- A plate heat exchanger consists of thin metal plates arranged in a pack with spaces between the plates forming channels for two fluids to flow, enabling heat transfer between the fluids. It contains up to 700 thin plates that are compressed within a frame to form continuous manifolds for fluid flow. - The heat transfer rate in a plate heat exchanger can be expressed by an equation involving the overall heat transfer coefficient, total plate area, and effective mean temperature difference. Dynamic modeling of the system derives transfer functions relating the temperature of one fluid to changes in the other. - Process instrumentation like flow meters, temperature sensors, voltage amplifiers and control valves are required to monitor and regulate the plate heat exchanger process. Orif

1. Plate Heat
Exchanger
Group 18
Amit Yadav - 19CHE187
Yashvir Koul - 19CHE188
Sakshi Patil - 19CHE189
Prasanna Gangawane - 19CHE190
Kalyan Mali - 18CHE179
Siddhesh Borole - 18CHE151
Abhigyan Ray - 17CHE103

2. Plate Heat Exchanger
• A PHE consists of a pack of thin rectangular plates with portholes, through
which two fluid streams flow, where heat transfer takes place.
• Other components are a frame plate (fixed plate), a pressure plate (movable
plate), upper and lower bars and screws for compressing the pack of plates.
• An individual plate heat exchanger can hold up to 700 plates.
• When the package of plates is compressed, the holes in the corners of the
plates form continuous tunnels or manifolds through which fluids pass,
traversing the plate pack and exiting the equipment.
• The spaces between the thin heat exchanger plates form narrow channels
that are alternately traversed by hot and cold fluids, and provide little
resistance to heat transfer.

3. Block Diagram
PHEX
TI
TC TT
TI
TI
Thermic Fluid in
Process Fluid Out
Thermic Fluid Outlet
Process
Fluid
Inlet
FM
FM

4. • The total heat transfer rate between the fluids passing through a plate heat
exchanger can be expressed by the following equation:
• Where U, A, and ∆Tm are the overall heat transfer coefficient, total plate area,
and the effective mean temperature difference respectively.
• The total plate area can be calculated as follows:
• Np and Ap are the number of plates (except the end plates) and the area of each
plate.
• Also, the overall heat transfer coefficient is expressed as:
• where hhot and hcold are convective heat transfer coefficients of hot and cold
fluids, respectively. tp and kp are plate thickness and conductivity of platesand Rf,
hot and Rf, cold are fouling factors of hot and cold fluids.
Dynamic Modelling

5. Transfer Function Derivation

7. Where,
Now, converting time domain equations to Laplace domain
Eq 2

10. Plate Gap =δp = 0.005 m
Plate Length = Lp = 1m
Plate Width = bp =1m
Number of Plate =N= 100
Heat Transfer Area of 1 plate = A =1 m2
CPh =4184 J/kg ͦC
Cpc =4179 J/kg ͦC
KH = 0.6318 W/m ͦC
ρH = 984.4 kg/m3
DATA

11. Constants

12. R
d1 d2
Gc Gv
Gd1 Gd2
Gp
H
C(s)
Feedback Control System

13. Transfer function
(Consider P only controller)

17. Open loop transfer function
Phase lag

18. -300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
ϕ
log(w)
ϕ
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
dB
LOG(W)
dB
Bode Plot

19. To find cross over frequency
Now,

20. PID Design

21. Analysis

24. Analysis

27. Analysis

30. Flow Measurement
Voltage Amplifier
Temperature Measurement
Control Valves
Process Instrumentation

31. Flow Measurement
• Maintaining proper flow of fluids in a process system is
essential to maintain correct supply of raw materials to
reactors, correct supply of water or steam for cooling or
heating purpose etc.
• Flow meters sense the amount of flow passing through a
particular pipe and sends this information to process controller
which then applies process logic and sends control information
to control valves or pump control unit.
• A variety of flow meters are used in process industry
depending on type of fluid, operating temperatures and
pressures, required flow accuracy and economy.

32. • An orifice meter consists of an orifice plate, a holding
device, upstream downstream meter piping, and
pressure taps. By far the most critical part of the
meter is the orifice plate, particularly the widely used
square-edged concentric plate, whose construction
requirements are well documented in standards such
as AGA-3 and ISO 5167-1. These standards define the
plate’s edge, flatness, thickness—with bevel details, if
required—and bore limitations.
• The most common holding system is a pair of
orifice flanges. However, for more precise
measurement, various fittings are used. These
simplify plate installation/removal for changing flow
ranges and for easy inspection. In every case, the
orifice must be installed concentric with the pipe
within limits stated by the standard.
Orifice meter

33. Advantages of Orifice meter
• The Orifice is small plates and easy to install/remove.
• Offer very little pressure drop from which 60% to 65% is
recovered.
• The orifice meter can be easily maintained.
• Measures a wide range of flows.
• They have a simple construction.
• They have easily fitted between the flanges.
• They are the most suitable for most gases and liquids.
• They are cheap, The price does not increase dramatically
with size

34. Voltage Amplifier
• Voltage Amplifier put out a higher voltage than the input voltageand are commonly used
to increase the voltage and thus the amount of power coming out of a circuit.
• Analog Modules, Inc. (AMI) designs and manufactures a range of voltage amplifiers for
OEM, medical and research applications. AMI’s amplifiers combine low noise, high gain,
large dynamic range, and small package size.
• The 321A Series are ultra low noise voltage amplifiers designed for instrument and
transducer applications in which high gain and low noise are required. Both low and high
input impedances are available.
• The 351A Series are low noise voltage amplifiers designed for instrument and transducer
applications in which low drift and low noise are required. Both low and high input
impedances are available.
• The Model 353A is a low noise voltage amplifier designed for instrument and transducer
applications in which high bandwidth and low noise are required.

36. Temperature Measurement
• A thermocouple converts thermal energy
into electrical energy and the amount of
electrical energy generated can be used to
measure temperature.
• Thermocouples are constructed from two
wire leads made from different metals. The
wire leads are welded together to create a
junction. As the temperature changes from
the junction to the ends of the wire leads, a
voltage develops across the junction.

40. All dissimilar metals used to construct a thermocouple display
a change in voltage from the Seebeck effect, but several
specific combinations are used to make thermocouples.
The thermocouples can be classified into two different
construction types: base metal thermocouples and noble metal
thermocouples.
Base metal thermocouples are the most common
thermocouples. Noble metal thermocouples are composed of
precious metals such as platinum and rhodium. Noble metal
thermocouples are more expensive, and are used in higher
temperature applications.
Regardless of metal lead, each thermocouple type is designated
a single letter to indicate the two metals used. For example, a J-
type thermocouple is constructed from iron and constantan.
With each type, the thermoelectric properties are standardized
so that temperature measurements are repeatable.
Thermocouple leads and connectors are standardized with color
plugs and jacks, indicating the type of thermocouple. Different
colors for insulation and lead wires also indicate the
thermocouple grade and extension grade.

41. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
has analyzed the output voltage versus temperature for the
various types of thermocouples. Figure 2 illustrates the
typical responses for these same thermocouple types.

42. Tolerance Standards
• Temperature measurement accuracy and range depend on the type
of the thermocouple used and the standard followed by the
manufacturer.
• The International Electrotechnical Commission standard outlined in
IEC-EN 60584 contains the manufacturing tolerances for base metal
and noble metal thermocouples. A parallel standard used in the
United States from the American Society for Testing and Materials
is described by ASTM E230.
• The table shows the tolerance of different thermocouples based on
different standards and tolerance classes.

44. Control Valves
• A globe control valve is a type of valve used for regulating
flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable plug or disc
element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical
body.
• Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape
with the two halves of the body being separated by an
internal baffle. It has an opening that forms a seat onto
which a movable plug can be screwed in to close (or shut)
the valve. The plug is also called a disc.
• In globe valves, the plug is connected to a stem which is
operated by screw action using a handwheel in manual
valves. The body is the main pressure containing structure
of the valve and the most easily identified as it forms the
mass of the valve. It contains all of the valve's internal
parts that will come in contact with the substance being
controlled by the valve.

45. Working `
• A globe valve is primarily designed to stop, start and
regulate flow. A globe valve consists of a movable disk
and a stationary ring seat in a spherical body.
• The seat of a globe valve is in the middle of and parallel
to the pipe, and the opening in the seat is closed off with
the disk.
• When the handwheel is rotated manually or by an
actuator, the disc movement is controlled (lowered or
raised) by means of the valve stem.
• When the globe valve disc seats over the seat ring, the
flow is completely stopped.

46. Advantages
• Good shutoff capability
• Moderate to good throttling capability
• Shorter stroke (compared to a gate valve)
• Available in tee, wye, and angle patterns, each offering unique
capabilities
• Easy to machine or resurface the seats
• With disc not attached to the stem, valve can be used as a stop-check
valve.
Disadvantages
• Higher pressure drop (compared to a gate valve)
• Requires greater force or a larger actuator to seat the valve (with
pressure under the seat)
• Throttling flow under the seat and shutoff flow over the seat.

47. References
• https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48647
• https://www.linquip.com/blog/working-principle-plate-heat-exchanger
• Al-Dawery, S. K., Alrahawi, A. M., & Al-Zobai, K. M. (2012). Dynamic modeling and control of
plate heat exchanger. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55(23-24), 6873-6880.
• Al-Dawery, S. K., Alrahawi, A. M., & Al-Zobai, K. M. (2012). Dynamic modeling and control of
plate heat exchanger. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55(23-24), 6873-6880.
• Saranya, S. N., Sivakumar, V. M., Thirumarimurugan, M., & Sowparnika, G. C. (2017, January).
Modeling and control of plate type heat exchangers using PI and PID controllers. In 2017
11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO) (pp. 439-443). IEEE.
• Bastida, H., Ugalde-Loo, C. E., Abeysekera, M., & Qadrdan, M. (2017, November). Dynamic
modeling and control of a plate heat exchanger. In 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet
and Energy System Integration (EI2) (pp. 1-6). IEEE

48. Thank you!