Pinyin lesson 9
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(1) The spelling rules for "y" and "w" in pinyin are described. "Y" is used before vowels like "i" and "u" when there is no initial consonant. "W" is added before the final "u" when it acts as a syllable. (2) Tone marks are written above the main vowel of each syllable, with exceptions for "iu" and "ui" where the tone mark goes on the second vowel. (3) An apostrophe is used to separate syllables with connecting vowels to avoid confusion, such as in "Xī’ān" and "nǚ’ér". It can also be used for syll
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Pinyin lesson 9
- 2. Spelling Rules of Pinyin
- 3. Summary of the usage of “y” and “w” (1) If there is no initial consonant before “i”, “i” is written as a semi- vowel “y”. Thus iɑ, ie, iɑo, iu, iɑn, iɑnɡ become yɑ, ye, yɑo, you (note that the o can’t be omitted here), yɑn, yɑnɡ. Before simple final “i” and compound finals “in, inɡ”, y is added, e.g. yi, yin and yinɡ. (2) When the final “u” acts as a syllable, “w” is added before the final “u”. When finals beginning with “u” act as syllables, the final “u” changes to “w”. E.g. “wu, wa, wei, wen, wenɡ”. (3) If there is no initial consonant before “ü”, add “y” and drop the umlaut. E.g. “yu, yue, yun”.
- 4. Summary of marking tones in Pinyin • Tone marks are written above the main vowel of a syllable. The main vowel can be identified according to the following sequence: ɑ-o-e-i-u-ü. • For instance, in ɑo the main vowel is ɑ. In ei the main vowel is e. • There is one exception: when i and u are combined into a syllable, the tone mark is written on the second vowel: iù,uì.
- 5. Syllable-diving mark • In order to avoid confusion, an apostrophe is used to separate two syllables with connecting vowels, e.g. nǚ’ér (daughter) and the city Xī’ān (nǚ and ér, xī and ān are separate syllables). • In some cases an apostrophe is needed to avoid confusion even if the two syllables are not connected by vowels, e.g. fánɡ’ài (to hinder) and fānɡ’àn (plan; scheme).