The document discusses plagiarism and proper citation. It defines plagiarism as using another's words without acknowledgement and citation as acknowledging a source. It notes that universities use the APA citation style and discusses in-text citations, reference lists, citing different numbers of authors, and tips for the reference list. Examples are provided for citing sources in-text and in the reference list. Instructions are given for writing an assignment on plagiarism that requires an introduction, body, conclusion, and reference list with in-text citations of at least three sources.

1. Plagiarism
Eben Ezer Kalola

2. Plagiarism
• Using information legally is important in academia. When you write
your assignment, you MUST acknowledge where you got your
information.
• Copying and pasting information in your assignment, and hoping your
lecturer won’t notice will not work.
• When you use someone else’s words, and you do not acknowledge
them as your source, you are “plagiarising”; when you acknowledge
them as a source, you are “citing”

3. Citation styles
• When you cite, you need to do so according to a specific style.
• There are many different styles of referencing/citing, e.g. Harvard,
Chicago, Turabian, MLA and APA.
• Namibian universities uses the American Psychological Association
(APA) style.

4. In-text citations
• When you write your assignment, always briefly acknowledge your
source “in-text”.
• In-text referencing for all formats/sources follows the author-date
format.
• However, if you are quoting, besides the surname and year of
publication, include the page/paragraph numbers.
• Note: If you are interpreting/paraphrasing/summarising information,
then you need only cite the surname and the year of publication.

5. Reference list
• For every source cited “in-text”, there must be a more detailed
Reference List citation (with more bibliographic details), which will
assist readers to identify and retrieve the item you have cited.
• And for all Reference List citations there must be in-text citations (you
cannot have one without the other).

6. In-text: Paraphrase
• According to Murphy (2011) library consultants help users to identify
their information requirements and teach them ways of filling these
needs.
• Library consultants help users to identify their information
requirements and teach them ways of filling these needs (Murphy,
2011).

7. In-text: Short Quotation
• Murphy (2011) states that “a marketing plan has no strength unless a
detailed timetable for executing each individual marketing activity is
created and followed” (p. 53).
• “A marketing plan has no strength unless a detailed timetable for
executing each individual marketing activity is created and followed”
(Murphy, 2011, p. 53).

8. Reference list
If a book has an Editor and not an Author, add (Ed.) in brackets after the name,
followed by a full-stop. If the book is in its 1st edition, do not note it. Indent
the reference from the 2nd line on.

9. In-text citation and reference list of two
authors
• If the surnames are outside the brackets, use the word “and”
between them, but if they are inside the brackets, use the
ampersand “&” between them (remember, paraphrases do not
require the addition of a page number)

10. Examples
• Buchanan and McDonough (2014) explain that “the key similarity that
librarians and teaching faculty share is the common goal of student
success” (p. 9).
• “The key similarity that librarians and teaching faculty share is the
common goal of student success” (Buchanan & McDonough, 2014, p.
9).

11. Reference list of two authors
• Write both author Surnames in the citation, separated by “&”. If the
book has Editors instead of Authors, add (Eds.) in brackets after the
names.

12. In-text citation and reference list of three-five
authors
• The first time you cite list all of the Author’s surnames. The second
and subsequent times you cite write the first named Author surname
followed by the term “et al.” which means “and others”

13. Examples
• Dunster, Simmons, and Gilbert (2008) state strongly that “the losses
incurred by our current centralized power are highly significant and
inexcusable” (p. 34).
• According to Dunster et al. (2008) “once gross heat demand has been
reduced as much as possible, the use of biomass for heating becomes
practical” (p. 135).

14. • “The losses incurred by our current centralized power are highly
significant and inexcusable” (Dunster, Simmons, & Gilbert, 2008, p.
34).
• “Once gross heat demand has been reduced as much as possible, the
use of biomass for heating becomes practical” (Dunster et al., 2008,
p. 135).

15. Reference list

16. In-text citation and reference list of six or
more authors
• Write the surname of the 1st named author followed by the term “et
al.”
• Graham et al. (2009) state that
• (Graham et al., 2009, pp. 99-100)

18. In-text citation and reference list of eight or
more authors
• Write the surname of the 1st named author followed by the term “et
al.”
• Beatle et al. (2012) state that
• (Beatle et al., 2009, pp. 45-47)

19. List the first six (6) Author names and initials in the citation, separated by
commas then follow these names with a comma, an ellipsis (3 spaced
dots), and the name and initials of the last-named Author

20. Tips for writing a Reference List
• You should write your References on a completely new page.
• Arrange your References in alphabetical order, according to the
surname of the first named Author, or if there is no Author, according
to the first word of the Title that is not an article (i.e. a, an, the).
• Do NOT number or ‘bullet’ your reference entries;
• Indent each reference from the second line on.
• Take care with your punctuations as these are important;

21. BOOKS
• If a book has a DOI, add it to the end of the citation. This is a
permanent link, used instead of the URL.
• Note: Do not capitalize “doi” and do not add a full-stop after the
number; If a book is edited, add (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the name/s.

23. Journal article (printed)

24. Journal article (electronic) with DOI

25. Journal article (electronic) without DOI

26. Printed newspaper articles

27. Electronic newspaper articles

28. Internet articles

29. Using the methods given above, make
References for the following items
• Book:
Title: PRACTICAL RESEARCH. Subtitle: PLANNING AND DESIGN. Publisher:
PEARSON EDUCATION. Date: 2005. Authors: PAUL D. LEEDY; and JEANNE
ELLIS ORMROD. Place of publication: UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NJ. Edition:
EIGHTH
• Journal article:
Title of article: MEASURING AND EXPLAINING THE READING THRESHOLD
NEEDED FOR ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES TEXTS. Title of journal:
FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS. DOI:10.1111/j.1944-9720.1985.tb00973.x
Issue: NUMBER 5. Volume: NUMBER 18. Date: 2008. Author/s: BATIA
LAUFER; and DONALD D. SIM. Pages: 405 TO 411

30. • Newspaper article:
Title of article: TRICKY ART OF NEGOTIATING LOBOLA. Newspaper:
MAIL & GUARDIAN. Date: FEBRUARY 17 TO 23, 2012. Author: OWETHU
KHELI. Pages: 19
Title of article: RAILWAY LINE CELEBRATES 100 YEARS. Newspaper: THE
NAMIBIAN. URL: www.namibian.com.na Date: FEBRURARY 17, 2012.
Author: TANJA BAUSE

31. • Web article:
Title of article: WHY PUNISH? Subtitle: SOCIAL RECIPROCITY AND THE
ENFORCEMENT OF PROSOCIAL NORMS. Date: 2002. Authors: JEFFREY
CARPENTER and PETER MATTHEWS. Website:
http://www.middlebury.edu/~econ

32. Assignment
• Design a cover page for the assignment. Your full name, student number,
subject name and lecturer’s name should appear on the cover page.
• Give the assignment an appropriate title. The title should appear above the
introduction and on the cover page.
• The assignment must be typed. Use Calibri 12-point font size and 1,5 line
spacing; your text should be justified.
• The assignment length should be between 2 and 2½ pages, excluding the
cover page and references.
• Acknowledge your sources using in-text citation and the APA referencing
style. Read and use at least three academic/scholarly sources, note that in-
text citation must correspond to your reference list.

33. Assignment
• Write an essay on the danger of plagiarism as a student and why
universities should enforce strict punishment for culprit caught
plagiarising