different value added and therapeutic properties. Furthermore the article emphasizes upon the need to gain more insight into the mechanism with concrete randomized controlled studies to find out the effects of this weed on human health and a sustainable solution to exploit and manage this invasive otherwise harmful weed into a beneficial entity for the mankind.
Disease can occur due to alterations in many physiological processes. A variety of factorsare known to be involved in the progression of cancer, a chronic diseasethat occurs due to permissible proliferative signaling, avoiding growth suppressors, resisting cell death, allowing replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, and inducing invasion and metastasis, along with reprogramming of metabolic pathways involved in energy production and avoiding the host immune response for cell destruction. Treatment of such a multifactorial disease has very less cure rate because of the singular agents tried in the past for targeting. Molecular level studies with deeper insight are urgently neededthat focus on the most promising herbal-derived bioactive substances for which thorough research was carried out in the literature in various data-bases such as PUB-MED, MEDLINE, SCOPUS indexed journals etc. to look for systematic reviews of the protocols or data interpretation, natural drug/immunological properties and validation. As immune system plays avery important role in the proliferation or suppression of cancer and other autoimmune diseases, It is the dire need to study the effect of such natural compound on the immune system so that a possible drug target or epitope can be identified for the treatment of such diseases. In nutshell there are many nonclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on herbal medicines which commonly supports the traditional therapeutic claims. It has been seen from the previos studies in literature that the yield and composition of bioactive compounds derived from plants are dependent upon the production source,culturing conditions and extraction protocols.Therefore appropriate optimization conditions would certainly assist the medical and scientific fraternity to accept herbal products as potential candidates for cancer treatment. In this article we explored the different natural products, their immunological effects concerning cancer with no or negligible side effects. However,one has to look for potential herb–drug or herb-epitope interactions and how immune system responds to such drugs.
Role of plant secondary metabolites as potential antimalarial drugsDr Varruchi Sharma
Malaria is a global problem affecting a large population without any demarcation between developed and developing world communities. The already approved compounds for the treatment of the disease hold significant efficacy but the emergence of resistant strains and reduced efficacy of drugs against the disease leave the scope for the identification of noval natural products as potential therapeutic agents. There are seven major classes of antiplasmodium agents which are plant secondary metabolites and can be used as a potential antimalarial drugs. In the present review, the focus is on the antimalarial compounds which have been isolated from plants which could be potentially used as antimalarial drugs.
Targeting Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS CoV-2 spike protein with selected phytoche...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (S ARS-CoV-2) emerging variants particularly those of concern contain numerous mutations that influence the behavior and transmissibility of the virus and could adversely affect the efficacies of existing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and immunotherapies. The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have resulted in different waves of the pandemic within the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On 26 November 2021 World Health Organization designated omicron (B.1.1.529) as the fifth variant of concern which was first reported from South Africa on November 24, 2021, and thereafter rapidly spread across the globe owing to its very high transmission rates along with impeding efficacies of existing vaccines and immunotherapies. Omicron contains more than 50 mutations with many mutations (26-32) in spike protein that might be associated with high transmissibility. Natural compounds particularly phytochemicals have been used since ancient times for the treatment of different diseases, and owing to their potent anti-viral properties have also been explored recently against COVID-19. In the present study, molecular docking of nine phytochemicals (Oleocanthal, Tangeritin, Coumarin, Malvidin, Glycitein, Piceatannol, Pinosylnin, Daidzein, and Naringenin) with omicron spike protein (7QNW (electron microscopy, resolution 2.40 Å) was done. The docking study revealed that selected ligands interact with the receptor with binding energy in the range of -6.2 to-7.0 kcal/mol. Pinosylnin showed the highest binding energy of -7.0 kcal/mol which may be used as potential ligands against omicron spike protein. Based on the docking studies, it was suggested that these phytochemicals are potential molecules to be tested against omicron SARS-CoV-2 and can be used to develop effective antiviral drugs.
tecovirimat as a Potential Bioavailable inhibitor against MPXVgp158 establish...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral infection caused by monkeypox virus which belongs to the Poxviridae family of genus Orthopoxvirus. Usually the virus transmission happens when the individual comes in contact with the infected person through body fluids, animal lesions, respiratory droplets or through virus contaminated materials. Clinical presentation of the monkeypox has shown significant resemblance to that of smallpox and chickenpox, belonging to the same orthopoxvirus genus but were eradicated during 1980s globally. Monkeypox may lead to a range of medical complications including clinical symptoms like fever, rashes, headaches, back pain, myodynia and swollen lymph nodes. As far as the treatment modalities are concerned,the antiviral therapeutic agents developed for the smallpox treatment, were also permitted to be used for the monkeypox treatment. However, there is no proven treatment for human monkeypox. in the current study, we have focused on designing of a best probable ligand against the target MPXVgp158 (Monkeypox virus protein). Since tecovirimat is an FDA approved compound known as an antipoxviral drug, the study aimed to develop a Monkeypox virus protein MPXVgp158 inhibitor which is bioavailable and biocompatible as well through drug designing using computational tools. Molecular docking (MD) analysis displayed tecovirimat with lesser binding energy, higher non-bonded interaction capability, and more stability against MPXVgp158, with efficient binding mode of interactions. Hence, tecovirimat was adjudged to be the potential candidate against MPXVgp158 inhibition.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
Plausible State-Specific Plans and Recommendations to Avert COVID-19 Community Transmission
1. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol.39A (Zoology), No.2,
July -December 2020: P.447-454
Original Research Paper
Print version ISSN 0970 0765
Online version ISSN 2320 3188
DOI 10.5958/2320-3188.2020.00051.0
Available online at www.bpasjournals.com
Plausible State-Specific Plans and Recommendations to Avert
COVID-19 Community Transmission
1Deepak Jha
2Vandana Sharma
3J.K. Sharma#
4Suresh Kumar
5Varruchi Sharma
6Pooja Kamboj
7Sushil Kumar Upadhyay
8Anil Kumar Sharma*
Abstract:
Current article emphasizes upon the strategy to
increase the number of tests at the state-level so that
majority of the suspected cases could be traced out,
isolated and quarantined in order to contain them
from becoming a source of infection and coronavirus
disease-2019 (COVID-19) dissemination. The objective
of the recommended testing is to contain the spread of
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
(SARS-CoV-2) infection. Lessons learnt so far points to
the fact that earlier the identification and isolation of
infected person, lesser are the chances that it would
spread. Considering an example of Maharashtra
which has reported cases above 20,000 in the last 7
days with 90,000 tests carried out each day with a test
positive report (TPR) of 22%-25%. So, assuming that
even if 20% of a particular locality in Maharashtra is
infected, then at this rate, we shall be able to isolate
only 20,000 each day, while rest of the untraced cases
already existing in the locality would pass it on to
other people, before being isolated. The only solution
to stop this cycle is to outnumber the rate of growth of
new cases by increasing the number of tests at a very
fast pace. In order to contain the infection, our testing
rate has to be much higher than the case growth rate.
Keywords: Test Positivity Rate (TPR), Cumulative
Test Positivity Rate (CTPR), Case Growth Rate / rate
of growth of cases (CGR), Test Growth Rate / rate of
growth of tests (TGR), Testing, COVID-19, State-
specific plan, Community transmission.
Author’s Affiliation:
1,3Department of students’ welfare,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be
University), Mullana, Haryana 133207,
India.
2,3,4Department of Physics, MMEC,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be
University), Mullana, Haryana 133207,
India.
5Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru
Gobind Singh College, Sector 26,
Chandigarh 160019, India.
6,7,8Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi
Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University),
Mullana, Haryana 133207, India.
*Corresponding author:
Dr. Anil K. Sharma,
Professor and Head, Department of
Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
(Deemed to be University), Mullana-
Ambala (Haryana) India-133207.
E-mail:
*anibiotech18@gmail.com;
#sharmajk.69@gmail.com;
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9768-1644
Received on 21.05.2020
Accepted on 22.10.2020
INTRODUCTION
A novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has spread its tentacles to almost every part of the world and has
been the third outbreak caused by the coronaviridae family of viruses leading to recent pandemic of
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (Kumar et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2020; Upadhyay et al., 2020a).
Recent pandemic of Coronavirus disease COVID-19 has engulfed the whole world with millions of
cases reported from many countries. India has been witnessing a large flux in terms of number of
COVID-19 cases coming very close to the United States and Brazil, but mortality has been quite low
compared to western countries such as the USA and Brazil, as far as the infected cases are concerned.
2. Plausible State-Specific Plans and Recommendations to Avert COVID-19 Community
Transmission
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol.39A (Zoology), No.2 /July-December 2020 448
Though in terms of mortality, still India has reported significantly lower number than other worst
affected countries (Dan et al., 2020; Ornell et al., 2020). Majority of the cases in Indian Scenario are
reported to be either asymptomatic or having milder symptoms (Trivedi et al., 2020; Upadhyay et al.,
2020b). More so the true mortality rate attributed specifically to COVID-19 is speculated to be even
lower as majority of the deaths are reported in patients having comorbidities which is also supported
by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare guidelines (Chakrabarti et al., 2020a; MoHaFWUoC-
IcAA, 2020). Recent days have witnessed high number of COVID-19 cases reported from various
states as the testing were scaled up in order to trace and isolate the maximum cases as early as
possible (Jha et al., 2020; Sood et al., 2020). This seems to be a potential option especially in Indian
scenario so that the community spread could be averted. Also, many asymptomatic or patients
having mild infections but remain untested, could go unnoticedbut are quite vulnerable to the
healthy population as far as the spread of the disease is concerned (Yadav et al., 2020). So far at the
national level, India has done a pretty good job in terms of testing as in absolute numbers, India
stands second only to the USA, a remarkable feat for a developing country where the doctor-people
ratio stands at 0.9 per 1000, which is even lower than its south Asian neighbours (Chakrabarti et al.,
2020b; DWB, 2020; Gupta and Pal, 2020).
TRACING OF COVID-19 INFECTED CASES
Majority of the countries are facing the challenge to trace the COVID-19 infected cases at the initial
stages. Towards this goal, India also increased substantially the rate of testing COVID-19 (Keeling et
al., 2020). However, there is still a big gap and many asymptomatic or mild symptomatic patients are
going unnoticed and significantly becoming the source of infection to others. If we look at the state-
level scenario in India, there is a huge gap between the numbers of tests required to be done and tests
actually being performed. This testing deficit may have deleterious consequences in the long run as
far as quest to contain the spread of COVID-19 is concerned (Mbunge, 2020). Partial consequences are
being seen in the form of increase in number of COVID-19 cases even in states where only very few
cases of COVID-19 were there during the months of May and June, 2020.
STRATEGY FOR CONTAINMENT OF THE INFECTION RATE
Mathematically, for successful containment of the infection, the TGR should be much greater than
CGR. The question arises as to how much tests should be conducted. The answer to this question is
available in understanding the quantitative and qualitative understanding of the data for the past six
months living with this infection in Indian scenario (Rocklov and Sjodin, 2020; Singh and Gupte,
2020). To begin with, we need to understand how to measure the spread of infection in a region /
state. Test Positivity Rate (TPR), i.e. ratio of positive infection to the number of successfully conducted
tests, gives a direct, approximate yet valuable measure of the spread of infection in any region / state.
If TPR is on a decreasing trend, it is to be understood that the state / region is able to contain the
spread while the vice versa is equally true. In the current study, we are analysing 18 states of India
based on the data reported since 15th April 2020 (Fig. 1). Figure 1 (A,B,C,D,E,F) represent the detailed
analysis for the states of Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and West Bengal
respectively. Upon analysing of the plots that represents CGR, TGR, TPR, CPR against time divided
into fortnights based on Table 1 for the respective states, it is evident that these states have TGR >
CGR for at least the last 3-4 fortnights. While TGR > CGR, the CTPR has been coming down with
falling TPR-15. All these four factors taken into consideration against time intervals clearly illustrate
that these states are in the control of the pandemic management. This is also an indication of the fact
that these states are testing enough to improve their situation, however consistency in terms of
increasing the tests further, would be appreciated as it shall further lower the chances of newer
infections as well as any scope of a second wave.
Interestingly, there are states viz. Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Kerala and Jharkhand
who are still struggling to bring the COVID-19 situation under control. Analysing the plots that
represent CGR, TGR, TPR, CPR against time divided into fortnights, it was evident that these states
have non-consistent TGR– CGR and because of the same, they are not completely in control.
However, they have shown signs of hope as their TGR and CGR difference is not considerably high.
3. Deepak Jha, Vandana Sharma, J.K. Sharma, Suresh Kumar, Varruchi Sharma, Pooja Kamboj,
Sushil Kumar Upadhyayand Anil Kumar Sharma
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol.39A (Zoology), No.2 /July-December 2020 449
Due to inconsistency in the TGR and CGR, their TPR-15 and CTPR have been inconsistent too. This is
also a direct measure of the fact that these states are not testing enough as per the spread of infection
in their respective states.
Figure 1: Plot between Rate of Growth of Cases & tests (on Primary Axis) and CTPR & TPR-15 (on
Secondary Axis) over fortnightly time intervals for Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Delhi and West
Bengal
Table 1: Classification of states based on their current TPR
Category TPR reported in previous 15 days Target for the next 7 or 15 days
A TPR > 20% Bring TPR to 17.5%
B TPR between 7.5%-20% Aim to reduce TPR by 2.5% - 5% each week /
fortnight depending upon spread
C TPR below 7.5% Aim to bring TPR below 5%
D TPR below 5% Aim to bring TPR down by 0.5% each week
Upon analysis another set of states in Figure 2(A,B,C,D,E,F) which represent states of Punjab,
Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra respectively.
Analysing the plots that represent CGR, TGR, TPR, CPR against time divided into fortnights as per
based on Table 1, it is evident that these states have not been able to keep pace with the growth of
cases i.e. CGR >> TGR resulting in increasing CTPR as well as TPR-15. This analyses also clearly
states that these states have not been able to match up the rate of growth of new infections and have
4. Plausible State-Specific Plans and Recommendations to Avert COVID-19 Community
Transmission
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol.39A (Zoology), No.2 /July-December 2020 450
been testing at a critically very low rate, leading to upsurge in both TPR-15 as well as CTPR. If these
states do not ramp up their tests exponentially, they shall move into a loop of never-ending cases. By
the time they shall be able to handle a particular locality, the infection would be spread to the next
and so on.
Out of these 18 states, we have analysed two states particularly for the last 48 days: Gujarat &
Maharashtra. While, Gujarat has shown significant improvement in Covid-19 management,
Maharashtra’s situation has actually worsened with time. Gujarat had CTPR of 8.05% on 1st August
2020 and has been able to bring it down to 3.33% on 17th Sep. 2020. On the other hand, Maharashtra
which had CTPR of 19.6% on 1st August 2020, it has further increased CTPR to 20.4% during the same
period.
Figure 2: Plot between Rate of Growth of Cases & tests (on Primary Axis) and CTPR & TPR-15 (on
Secondary Axis) over fortnightly time intervals for Punjab, Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra
Upon analysis of the statistics reported for Maharashtra and Gujarat which is plotted in figure 2 in the
last 48 days, there is a clear illustration of how Gujarat kept ramping up their tests and not only
reduced their CTPR, but also have effectively contained the virus, bring the CTPR to below 3.5%
while the benchmark for this is 5% as per WHO’s guidelines (Figure 3). On the other hand,
Maharashtra kept their TGR lower than CGR throughout and the end result has been the
continuously rising CTPR.
5. Deepak Jha, Vandana Sharma, J.K. Sharma, Suresh Kumar, Varruchi Sharma, Pooja Kamboj,
Sushil Kumar Upadhyayand Anil Kumar Sharma
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol.39A (Zoology), No.2 /July-December 2020 451
FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
The very relevant question before us remains as how much tests should we do.Based on WHO’s
guidelines which state that for a region / state to be in control, their CTPR, test positivity rate should
fall below 5% with consistently reducing TPR-15 below 5%. So, the ultimate goal is to aim for TPR-15
below 5%, so that CTPR starts falling gradually. However, CTPR in India has been varying from 2.8%
to 20.4% and the pandemic has behaved dynamically with things changing in days. Therefore, the
states have to decide where they stand and what are their short-term goals (of 7 days or 15 days)?
Firstly, the states should be classified based on their current TPR for example as shown in Table 1.
Following four steps need to be followed; Step 1: Find out the average number of cases reported in
the last 15 days. Step 2: Find out the average number of tests conducted in the last 15 days. Step 3:
Find out what is your TPR for the last 15 days. Step 4: Find out the category out of the above 4 (shown
in Table 1). The outcome based upon mathematical modelling for the above 4 categories of states for
the first fortnight of September has been elucidated in Table 2.
Figure 3: Plot of 7-Days Moving Case Growth Rate & 7-Days Moving Test Growth Rate (Primary
Axis) and Cumulative Test Positivity Rate (Secondary Axis) vs Time (Date in consideration: 1st
August, 2020 – 16th September, 2020).
6. Plausible State-Specific Plans and Recommendations to Avert COVID-19 Community
Transmission
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol.39A (Zoology), No.2 /July-December 2020 452
Table 2: Category-wise classification of the states based upon the mathematical modelling (1st
September to 15th September, 2020)
Category State Cases Tests Average Cases Approx. Average Tests TPR-15
A MH 305315 1263900 20354 84260 24.16%
B AP 149154 1008800 9934 67250 14.79%
C RJ 25997 407000 1733 27000 6.39%
D UP 93622 2170000 6241 145000 4.31%
Category A: Maharashtra
Last 15 days TPR = 24.16%
Target for next 15 days: TPR-15 to be kept 17.5% or lower
So, these 24.16% of average tests conducted in the last 15 days be assumed to be 17.5% of “X” where
“X” is the ideal / optimum number of tests that Maharashtra should conduct each day in the next 15
days to bring down TPR-15 to 17.5%.
So, 17.5% of “X” = 20354,
Hence, “X” = 20354*100/17.5, therefore, “X” = 116308, so the optimum / ideal number of tests
Maharashtra should attempt each day in the next 7-15 days should be 116308 or above.
Category B: Andhra Pradesh
Last 15 days TPR = 14.49%
Target for next 15 days: TPR-15 to be kept 10% or lower
So, these 14.49% of average tests conducted in the last 15 days be assumed to be 10% of “X” where
“X” is the ideal / optimum number of tests that Andhra Pradesh should conduct each day in the next
15 days to bring down TPR-15 to 10%.
So, 10% of “X” = 9934, therefore, “X” = 99340, so the optimum / ideal number of tests Andhra
Pradesh should attempt each day in the next 7-15 days should be 99340 or above.
Category C: Rajasthan
Last 15 days TPR = 6.39%
Target for next 15 days: TPR-15 to be kept 5% or lower
Therefore, these 6.39% of average tests conducted in the last 15 days be assumed to be 5% of “X”
where “X” is the ideal / optimum number of tests that Rajasthan should conduct each day in the next
15 days to bring down TPR-15 to 5%.So, 5% of “X” = 1733, therefore, “X” = 34660, so the optimum /
ideal number of tests Rajasthan should attempt each day in the next 7-15 days should be 34660 or
above.
Category D: Uttar Pradesh
Last 15 days TPR = 4.31%
Target for next 15 days: TPR-15 to be kept 3.5% or lower
Therefore, these 4.31% of average tests conducted in the last 15 days be assumed to be 3.5% of “X”
where “X” is the ideal / optimum number of tests that Uttar Pradesh should conduct each day in the
next 15 days to bring down TPR-15 to 3.5%.So, 4.31% of “X” = 6241, therefore, “X” = 178314, so the
optimum / ideal number of tests Uttar Pradesh should attempt each day in the next 7-15 days should
be 178314 or above.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the study emphasizes upon the need to seal the gap between the number of tests required to
be done and tests to be actually performed.The need of the hour for the state governments is to
strictly implement the optimum number of tests to be performed each and every day so that the TPR-
15 could be brought down to less than 5% resulting in the decline of the CTPR below 5% (Table 3).
Therefore, the only solution to bring this pandemic under control is to outnumber the rate of growth
of new cases by increasing the number of tests which would ultimately assist in keeping a check upon
contain the spread of infection.
7. Deepak Jha, Vandana Sharma, J.K. Sharma, Suresh Kumar, Varruchi Sharma, Pooja Kamboj,
Sushil Kumar Upadhyayand Anil Kumar Sharma
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol.39A (Zoology), No.2 /July-December 2020 453
Table 3: Proposed optimum number of tests recommended for each of the states
State Average
Cases
Average
Test
Current
TPR-15
Target
TPR-15
Optimum
No. of Test
Daily Number
of Test to be
Increased
Andhra Pradesh 9944 67253 14.79% 10% 99436 32183
Arunachal Pradesh 157 2840 5.53% 4.50% 3487 647
Assam 2502 34640 7.22% 5% 50045 15405
Bihar 1650 127333 1.30% 1% 164960 37627
Chandigarh 263 1626 16.16% 10% 2627 1001
Chhattisgarh 2618 16293 16.07% 10% 26182 9889
Delhi 3403 44233 7.69% 5% 68064 23831
Goa 540 2991 18.04% 12.50% 4316 1326
Gujarat 1327 73793 1.80% 1% 132733 58940
Haryana 2259 25773 8.77% 5% 45187 19413
Himachal Pradesh 281 2487 11.31% 7.5% 3750 1264
Jammu and Kashmir 1264 20267 6.24% 5% 25275 5008
Jharkhand 1519 37020 4.10% 4% 43396 6376
Karnataka 8856 67973 13.03% 10% 88561 20588
Kerala 2457 33147 7.41% 5% 49141 15995
Ladakh 55 730 7.48% 5% 1091 361
Madhya Pradesh 1939 22927 8.46% 5% 38784 15857
Maharashtra 20354 84260 24.16% 15% 135696 51436
Manipur 151 2945 5.12% 5% 3353 407
Meghalaya 111 2182 5.10% 5% 2473 291
Mizoram 30 794 3.83% 3% 1016 221
Nagaland 85 675 12.63% 7.5% 1137 462
Odisha 3674 48473 7.58% 5% 73485 25012
Puducherry 413 2513 16.42% 10% 4127 1613
Punjab 2033 25127 8.09% 5% 40653 15527
Rajasthan 1733 27133 6.39% 5% 34663 7529
Sikkim 35 282 12.31% 7.5% 463 181
Tamil Nadu 5744 82387 6.97% 5% 114889 32503
Telangana 2374 56980 4.17% 3.5% 67825 10845
Tripura 538 4300 12.51% 7.5% 7174 2874
Uttar Pradesh 6241 144667 4.31% 3.5% 178328 33661
Uttarakhand 972 9853 9.86% 5.0% 19440 9587
West Bengal 3091 44993 6.87% 5.0% 61824 16831
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to especially acknowledge MMDU Mullana, Ambala, India for providing the
requisite platform to accomplish this work.
Conflict of Interest
This is to note that all the authors have read and agreed to publish the said article and there are no
conflicts of interest amongst authors regarding this manuscript.
Ethical Clearance
Ethical clearance not applicable, because this study does not involve working with human subjects,
blood samples or animal studies.
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