The 1푠 energy level vacuum polarization correctionsof pionic hydrogen atom induced by a potential including form factor are compared with those obtained by using pion point potential. Without form factor of nucleus and pion the correction increases very slowly for low Z atoms and increases fastly for higher Z. The finite size of the nucleus increases the correction with Z in case of exponential distribution, while in case of Gaussian distribution the increase is lower. For Fermi distribution there is a fast increase at low values of Z and faslty decreases with higher values of Z. The effect of form factor of pion on the correction is very clear for low Z nuclei and then becomes nearly constant for higher values Z.
Heat Capacity of BN and GaN binary semiconductor under high Pressure-Temperat...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have calculated the molar heat capacity for cubic zinc blende (cZB) BN and GaN binary semiconductors at high pressure-temperature (PT). For the calculation of heat capacity, we firstly obtained the Debye temperature (ϴD) variation with temperature and at higher temperature it becomes constant with temperature in quasi-harmonic approximation limits. We have also calculated the static Debye temperature (ϴD) from elastic constant for the both BN and GaN binary semiconductors. The elastic constants are calculated from the energy-strain relation using plane wave method in DFT approach. All the calculated results are well consistence with experimental and reported data
Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA (Hadron-Electron Ring Acceleartor)SubhamChakraborty28
A review presentation about the research and experiments done at HERA related to Deep Inelastic Scattering, High Energy Physics and Quantum Chromodynamics
Heat Capacity of BN and GaN binary semiconductor under high Pressure-Temperat...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have calculated the molar heat capacity for cubic zinc blende (cZB) BN and GaN binary semiconductors at high pressure-temperature (PT). For the calculation of heat capacity, we firstly obtained the Debye temperature (ϴD) variation with temperature and at higher temperature it becomes constant with temperature in quasi-harmonic approximation limits. We have also calculated the static Debye temperature (ϴD) from elastic constant for the both BN and GaN binary semiconductors. The elastic constants are calculated from the energy-strain relation using plane wave method in DFT approach. All the calculated results are well consistence with experimental and reported data
Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA (Hadron-Electron Ring Acceleartor)SubhamChakraborty28
A review presentation about the research and experiments done at HERA related to Deep Inelastic Scattering, High Energy Physics and Quantum Chromodynamics
Lecture 6: Introduction to Quantum Chemical Simulation graduate course taught at MIT in Fall 2014 by Heather Kulik. This course covers: wavefunction theory, density functional theory, force fields and molecular dynamics and sampling.
Mossbauer spectroscopy - definition, principle , parameters, isomer shift , quadrupole splitting , magnetic splitting (hyperfine splitting), working diagram. it is based on nuclear resonance gamma radiation
Stellar Measurements with the New Intensity FormulaIOSR Journals
In this paper a linear relationship in stellar optical spectra has been found by using a
spectroscopical method used on optical light sources where it is possible to organize atomic and ionic data.
This method is based on a new intensity formula in optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Like the HR-diagram ,
it seems to be possible to organize the luminosity of stars from different spectral classes. From that organization
it is possible to determine the temperature , density and mass of stars by using the new intensity formula. These
temperature, density and mass values agree well with literature values. It is also possible to determine the mean
electron temperature of the optical layers (photospheres) of the stars as it is for atoms in the for laboratory
plasmas. The mean value of the ionization energies of the different elements of the stars has shown to be very
significant for each star. This paper also shows that the hydrogen Balmer absorption lines in the stars follow
the new intensity formula.
Lecture 3: Introduction to Quantum Chemical Simulation graduate course taught at MIT in Fall 2014 by Heather Kulik. This course covers: wavefunction theory, density functional theory, force fields and molecular dynamics and sampling.
Lecture 6: Introduction to Quantum Chemical Simulation graduate course taught at MIT in Fall 2014 by Heather Kulik. This course covers: wavefunction theory, density functional theory, force fields and molecular dynamics and sampling.
Mossbauer spectroscopy - definition, principle , parameters, isomer shift , quadrupole splitting , magnetic splitting (hyperfine splitting), working diagram. it is based on nuclear resonance gamma radiation
Stellar Measurements with the New Intensity FormulaIOSR Journals
In this paper a linear relationship in stellar optical spectra has been found by using a
spectroscopical method used on optical light sources where it is possible to organize atomic and ionic data.
This method is based on a new intensity formula in optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Like the HR-diagram ,
it seems to be possible to organize the luminosity of stars from different spectral classes. From that organization
it is possible to determine the temperature , density and mass of stars by using the new intensity formula. These
temperature, density and mass values agree well with literature values. It is also possible to determine the mean
electron temperature of the optical layers (photospheres) of the stars as it is for atoms in the for laboratory
plasmas. The mean value of the ionization energies of the different elements of the stars has shown to be very
significant for each star. This paper also shows that the hydrogen Balmer absorption lines in the stars follow
the new intensity formula.
Lecture 3: Introduction to Quantum Chemical Simulation graduate course taught at MIT in Fall 2014 by Heather Kulik. This course covers: wavefunction theory, density functional theory, force fields and molecular dynamics and sampling.
Study on the dependency of steady state response on the ratio of larmor and r...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this project we simulate with very high accuracy specially to study the dependency of the steady state power and dispersion output on the ratio (r) between Larmor and Rabi frequency for the electron spin resonance experiment by the matlab software (version 7.9.0.529(R2009b)). Where the sample material (DPPH) has been kept in a strong static magnetic field (B0) and in orthogonal direction a high frequency electromagnetic field (B1(t)) has been applied. We divide our simulation into two parts. In the first part we ignore the terms and observe the dependency of the power maximum on the amplitude of the oscillating e.m. field B1 (for fixed (ωL) Larmor frequency) and on ωL (for fixed B1). Also observe a clear shift (Δω) of the power maxima (Pmax) from ωL. In our second part we consider the term and the ratio (r) between Larmor and Rabi frequency and observe the shift (Δω) of the power maxima (Pmax) from ωL and change in peak to peak line width (ΔBPP) with B1 both depends upon the ratio r. we consider various range of r ([0.83,5], [16,100], [88.3,500], [1000,2000], [833.3,5000]) and observe these dependency. We observe as the ratio of r increases the output i.e. shift (Δω) and the change in ΔBPP with B1 decreases and converges to the case of neglecting terms. We also observe the shift (Δω) follows some non linear relationship with B1. Keywords: E.S.R., Larmor, Rabi, Ratio r, Spin
Amplitude modulation of electron plasma waves in a quantum plasmaDr. Swarniv Chandra
Using the one dimensional quantum hydrodynamic model for a two-component electron-ion dense
quantum plasma the linear and nonlinear properties of electron plasma waves are studied including
ion motion. By using the standard method of multiple scales perturbation technique a nonlinear
Schrödinger equation containing quantum effects is derived. From this equation it is shown that with
immobile ions an electron plasma wave becomes modulationally unstable in two distinct regions of
the wavenumber. Numerical calculation shows that the stability domain of the wavevector shrinks
with the increase in quantum diffraction effect. It is also found that the growth rate of instability in
the high wavenumber region increases with the increase in quantum effect. Ion motion is found to
have significant effect in changing the stability/instability domains of the wavenumber in the low
k-region.
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General RelativityIOSRJAP
The notion of gravitational radiation as a radiation of the same level as the electromagnetic radiation is based on theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed fact of existence of stationary states of an electron in its gravitational field characterized by the gravitational constant K = 1042G (G is the Newtonian gravitational constant) and unrecoverable space-time curvature Λ. If the numerical values of K 5.11031 Nm2 kg-2 and =4.41029 m -2 , there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV).Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions. The manuscript is the review of previously published papers cited in the references.
Efficiency Improvement of p-i-n Structure over p-n Structure and Effect of p-...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Effect of Electron - Phonon Interaction on electron Spin Polarization in a q...optljjournal
This paper presents a theoretical model for the effect of electron
-
phonon interaction, temperature and
magnetic field on degree of electron spin polarization in GaAs/InAs quantum dot LED. To describe the
dynamics, quantum Langevin equation for photon numbe
r and carrier number is used. Simulation results
show that degree of electron spin polarization in quantum dot decreases with increase of electron phonon
interaction parameter at constant temperature and constant magnetic field which agrees with experiment
al results in literatures
It is also renowned as the Sommerfeld constant. So, its name signifies that it is a constant quantity introduced by the German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld in 1916 to determine the size of fine-structure splitting of the hydrogen spectrum.
In fact, Sommerfeld extended the Bohr atomic model to explain the fine structures of the hydrogen spectrum by introducing the relativistic variation of electron mass with velocity in the elliptical electron orbits. To account for the amount of splitting of spectral lines, he entailed a term that he named fine structure constant. In Sommerfeld's analysis, it was the ratio of the electron's velocity in the ground state of the relativistic Bohr atom to the speed of the light in the vacuum. And he used the Greek letter α (alpha) to symbolize it.
For more information on this concept, kindly visit our blog post at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/04/bohr-sommerfeld-model-chemistrylearners.html
Similar to Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energy level in different Pionic-Hydrogen Atoms (20)
Nonclassical Properties of Even and Odd Semi-Coherent StatesIOSRJAP
Even and odd semi-coherent states have been introduced. Some of the nonclasscial properties of the states are studied in terms of the quadrature squeezing as well as sub-Poissonian photon statistics. The Husimi– Kano Q-function and the phase distribution in the framework of Pegg and Barnett formalism, are also discussed.
Spherical and Cylindrical Ion Acoustic Solitary Waves in Electron-Positron-Io...IOSRJAP
The propagation of cylindrical and spherical ion acoustic solitary waves in a plasma system consisting of ions, electrons and positrons are investigated. The electrons and positrons are assumed to be following the nonextensive distribution popularly known as Tsallis distribution. The standard nonlinear equation i.e. Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation has been solved numerically using suitable mathematical transformations. The effect of nonextensivity (q) and nonplanar geometry on the amplitudes and width of ion acoustic potential structures have been studied numerically. A transition from negative to positive potential structures have been observed for the planar as well as nonplanar geometries for lower values of q in the range −1 < 푞 < 0. Soliton amplitude is maximum for spherical waves and is minimum and for planar waves while it lies in between the two for cylindrical waves. The present investigation may help us in understanding the study of cylindrical and spherical solitary waves in astrophysical plasmas.
Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM Techniques for Safegu...IOSRJAP
Recently, Mathematical techniques such as Monte Carlo and ISOCSTM software are being increasingly employed in the absolute efficiency calibration of gamma ray detector. Monte Carlo simulations and Canberra ISOCSTM software bring the possibility to establish absolute efficiency curve for desired energy range based on numerical simulation, with use of known or guessed geometry and chemical composition, of measured item. Broad-energy germanium (BEGe) detector was employed to perform the NDA measurements to five standard reference nuclear material (NBS, SNM-969). MC calculations were performed to calculate some factors (attenuation, geometry and efficiency) which affect the uranium isotope mass estimation. 235U and 238U masses are calculated based on MCNPX modeling calibration and also upon spectra analysis using ISOCSTM Calibration Software. The obtained results from the two different efficiency calibration methods were compared with each other and with the declared value for each sample. The obtained results are in agreements with the declared values within the estimated relative accuracy (ranges between -2.81 to 1.83%). The obtained results indicate that the techniques could be applied for the purposes of NM verification and characterization where closely matching NM standards are not available.
Growth, characterization, and antibacterial studies of L-Lysine single crysta...IOSRJAP
Single crystals of L-lysine added Potassium Bromide were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal wasconfirmed using powder X-ray diffraction technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded for the structural conformation and it was found to be cubic. The UV –VIS- NIR Spectrum of the grown crystals shows less optical absorption and good transmittance in the entire visible region enabling its use in optical applications. Vickers micro hardness test was carried out to analyze the mechanical property of the grown L- lysine potassium Bromide single crystal. Thermo gravimetric analysis proved that the crystal is stable up to 600ºC. The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss (tan δ) were also measured. The grown crystal was evaluated for its biological efficacy and found to exhibit anti bacterial activities against some select bacterial strains.
Controlled Quantum Teleportation via Four Particle Asymmetric Entangled State IOSRJAP
A general scheme for controlled teleportation of an arbitrary single-qubit state with four-qubit asymmetric state is proposed. In this scheme, the sender performs Bell measurement on his particle, the two controllers and the receiver perform joint unitary operation on the rest particles. Finally, the receiver can reconstruct the single particle by introducing an auxiliary particle, he first does unitary transformation on his particle and the auxiliary particle, then performs a Von Neumann measurement on the auxiliary particle. Thus the scheme can be realized in certain probability.
Low Cost Synthesis of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Coal Tar Using Arc ...IOSRJAP
There are various methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), template-directed synthesis for the growth of CNTs in the presence of catalyst particles. The production of carbon nanotubes in large quantities is possible with inexpensive coal as the starting carbon source by the arc discharge technique. It is found that a large amount of carbon nanotubes of good quality can be obtained in the cathode deposits in which carbon nanotubes are present in nest-like bundles. For more than two decades, now, there has been extensive research on the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and optimization of its manufacture for the industrial applications. It is believed that they are the strong enough but most flexible materials known to mankind. They have potential to take part in new nanofabricated materials. It is known that, carbon nanotubes could behave as the ultimate one-dimensional material with remarkable mechanical properties. Moreover, carbon nanotubes exhibit strong electrical and thermal conducting properties. This paper primarily concentrates on the optimising such parameters related to the mass production of the product. It has been shown through Simplex process that based on the cost of the SWNT obtained by the arc discharge technique, the voltage and the current should lie in the range of 30 - 42 V and 49 - 66 A respectively. Any combination above the given values will lead to a power consumption cost beyond the final product cost, in turn leading to infeasibility of the process. Strong expectations exist for future use of carbon nanotubes as composite materials in a large number of industries. Production cost and control of the purity and properties of such materials will influence the impacts nanotubes on the chemical, computer and construction industries. Coal properties in this case are also important. Weak bonds and mineral matter in the coal play an important role in the formation of the nanotubes
Study Of Structural, Morphological And Optical Properties Of Pure CdO And Ag:...IOSRJAP
Pure and Ag doped CdO thin films were prepared by sol-gel technique with spin coating method on glass substrates, Ag:CdO doped with relatively high concentration Ag (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 15%) to obtain changes in structural, Optical And Morphological properties of Ag:CdO doped thin films at fixed annealing temperature (300◦ C), the results Shows changes in structural properties at (111) plane due to fixed annealing temperature, and decreasing in direct energy gap, and show changes in roughness average.
Equivalent Thicknesses of Lead and Fly ash Geopolymer with Addition of Barium...IOSRJAP
This study aims to fabricate radiation protection shields using fly ash with barium Sulphate. Different thickness of fly ash geopolymer with 15% of barium sulphate was constructed, and different energies of X-ray ranged from 80 kVp - 120 kVp were used to assessment the attenuation ability of Lead and fly ash geopolymer with barium Sulphate shields. Different thicknesses of fly ash based shields are investigated to determine the equivalent thicknesses of fly ash geopolymer with barium sulphate which provide the same attenuation by Lead shields. The results exhibited that 5 cm of fly ash geopolymer with barium Sulphate equivalent 1 mm of Lead in attenuating of incident X-ray. Whereas 1 cm of fly ash geopolymer with barium sulphate equivalent 0.25 mm of Lead shield at various X-ray energy (80 kVp -120 kVp).
Energy Release Rate for Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeIOSRJAP
An experimental investigation using drag-out tensile test to calculate the interfacial shear strength for different embedded lengths and radius of Kevlar -49, carbon and ultra high polyethylene fibers reinforced epoxy matrix , the energy release rate calculated by using Nairn model . The energy release rate increase as the embedded fiber length increase and also for fiber radius for perfect adhesion , for specimens with bubbles at interface which seems to reduce the fracture toughness the energy release rate be less than specimens with perfect adhesion , the thermal stress and friction forces were included in the energy release rate in Kevlar-49 and carbon reinforced epoxy the interfacial shear force due to friction part decrease while in solid ultra high polyethylene the interfacial shear force due to friction part increase.
Disaggregation of Annual to daily Streamflows: A lineardeterministic methodIOSRJAP
In this study, a linear deterministic methodis applied to disaggregate streamflow from annual to daily data inunregulated stations located on the Kızılırmak river in Turkey. To disaggregate annual streamflows to the daily flow at the target station (TS), annual counterparts at the source station (SS) were identified depending on the minimum error criteria that is estimated based on the volume of three-year time window. Then, daily streamflow indexes at SS were calculated to disaggregate annual to daily streamflow at TS through the process. The same steps are replicated to disaggregate monthly streamflow to the daily flow for the purpose of comparison between the two methods. The results are well represents daily streamflow at two methods inquiry comparing to observe data, and also maintain the time series statistical characteristics and mass equilibrium. The comparative results suggest that the monthly to daily disaggregation method perform better than annual to the daily disaggregation method. The daily streamflow generated in this study can be used in the future research for water resources planning and management.
Studies of Dielectric Constant, Dielectric Loss, Loss Tangent and Dielectric ...IOSRJAP
The arrangement of waves or radiation in order of increasing frequencies is called electromagnetic spectrum. Frequency of microwave region is 300MHz to 300GHz. Corresponding wavelength is in between 1mm to 100cm. Here by using a microwave bench dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, loss tangent and dielectric relaxationtime of Dichlorobenzene, Bromobenzene and Nitrobenzene in different temperatures at X band frequrency are measured. Gopalakrishnan method is used for determination of relaxation time. Here real (€/ ) and imaginary (€")parts of complex dielectric constant( €*) were determined in the 3cm microwave region for different concentration of Dichlorobenzene, Bromobenzene and Nitrobenzene in Cyclohaxene at temperatures 240C, 330C and 410C .The measurement were made at a frequency of 9.98GHz. From the study of relaxation time polarity of above three compounds are studied. From the structural point of view the most interesting Dielectric Relaxation is that involving orientation polarization which depends on the internal structure of molecules and on the molecular arrangement or structure of the dielectric. Dielectric relaxation is the lag in dipole orientation behind an alternating electric field. From the study it is found that relaxation time of these solute is more in Cyclohexane then in Benzene. This behavour can be explained from the fact that Cyclohexane has more internal friction than Benzene.
Development of Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia composite for SOFC applica...IOSRJAP
Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia (NiO/YSZ) has been synthesized using low cost combustion process from an aqueous solution containing ZrO(NO3)2.6H2O, Y(NO3)3.6H2O, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and urea. Pellets were sintered at 13500C for 5 hours and its sintered density is estimated to be of 95%. Sintered pellets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. From the XRD analysis, as grown powder of NiO/YSZ showed nano-crystalline behavior with homogeneous mixture of YSZ and NiO phases. However sintered powder showed µ-size dense grain growth. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties are corroborated with the conduction mechanism. Both dielectric constant (K) and loss (tan δ) are increased sharply at high temperature region, which is expected to be the onset of dipolar relaxation phenomena due to the presence of oxygen vacancies. A mixed conductivity involving ionic conduction in the high temperature range and electronic conduction in the low temperature range was observed. The decrease in K and tan δ with increase in frequency at a given temperature suggests the dynamic interaction of oxygen vacancies & oxide ion pairs.
A relationship between mass as a geometric concept and motion associated with a closed curve in spacetime (a notion taken from differential geometry) is investigated. We show that the 4-dimensional exterior Schwarzschild solution of the General Theory of Relativity can be mapped to a 4-dimensional Euclidean spacetime manifold. As a consequence of this mapping, the quantity M in the exterior Schwarzschild solution which is usually attributed to a massive central object is shown to correspond to a geometric property of spacetime. An additional outcome of this analysis is the discovery that, because M is a property of spacetime geometry, an anisotropy with respect to its spacetime components measured in a Minkowski tangent space defined with respect to a spacetime event P by an observer O who is stationary with respect to the spacetime event P, may be a sensitive measure of an anisotropic cosmic accelerated expansion. The presence of anisotropy in the cosmic accelerated expansion may contribute to the reason that there are currently two prevailing measured estimates of this quantity
Evaluation of the mass attenuation coefficient and Effective Atomic Number of...IOSRJAP
The potential of the Eremurus spp. root as a binder in Rhizophora-Eremurus spp. particleboard mammography phantom had been approved. In this study, the potential of Eremurus spp. as a phantom material has been investigated. The effective atomic number of the Eremurus spp. was calculated as an important parameter in the low energy range. Also, the mass attenuation coefficient of the Eremurus spp. root was measured in the 16.63 keV – 25.30 keV photon energy as a mammography range. Although, the effective atomic number of the Eremurus spp. was near to that of tissue, the mass attenuation of the Eremurus spp. root was not found close to those of breast tissue and water phantom. The results show that the Eremurus spp. root can be used just as a binder in phantom and it cannot be as a main phantom material.
Structural Stability of Nano-Crystalline Aluminum-Glass CompositesIOSRJAP
Effects of particle size of the material in nanometer on solid state, structural properties AluminumGlass based samples are reported in this study. The particle size of 25µm was used for both Aluminum and Glass powders respectively. The samples were prepared in powdered form of various Al-Glass proportions. The weight of Aluminum ranges between 20 – 60 percent in the composites. Results showed from X-ray diffraction analyses that Aluminum addition and the determined particle size greatly influence the structural stability of the samples. It was revealed that samples were structurally stable in the range of Aluminum composition and the observed size of crystals, measured Width at Middle of Maximum Height and structural parameters were found in nanometers. The Al-Glass materials were noted to crystallize with FCC and BCC lattice structures.
Higher-Order Squeezing of a Generic Quadratically-Coupled Optomechanical SystemIOSRJAP
Using short-time dynamics and analytical solution of Heisenberg equation of motion for the Hamiltonian of quadratically-coupled optomechanical system for different field modes, we have investigated the existence of higher-order single mode squeezing, sum squeezing and difference squeezing in absence of driving and dissipation. Depth of squeezing increases with order number for higher-order single mode squeezing. Squeezing factor exhibits a series of revival-collapse phenomena for single mode, which becomes more pronounced as order number increases. In case of sum squeezing amounts of squeezing is greater than single mode higher-order squeezing (n = 2). It is also greater than from difference squeezing for same set of interaction parameters. Sum squeezing is prominently better for extracting information regarding squeezing.
Correlation between the Interface Width and the Adhesion Strength of Copper F...IOSRJAP
The present study has been conducted in order to determine the influence of negative bias voltage applied to substrate on adhesion of copper films deposited on carbon steel substrates. The adhesion strength has been evaluated by the scratch test. Coatings were deposited by a DC magnetron sputtering system. The substrates were firstly mechanically polished and then ion-etched by argon ions prior to deposition. Adhesion was found to increase with the bias voltage. The critical load had a value of 9.5 g for an unbiased substrate and reached 18.5 g for a bias voltage of 600 V. Equally important, the interface width, measured using Auger electron spectroscopy, increased as a function of the bias voltage. The width of the interface is related to the time of ion milling in the Auger spectrometer. The size of this width is obtained from the Auger elemental depth profiles through measuring the depth of the interface coating/substrate. The width had a value of 335 min with a bias of 600 V whereas it didn't exceed 180 min when the substrate was unbiased. Therefore, the effect of the bias voltage was to expand the interface because of the diffusion phenomenon and physical mixing of materials at the interface. Moreover, the critical load increased with the increase of the interface width.
Dielectric, Electric and Thermal Behavior of La3+ doped Co-Zn NanoferriteIOSRJAP
Dielectric, Electric and Thermal properties of rare earth La3+ material doped in Co0.5Zn0.5 Lax Fe(2- x)O4 (where x=0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, 0.125) reaction nanocrystalline ferrites were synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method. The electric, dielectric constant and Thermal properties were investigated. The dielectric constants and dielectric loss of the samples was observed between the 100Hz and 5 MHz. The resistivities of the prepared samples were measured from 0 Volt to 550 Volts at the constant temperature 2000C using the Two Probe method. The Thermal properties were characterized by Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGDTA).
PLC Based Instrumentation of Closed Loop Gas System for RPC DetectorsIOSRJAP
The INO experiment is a mega-science project and will have RPC detectors as an active element. It will be instrumented with about 28,800 RPC detectors. These active detectors use a gas mixture of R134a (95.2%), Isobutane (4.5%) and SF6 (0.3%). Due to large number of RPC detectors, the total gas required is of the order of 200 M 3 ; therefore a Closed Loop gas recirculation System (CLS) is mandatory. The prototype CLS system for 12 such RPCs has been developed using PLC (Programmable Logical Controllers) and associated peripheral input and output devices. This CLS is based on pneumatic parameters; hence many pressure sensors are used in process control and operation. Several simple CLS are developed by the team of Alpha pneumatics. The paper high lights the instrumentation of the CLS, which is in operation at TIFR and a few results are presented
Anisotropic Avo Analysis for Reservoir Characterization in Derby Field Southe...IOSRJAP
Anisotropic AVO analysis for reservoir characterization in Derby field southeastern Niger delta has been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the AVO response of shale over gas sandsonisotropic and anisotropic synthetic models and the real CDP gathers. This was done by plotting amplitude of reflections versus offsets and carrying out AVO intercept-gradient analysison HD1horizon. The results of the models were compared with the real CDP gather to deduce the robust synthetic model for efficient AVO analysis in the field. Well, CDP processed gathers and Hampson-Russell GEOVIEW and AVO module were used for the analysis. Results revealed that the plots of amplitude versus offset of the isotropic and anisotropic synthetic models agree at near offset but show opposite AVO response due to increasing contributions of seismic anisotropy at far offsets. The results of the anisotropic synthetic model correlates well with the CDP gathers indicating that seismic anisotropy is an important factor in AVO analysis. Results also show that a bright spot indicative of gas charged sands was delineated for the isotropic and anisotropic models but with different classes of AVO anomalies andproducts. The isotropic synthetic model show a class II AVO anomaly with a positive AVO product, while the anisotropic model show a class IV AVO anomaly with a negative AVO product comparable to the real CDP gather.These analysesclearly show that description of rock without anisotropy especially, seismic anisotropy is incomplete since most rocks are not completely isotropic. Therefore, accounting for seismic anisotropy in AVO synthetic modelling will ensure that the correct earth model is predicted and the reservoir is adequately characterized.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energy level in different Pionic-Hydrogen Atoms
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. – Feb. 2017), PP 20-26
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901032026 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization
corrections for 1s energy level in different Pionic-Hydrogen
Atoms
M El Shabshiry1
, S. Ismaeel2
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11556, Cairo, Egypt
2
College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Abstract: The 1𝑠 energy level vacuum polarization correctionsof pionic hydrogen atom induced by a potential
including form factor are compared with those obtained by using pion point potential. Without form factor of
nucleus and pion the correction increases very slowly for low Z atoms and increases fastly for higher Z. The
finite size of the nucleus increases the correction with Z in case of exponential distribution, while in case of
Gaussian distribution the increase is lower. For Fermi distribution there is a fast increase at low values of Z
and faslty decreases with higher values of Z. The effect of form factor of pion on the correction is very clear for
low Z nuclei and then becomes nearly constant for higher values Z.
Keywords: Vacuum polarization correction, pion form factor, pionic-hydrogen atom.
I. Introduction
Vacuum polarization plays an important role of calculating the energy levels of atoms. It is small in
hydrogen atoms but for heavier orbital particles such as muons and pions it gives a dominant contribution to
QED corrections. It is the interaction of the bound electron with the electrons in the Dirac Sea.
Fig.1 Represents Feynman diagram for one loop vacuum polarization.
We calculated the vacuum polarization corrections in different energy levels for mionic-hydrogen atom
[1] and for pionic-hydrogen atom with finite size proton [2].The results are very near from those calculated by
Borie [3].In this work we study the effect of pion form factor in 1s level for different pionic-hydrogen atoms. In
these calculations, the relativistic approach is used. Borie [3] calculated the Lamb shift in case of mionic-
hydrogen atom. The mionic hydrogen (2𝑝 − 2𝑠) transition was investigated by Carroll et.al. [4]. They used a
precise non-perturbative numerical solution of the Dirac equation including the finite size Coulomb force and
finite size vacuum polarization.Lee et.al. [5] derived a formula for the vacuum polarization correction for the
spin zero orbital particle. They used the formula for these corrections based on Klein-Gordon-Fock
equation.Karshenbiomet. al. [6] used the Uehling potential for calculating one loop vacuum polarization for the
pionic circular states. In this work, we usedthis formula to calculate the vacuum polarization corrections in 1s
2. Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energy level in different Pionic-Hydrogen Atoms
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901032026 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
state for different pionic-hydrogen atoms from 𝑍 = 1to𝑍 = 68. The main aim of this work is to show the effect
of the pion form factor on these corrections for different pionic-hydrogen atoms.
II. Theory
The relativistic equation of Klein-Gordon-Fockwhich describes the spin zero particle, has the form
𝐸𝑖 − 𝑉 𝑟 2
− 𝑃2
𝑐2
− 𝑚 𝜋
2
𝑐4
Φ𝑖 𝑟 = 0 (1)
Φ𝑖 𝑟 are not orthogonal and their normalization is not trivial. The solution of this equation with non-Coulomb
potential is possible [7-8]. The perturbative theory of Coulomb potential has not been developed until now. The
vacuum polarization corrections in energy levels are calculated by using a recent form of Lee et.al. [5]
∆𝐸𝑖 =
Φ𝑖
𝑜
𝐸𝑖
𝑜
− 𝑉 𝑜
𝛿𝑉 Φ𝑖
𝑜
Φ𝑖
𝑜
𝐸𝑖
𝑜
− 𝑉 𝑜 Φ𝑖
𝑜
(2)
Where
Φ 𝑛𝑙
𝑜
=
1
𝑟
𝑅 𝑛𝑙 (𝑟)𝑌𝑙𝑚 (𝜃, 𝜙)
Where𝑅 𝑛𝑙 (𝑟)is taken from [2]. In case of electrostatic potential, the equation is valid for any perturbation
such as Uehling corrections. The Coulomb problem is considered as an unperturbed case and we take the
unperturbed solution of the last equation from [2].The vacuum polarization perturbative potential for finite
nuclei including the form factor of pion is obtained by folding the Uehling potential with the extended source
distribution and the pion distribution, which has the form,
𝛿𝑉 𝑟 = 4𝜋
𝑑3
𝑞
2𝜋 3
𝑒 𝑖𝑞.𝑟
𝑞2
Π 𝑅
−𝑞2
𝜌 𝑁 𝑞 𝜌 𝜋 𝑞 (3)
Where
𝜌 𝑁 𝑞 = 𝑑3
𝑟𝑁 𝑒−𝑖𝑞.𝑟 𝑁 𝜌 𝑁 𝑟𝑁 , 𝜌 𝑁 𝑟𝑁 = −𝑍𝑒𝜌 𝑟𝑁
𝜌 𝜋 𝑞 = 𝑑3
𝑟𝜋 𝑒−𝑖𝑞.𝑟 𝜋 𝜌 𝜋 𝑟𝜋 , 𝜌 𝜋 𝑟𝜋 = −𝑒𝜌 𝑟𝜋
𝜌 𝑟𝑁 is the central nuclear density and is taken in Gaussian, exponential, and Fermi forms and the density of
pion,𝜌(𝑟𝜋 ), is in Gaussian.
𝛿𝑉 𝑟 = −
4𝜋 2
𝛼
15𝑚2 𝜋
𝑟𝑁
2
𝑑𝑟𝑁 𝜌 𝑁 𝑟𝑁
∞
0
𝜌 𝜋 𝑟 − 𝑟𝑁
Substituting the values of 𝜌 𝑁 𝑟𝑁 and 𝜌 𝜋 𝑟𝜋 we get
𝛿𝑉 𝑟 = −
4𝜋 2
𝑍𝛼2
15𝑚2 𝜋
𝑟𝑁
2
𝑑𝑟𝑁 𝜌 𝑟𝑁
∞
0
𝜌 𝑟 − 𝑟𝑁 (4)
Substituting into equation 2 we obtain the vacuum polarization correction in the 1𝑠 state. To show the effect of
the pion form factor we compare 𝛿𝐸calculatedusing the pion as a point charge and that calculated in case of
pion form factor from equation
𝛿𝑉 𝑟 =
4𝜋
𝑞2
𝑑3
𝑞
2𝜋 3
𝑒−𝑖𝑞.𝑟
Π 𝑅
−𝑞2
𝜌 𝑁 𝑞
∞
0
𝜌 𝜋 𝑞
Where
Π 𝑅
−𝑞2
=
𝛼𝑞2
𝜋𝑚2
𝑑𝑣
1
0
𝑣2
1 −
1
3
𝑣2
1 +
𝑞2
4𝑚2 1 − 𝑣2
≈ −
𝛼𝑞2
15𝜋𝑚2
for small q
In this work, we used the following nucleus distributions
1- Fermi distribution
𝜌 𝐹 𝑟𝑁 =
𝜌 𝑜
1 + 𝑒
𝑟−𝐶
𝐷
Where 𝐶 is the root mean square radius of the nucleus and 𝐷 is the diffuseness.
2- Exponential distribution
3. Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energy level in different Pionic-Hydrogen Atoms
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901032026 www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
𝜌 𝐸 𝑟𝑁 =
𝜉2
8𝜋
𝑒−𝜉 𝑟 𝑁
Where 𝜉 = 12 𝐶2 and the Fourier transform of the exponential distribution is
𝜌 𝑁 𝑞 =
1
1 + 𝑅2 𝑞2 2
𝑅 =
1
𝜉
3- Gaussian distribution
𝜌 𝐺 𝑟𝑁 =
𝜉2
𝜋3 2 𝑎3
𝑒− 𝑟 𝑎 2
And its Fourier transform is
𝜌 𝜋 𝑞 = 𝑒−𝑎2 𝑞2 4
Table 1. Vacuum Polarization corrections for the energy level 1s (in MeV) of the pionic-hydrogen atoms
calculated by applying Lee [5] method for the spin zero pion particle.
4. Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energy level in different Pionic-Hydrogen Atoms
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901032026 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
Fig.2 Three spherical symmetric charge densities ofthe nucleus, for Z=11
Fig.3 Represents the 1s square of the radial unperturbed wave function 𝑅10
2
(𝑟) 𝑟2
obtained from
equation (1).
Fig.4 The figure represents different forms of the potential for Z=11 as an example.
5. Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energy level in different Pionic-Hydrogen Atoms
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901032026 www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Fig.5 The effect of the pion radius on the potential of fermi distributed nucleus and Gaussian pion
form factor.
Fig.6 Represents the vacuum polarization corrections for the 1s energy level for different Z pionic-
hydrogen atoms.
III. Results And Discussion
In these calculations we use the relativistic unitsℏ = 𝑐 = 1, the pion mass𝑚 𝜋 = 139.577 𝑀𝑒𝑉,
the electron mass 𝑚 𝑒 = 0.5109989 𝑀𝑒𝑉 and the fine structure constant 𝛼 = 1 137.0359998, and
the radius of pion is 0.61 ± 0.15 𝑓𝑚 [9]. Figure 2 shows the three different distributions mentioned
above. In the short range, the exponential density is higher than the Gaussian density and the Gaussian
is higher than the Fermi distribution. For higher distances, they are approximately the same. Figure 3
represents the 1𝑠 square of the unperturbed radial wave function of pion obtained from equation (1)
against 𝑟, for 𝑍 = 11 and radius 2.986 𝑓𝑚 [10] and reduced mass19.738 MeV. From the figure, it is
clear that most contribution of the wave function is found at the origin, so that the potential that has
large values at the origin will give a large correction to the energy.From figures 4-a,4-b, and 4-c it is
clear that these potentials have large overlap with the wave function since the maximum exists at the
origin, like the wave function. The point nucleus potential with Gaussian form factor, fig. 4-c, has the
shortest range (1.2 𝑓𝑚), while the pion point potential with Gaussian, Fermi, and exponential form
6. Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energy level in different Pionic-Hydrogen Atoms
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901032026 www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
factor of the nucleus has a range of about 5 𝑓𝑚. Figure 4-d has three maxima for the three potentials.
The potential with the Fermi nucleus and Gaussian pion form factor has the highest peak. The
potential with exponential nucleus distribution and pion Gaussian distribution has the lowest peak.
These peaks are not at the origin hence the values of the corrections corresponding to these three
potentials are smaller than the other potentials because the overlap of these potentials with the wave
function is small. The position of these peaks is as follows VGF at 𝑟 = 2.749 𝑓𝑚, VGG at 𝑟 =
2.473 𝑓𝑚, and VGE at 𝑟 = 2.113 𝑓𝑚. To show the effect of the pion radius on the potential, figure 5
is drawn. From the figure, it is clear that the peak decreases when the radius of pion increases. For the
energy, the increase in radius of pion decreases the value of the vacuum polarization correction, e.g.
for 𝑍 = 11 , ∆𝐸 = −6.476599 × 10−6
𝑀𝑒𝑉 for pion radius 0.76 𝑓𝑚 and ∆𝐸 = −6.884018 ×
10−6
𝑀𝑒𝑉 for pion radius 0.61 𝑓𝑚.From figure 6 and table 1, we can conclude that without form
factor of nucleus and pion the correction increases very slowly for low 𝑍atoms and increases fastly for
higher 𝑍 . The finite size of the nucleus increases the correction with 𝑍 in case of exponential
distribution; while in case of Gaussian distribution, the increase is less. For Fermi distribution there is
a fast increase at low values of 𝑍 and faslty decreases with higher values of𝑍. The effect of form
factor of pion on the correction is very clear for low 𝑍 nuclei and then becomes nearly constant for
higher values Z.
Acknowledgment
The first author would like to thank Professor A. Faessler and professor W. Griener for their help and
encouraging.
References
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