this is about the different theories related to planning in management practices. useful for freshers to mgmt. studies and also may be for Entrepreneur
Evolution of management theory,Scientific Management School
Classical Organization Theory school
Behavioral School
Management Science School
The System Approach
The Contingency Approach
Dynamic Engagement Approach
The concepts of administration and organization are closely related to each other; in a sense the object of both organization and administration is the control of human and other resources in the accomplishment of pre-determined objectives. Organization
and administration exist together, and they are not separable. If organization is regarded as structure, then administration becomes a process; it can be argued that if organization is concerned with the formal aspects of administration, administration is a directing process carried on within the organizational setting.
Foundations of planning, types of plans, approaches to planning & planning in dynamic environments, Purposes of planning, Planning & performance, Types of planning goals, Contingency factors in planning, Planning in hierarchy organizations
Organizational effectiveness vs efficiencySumeet Pareek
If you think organizational effectiveness and efficiency are one and the same thing, you are wrong. Nowadays organizational efficiency and effectiveness are treated as two different performance indicators based on the financial position, employee and customer satisfaction.
Techniques for Assessing the Environment
List three different approaches to environmental scanning.
Explain what competitor intelligence is and ways that managers can do it legally and ethically.
Describe how managers can improve the effectiveness of forecasting.
Techniques for Allocating Resources
List the four techniques for allocating resources.
Describe the different types of budgets.
Tell what a Gantt chart does.
Explain a load chart.
Evolution of management theory,Scientific Management School
Classical Organization Theory school
Behavioral School
Management Science School
The System Approach
The Contingency Approach
Dynamic Engagement Approach
The concepts of administration and organization are closely related to each other; in a sense the object of both organization and administration is the control of human and other resources in the accomplishment of pre-determined objectives. Organization
and administration exist together, and they are not separable. If organization is regarded as structure, then administration becomes a process; it can be argued that if organization is concerned with the formal aspects of administration, administration is a directing process carried on within the organizational setting.
Foundations of planning, types of plans, approaches to planning & planning in dynamic environments, Purposes of planning, Planning & performance, Types of planning goals, Contingency factors in planning, Planning in hierarchy organizations
Organizational effectiveness vs efficiencySumeet Pareek
If you think organizational effectiveness and efficiency are one and the same thing, you are wrong. Nowadays organizational efficiency and effectiveness are treated as two different performance indicators based on the financial position, employee and customer satisfaction.
Techniques for Assessing the Environment
List three different approaches to environmental scanning.
Explain what competitor intelligence is and ways that managers can do it legally and ethically.
Describe how managers can improve the effectiveness of forecasting.
Techniques for Allocating Resources
List the four techniques for allocating resources.
Describe the different types of budgets.
Tell what a Gantt chart does.
Explain a load chart.
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
The case study discusses the potential of drone delivery and the challenges that need to be addressed before it becomes widespread.
Key takeaways:
Drone delivery is in its early stages: Amazon's trial in the UK demonstrates the potential for faster deliveries, but it's still limited by regulations and technology.
Regulations are a major hurdle: Safety concerns around drone collisions with airplanes and people have led to restrictions on flight height and location.
Other challenges exist: Who will use drone delivery the most? Is it cost-effective compared to traditional delivery trucks?
Discussion questions:
Managerial challenges: Integrating drones requires planning for new infrastructure, training staff, and navigating regulations. There are also marketing and recruitment considerations specific to this technology.
External forces vary by country: Regulations, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure all differ between countries.
Demographics matter: Younger generations might be more receptive to drone delivery, while older populations might have concerns.
Stakeholders for Amazon: Customers, regulators, aviation authorities, and competitors are all stakeholders. Regulators likely hold the greatest influence as they determine the feasibility of drone delivery.
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
I am a Project and Engineering Leader with extensive experience as a Business Operations Leader, Technical Project Manager, Engineering Manager and Operations Experience for Domestic and International companies such as Electrolux, Carrier, and Deutz. I have developed new products using Stage Gate development/MS Project/JIRA, for the pro-duction of Medical Equipment, Large Commercial Refrigeration Systems, Appliances, HVAC, and Diesel engines.
My experience includes:
Managed customized engineered refrigeration system projects with high voltage power panels from quote to ship, coordinating actions between electrical engineering, mechanical design and application engineering, purchasing, production, test, quality assurance and field installation. Managed projects $25k to $1M per project; 4-8 per month. (Hussmann refrigeration)
Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
I appreciate your consideration, and look forward to discussing this role with you, and how I can lead your company’s growth and profitability. I can be contacted via LinkedIn via phone or E Mail.
Jim Smith
678-993-7195
jimsmith30024@gmail.com
Specific ServPoints should be tailored for restaurants in all food service segments. Your ServPoints should be the centerpiece of brand delivery training (guest service) and align with your brand position and marketing initiatives, especially in high-labor-cost conditions.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
The Team Member and Guest Experience - Lead and Take Care of your restaurant team. They are the people closest to and delivering Hospitality to your paying Guests!
Make the call, and we can assist you.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
W.H.Bender Quote 65 - The Team Member and Guest Experience
Planning and its Theories
1.
2. What Is Planning?
Planning
Managerial function that involves:
Defining the organization’s goals
Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals
Developing a comprehensive set of plans to integrate and
coordinate organizational work
Types of planning
Informal: not written down, short-term focus; specific to
an organizational unit
Formal: written, specific, and long-term focus, involves
shared goals for the organization
3. Purposes of Planning
Provides direction
Reduces uncertainty
Minimizes waste
Sets the standards for controlling
4. Planning and Performance
The Relationship Between Planning and Performance
Formal planning is associated with:
Higher profits and returns on assets
Other positive financial results
The quality of planning and implementation affects
performance more than the extent of planning
The external environment can reduce the impact of planning
on performance
5. How Do Managers Plan?
Elements of Planning
Goals (also objectives)
Desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire
organizations
Provide direction and performance evaluation criteria
Plans
Documents that outline how goals are to be accomplished
Describe how resources are to be allocated
6. Steps in Planning
1. Being Aware of Opportunities
2. Establishing Objectives or Goals
3. Developing Premises
4: Determining Alternative Courses
5. Evaluating Alternative Courses
6. Selecting a Course
7. Formulating Derivative Plans
8. Quantifying Plans by Budgeting
8. Types of Plans
BREADTH
Strategic Plans
Apply to the entire organization
Establish the organization’s overall goals
Seek to position the organization in terms of its
environment
Cover extended periods of time
Operational Plans
Specify the details of how the overall goals are to be
achieved
Cover short time period
9. Types of Plans (cont’d)
TIME FRAME
Long-Term Plans
Time frames extending beyond three years
Short-Term Plans
Time frames of one year or less
SPECIFICITY
Specific Plans
Clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation
Directional Plans
Flexible plans that set out general guidelines, provide focus,
yet allow discretion in implementation
11. Types of Plans (cont’d)
FREQUENCY OF USE
Single-use Plan
A one-time plan specifically designed to meet the
needs of a unique situation
Standing Plans
Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities
performed repeatedly
12. Types of Plans
Plans can be classified as
(1) mission or purposes,
(2) objectives or goals,
(3) strategies,
(4) policies,
(5) procedures,
(6) rules,
(7) programs, and
(8) budgets
13. Types of Plans
The mission, or purpose, identifies the basic purpose
or function or tasks of an enterprise or agency or any
part of it
Objectives, or goals, are the ends toward which
activity is aimed
Strategy is the determination of the basic long‑term
objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses
of action and allocation of resources necessary to
achieve these goals
Policies are general statements or understandings that
guide or channel thinking in decision making
Procedures are plans that establish a required method
of handling future activities
14. Types of Plans – cont.
Rules spell out specific required actions or nonactions,
allowing no discretion
Programs are a complex of goals, policies, procedures,
rules, task assignments, steps to be taken, resources to be
employed, and other elements necessary to carry out a
given course of action
A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in
numerical terms
15. Developing Plans
Contingency Factors in Planning
Degree of environmental uncertainty
Stable environment: specific plans
Dynamic environment: specific but flexible plans
Length of future commitments
Current plans affecting future commitments must be
sufficiently long-term to meet the commitments
16. Approaches to Establishing Goals
Traditional Goal Setting
Broad goals are set at the top of the
organization
Goals are then broken into subgoals for
each organizational level
Goals are intended to direct, guide, and
constrain from above
17. Approaches to Establishing Goals
(cont’d)
Management By Objectives (MBO)
Specific performance goals are jointly determined
by employees and managers
Progress toward accomplishing goals is periodically
reviewed
Rewards are allocated on the basis of progress
toward the goals
Key elements of MBO:
Goal specificity, participative decision making, an explicit
performance/evaluation period, feedback
18. Steps in a Typical MBO Program
Objectives allocated to
divisional and
departmental units
Specific objectives
collaboratively set
with employees
Action plans
implemented
Give Rewards for
Achieved Objectives
Jointly Set Objectives
Overall objectives
and strategies of
organization
Develop Action Plans
to Achieve Objectives
Managers and
employees work on
action plans together
Review Objectives and
Provide Feedback
19. Does MBO Work?
Reason for MBO Success
Top management commitment and
involvement
Potential Problems with MBO Programs
Not as effective in dynamic environments that
require constant resetting of goals
Overemphasis on individual accomplishment
may create problems with teamwork
20. Benefits of Management by Objectives
Clear goals:
Motivate
Improve managing through results-oriented
planning
Clarify organizational roles, structures and
the delegation of authority
Encourage personal commitment to their
own and organizational goals.
Facilitate effective controlling, measuring
results, and leading to corrective actions
21. Failures of Management by
Objectives
List some failures and limitations of MBO
What would you do to overcome the failures?
22. Criticisms of Planning
Planning may create rigidity
Plans cannot be developed for dynamic environments
Formal plans cannot replace intuition and creativity
Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s
competition, not tomorrow’s survival
Formal planning reinforces today’s success, which may
lead to tomorrow’s failure
23. Organizational Strategy
Strategic Management
The set of managerial decisions and actions
that determines the long-run performance
of an organization
24. The Strategic Management Process
External Analysis
• opportunities
• threats
SWOT Analysis
Identify the
organization's
current mission, goals,
and strategies
Internal Analysis
• strengths
• weaknesses
Formulate
Strategies
Implement
Strategies
Evaluate
Results
25. Strategic Management Process
Step 1: Identify the Organization’s Current Mission,
Objectives, and Strategies
Mission: the firm’s reason for being
The scope of its products and services
Goals: the foundation for further planning
Measurable performance targets
Step 2: Conduct an Internal Analysis
Assessing organizational resources, capabilities, activities, and
culture:
Strengths (core competencies) create value for the customer
and strengthen the competitive position of the firm
Weaknesses (things done poorly or not at all) can place the
firm at a competitive disadvantage
26. Strategic Management Process (cont’d)
Step 3: Conduct an External Analysis
The environmental scanning of specific and general
environments
Focuses on identifying opportunities and threats
Steps 2 and 3 combined are called a SWOT analysis.
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)
27. Strategic Management Process (cont’d)
Step 4: Formulate Strategies
Develop and evaluate strategic alternatives
Select appropriate strategies for all levels in the
organization that provide relative advantage over
competitors
Match organizational strengths to environmental
opportunities
Correct weaknesses and guard against threats
28. Strategic Management Process (cont’d)
Step 5: Implement Strategies
Implementation: effectively fitting organizational
structure and activities to the environment
The environment dictates the chosen strategy;
effective strategy implementation requires an
organizational structure matched to its requirements
Step 6: Evaluate Results
How effective have strategies been?
What adjustments, if any, are necessary?
29. Levels of Organizational Strategy
Strategic
Business Unit 1
Multibusiness
Corporation
Strategic
Business Unit 2
Strategic
Business Unit 3
Research and
Development Manufacturing Marketing Human
Resources Finance
Corporate
Level
Business
Level
Functional
Level
30. Types of Organizational Strategies
Corporate-level Strategy
The company’s grand strategy for the entire
organization and its strategic business units
Types of Grand Strategies
Growth: expansion into new products and
markets
Stability: maintenance of the status quo
Retrenchment: addresses organizational
weaknesses that are leading to performance
declines
Combination: simultaneous pursuit of two or
more of the strategies above
31. Corporate-Level Strategies
Growth Strategy
Seeking to increase the organization’s business
by expansion into new products and markets
Stability Strategy
A strategy that seeks to maintain the status quo
to deal with the uncertainty of a dynamic
environment, when the industry is experiencing
slow- or no-growth conditions, or if the owners of
the firm elect not to grow for personal reasons
32. Corporate-Level Strategies (cont’d)
Retrenchment Strategy
Reduces the company’s activities or
operations
Retrenchment strategies include:
Cost reductions
Closing underperforming units
Closing entire product lines or services
33. Corporate-Level Strategies (cont’d)
Combination Strategy
Simultaneous pursuit by the organization of
two or more of growth, stability, and
retrenchment strategies
34. Business-Level Strategy
Business-Level Strategy
A strategy that seeks to determine how an
organization should compete in each unit within
the organization to create a competitive
advantage
Competitive advantage
An organization’s distinctive competitive edge that is sourced
and sustained in its core competencies
35. Functional-Level Strategy
Functional-level strategies support the
business-level strategy
i.e., Marketing, human resources, research and
development, and finance all support the
business-level strategy
Problems occur when employees or customers
don’t understand a company’s strategy
36. Forces in an Industry Analysis
(Five Forces Model Given by: Porter
Substitutes
Bargaining
Power of
Buyers
Buyers
Threat of
Substitutes
Suppliers
Bargaining
Power of
Suppliers
New
Entrants
Threat of
New Entrants
Intensity of
Rivalry Among
Current
Competitors
37. Five Competitive Forces
Threat of New Entrants
The ease or difficulty with which new competitors
can enter an industry
Threat of Substitutes
The extent to which switching costs and brand
loyalty affect the likelihood of customers adopting
substitute products and services
Bargaining Power of Buyers
The degree to which buyers have the market
strength to hold away over and influence
competitors in an industry
38. Five Competitive Forces (cont’d)
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
The relative number of buyers to suppliers
and threats from substitutes and new entrants
affect the buyer-supplier relationship
Current Rivalry
Intensity among rivals increases when
industry growth rates slow, demand falls, and
product prices descend
39. Benchmarking
The search for the best practices among competitors
and noncompetitors that lead to their superior
performance
By analyzing and copying these practices, firms can
improve their performance
40. Decision Making
Decision making is defined as the selection of a
course of action from among alternatives
41. Decision Making Process
1. Identification of problem
2. Identification of decision Criteria
3. Allocation of weights to criteria
4. Development of alternatives
5. Analysis of alternatives
6. Selection of an alternative
7. Implementation of the Alternative
8. Evaluation of decision effectiveness
42. Eg:
Purchase of raw material
Quantity, Quality, Time of delivery & mode of
delivery
Allocate the weights
Search for various suppliers
Analyze all
Select one supplier
Place a order
44. Limited, or "Bounded," Rationality
Limitations of information, time, and certainty limit
rationality, even though a manager tries earnestly to
be completely rational
Satisficing is picking a course of action that is
satisfactory or good enough under the circumstances
45. Programmed And Nonprogrammed Decisions
Structured problems &Programmed decisions:
Programmed decisions are used for structured or
routine work
Unstructured Problems & Nonprogrammed
decisions:
Nonprogrammed decisions are used for
unstructured, novel, and ill-defined situations of a
nonrecurring nature
46. Types of decisions at various levels
in the organization
Non Programmed Decisions
Unstructured
Programmed Decisions
Structured
Top level
Lower Level
47. Simon’s model of decision making
Contribution of Herbert Simon
The decision making process can be broken into
series of three sequential steps:
1. Intelligent activity
2. Design activity
3. Choice activity
48. Intelligent activity refers to the initial phase of
searching the environment for conditions calling for
decisions.
Design activity refers to the phase of inventing,
developing, and analyzing possible course of action to
take place.
Choice activity refers to the final phase of actual
choice selecting a particular course of action from
those available.
49. Creativity and Innovation
Creativity refers to the ability and power to develop
new ideas
Conditions necessary for Creativity:
Expertise, Creative thinking skills, Internal Motivation,
Environmental need, Tension & Encouragement from
others
Innovation means the use of new ideas
50. Forecasting
It is the process of estimating the relevant events of
future, based on the analysis of their past and present
behaviour
Acc to Neter & Wasserman: Business forecasting
refers to the statistical analysis of the past & current
movement in the given time series so as to obtain
clues about the future pattern of those movements
51. Features of forecasting
It relates to future events
Defines the probability of happening of future events
Analysing the past & present relevant events
Use of some statistical tools & techniques
52. Planning & Forecasting
Planning is more comprehensive and forecasting
involves the estimation of future events & provides
parameters to planning
53. Importance of Forecasting
Promotion of organisation
Key to planning
Coordination & control
Success in organisation
54. Premising
Premises are the assumptions on which plans are
formulated
A major source of premising is forecasting