Physics Of The Ear Essay Examples

Physics of the Ear Essay examples
Physics of the Ear
The ear is an extraordinary human organ that many people take for granted until it doesn't function.
It is the only device that allows the human to hear sounds in their environment. The ear is made up
of many parts that distinguish various sounds through different means. The ear anatomy and
physiology along with how sound waves are transmitted into meaningful sounds will help one
understand how hearing loss occurs.
The ear is made up of three areas: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear is very important
for collecting sound waves. It is made up of the pinna and the ear canal. The pinna, the actual
physical outward appearance of the ear, receives sound waves and begins to funnel them into the ear
canal. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Basically how sound travels through the ear is a process of many steps. The sound waves are
gathered by the pinna and then funneled into the meatus. Those waves then begin to vibrate the
tympanic membrane which in turn hits against the malleus. The ossicle bones then vibrate like a
chain reaction. The footplate will hit the oval window which triggers the fluid in the cochlea to
move. The movement sways across the different hair cells creating impulses that are sent to the
brain through the eighth cranial nerve. The interesting question is how waves can become
meaningful sounds. First off we must know that sound is a wave. It is impossible for sound to be a
particle or atom because if it was a particle the two different sounds would eventually collide and if
sound was an atom one sound would deflect another and neither one of these situations ever
happens. A characteristic of sound is that different sounds pass through one another, for example, a
sound and its echo. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that sound is a form of wave. Sound is
molecules vibrating back and forth creating what we call a longitudinal wave. However, very few
times do we consider sound as flow of power yet that is exactly what it is. It is a power that flows
through the air steadily. The speed at which it travels depends on the temperature and the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Four Flash Videos
The first flash video shows the outer part of the ear (pinna) that serves as the funnel catching the
sound and the ear canal that carries the sound to the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The second
flash video shows the eardrum that vibrates as the acoustic energy (sound) hits it, transforming the
acoustic energy into mechanical energy. The third flash video shows the middle part of the ear,
housing the Ossicular Chain (incus, malleus, and stapes) that moves as the mechanical energy is
transferred to the chain from the vibration of the eardrum. The movement of stapes (last bone in the
chain) causes the round window to move. The fourth flash video models the transfer of the
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy within the cochlea as the round window vibrates with the
stapes (from the Ossicular Chain). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fifth flash video shows a cross section of the basilar membrane that moves as the fluid within
the cochlea is displaced. The sixth and last flash video models the conversion of the hydraulic
energy into electrical energy as the hair cells are displaced, transferring the electrical energy from
the hair cells into the auditory nerve that consequently passes the information to the auditory cortex
in the brain for

Course Notes Essay
Answer the Following Questions:
1. The transfer of tissue or an organ between two people who are not related is called?
ANSWER: Allotransplantation
2. How would aspiration of urine from the bladder be accomplished?
ANSWER: By means of needle, trocar, or ultracatheter
3. A collection of structures that suspends the testes in the scrotum is called?
ANSWER: Spermatic Cord
4. What is it called when an egg from the female is withdrawn and fertilized with sperm in a
laboratory for 2 to 3 days with subsequent implantation into the uterus?
ANSWER: In vitro fertilization
5. A procedure that is performed under ultrasonic guidance to assess the status of the fetus is called?
ANSWER: Sonogram
6. What is a laminaria?
ANSWER: Any of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Q) What procedure is used by anesthesiologists for treatment of postdural puncture headache?
ANSWER: Blood Patch or epidural blood patch (EBP).
7. Q) What type of anesthesia is included in the surgical package?
ANSWER: Local anesthesia__________________
Answer the Following Questions:
1. Q) Name four of the seven organizations that contributed to the development of minimum
documentation guidelines.
ANSWER:
1.American Hospital Association
2. American Medical Association
3. Managed Care and Review Association
4. American Medical Peer Review Association
2. Q) Which elements of the E/M level is subjective?
ANSWER: The History
3. Q) What type of information is gathered when obtaining the Social History of the patient? Why is
this important?

ANSWER: The type of information that is gathered is marital status and/or living arrangemet,
current employment, occupational history, any use of drugs, alcohol and/or tobacco, level of
education, and sexual history. These questions are relevant just incase the lifestyle the patient is
living has contributing factors of the patients illness. This will provide more information and can
assist in the diagnosis.
4. Q) How many Organ Systems and/or Body Areas are involved in a comprehensive exam?
ANSWER: 8+ (Oss only)
5. Q) One or more chronic illnesses with mild exacerbation, progression, or side effects of treatment
is an example of what level of risk?
ANSWER: Moderate–complexity

Eardrum Rupture Research Paper
Eardrum Rupture, Adult
An eardrum rupture is a hole (perforation) in the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin, round tissue inside
of the ear that separates the ear canal from the middle ear. The eardrum is also called the tympanic
membrane. It transfers sound vibrations through small bones in the middle ear to the hearing nerve
in the inner ear. It also protects the middle ear from germs. An eardrum rupture can cause pain and
hearing loss.
CAUSES
Eardrum rupture results from a sudden injury (trauma). This may be caused by:
Inserting a thin, sharp object into the ear canal.
Getting a blow to the side of the head, especially with an open hand.
Having a sudden increase in pressure against the eardrum, such as from an explosion or a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of this condition include:
Sudden pain at the time of the injury.
Ringing in the ear or dizziness after the injury.
Bleeding from the ear.
DIAGNOSIS
This condition is diagnosed based on your symptoms and medical history as well as a physical
exam. Your health care provider can usually see a perforation using an ear scope (otoscope). You
may have other tests, such as having a hearing test (audiogram) to check for hearing loss.
TREATMENT
Typically, the eardrum will heal on its own within a few weeks. If your eardrum does not heal, your
health care provider may recommend a procedure to place a patch over your eardrum or surgery to
repair your eardrum.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Keep your ear dry. This is very important. Follow your health care provider's instructions on how to
keep your ear dry. These may include wearing waterproof earplugs when bathing or swimming.
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your child's health care provider.

Keep all your child's follow–up visits as told by your health care provider. This is important.
Talk to your health care provider before traveling by

Ear Infection Research Paper
Sound is in our everyday life. When you wake we hear the sound of life. You hear sound when your
walking, talking or listening to music. What exactly is sound? Sound is vibration that travels
through the air , sound could be heard by a person or animals. People rely on sounds to
communicate. Noise help us communicate when talking to others, in danger, and in other scenarios.
Animals also hear, even animals that live under the water. Only the top receives light from the sun,
so water animals have a difficult time using their eyes to find their way in the deep water. Whenever,
the water animals dive in deep waters, they depend on their hearing to sense of the environment. We
all know ear infections are horrible. Ear Infections are also known as Otitis media. When an abrupt
infection occurs , the condition is called " acute Otitis media ." This can occur when you have a cold
or allergies . Bacteria and Viruses can lead to the accumulation of pus ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
" I'm sure sometimes you have onnica usually put a cotton swabs, hairpin , paper clips or ect. Im
sure you didn't go into far enough to reach the wax, scratch the itch, soak up the water from your
shower and so on. So maybe, you needs tips and information on what and what not to do. You
should only use cotton swabs to remove visible wax at the ear opening around the outer ear, do not
insert them to the ear canal or it will be pushed wax back. Another tip , is to use softening drops.
Use drops of mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, hydrogen peroxide or commercial softeners to loosen
impacted wax, it might come out on its on or with irrigation. Don't use heated oil or any liquid with
a perforated eardrum or ear infection. So this is where the term " don't put anything bigger than your
elbow in your ear " come to play. Don't even think about putting a pointed object in your ear canal
like tooth pick, Bobby pin, car keys ,

Titanium Synthesis Essay
When it comes to the materials used in middle ear replacement, Titanium has made a name for itself,
being the prime material used for implants today. This is because of its mechanical qualities, as well
as its biocompatibility and bio stability. These are far better suited for this implant than other
materials such as hydroxyapatite and gold. Because titanium is such a good material for this
procedure and is widely used, many comparative studies have been done on different types of
titanium to further understand them and further improve implants functions. A study done by
Ossama Hassan and others, compared that of the Classical Titanium Prosthesis with that of Vario
Titanium Prosthesis on 16 different patients. They discovered that the Vario ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These two types were systematically compared and evaluated using meta–analysis conducting 40
investigations with over 4300 subjects involved. Through many experiments, they came to the
conclusion that even though no significant effect was detected between the two implants, the
effectiveness of the PORP was higher than the TORP (except within staged groups). The stability of
PORP was also superior to TORP in the long term follow ups. This would suggest that PORP has an
overall greater success rate, Since you are taking more parts out of the body and replacing it with
more artificial parts, so there is bound to be slightly different results. This also shows us that there is
more to learn about middle ear replacement. (4) Recent experimental methods for this implant is the
Duesseldorf Bell Prosthesis. The first one was designed in 1994 in conjunction with doctors at the
Dominikus Hospital. It was developed from many years of designing and producing other
prosthesis. The main three superiorities acquired from this type of middle ear replacement were
biocompatibility, overall hearing improvement, and intraoperative manipulation. Many different
experiments and studies have shown this to be true. The reliability and safety of these mechanisms
have also proven to be good from the long term prospective.

Tympanic Disorders: A Case Study
7. The pars flaccida is a smaller portion of the tympanic membrane located superior to the
manubrium and medial to the anterior and posterior malleolar folds. It is triangular shaped and is the
thinnest part of the tympanic membrane. Since it is so thin, this means that it has more elasticity or
is less stiff. This elasticity allows low frequencies, which have high displacement to become
amplified. In contrast, the pars tensa has less elasticity and is more stiff, so it attenuates the low
frequencies. The pars tensa makes up a much larger portion of the tympanic membrane and is
located within the fibrocartilaginous ring and is inferior to the pars flaccida. The pars tensa makes
up the majority of the tympanic membrane, therefore low frequency sounds are generally attenuated
at the tympanic membrane. 8.
1. In early stage otitis media some fluid will be visible behind the tympanic membrane; this will
look like bulging or bubbles. The patient may experience some pain, fever, drainage and possibly
some hearing loss. With this type of disorder there is negative pressure in the middle ear and would
therefore yield a type C tympanogram. This tympanogram will have a peak less than –100.
2. In advanced otitis media with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the physical limits of the middle ear, the ossicles and the tympanic membrane, the low
frequency and high frequencies are attenuated while the mid frequencies are amplified. This
happens because the tympanic membrane has variable stiffness and therefore sound moves
differently in different areas. Generally, this contributes to the attenuation or filtering of the low
frequencies. High frequencies are attenuated due to the limits of the ossicular chain. At these
frequencies the ossicles are moving very quickly, so quickly that they tend to flex and stop
articulating the way they are supposed to; this filters out the high

Eardrum Perforation
Eardrum Perforation
An eardrum perforation is a puncture or tear in the eardrum. This is also called a ruptured eardrum.
The eardrum is a thin, round tissue inside your ear that separates the ear canal from the middle ear.
This is the tissue that detects sound and enables you to hear. An eardrum perforation can cause
discomfort and hearing loss. In most cases, the eardrum will heal without treatment and with little or
no permanent hearing loss.
CAUSES
Sudden pressure changes that happen in situations such as scuba diving or flying in an airplane.
Foreign objects in the ear.
Inserting a cotton–tipped swab or any blunt object in the ear.
Loud noise.
Trauma to the ear.
Attempting to remove an object from the ear.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Hearing loss.
Ear pain.
Ringing in the ears.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the eardrum does not heal, your health care provider may recommend a procedure to place a patch
over the eardrum or surgery to repair the eardrum.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Keep your ear dry. This will improve healing. Do not submerge your head under water until healing
is complete. Do not swim or dive until your health care provider approves. While bathing or
showering, protect the ear by using a waterproof earplug or by placing a piece of cotton covered
with petroleum jelly in the outer ear canal.
Take medicines only as directed by your health care provider.
Blow your nose gently, or avoid blowing it if possible. Forceful blowing increases the pressure in
the middle ear. This may cause further injury or may delay healing.
Resume normal activities when the perforation has healed. Your health care provider can let you
know when this has occurred.
Talk to your health care provider before flying on an airplane. Air travel is generally allowed with a

perforated eardrum.
Keep all follow–up visits as directed by your health care provider. This is

Psy 340 Essay
University of Phoenix Material
Neurological Structures and Functions Worksheet
Short–Answer Essays
1. Describe why humans have a blind spot.
Humans have blind spots because of the optic nerve information that is sent to the brain from the
retina is through the optic nerve. Well the nerve has to have a way to exit the eye, that exit is where
the blind spot is.
2. Describe the functional and anatomic differences between rods and cones.
The retina is what houses the eye's rods and cones. The eye has about 6 million cones and 120
million rods. Both rods and cones get their names from their shape. Rods do not provide color
vision, and are sensitive to dim light. Cones function well in the day and provide color vision. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The middle ear consists of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. The tensor teympany which is
a muscle that attaches to the malleus bone, as well as the stapes which is a muscle which attaches to
the stapes bone. These muscles help to keep the bone off of the membrane that they are on to stop
damage from loud noise. And lastly there is a Eustachian tube which is the middle ear as well it
helps with pressure.
6. Describe the factors that contribute to sound localization.
There are two factors that contribute to sound localization the first is the pinna also known as the
outer ear, it is cup shaped to allow you to hear what's in front of you. Then there is the fact that you
have two ears on each side of yor head, sound in each ear may differ so the brain can determine
where the sound is coming from because it is receiving sound from both.
7. What is the function of the somatosensory system?
The somatosensory system has to do with touch, pressure, pain, temperature, movement, and
vibrations from muscles, joints, and skin. Uit sends sensations through the spinal cord, to the
brainstem, then the thalamic relay nuclei to the parietal lobe that houses the sensory cortex.

8. Name and describe the parts of the brain involved in the chemical sense of taste.
The parts of the brain that are involved in the chemical sense of taste are the parietal lobes. The
parietal lobe is behind the

Otitis Membrane Assessment : Tympanic Membrane Essay
Tympanic Membrane Assessment The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum is a thin
tissue that separates the ear canal from the middle ear. The two primary functions of the eardrum are
protection and hearing. The tympanic membrane receives the sound vibrations from the outer air and
transmits them to the auditory ossicles, which are tiny bones in the middle ear. The normal color of
the tympanic membrane is a pearl gray but can sometimes appear yellow or pink (Britannica 2015).
The following discussion will cover abnormalities that are associated with the tympanic membrane,
complications, symptoms and treatments. One of the most common abnormalities of the tympanic
membrane is called Otitis Media, which is an inflammation of the middle ear. This frequently affects
children (particularly those between three months to three years of age) and it is usually caused by a
bacterial infection. Treatment is the use of Tylenol or Motrin for pain and with the recent emergence
of resistant organisms, pediatric organizations have strongly recommended initial antibiotics only
for children at highest risk or for those with recurrent infections. Antibiotics are given if worsening
symptoms or no improvement within 72 hours (Miyamoto 2015). A complication that can occur
with Otitis Media is a ruptured or perforated eardrum, which is a hole or small tear in the tissue and
can take a few weeks to heal. Otitis Media usually heals on its own but sometimes may require
surgical

The Function Of An Anatomical Reflection
For the purpose of anatomical description, the ear is divided into four parts. These are the auricle
(pinna), the external auditory canal, the middle ear and its derivatives and the inner ear. The auricle
projects at a variable angle from the side of the head. It has some function in sound collection. The
body of the auricle is composed of a thin plate of cartilage covered with skin and is connected to
surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles. It is continuous with the cartilage of the external
meatus. The external auditory canal extends from the concha of the auricle to the tympanic
membrane. The distance between the bottom of the concha to the tympanic membrane is
approximately 2.5 cm although the length of anterior canal wall is 1– 1.5 mm more because of the
length of the tragus, the obliquity of the tympanic membrane and the curvature of the canal wall.
The supportive framework of the canal wall is cartilaginous in the lateral one third and bony in the
medial two thirds. In the adults, the cartilaginous portion runs inwards, slightly upwards and
backwards, while the bony portion runs inwards slightly downwards and forwards. The canal is
straightened therefore by gently moving the auricle upwards and backwards to counteract the
direction of cartilaginous portion. There are two constrictions in the external auditory canal; at the
junction of the cartilaginous and bony portions and the other is the isthmus which is 5mm from the
tympanic membrane where a prominence of

An Introduction To Admittance And Impedance
#1:
Immitance is a general term to describe admittance and impedance. Impedance is the measure of
opposition to energy flow (sound) into the ear at the plane of the tympanic membrane. Admittance is
the total energy flow through the vibrating system. Immitance audiometry is a test battery using
acoustic impedance or acoustic admittance to estimate hearing sensitivity and function of the middle
ear system. Impedance is typically measured as compliance now. Tympanometry is the test battery
for measuring the compliance of the ear in equivalent volume across a range of pressures. It
provides an estimation of hearing sensitivity and middle ear function in relation to ear canal volume,
compliance, and middle ear pressure.
To perform an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the pressure is not within that range, it could suggest Eustachian tube dysfunction.
The compliance, or mobility, of the tympanic membrane is also noted as a tympanometric
compliance value. Compliance is measure in cubic centimeters (cc) or milliliters (ml). The point on
the pressure scale where the maximum compliance occurs is essentially equal to middle ear pressure
of the ear tested and is known as the point of maximum compliance. The peak compliance should be
within the range of .2 cc to 2.0 cc. If the compliance is considerably lower than .2 cc, it may lead to
a diagnosis of tympanosclerosis or otosclerosis; however, if it is much higher than 2.0 cc, it may
imply ossicular disarticulation or a hypermobile tympanic membrane.
Compliance is plotted over a range of pressures on a tympanogram. There are five possible types of
tympanograms that may result from the test: type A, type As, type Ad, type B, and type C. A type A
tympanogram suggests a normal conductive system functioning. The peak pressure is noted within
the normal range (–150 daPA to 50 daPa) and the point of maximum compliance occurs within a
normal range (.2 cc to 2.0 cc), as well. The ECV should also fall between .65 cc and 1.75 cc. There
is no indication of a middle ear pathology if a client receives a type A tympanogram. It is important
to note that this test battery is not designed to detect a sensorineural hearing loss, because it solely
reports outer and middle ear functioning.
A

Retropharyngeal Abscess Research Paper
Introduction A retropharyngeal abscess is a collection of pus in the back of the throat usually caused
by a bacterial infection. This infection can make it difficult to swallow and breathe normally. This
can be a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. What are the causes? This
condition is usually caused by a bacterial infection. In adults, a retropharyngeal abscess is often
caused by a spine infection. In children, a retropharyngeal abscess is often caused by an upper
respiratory illness. When a lymph node in the retropharyngeal area gets infected, it can become
filled with pus and cause swelling. What are the signs or symptoms? Symptoms of this condition
include: Swelling, pain, and tenderness on one or both sides of

The Ear, The Middle, And The Inner Ear
The ear is sectioned off into three parts, the outer, the middle, and the inner ear. Each section serves
its own function to the hearing of an individual. The external portion of the ear includes the auricle,
the auditory canal, and the eardrum outer layer. The auricle is the cartilage that is covered by skin on
opposite sides of the head, the auditory canal, more commonly called the ear canal, is the tunnel in
which sound waves travel down, and the ear drum, also known as the tympanic membrane. The
function of the auricle is to collect sound and act as a funnel that amplifies that sound down into the
auditory canal (Middlebrooks and Green, 1991). The ear canal serves to transfer sound to the ear
drum and the secretion of earwax which helps protect the ear from bacteria, fungi, and insects
(Okuda, et al., 1991). The eardrums main purpose is to transmit sound from air to the ossicles in the
middle ear and then to the oval window in the fluid–filled cochlea. The ossicles are the common
name for the three middle ear bones that transmit sound from the air to the fluid–filled cochlea. The
ossicles consist of the malleus, incus, and stapes bones in that order respectively. These bones
contribute to the amplification and transmission of sound to the inner ear. Our main focus is on the
inner and its function in hearing and ultimately hearing loss. The inner ear consists of two main
parts: the cochlea, which detects sound, and the vestibular system, that is dedicated to balance

Transitions Of Reptiles To Mammals Essay
Transitions of Reptiles to Mammals      A long long time ago, in a
galaxy not too far away, was a little blue planet called Earth, and on this world not a single mammal
lived. However a lot of time has past since then and we now have lots of furry creatures that are
collectively called mammals. How did they get their? Where did they come from? These are the
kinds of questions that led me to my subject of choice. I will endeavor to provide examples, using
specific transitional fossils, to show that mammals have evolved from a group of reptiles and were
simply not placed here by unknown forces.      Before I begin, I
would like to define some terms so that nobody gets left in the dust. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Primitive therapsids are present as fossils in certain Middle Permian deposits; later forms are known
from every continent except Australia but are most common in the Late Permian and Early Triassic
of South Africa.      The several features that separate modern
reptiles from modern mammals doubtlessly evolved at different rates. Many attributes of mammals
are correlated with their highly active lifestyle; for example, efficient double circulation of blood
with a completely four–chambered heart, anucleate and biconcave erythrocytes (blood cells), the
diaphragm, and the secondary palate (which separates passages of food and air and allows breathing
during mastication (chewing) or suckling). Hair for insulation correlates with endothermy (being
warm–blooded), the physiological maintenance of individual temperature independent of the
environmental temperature, and endothermy allows high levels of sustained activity. the unique
characteristics of mammals thus would seem to have evolved as a complex interrelated system.
Transitions to New Higher Taxa      Transitions often result in a
new "higher taxon" (a new genus, family, order, etc.) from a species belonging to
different, older taxon. There is nothing magical about this. The first members of the new group are
not bizzare, they are simply a new, slightly different species, barely different from the parent
species. Eventually they give rise to

Evaluating Csd 363 Is A Practicum Course On Children 's...
CSD 363 is a practicum course that gives students the opportunity to provide schools with free
speech and hearing screenings. This class is mutually beneficial, seeing that students have an
undergraduate opportunity to start practicing skills typically developed in graduate school, and that
families receive valuable services for free. The screenings given are comprised of two parts: the
Fluharty Speech and Language test, and an audiology pure tone screening including a look in the
ears with an otoscope. Under the supervision of a licensed supervisor, students will be giving these
screenings and making recommendations about further evaluations if necessary.
The goal is screening a 3–5 year old is to identify any factors that may impact the child's
communication, developmental health, or future academic performance (ASHA). At this age,
screenings may be mandated by a school, recommended by a doctor, or simply requested from a
family. For screenings, it is common to do an otoscope exam, pure tone test, and tympanogram
reading. The otoscope is used to make sure there are no foreign bodies or cerumen blocking the ear
canal (Oxford Medical). This would create an inaccurate screening. A pure tone test will identify the
faintest tone a person can hear at select frequencies. A way to screen this age group is with a strategy
called conditioned play audiometry during a pure tone test. With this, the child is asked to perform
an activity every time a tone is heard. The

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )
ABSTRACT: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an ever–increasing problem affecting millions of
people in the United States. The prevalence of OSA has risen drastically over the past few decades
concurrently with the increasing prevalence of obesity. Subsequently, there has been an ever–
increasing rise in the use of CPAP. While there are many adverse effects to the use of CPAP, the
majority are described as being relatively benign. Here we discuss a case of significant sudden
sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in relation to a suspected perilymphatic from traumatic
barotrauma resulting from excessive self–titration of CPAP in an in–home setting.
INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common, yet under recognized condition. It
is estimated that some form of OSA affects approximately 17% of the adult population. Over the
years, this number has consistently increased possibly secondary to the rising prevalence of obesity
in the population [1]. The pathophysiology of OSA is postulated to be related to decreased
parasympathetic activity during sleep, leading to decreased muscle tone in the upper airway, which
can lead to repetitive collapse of the upper airway, causing the characteristic apneic or hypopneic
events that define the diagnosis of OSA [2]. The traditional treatment for patients with OSA is
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) [3]. CPAP prevents the collapse of the upper airway by
providing continuous positive pressure to the oro– and naso–pharynx.

Deafness And Hearing Loss Essay
"One of the most effective ways to learn about oneself is by taking seriously the cultures of others. It
forces you to pay attention to those details of life which differentiate them from you." (Hall, E.
2015) Deafness is the complete inability to hear sound, hearing loss is the reduce of ability to hear.
Deafness and hearing loss can occur at any age and have many causes. The aim of this essay is to
give sub types of deafness and hearing loss, causes of deafness and hearing loss, characteristics,
needs and implications, support services, overall impression of the school in terms of the
resourcefulness and availability to learners and differences in teaching between mainstream and
special schools
Sub types of deafness and hearing loss.
Landsberg. E et al (2011: 385) Conductive hearing loss – when hearing loss is due to problems with
the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear and its little bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes). – When
hearing loss is due to problems of the inner ear, also known as nerve–related hearing loss. Mixed
hearing loss – refers to a combination of conductive and sensor neural hearing loss. This means that
there may be damage in the outer or middle ear and in the inner ear (cochlea) or ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
2003:1) The description of hearing loss that this author has given is similar to one I found to the
learners I was assigned to. I also noticed that although they have hearing loss some of them also
have mental health. Referrals for hearing loss are best directed to audiologist, otolaryngologist or
both. "Audiologist has expertise in hearing testing, use of assertive listening devices and the
selection and fitting of hearing aids." (Yueh et al. 2003: 7) I find it more important to have one or
both of these, from the school I was assigned to they have speech therapist and audiologist that helps
in hearing

Noninfective Fluid Occur In The Middle Ear
The middle ear, which can be referred to as the Tympanic membrane, is responsible for transmitting
sound waves from the outer ear into the inner ear. It accomplishes this by using three bones which
are called the auditory ossicles. The three bones involved are the Malleus, the incus and stapes.
These bones connect the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the oval window of the inner ear. Each
bone has a special function in the transmission of vibrations that will be discussed below. Although,
the middle ear is usually good at maintaining balance and free from organisms; it can also be
infected from other factors and complications. The middle ear can be easily infected when foreign
matter enters the canal or the Eustachian tube, which connects to the nasopharynx. This can also
lead to ear infections even if the patient has sinus infection or any upper respiratory infection that
can contribute. Since the nasopharynx connects to the middle ear, drainage and bacteria can invade
the middle ear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tenderness behind the ear may accompany if the infection made its way to the part of the ear.
Redness of the tympanic membrane may be evident as well as bulging of the membrane. Otitis
media with effusion shows different symptoms such as pressure or crackling noise heard in the ear.
In this infection, symptoms may not appear in adults; but upon ear examination, the tympanic
membrane may be bulging but a non–reddened ear drum is present (pg.1262). Other symptoms that
may be present are nausea and vomiting; hearing loss; vertigo; as well problems with balance and

Middle Ear Case Study
Bianca Wert.
Homework 7 Ch 11
1.) When speaking of the conduction of sound, the middle ear bones deal with the conduction of the
energy of sound. Movements are made by the ossicles of the middle ear in response to a change in
air pressure. When air is pushed into the tympanic membrane, the bottom of the malleus goes in
where the ossicles act as a lever, making the footplate of the stapes go in towards the oval window.
This middle ear movement in the ossicles is what causes what we call sound.
2.) The perilymph is the fluid that is found within the scala vestibule and the scala tympani. It
contains an ionic content of low potassium and high sodium concentrations. In the scala media is
endolymph. Endolymph is an extracellular fluid that contains the opposite ionic content; high
potassium and low sodium concentrations. Due to this concentration difference, the endolymph's
electrical potential is 80mV more positive than its neighboring perilymph, being named an
endocochlear potential. The inner hair cell stereocilia is surrounded by endolymph.
3.) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hair cells are the auditory receptors of the auditory system. Inner hair cells are those located
between the modiolus and the rods of the Corti. They are positioned with 3500 in one row. The outer
hair cells on the other hand are located farther out than the rods of Corti and are arranged in three
rows of a total of 15,000 to 20,000 hair cells. The stereocilia extend with their tips ending at either
the outer hair cells' gelatinous substance or below the tectorial membrane in the inner hair cells.
Outer hair cells are found only in mammals and function by vibtrating to produce a sound in our
ears, while the inner hair cells are geared towards a release of neurotransmitter to the synapses
which allows them to react quickly to any mechanical

Ear Foreign Body Research Paper
Ear Foreign Body
An ear foreign body is an object that is stuck in your ear. The object is usually stuck in the ear canal.
CAUSES
In all ages, the most common foreign bodies are insects that enter the ear canal. It is common for
young children to put objects into the ear canal. These may include pebbles, beads, parts of toys, and
any other small objects that fit into the ear. In adults, objects such as cotton swabs may become
lodged in the ear canal.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
A foreign body in the ear may cause:
Pain.
Buzzing or roaring sounds.
Hearing loss.
Ear drainage or bleeding.
Nausea and vomiting.
A feeling that your ear is full.
DIAGNOSIS
Your health care provider may be able to diagnose an ear foreign body based on the information you
provide, your symptoms, and a physical exam. Your health care provider may also perform tests,
such as checking your hearing and ear pressure, to check for infection or other problems caused by
the foreign body in your ear.
TREATMENT ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the foreign body is visible to your health care provider, it may be possible to remove the foreign
body using:
A tool, such as medical tweezers (forceps) or a suction tube (catheter).
Irrigation. Irrigation is using water to flush the foreign body out of your ear. This is only used if the
foreign body is not likely to swell or enlarge when put in water.
If the foreign body is not visible or your health care provider was not able to remove the foreign
body, you may be referred to a specialist for removal. You may also be prescribed antibiotic
medicine or ear drops to prevent infection. If the foreign body has caused injury to other parts of
your ear, you may need additional treatment.

HOME CARE

eig121
Chapter 1 – Finding Your Inner Fish 1. Explain why the author and his colleagues chose to focus on
375 million year old rocks in their search for fossils. Be sure to include the types of rocks and their
location during their paleontology work in 2004. The author and his colleagues specifically chose to
focus on 375 million year old rocks in their search for fossils because this was the time frame that
provided fish that would be useful to study from. The 385 million year old rocks provided fish that
look too similar to the ones we have now and the 365 million year old rocks have fossils that don't
resemble fish. The 375 million year old rocks, however, provide fossils that show the transition
between fish and land living animals. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Describe at least one of these experiments and explain the significance of the findings. In one of the
experiments, Mary Gasseling took a little patch of tissue, early in development, from what would be
the pinky side of a limb bud. She took that tissue and put it on the opposite side right beneath where
the first finger would form. The chick would develop and form a wing; the new fingers were also
copies of the normal set. Basically, the tissue (more specifically some molecule or gene inside the
tissue) was able to direct the development of the pattern of the fingers. This led to further
experiments that defined the ZPA, or the zone of polarizing activity. This patch of tissue is able to
determine the difference between the pinky side and the thumb side. 2. Describe the hedgehog gene
using several animal examples. Be sure to explain its' function and its' region of activity in the body.
Hedgehog is a gene active in ZPA. ZPA is only located in little clusters and with this hedgehog gene,
it creates a mirror image in limbs for the development and growth. The gene creates digits that are
clearly different from one another depending on how close they are to the ZPA. The chicken version
of the hedgehog gene was named Sonic hedgehog and it activates once Vitamin A is injected. All
creatures have the Sonic hedgehog and they all can be activated by injecting Vitamin A. When tested
on a skate, the Sonic hedgehog turned on at the same time as a

Symptoms And Treatment Of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ( Lpr )
Introduction
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) disease is defined as the backward flow of stomach content up to
the throat. It has a wide variety of symptoms in the paedi–atric population, and is usually associated
with many otolaryngological problems such as laryngitis, pharyn–gitis, rhinosinusitis, eustachian
tube dysfunction, recur–
rent otitis media, and otitis media with effusion (OME).1–6
Tasker et al. demonstrated that pepsinogen and pepsin could be found in the middle–ear fluid of
OME patients, indicating that LPR disease could be a significant aetiological factor in the
development of OME.7 Helicobacter pylori, a Gram–negative, micro–aerophilic bacterium that can
cause infection of the stomach, is likewise strongly linked to LPR ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The local ethics committee had approved the study.
Procedure
A pilot study was conducted, in which 10 children with OME, with positive H pylori stool antigen
results, were subjected to ventilation tube insertion under general anaesthesia. Middle–ear fluid was
aspirated with a micro–aspiration cannula (blood contamination was entirely avoided; effusion
samples were collected under completely sterile conditions). Gastric lavage was performed with an
orogastric Nelaton catheter. This was inserted into the stomach, and 10 cc of saline solution was
injected and subsequently aspirated back into the injector. All ear and gastric lavage samples were
processed within 4 hours of collection. They showed positive reactions for catalase, oxidase and
urease. In addition, polymerase chain reaction ana–lysis revealed that all were positive for H pylori
infection.
For the main study, all stool samples of the 258 chil–dren diagnosed with bilateral OME were
examined for H pylori using the H pylori stool antigen test.12 In total, 124 children were negative
for H pylori stool antigen and received standard OME therapy of amoxicillin–clavulanate (90
mg/kg/day)13 for 4 weeks. A total of 134 children were positive for H pylori stool antigen. The H
pylori positive children were equally and ran–domly allocated either to a control group or a study
group, each with 67 children. The control group

Otitis Externa Paper
When a patient presents with otitis media it is important to distinguish if the diagnosis is acute otitis
media or otitis media with effusion (Woo & Wynne, 2012). According to Woo & Wynne (2012)
acute otitis media also known as AOM can be recognized as a fluid that becomes present in the
middle ear that is commonly associated with fever, otalgia, otorrhea, or an immobile tympanic
membrane. Otitis media with effusion presents with the fluid in the middle ear but is absent of other
symptoms of illness as described above. Due to the fact that otitis media only assumes a viral role
about 35 percent of the time and it can clear up within 7 to 14 days without treatment, it is important
to assess the patient's true risks and benefits with antibiotic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The prescription would read: Gentamycin otic drops, apply four drops in affected ear three times
daily and at bedtime for 7 days. Allow generics, no refills. Since this is more common in children,
and if the tympanic membrane is punctured or perforated than Ofloxacin drops will be prescribed.
This prescription would read: Ofloxacin otic drops, apply five drops to affected side once a day for a
total of 10 days. Allow generics, no refill. The patient should be advised to avoid any swimming
until healed or approved by a healthcare provider. Education should be provided to instill the drops
and allow a side lying position for several minutes following to ensure that the medication has been
readily absorbed into the area and prevent drainage. If a wick is placed in the ear then reassessment
should be completed within 48 hours. Chronic development of this condition would require more
frequent assessment every couple of weeks to ensure the topical treatment is working and
modifications to the treatment plan can be made (Woo & Wynne,

The Stapedial Or Acoustic Reflex ( Ar )
ABSTRACT:
The Stapedial or Acoustic Reflex (AR) is the contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to an
adequately loud sound. Bilateral reflex pathways are involved in this occurrence. The aim of the
study was to compare the test–retest variability on an individual, following a short interval, after the
initial test, and also to compare the ARs with pure–tone thresholds. The subject had a normal
hearing sensitivity, with bilateral "A" type tympanogram, which indicated normal functioning of the
middle–ear, and bilateral AR thresholds within normal limits. It was delineated that AR was elicited
with requisite intense acoustic signal and this test can be used as a diagnostic tool in collaterally
with pure–tone audiometry.
INTRODUCTION:
When a sufficiently intense acoustic signal is presented to either of the ears, stapedius muscle in
both the ears contract, as a response to this sound. This phenomenon is termed as AR.
Stapes, the smallest middle ear ossicle is attached with a small striated muscle (stapedius muscle) on
the side. In response to a loud sound, this muscle contracts, pulling the stapes laterally, which in turn
reduced the force by which the footplate of the stapes propels against the oval window. This action
permits a considerable protection against "loud" and "stable" background noise, but not against
sudden loud sounds (e.g.: bomb–blast).
There are several theories stating the need for AR.
 Protection theory: states that AR protects the cochlear

Transitional Mammalian Middle Ear: Article Analysis
The article "Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont" by Jin
Meng, Yuanqing Wang, and Chuankui Li is essentially about how the jawbone became an ear. In
ancient fossils it had been discovered that where the jawbone meets the skull, the four small bones
that make up the middle ear: the malleus, incus, stapes, and ectotympanic, were also found there. As
these bones moved from the mandible to form the middle ear the "Meckle's cartilage" stabilized the
"post– dentary bones" during their separation. Once the removal was complete the cartilage then
ossified, becoming bone and remaining near the base of the mandible leaving the middle ear
independent from the jaw. This evolutionary transition took years to become present, and is still
highly criticized. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This specific animal had only the malleus and ectotympanic bones emerging, and they were still
mainly attached to the Meckle's cartilage causing them to serve a dual purpose of hearing and
feeding. Now, to bridge the gap between the Morganucodon, and existing mammals: a 120 million
year old fossil– the Liaoconodon. This rat–sized mammal was apart of a small group that had a
completely solidified Meckle's cartilage. This is important because during the embryotic maturation
period all living mammals have Meckle's cartilage, but as they developed it is no longer present!
The mature Liaoconodon skeleton filled the evolutionary gap between mammals that had only a
malleolus and ectotympanic submerging and mammals that have fully developed auditory

Canal Dehiscense
Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscense is an auditory disease in which there is no bone over the
superior semicircular canal of the ear. This can cause a wide array of inner ear problems. Pateitns
with this rare disorder report signs of dizzines, vertigo, and trouble with balance. They also may feel
like the ear is full or achy, and have trouble hearing correctly. Many patients may be asymptomatic,
or may be misdiagnosed with other diseases or causes. Per NORD, (National Organization for Rare
Disorders) this disease is called the "great otologic mimicker" because it is so often misdIagnosed,
and overlooked. The cause of this disease is believed to be a congenital defect. Only 1–2% of the
whole population is born with this bone defect. The

Otitis Media with Effusion Essay
Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) can be defined as, "The presence of fluid in the middle ear
without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection" (Pediatrics, 2004). It can be said that OME is an
invisible disorder, as there are no immediate signs or symptoms of an acute ear infection such as ear
pain, fever, or displeasure (Williamson, 2007). However, OME can have very significant
consequences in the life of a child. Early identification and monitoring of OME can combat against
possible speech and language delays, as well as protecting against further structural damage to the
middle ear. From a diagnostic standpoint, OME must be differentiated from Acute Otitis Media
(AOM), as the appropriate treatment will depend on if a child is suffering ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
OME can also occur following an upper respiratory tract infection, as the anatomy of a child's
middle ear and eustachian tube are more horizontal, hindering the drainage of fluid and placing them
at higher risk for OME (Williamson, 2007). Other risk factors that make a child more prone to OME
are attending day care, bottle feeding in the supine position, secondhand smoke in the home, a lower
socioeconomic status, and having a large number of siblings (Williamson, 2007).
Given that Otitis Media with Effusion is mostly an invisible disorder without visible symptoms, it
can be difficult to identify in early stages. However, it is imperative that professionals and parents
know the signs and symptoms of such a prevalent ailment in children. The first sign that parents
may notice is that many children with OME fail to respond appropriately to voices or react to
environmental sounds as expected. Middle ear effusion can sometimes results in a conductive
hearing loss of up to 50 dB (Boudewyns, et al. 2011), however hearing loss is not always suspected
at first. Parents and/or teachers may also notice that the child has poor attention problems and
struggles academically. Children with OME may also request that the television be turned up to very
high levels, and also have other audio equipment's volume much louder than necessary.
Furthermore, children with OME may suffer from balance problems and have

Diseases: Otitis Media with Effusion Essay
Otitis media with Effusion (OME)
The Ear
The ear is made up of an outer (external), middle and inner ear. The outer and middle ear is mainly
involved in transmitting sounds to the inner ear where that sound is processed. The first step in this
process involves sound waves entering the external auditory canal and passing the tympanic
membrane (otherwise known as the eardrum– this separates the outer ear from the middle ear)(
Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D, 2001). As small air molecules (sound) passes through the
tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate and these vibrations are then passed onto the middle ear
(Moore KL, Agur MRA, 2002). The middle ear formed from 3 tiny bones (malleus, incus and
stapes)– known as auditory ossicles then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In certain people the infection may present again from time to time and they may need similar
treatment again. Most of the time this will be due to a viral illness (cold) however sometimes it may
be due to a bacterial infection– particularly if the patient has a high temperature, pain does not settle
after a few days or the patient feels sick and is not able to eat and drink much (Collier J, Longmore
M, Brinsden M, 2006). If it is due to a bacterial illness than more often than not it will need
antibiotics to settle it down. According to NICE guidelines (NICE is a body which advises clinicians
how to treat certain conditions) antibiotics are needed in
1. children under the age of 2 with otitis media affecting both ears
2. or when there is discharge with otitis media affecting one or both ears,
3. or if the child has any condition that may weaken his immune system
4. or if they have any medical conditions affecting their lungs or heart
5. or if it goes on for longer than 4 days
6. if the child is unwell with sickness, vomiting, temperature etc.( National Institute for Health and
Care Excellence clinical guideline 69, 2008)
Otitis media with effusion
Otitis media with effusion also sometimes known as secretory otitis media or glue ear is chronic
(over long time) accumulation and build–up of fluid behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane) in
the middle ear (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical

How Myringotomy Is A Surgical Procedure
Myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which a small incision is made in the eardrum (the tympanic
membrane), usually in both ears. The English word is derived from myringa, modern Latin for drum
membrane, and tome, Greek for cutting. It is also called myringocentesis, tympanotomy,
tympanostomy of the tympanic membrane. Fluid in the middle ear can be drawn out through the
incision. Ear tubes, or tympanostomy tubes, are small tubes open at both ends that are inserted into
the incisions in the eardrums during myringotomy. They come in various shapes and sizes and are
made of plastic, metal, or both. Eustachian tube is a 35mm long auditory tube, functions to connect
the middle ear to the upper pharynx. They are left in place until they fall out by themselves or until
they are removed by a doctor. Fluid collection that lasts longer than three months and does not
respond to drug treatment. This condition is also called glue ear. Myringotomy is the recommended
treatment if the condition lasts four to six months. Effusion refers to the collection of fluid that
escapes from blood vessels or the lymphatic system. In this case, the effusion collects in the middle
ear. Acute inflammation of the middle ear with effusion is treated with one or two courses of
antibiotics . Antihistamines and decongestants have been used, but they have not been proven
effective unless there is also hay fever or some other allergic inflammation that contributes to the
problem. Myringotomy with or

Ear Pain Research Paper
Ear pain can be in or near the inner ear or distant such as referred pain from a distant site. Ear pain is
referred to as Otalgia. Inner ear pain known as otitis media occurs when infected fluid is present in
the middle ear of the affected ear. This is frequently related to symptoms form a virus or by a
bacterial infection. In contrast, the outer ear pain is outside or externa to the tympanic membrane.
This is otitis externa. It may be caused by a foreign object, earwax, and even mastoiditis. Acute
otitis media however is the most common cause of adult and pediatric ear pain (Sullivan, 2016).
The first assessment is thorough history and physical exam. A thorough history should include the
symptoms or events leading to the pain. A complete

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Case Study
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multisystemic disease that often coexists with
comorbidities that may have significant impact on prognosis.1–8 Some of these comorbidities arise
independently of COPD whereas others may be causally related, either with shared risk factors or by
one disease increasing the risk or compounding the severity of the other.9 Although many risk
factors contribute to the development of COPD, cigarette smoking is still considered the most well
studied COPD risk factor.10 Several studies reported the significant effect of smoking on hearing
loss.11,12 In a previous research, the impact of chronic hypoxaemia secondary to COPD on the
auditory function of these patients was investigated. Results showed a statistically significant
difference for all auditory measures between patients with COPD ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All included subjects attended one hearing testing session in the audiology laboratory of Ain Shams
University Hospitals. The audiologist, who was unaware of the smoking status of the study
participant, performed an otoscopic examination. Pure tone threshold audiometry was conducted in
a sound–isolated rooms or booths using a clinical audiometer in accordance with the Maximum
Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test Room.18 Pure tone audiometric air
conduction testing is performed by presenting a pure tone (single frequency) to each ear through an
earphone and pressing a button, hand raising, or saying "yes" when stimuli were heard. Hearing
thresholds were measured in each ear for frequencies: 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hertz
(Hz). Hearing thresholds is defined as the lowest level in decibels (dB) at which a signal (tone) is
heard 50% of the time according to standard clinical procedures.19 Testing should begin with the
better ear when identifiable, otherwise it is arbitrary. Test instructions were presented in the Arabic

Development and Composition of Middle Ear Structures of...
DEVELOPMENT AND COMPOSITION OF MIDDLE EAR STRUCTURES OF
BALAENOPTEROIDS (CETACEA, MYSTICETI): IMPLICATIONS ON FOSSIL CETACEAN
PALEOECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY
KERR, Tyler J., University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States, 82071
BACKGROUND
Whales (Cetacea) are unique among mammals in that they possess exceptionally dense,
pachyosteosclerotic tympanic bullae1. Along the margin of the bulla is a highly mineralized,
extremely dense wall of bone called the involucrum that serves as a special adaptation to life in the
sea and as a means to facilitate sound reception and directionality underwater2,3,4. Moreover, this
cetacean synapomorphy plays an important role in distinguishing its members from the ancestral
terrestrial artiodactyls from which whales diverged5. When cut into cross–sections, the involucral
region of the tympanic bullae in many mysticete (baleen whale) lineages reveals three easily
distinguishable 'zones' of concentric laminar growth. Here we hypothesize that these three distinct
zones identified along the length of the tympanic bullae are capable of recording life history events
during early development, when the cetacean tympanoperiotic region is known to be rapidly
ossifying6. We propose that the innermost zone (1) represents rapid in utero growth, the
intermediary zone (2) represents rapid birth and postnatal development, and the outermost zone (3),
markedly thinner, represents slower, more lamellar development from weaning on through
adulthood.
Literature

Case Study Of Tympanoplasty
Background: Tympanoplasty, also called eardrum repair, refers to surgery performed to reconstruct a
perforated tympanic membrane (eardrum) or the small bones of the middle ear. Eardrum perforation
may result from chronic infection or, less commonly, from trauma to the eardrum.
Objective: The Objective of the study is to evaluate the surgical outcomes of tympanoplasties with
and without mastoidectomies in terms of graft uptake and hearing improvement.
Methods: A total of 56 patients undergoing tympanoplasties with and without mastoidectomy were
included and followed up for a period of one year. Results: There was no significant difference in
the surgical outcomes of both the surgeries in terms of graft uptake and hearing improvement. In
unilateral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 10 patients with good pre–op ABG, the post–op ABG was excellent. In 15 patients with fair pre–
op ABG, the post–op ABG results were, excellent in 9, good in 8 and fair in 3 patients accounting
for 46.66% in excellent, 40% in good and 13% in fair groups. By applying Chi square test, these
results are statistically significant Hence, for the patients with lesser pre–operative Air bone gap
have a better post–operative hearing.
4. When Belfast rule of thumb was applied to 13 patients with unilateral disease, 10 of them with
medium sized perforation, felt subjectively better and out of 3 of them with subtotal perforation, 2
felt better &1 patient felt hearing same as the pre operative status. These results are statistically
significant with p value<0.05, implies that Belfast rule of thumb interpret the post–operative hearing
benefit in a better way than the Air bone gap ,which tells about only the technical success.
5. The correlation coefficient between the duration of discharge and the pre–op ABG is 0.4172 and
that between the duration of hearing impairment with pre–op ABG is 0.3821 and is statistically
significant. The correlation coefficient between the duration of discharge and the post–op ABG is
0.4544 and that between the duration of hearing impairment with post–op ABG is 0.4489 and is
statistically significant, implies that the patients with lesser duration of discharge and hearing
impairment had better post–operative hearing than the patients with longer duration of

Middle Ear Surgery Research
One of the most intriguing topics in middle ear surgery is the reconstruction of the conductive
mechanism. Ever since Matte's first myringostapediopexy in 1901, there has been a quest for the
ideal middle ear implant with the understanding that the middle ear environment in chronic ear
disease is probably the main factor in determining treatment success. Auto grafts and allograft were
the ossicular replacement material most widely used by otologists. However, because of the fear of
prion disease (including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease) use of allograft came to a near halt1. The advent
of various bio–inert prosthetic materials witnessed a shift in favour of prosthetic implants where
otologists have a wide array of middle ear implants to choose from.
The most common bone erosion occurs at the tip of the incus 2,3. This bone normally connects to
the stapes and the connection is normally only 1.5 mm in thickness. Tympanoplasty with ossicular
reconstruction is a procedure to re–establish the connection between the eardrum and the inner ear
through prosthesis or reconstructed hearing bones. If the bones of hearing are eroded, then ossicular
reconstruction may be necessary at the time of tympanoplasty. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Infection can gradually wear away the connection to the point where the bone is no longer in contact
with the stapes bone. This is called ossicular discontinuity. Reconstruction of this type of ossicular
discontinuity can be performed at the time of tympanoplasty surgery through several options. If the
gap is small, it can be bridged by inserting a small piece of bone or cartilage taken from the patient
at another site (septum cartilage)4. If there is a larger gap, then the incus bone is removed and
modelled into a tooth–like prosthesis, using the operating microscope. This is then reinserted
between the stapes and the malleus in order to re–establish continuity of the ossicular

The Pathophysiology Of Pina Ossicles
1.Pinna
Pinna is the outer ear it is made of cartilage that have a ridged surface. The main purpose of the
pinna is that; it funnels sound into the external auditory canal. This sound wave then hits the
tympanic membrane (Mohua, 2016).
2. External Auditory Canal
The auditory canal is the tube like structure just before the tympanic membrane. The task of the
auditory canal is to transport sound waves to the tympanic membrane (Mohua, 2016).
3.4.9. Ossicles
The ossicles are three little bones, which are located in the middle ear. The names of the bones are in
order; first is the malleus this bone is attached to the tympanic membrane. Next is the incus this the
second bone and is attached to the malleus. Last but not least the stapes is after the malleus but
before the oval window (Debara, T.I 2016). The main role for the ossicles are that they receive
vibrations from the tympanic membrane. When the ossicles receives the vibrations they then
amplify automatically; enabling them to transmit these vibrations to the oval window (Debara, T.I
2016). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.Semi–circular Canal
The semi–circular canal is connected to the cochlea. It is filled with fluid and is also known as the
organ which keeps everything in balance (Roberts and Roberts, 2010). The main purpose of the
semi–circular canal is that it senses movement and keep a balance in the head (Wright, 2007).

The Effects Of Healthy Hearing On The Middle Ear And Inner...
Healthy hearing relies on multiple events to take place. For proper hearing all of the moving
elements have to do their parts. If not it can cause hearing loss and other substantial symptoms. One
disorder that shows how one malformation can cause overall hearing deficits is Otosclerosis.
Otosclerosis is a disorder in which there is a malfunction during the fusion of bones in the middle
ear and inner ear, which in turn causes the ossicles or surrounding bones not to vibrate in a manner
that is conducive for proper hearing. The Etiology is unclear but scientist does have speculations of
the possible onsets of Otosclerosis. Scientist have made great strides in treatments and therapy for
those who have this disorder.
Otosclerosis is an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The etiology of Otosclerosis of most patients is usually a genetic mutation or inherited from a
parent. Otosclerosis is known to be a in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable penetrance.
Which means that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene if one parent is a carrier.
Scientists have found that it can be multiple genes on the chromosomes that are affected that cause
Otosclerosis. Showing that the disease does not just occur on one specific gene. Scientist where able
to find in one case that a family had a mutation in a gene for collagen and antibodies against
collagen, suggesting an autoimmune mechanism (Niedermeyer & Arnold 2002). Although, scientist
found this information they cannot automatically say that this is the sole cause for Otosclerosis,
because they have also found that in some cases of this diseases that it can be onset by an infection
of the measles virus. A recent hypothesis suggests that otosclerosis requires a combination of a
specific gene with exposure to a specific virus (for example measles) for it to be expressed and for
hearing loss to occur (McGuirt et al, 1998). Scientists continue to work on this hypothesis because
they have reason to believe that the measles virus predisposes patients to Otosclerosis. They have
found viral material in the nucleic acid of the otosclerotic stapes footplates (Karosi et al 2008) and
increased levels of antibodies to

Effects Of Technology On Music
"Technological Advances in Music and its effects"
Introduction
In the early years of music, musicians performed on stage with live bands and orchestras to the
locals in the community. Their music consisted of many harmonies and rhythms that would relax the
mind and ease stress. Their classical style of music had more of a string type sound, in comparison
to the rough and rugged sounds of today's music. Did this rough music affect the way we hear things
compared to their classical harmonic sounds? What technological advances in musical devices have
caused these effects if there are any? Does music now affect the way we live compared to the music
of the past? Back in the day people had no means of carrying around music as portable ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was the case because headphones of the past were only used in the business industry as a way
of communication. However, before one can derive whether a particular design is prone to cause
more damage than the other, one must first understand the ear and the process of hearing. Hearing
involves the external, middle, and inner ear. The auricle is what most people consider to be the ear
itself, which is the external flesh on the outside head. Inside the auricle is a passage way known as
the external auditory meatus (Seeley, Stevens, & Tate, 2002). Inside are hair–like structures and
ceruminous glands, which serve as the lining for the meatus. Also, the ceruminous glands produce
cerumen, more commonly known as earwax (Seeley, Stevens, & Tate, 2002). Together, the hairs and
cerumen provide protection to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, which separates the external
and middle ear. Sound waves, vibrations of air, pass through the tympanic membrane, causing
vibrations. Located in the middle ear are three auditory ossicles. These ossicles are the only three
bones of the ear, which are the malleus, incus and stapes. Vibrations of the tympanic membrane also
cause the ossicles to vibrate. Vibrations are amplified and transferred to the oval window, one of the
two openings, by the stapes (Seeley, Stevens, & Tate, 2002). This produces movement in the
perilymph of the cochlea. Perilymph is the fluid filled

Middle Ear Disease Essay
Question 1: Is there any association between middle–ear disease and schizophrenia?
Answer: The risk of developing schizophrenia is likely to be multifactorial with genetic and
environmental factors interacting or acting alone. There was considerable research interest in finding
a probable relation in between middle–ear disease and insanity at the beginning of twentieth century.
A review article has been published by Bryant WS in which he has cited the authors from as early as
1890 who thought that ear disease itself could cause insanity and even secondary dementia1. Later,
biologists have found that the left temporal lobe which lies directly above the middle ear has large
impact in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. In the mid–1990s, a case ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bryant WS. The great psychical importance of ear disease. J Nerv Ment Dis 1906; 33: 553– 6
2. Mason PR, Winton FE. Ear disease and schizophrenia: a case control study. Acta Psychiatr Scand
1995; 91: 217– 21.
Question 2: What are the parameters for the Finite–Element Model of Middle Ear?
Answer: The identification parameters for the finite–element model of middle ear is based on a
model consisting of tympanic membrane, malleus and ligaments. Beer et al. has given a detailed
description of the finite–element model where the eardrum is modeled as a thin curved shell, the
malleus as a rigid body with inertial properties and the ligaments as pipe elements with longitudinal,
bending and torsional stiffness1. The parameters for the finite–element model of middle ear can be
divided into three groups:
1. Geometrical parameters,
2. Inertial parameters,
3. Stiffness parameters.
According to the Drescher et al., items of the first two groups were determined on the basis of
geometric measurements2. Kirikae J. has showed how to calculate the inertial parameters with
density values in his literature "The Middle Ear"3. Now–a–days, researcher of middle ear are
conducting investigations to identify the stiffness parameters for the

Physics Of The Ear Essay Examples

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Cindy Wooten

More from Cindy Wooten (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Physics Of The Ear Essay Examples