The acid pretreatment of collagen molecules disrupts their crosslinks and assists in the release of acid-soluble proteins, fats, and other components. Generally, to achieve optimum extraction efficiency, strong acids may be used at a lower acid concentration compared to weak acids. This study aimed to determine the yield and physicochemical properties of gelatins extracted from buffalo hides pretreated with different acids. Hides were extracted with hydrochloric, citric, and acetic acids at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 M. A completely randomized design and the least significant difference test were used in the experimental design, and all measurements were performed in triplicate. The highest yield (29.17%) was obtained from pretreatment with 0.9 M HCl. The gel strength did not differ significantly (p>0.05) according to acid type (280.26-259.62 g Bloom), and the highest viscosity was obtained from the 0.6 M citric acid pretreatment. All the gelatins contained α- and β-chain components and several degraded peptides (24-66 kDa). The color and Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of the gelatin extracted using 0.9 M HCl were similar to those of commercial bovine skin gelatin. In general, the physicochemical properties of the gelatin complied with the industry standard set by the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America, revealing that buffalo hide could serve as a potential alternative source of gelatin.
Using β-glucosidase from sweet almond entrapped in calcium alginate beads, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) was enzymatically glycosylated to form water-soluble glycoside derivatives. Optimum conditions for synthesizing 17-O-(D-glucopyranosyl)cholecalciferol included 60% (w/w) β-glucosidase, 0.12 mM pH 6 phosphate buffer, and 30 hours of incubation. β-Glucosidase also catalyzed the reaction with D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose and D-fructose, yielding glycosides in the range of 3-14%. Spectroscopic
This document summarizes a study on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP) powder through chemical precipitation and an evaluation of its biodegradability. HAP was successfully synthesized using a precipitation method involving calcium nitrate and potassium phosphate solutions. The HAP powder was then used to fabricate pellets, which were subjected to biodegradation testing by soaking in buffer solution. Weight loss was observed in the pellets over 12 days, demonstrating the biodegradable nature of the synthesized HAP. The HAP showed properties similar to bone and is thus a promising biomaterial for applications like bone grafts and implants.
This document describes a study that prepared and tested high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylene-grafted graphene oxide (PE-g-GO). PE was grafted onto GO sheets to improve dispersion and interfacial adhesion in the HDPE matrix. The PE-g-GO reinforced HDPE composites showed a good combination of mechanical properties and higher protein adsorption compared to GO reinforced composites. In vitro tests with osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cells showed statistically significant increased cell growth on the PE-g-GO composites compared to the GO composites over several days, indicating their potential for biomedical applications.
Optimization of extrusion process for production of texturized flaxseed defat...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this work was to obtain and evaluate the nutritional and functional properties of texturized defatted flaxseed meal rich in protein. The flaxseed was defatted, grinded, and sieved to eliminate hull fiber. The independent variables used were 14 to 20 per cent feed moisture; 300 to 500 rpm screw speed and 120 to 1800C barrel temperature. The texturized flaxseed defatted meal contained 2.61per cent moisture, 2.707 per cent fat, 38.24 per cent protein and 12.24 per cent fiber. During texturization two important reactions (protein denaturation and starch gelatinization) in dough can affect viscosity. Functional properties as indicated by this study, texturized defatted flaxseed meal may be recommended for use as an ingredient in products such as noodles, cookies, extruded snacks, meat batters, hamburgers, and ice cream. Keywords: Extrusion, Flaxseed meal, Texturization, Response surface methodology etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This study investigated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a cross-linking agent for protein extracts from rat dermal tissue to create a hydrogel with controllable properties for tissue engineering applications. Hydrogels with 1:1 ratios of PEGylated dermal extract and 2-5% PEGDA of molecular weights 3.4kDa and 20kDa were evaluated based on their ability to gel and swelling ratio. The results showed that 3% PEGDA with 3.4kDa molecular weight formed gels and had the highest swelling ratios, indicating it was the least cross-linked. The point of gel formation was determined to be 3% for 3.4kDa PEGDA and 4% for 20
This document summarizes a study investigating the use of graphene (GP), graphene oxide (GO), and Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) callus extract to improve the osteoinductive potential of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. PCL sheets were coated with combinations of GP, GO, and CQ solutions. The coated scaffolds showed improved roughness, wettability, strength and biocompatibility. Scaffolds containing GO-CQ or GP-CQ promoted osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without osteogenic factors, indicating their potential for bone regeneration. The combination of PCL-GO-CQ performed the best in supporting bone tissue growth.
Bone defects and repair are the most common problems encountered worldwide. Bone is the second most transplanted tissue after blood. As a matter of fact, the development and progress of bone tissue engineering have focused on using artificial materials for the regeneration, repair, or restructuring of bone tissues.
Using β-glucosidase from sweet almond entrapped in calcium alginate beads, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) was enzymatically glycosylated to form water-soluble glycoside derivatives. Optimum conditions for synthesizing 17-O-(D-glucopyranosyl)cholecalciferol included 60% (w/w) β-glucosidase, 0.12 mM pH 6 phosphate buffer, and 30 hours of incubation. β-Glucosidase also catalyzed the reaction with D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose and D-fructose, yielding glycosides in the range of 3-14%. Spectroscopic
This document summarizes a study on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP) powder through chemical precipitation and an evaluation of its biodegradability. HAP was successfully synthesized using a precipitation method involving calcium nitrate and potassium phosphate solutions. The HAP powder was then used to fabricate pellets, which were subjected to biodegradation testing by soaking in buffer solution. Weight loss was observed in the pellets over 12 days, demonstrating the biodegradable nature of the synthesized HAP. The HAP showed properties similar to bone and is thus a promising biomaterial for applications like bone grafts and implants.
This document describes a study that prepared and tested high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylene-grafted graphene oxide (PE-g-GO). PE was grafted onto GO sheets to improve dispersion and interfacial adhesion in the HDPE matrix. The PE-g-GO reinforced HDPE composites showed a good combination of mechanical properties and higher protein adsorption compared to GO reinforced composites. In vitro tests with osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cells showed statistically significant increased cell growth on the PE-g-GO composites compared to the GO composites over several days, indicating their potential for biomedical applications.
Optimization of extrusion process for production of texturized flaxseed defat...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this work was to obtain and evaluate the nutritional and functional properties of texturized defatted flaxseed meal rich in protein. The flaxseed was defatted, grinded, and sieved to eliminate hull fiber. The independent variables used were 14 to 20 per cent feed moisture; 300 to 500 rpm screw speed and 120 to 1800C barrel temperature. The texturized flaxseed defatted meal contained 2.61per cent moisture, 2.707 per cent fat, 38.24 per cent protein and 12.24 per cent fiber. During texturization two important reactions (protein denaturation and starch gelatinization) in dough can affect viscosity. Functional properties as indicated by this study, texturized defatted flaxseed meal may be recommended for use as an ingredient in products such as noodles, cookies, extruded snacks, meat batters, hamburgers, and ice cream. Keywords: Extrusion, Flaxseed meal, Texturization, Response surface methodology etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This study investigated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a cross-linking agent for protein extracts from rat dermal tissue to create a hydrogel with controllable properties for tissue engineering applications. Hydrogels with 1:1 ratios of PEGylated dermal extract and 2-5% PEGDA of molecular weights 3.4kDa and 20kDa were evaluated based on their ability to gel and swelling ratio. The results showed that 3% PEGDA with 3.4kDa molecular weight formed gels and had the highest swelling ratios, indicating it was the least cross-linked. The point of gel formation was determined to be 3% for 3.4kDa PEGDA and 4% for 20
This document summarizes a study investigating the use of graphene (GP), graphene oxide (GO), and Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) callus extract to improve the osteoinductive potential of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. PCL sheets were coated with combinations of GP, GO, and CQ solutions. The coated scaffolds showed improved roughness, wettability, strength and biocompatibility. Scaffolds containing GO-CQ or GP-CQ promoted osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without osteogenic factors, indicating their potential for bone regeneration. The combination of PCL-GO-CQ performed the best in supporting bone tissue growth.
Bone defects and repair are the most common problems encountered worldwide. Bone is the second most transplanted tissue after blood. As a matter of fact, the development and progress of bone tissue engineering have focused on using artificial materials for the regeneration, repair, or restructuring of bone tissues.
Matrix structure selection in the microparticles of essential oil oregano pro...Joyce
This document summarizes a study that evaluated different matrix structures for microencapsulating oregano essential oil using spray drying. The researchers used a simplex centroid experimental design to test combinations of Arabic gum, modified starch, and maltodextrin. They analyzed properties like encapsulation efficiency, oil retention, moisture content, and carvacrol concentration. The best results were obtained using 100% Arabic gum, which achieved 93% encapsulation efficiency, and a combination of 74.5% Arabic gum, 12.7% modified starch, and 12.7% maltodextrin, which achieved 77.39% oil retention. Carvacrol concentration was highest at 57.8% when using 62.5% Arabic gum and
Chemical analysis and short term toxicological evaluation ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the short-term toxicological effects of using defatted Garcinia mangostana seed residue (GMSR) to replace wheat in rat feed. Key findings include:
- Proximate analysis found GMSR to be high in carbohydrates (71.02%) and low in protein (8.09%).
- Rats fed a diet with GMSR replacing wheat showed similar weight gain and physical appearance to the control group over 6 weeks.
- Hematological and histopathological results were also similar between the two groups with a few minor differences.
- The study suggests GMSR may be a suitable replacement for wheat in rat feed as
This document summarizes the development of an edible coating using ginger peel. Key findings include:
1) Ginger peel extracts showed good antioxidant properties in various assays. Methanolic extracts had higher antioxidant activity than ethanolic extracts.
2) An edible coating was developed by incorporating 5% ginger peel extract into a starch-based film. The coating showed improved water solubility and opacity compared to the control.
3) The ginger peel extract-based coating exhibited low antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus in assays. Further research incorporating other natural antimicrobials may improve its antimicrobial efficacy.
4) Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of using ginger peel extract, a
Formulation and invivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres embedded clero...SriramNagarajan19
In this study an attempt was made to prepare mucoadhesive microcapsules of Clerodendrum phlomidis extract using alginate polymers for prolonged release. Encapsulation of extract into sodium alginate polymer was done by ionic-gelation technique. In vivo testing of the mucoadhesive microcapsules in diabetic albino rats demonstrated significant antidiabetic effect of extract. The hypoglycemic effect obtained by mucoadhesive microcapsules was for more than 16 h whereas plain CP extract produced an antidiabetic effect for only 4 h suggesting that mucoadhesive microcapsules are a valuable system for the long term delivery of CP extract. In-vivo data obtained over a 120-h period indicate that CP extract loaded alginate microspheres from batch F7 showed the better glycemic control than control and a commercial brand of the drug.
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF NOVEL HYDROGELS PREPARED FROM THE BLEND OF GUAR G...msejjournal
This research work deals with the preparation of a series of hydrogels using renewable resources, in order
to decrease the adverse impact on the environment, and understand their swelling behavior. Hydrogels
were synthesized using guar gum and chitosan with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, protonated
with 98% conc. sulphuric acid. Concentration of chitosan was varied as 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50% (w/w) in
guar gum, while that of glutaraldehyde was varied as 0, 1.5, 3 and 6% (w/w) of the total quantity of guar
gum and chitosan. Prepared hydrogels were characterized for moisture content, equilibrium water
absorbency, re-swelling capacity, swelling ability in acidic (pH = 3) and basic (pH = 11) pH distilled
water, equilibrium saline water absorbency and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was
determined that moisture content, equilibrium water absorbency and equilibrium saline water absorbency
decreased with increased concentration of chitosan and glutaraldehyde, but they still had water swelling to
be classified as hydrogel. Re-swelling capacity of the hydrogels decreased with increased cycles of reswelling. Prepared hydrogels maintained high water swelling in acidic pH distilled water as compared to
basic pH distilled water. This hydrogels can be utilized as eco-friendly water manageable materials.
This document reviews the investigation of mechanical properties of chitosan-based films. It discusses how chitosan films are typically produced using either a solvent casting (wet) method or thermo-mechanical (dry) method. The solvent casting method, where a chitosan-acid solution is cast and dried, is most common for producing films for food applications due to advantages like transparency and flexibility. The review summarizes several studies that have investigated the mechanical properties like tensile strength of chitosan films and composites with other materials, finding properties can be improved through the addition of plasticizers or nanomaterials.
This document describes research into synthesizing and studying starch nanoparticles (StNPs) combined with different food gums to create an oral delivery system for salvianolic acid B (Sal B). Various gums including chitosan, gum arabic, guar gum, sodium alginate, and rosin were individually added to a short-chain glucan solution to prepare StNPs/gum nanocomposites through self-assembly. Sal B was embedded during the synthesis. The size, morphology, loading capacity, and in vitro release properties of the StNPs/gum nanocomposites were analyzed. The results showed the gums helped reduce the size of the StNPs and provided controlled release of
Multifaceted bio material Application of Silk Fibroin SolutionAshish Kumar Mishra
The document summarizes a study that investigated using Ajisawa's reagent instead of lithium bromide to dissolve and purify silk fibroin from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons for use as a biomaterial. Degummed silk fibers were dissolved in either lithium bromide or Ajisawa's reagent, then purified via direct dialysis or stepwise dialysis against decreasing urea concentrations. Stepwise dialysis using Ajisawa's reagent produced silk fibroin solutions that were stable for 14 days without aggregation, maintaining random coil structure. This novel purification process is a lower-cost alternative to the commonly used lithium bromide method.
Modulating fracture properties of mixed protein systemsIrene ter Laak
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the fracture properties and microstructure of mixed soy protein isolate (SPI) and gelatin gels. The study found that SPI and gelatin formed independent networks despite changes in the SPI microstructure. Mixing SPI and gelatin allowed for a wide variety of fracture properties, providing opportunities to tailor food textures. The fracture stress of mixed gels corresponded to the strongest of the two individual gels. Increasing the Young's modulus of mixed independent gels at a constant fracture stress resulted in reduced fracture strain.
Wurster Fluidised Bed Coating of Microparticles: Towards Scalable Production ...Valentyn Mohylyuk
Suspension of microparticles in an easy-to-swallow liquid is one approach to develop sustained-release formulations for children and patients with swallowing difficulties. However, to date production of sustained-release microparticles at the industrial scale has proven to be challenging. The aim of this investigation was to develop an innovative concept in coating sustained-release microparticles using industrial scalable Wurster fluidised bed to produce oral liquid suspensions. Microcrystalline cellulose cores (particle size <150 μm) were coated with Eudragit® NM 30 D and Eudragit® RS/RL 30 D aqueous dispersions using a fluidised bed coater. A novel approach of periodic addition of a small quantity (0.1% w/w) of dry powder glidant, magnesium stearate, to the coating chamber via an external port was applied throughout the coating process. This method significantly increased coating production yield from less than 50% to up to 99% compared to conventional coating
process without the dry powder glidant. Powder rheology tests showed that dry powder glidants increased the tapped density and decreased the cohesive index of coated microparticles. Reproducible microencapsulation of a highly water-soluble drug, metoprolol succinate, was achieved, yielding coated microparticles less than 200 μm in size with 20-h sustained drug release, suitable for use in liquid suspensions. The robust, scalable technology presented in this study offers an important solution to the long-standing challenges of formulating sustained-release dosage forms suitable for children and older people with swallowing difficulties.
26 - Tupa et al. 2013. Simple organocatalytic route for the synthesis of star...Lorena Maldonado
This document summarizes a study on the organocatalytic synthesis of starch esters. Starch acetates and butyrates were prepared using a solvent-free method with tartaric acid as the catalyst. The degree of substitution was controlled by varying the reaction time and was characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA and XRD. FTIR showed ester groups on modified starches. SEM showed the granular structure was maintained after modification. TGA showed a reduction in water content and changes in thermal properties with increasing degree of substitution. XRD showed lower crystallinity at higher degrees of substitution.
Microsponge containing acyclovir sodium as active
constituent with four different formulation by changing the properties of drug(acyclovir sodium), polymer(ethyl cellulose), emulsifier(PVA) were obtained using emulsion solvent
diffusion method.
Aligned and random nanofibrous nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engine...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Aligned and random nanocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds were electrospun from polycaprolactone (PCL), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA). The morphology and mechanical characteristics of the nanofibers were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed fibers with an average diameter of 123 ± 32 nm and 339 ± 107 nm for aligned and random nanofibers, respectively. The mechanical data indicated the higher tensile strength and elastic modulus of aligned nanofibers. The in vitro biocompatibility of aligned and random nanofibrous scaffolds was also assessed by growing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and investigating the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) on different nanofibrous scaffolds. Our findings showed that the alignment orientation of nanofibers enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The in vitro results showed that the aligned biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds of PCL/nHA/PVA could be a potential substrate for tissue engineering applications, especially in the field of artificial bone implant.
The document summarizes research conducted on extracting antioxidants from green pea peels. Proximate analysis was conducted on pea peels powder, finding high dry matter and organic matter content. Total phenolic content, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity were measured to determine the antioxidant activity of extracts from the pea peels powder. Literature was reviewed on using pea peels, a byproduct waste, as a source of antioxidants, nutrients for animal feed, and to prevent environmental issues from waste accumulation. The aim of the presented research was to extract, isolate, and determine the antioxidant activity of compounds from green pea peels and apply them in food to
Study of protein content and effect of p h variation on solubility of seed pr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Protein utilization in the different food systems principally depend on their functional properties. The solubility behavior of the seed protein is of great importance from the several points of view. It determines their utility for many industrial purposes. Solubility is a critical functional property, since a protein generally has to be in solution in order to exert its other desirable functional characteristics. Nitrogen Solubility Index and Protein Dispersibility Index (PDI) are the two most common methods of evaluating solubility characteristics. Hence in this study seeds of Eleusine coracana (variety DFM-1 and HR-374) minor millet were studied for protein solubility at wide range of pH from 0.5 to 13.5. Keywords: Protein solubility, Protein Dispersibility Index, Nitrogen Solubility Index, Minor millet Seeds, Variety of Eleusine coracana.
Study of protein content and effect of p h variation on solubility of seed pr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of die dimension on extrusion processing parameters (animal feed)Wan Ali Akashah Akashah
This study investigated the effects of die nozzle dimensions, barrel temperature profile, and moisture content on properties of extruded distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)-based aquaculture feeds and extruder processing parameters. Seven different die nozzles were used to extrude an ingredient blend containing 40% DDGS at three moisture levels (15-25%) and three temperature profiles (100-140°C). Increasing moisture content decreased density and pressure but increased durability and absorption. Higher temperature decreased density and pressure but increased absorption. Larger die nozzle ratios increased density but decreased durability and absorption. Process conditions and extrudate properties are affected by die geometry, temperature, and moisture content.
The effect of adding anhydrous acetic acid to prepare whey protein concentrat...Atheer Jandal
Two types of whey protein concentrates were prepared, One was from sour whey and the other from salted or unsalted sweet whey. They were acetylated by different concentrations and their effectiveness properties were studied. It was found that the sour whey(unsalted and acetylated) exceeded its counterpart of treatments in the percentage of moisture and ash.
Effect of addition of polyethylene glycol (peg) as plasticizer on edible film...Nabila298243
Gelatin is a type of protein extracted from animal collagen tissue found in animal skin, bones and ligaments or connective tissue. Gelatin has high digestibility properties therefore it has the potential to be the raw material for making edible films. The edible film is a thin layer produced from edible materials. Edible films can be formed from three types of constituent materials, such as hydrocolloids, lipids, and mixtures/composites of the two. Several types of hydrocolloids that are able to make edible films are proteins (gelatin). The test parameters include tensile strength, elongation, thickness, water vapour transmission rate, moisture content and amino acid profile. PEG in edible films is a useful plasticizer to reduce the stiffness of the polymer. The best edible film from milkfish skin gelatin was obtained at a concentration of 1% polyethylene glycol plasticizer with physicochemical characteristics including tensile strength of 11.94 MPa, elongation of 2.55%, thickness of 0.10 mm, water vapour transmission rate of 159.36 g/m2/day and water content of 16.03% with the highest amino acid content, namely Glycine at 172021.41 mg/kg and the lowest, namely L-Tyrosine at 4333.40 mg/kg.
Matrix structure selection in the microparticles of essential oil oregano pro...Joyce
This document summarizes a study that evaluated different matrix structures for microencapsulating oregano essential oil using spray drying. The researchers used a simplex centroid experimental design to test combinations of Arabic gum, modified starch, and maltodextrin. They analyzed properties like encapsulation efficiency, oil retention, moisture content, and carvacrol concentration. The best results were obtained using 100% Arabic gum, which achieved 93% encapsulation efficiency, and a combination of 74.5% Arabic gum, 12.7% modified starch, and 12.7% maltodextrin, which achieved 77.39% oil retention. Carvacrol concentration was highest at 57.8% when using 62.5% Arabic gum and
Chemical analysis and short term toxicological evaluation ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the short-term toxicological effects of using defatted Garcinia mangostana seed residue (GMSR) to replace wheat in rat feed. Key findings include:
- Proximate analysis found GMSR to be high in carbohydrates (71.02%) and low in protein (8.09%).
- Rats fed a diet with GMSR replacing wheat showed similar weight gain and physical appearance to the control group over 6 weeks.
- Hematological and histopathological results were also similar between the two groups with a few minor differences.
- The study suggests GMSR may be a suitable replacement for wheat in rat feed as
This document summarizes the development of an edible coating using ginger peel. Key findings include:
1) Ginger peel extracts showed good antioxidant properties in various assays. Methanolic extracts had higher antioxidant activity than ethanolic extracts.
2) An edible coating was developed by incorporating 5% ginger peel extract into a starch-based film. The coating showed improved water solubility and opacity compared to the control.
3) The ginger peel extract-based coating exhibited low antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus in assays. Further research incorporating other natural antimicrobials may improve its antimicrobial efficacy.
4) Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of using ginger peel extract, a
Formulation and invivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres embedded clero...SriramNagarajan19
In this study an attempt was made to prepare mucoadhesive microcapsules of Clerodendrum phlomidis extract using alginate polymers for prolonged release. Encapsulation of extract into sodium alginate polymer was done by ionic-gelation technique. In vivo testing of the mucoadhesive microcapsules in diabetic albino rats demonstrated significant antidiabetic effect of extract. The hypoglycemic effect obtained by mucoadhesive microcapsules was for more than 16 h whereas plain CP extract produced an antidiabetic effect for only 4 h suggesting that mucoadhesive microcapsules are a valuable system for the long term delivery of CP extract. In-vivo data obtained over a 120-h period indicate that CP extract loaded alginate microspheres from batch F7 showed the better glycemic control than control and a commercial brand of the drug.
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF NOVEL HYDROGELS PREPARED FROM THE BLEND OF GUAR G...msejjournal
This research work deals with the preparation of a series of hydrogels using renewable resources, in order
to decrease the adverse impact on the environment, and understand their swelling behavior. Hydrogels
were synthesized using guar gum and chitosan with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, protonated
with 98% conc. sulphuric acid. Concentration of chitosan was varied as 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50% (w/w) in
guar gum, while that of glutaraldehyde was varied as 0, 1.5, 3 and 6% (w/w) of the total quantity of guar
gum and chitosan. Prepared hydrogels were characterized for moisture content, equilibrium water
absorbency, re-swelling capacity, swelling ability in acidic (pH = 3) and basic (pH = 11) pH distilled
water, equilibrium saline water absorbency and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was
determined that moisture content, equilibrium water absorbency and equilibrium saline water absorbency
decreased with increased concentration of chitosan and glutaraldehyde, but they still had water swelling to
be classified as hydrogel. Re-swelling capacity of the hydrogels decreased with increased cycles of reswelling. Prepared hydrogels maintained high water swelling in acidic pH distilled water as compared to
basic pH distilled water. This hydrogels can be utilized as eco-friendly water manageable materials.
This document reviews the investigation of mechanical properties of chitosan-based films. It discusses how chitosan films are typically produced using either a solvent casting (wet) method or thermo-mechanical (dry) method. The solvent casting method, where a chitosan-acid solution is cast and dried, is most common for producing films for food applications due to advantages like transparency and flexibility. The review summarizes several studies that have investigated the mechanical properties like tensile strength of chitosan films and composites with other materials, finding properties can be improved through the addition of plasticizers or nanomaterials.
This document describes research into synthesizing and studying starch nanoparticles (StNPs) combined with different food gums to create an oral delivery system for salvianolic acid B (Sal B). Various gums including chitosan, gum arabic, guar gum, sodium alginate, and rosin were individually added to a short-chain glucan solution to prepare StNPs/gum nanocomposites through self-assembly. Sal B was embedded during the synthesis. The size, morphology, loading capacity, and in vitro release properties of the StNPs/gum nanocomposites were analyzed. The results showed the gums helped reduce the size of the StNPs and provided controlled release of
Multifaceted bio material Application of Silk Fibroin SolutionAshish Kumar Mishra
The document summarizes a study that investigated using Ajisawa's reagent instead of lithium bromide to dissolve and purify silk fibroin from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons for use as a biomaterial. Degummed silk fibers were dissolved in either lithium bromide or Ajisawa's reagent, then purified via direct dialysis or stepwise dialysis against decreasing urea concentrations. Stepwise dialysis using Ajisawa's reagent produced silk fibroin solutions that were stable for 14 days without aggregation, maintaining random coil structure. This novel purification process is a lower-cost alternative to the commonly used lithium bromide method.
Modulating fracture properties of mixed protein systemsIrene ter Laak
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the fracture properties and microstructure of mixed soy protein isolate (SPI) and gelatin gels. The study found that SPI and gelatin formed independent networks despite changes in the SPI microstructure. Mixing SPI and gelatin allowed for a wide variety of fracture properties, providing opportunities to tailor food textures. The fracture stress of mixed gels corresponded to the strongest of the two individual gels. Increasing the Young's modulus of mixed independent gels at a constant fracture stress resulted in reduced fracture strain.
Wurster Fluidised Bed Coating of Microparticles: Towards Scalable Production ...Valentyn Mohylyuk
Suspension of microparticles in an easy-to-swallow liquid is one approach to develop sustained-release formulations for children and patients with swallowing difficulties. However, to date production of sustained-release microparticles at the industrial scale has proven to be challenging. The aim of this investigation was to develop an innovative concept in coating sustained-release microparticles using industrial scalable Wurster fluidised bed to produce oral liquid suspensions. Microcrystalline cellulose cores (particle size <150 μm) were coated with Eudragit® NM 30 D and Eudragit® RS/RL 30 D aqueous dispersions using a fluidised bed coater. A novel approach of periodic addition of a small quantity (0.1% w/w) of dry powder glidant, magnesium stearate, to the coating chamber via an external port was applied throughout the coating process. This method significantly increased coating production yield from less than 50% to up to 99% compared to conventional coating
process without the dry powder glidant. Powder rheology tests showed that dry powder glidants increased the tapped density and decreased the cohesive index of coated microparticles. Reproducible microencapsulation of a highly water-soluble drug, metoprolol succinate, was achieved, yielding coated microparticles less than 200 μm in size with 20-h sustained drug release, suitable for use in liquid suspensions. The robust, scalable technology presented in this study offers an important solution to the long-standing challenges of formulating sustained-release dosage forms suitable for children and older people with swallowing difficulties.
26 - Tupa et al. 2013. Simple organocatalytic route for the synthesis of star...Lorena Maldonado
This document summarizes a study on the organocatalytic synthesis of starch esters. Starch acetates and butyrates were prepared using a solvent-free method with tartaric acid as the catalyst. The degree of substitution was controlled by varying the reaction time and was characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA and XRD. FTIR showed ester groups on modified starches. SEM showed the granular structure was maintained after modification. TGA showed a reduction in water content and changes in thermal properties with increasing degree of substitution. XRD showed lower crystallinity at higher degrees of substitution.
Microsponge containing acyclovir sodium as active
constituent with four different formulation by changing the properties of drug(acyclovir sodium), polymer(ethyl cellulose), emulsifier(PVA) were obtained using emulsion solvent
diffusion method.
Aligned and random nanofibrous nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engine...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Aligned and random nanocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds were electrospun from polycaprolactone (PCL), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA). The morphology and mechanical characteristics of the nanofibers were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed fibers with an average diameter of 123 ± 32 nm and 339 ± 107 nm for aligned and random nanofibers, respectively. The mechanical data indicated the higher tensile strength and elastic modulus of aligned nanofibers. The in vitro biocompatibility of aligned and random nanofibrous scaffolds was also assessed by growing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and investigating the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) on different nanofibrous scaffolds. Our findings showed that the alignment orientation of nanofibers enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The in vitro results showed that the aligned biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds of PCL/nHA/PVA could be a potential substrate for tissue engineering applications, especially in the field of artificial bone implant.
The document summarizes research conducted on extracting antioxidants from green pea peels. Proximate analysis was conducted on pea peels powder, finding high dry matter and organic matter content. Total phenolic content, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity were measured to determine the antioxidant activity of extracts from the pea peels powder. Literature was reviewed on using pea peels, a byproduct waste, as a source of antioxidants, nutrients for animal feed, and to prevent environmental issues from waste accumulation. The aim of the presented research was to extract, isolate, and determine the antioxidant activity of compounds from green pea peels and apply them in food to
Study of protein content and effect of p h variation on solubility of seed pr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Protein utilization in the different food systems principally depend on their functional properties. The solubility behavior of the seed protein is of great importance from the several points of view. It determines their utility for many industrial purposes. Solubility is a critical functional property, since a protein generally has to be in solution in order to exert its other desirable functional characteristics. Nitrogen Solubility Index and Protein Dispersibility Index (PDI) are the two most common methods of evaluating solubility characteristics. Hence in this study seeds of Eleusine coracana (variety DFM-1 and HR-374) minor millet were studied for protein solubility at wide range of pH from 0.5 to 13.5. Keywords: Protein solubility, Protein Dispersibility Index, Nitrogen Solubility Index, Minor millet Seeds, Variety of Eleusine coracana.
Study of protein content and effect of p h variation on solubility of seed pr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of die dimension on extrusion processing parameters (animal feed)Wan Ali Akashah Akashah
This study investigated the effects of die nozzle dimensions, barrel temperature profile, and moisture content on properties of extruded distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)-based aquaculture feeds and extruder processing parameters. Seven different die nozzles were used to extrude an ingredient blend containing 40% DDGS at three moisture levels (15-25%) and three temperature profiles (100-140°C). Increasing moisture content decreased density and pressure but increased durability and absorption. Higher temperature decreased density and pressure but increased absorption. Larger die nozzle ratios increased density but decreased durability and absorption. Process conditions and extrudate properties are affected by die geometry, temperature, and moisture content.
The effect of adding anhydrous acetic acid to prepare whey protein concentrat...Atheer Jandal
Two types of whey protein concentrates were prepared, One was from sour whey and the other from salted or unsalted sweet whey. They were acetylated by different concentrations and their effectiveness properties were studied. It was found that the sour whey(unsalted and acetylated) exceeded its counterpart of treatments in the percentage of moisture and ash.
Effect of addition of polyethylene glycol (peg) as plasticizer on edible film...Nabila298243
Gelatin is a type of protein extracted from animal collagen tissue found in animal skin, bones and ligaments or connective tissue. Gelatin has high digestibility properties therefore it has the potential to be the raw material for making edible films. The edible film is a thin layer produced from edible materials. Edible films can be formed from three types of constituent materials, such as hydrocolloids, lipids, and mixtures/composites of the two. Several types of hydrocolloids that are able to make edible films are proteins (gelatin). The test parameters include tensile strength, elongation, thickness, water vapour transmission rate, moisture content and amino acid profile. PEG in edible films is a useful plasticizer to reduce the stiffness of the polymer. The best edible film from milkfish skin gelatin was obtained at a concentration of 1% polyethylene glycol plasticizer with physicochemical characteristics including tensile strength of 11.94 MPa, elongation of 2.55%, thickness of 0.10 mm, water vapour transmission rate of 159.36 g/m2/day and water content of 16.03% with the highest amino acid content, namely Glycine at 172021.41 mg/kg and the lowest, namely L-Tyrosine at 4333.40 mg/kg.
This document characterizes various properties of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3 isolated from Tibetan kefir, including its molecular weight, solubility, water and oil binding capacities, structure as viewed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, rheological properties under different conditions, melting point, and degradation temperature. The molecular weight was determined to be 5.5 x 10^4 Da by gel permeation chromatography. Solubility in water was 14.2% and water and oil binding capacities were 496.0% and 884.74% respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed a smooth surface structure and atomic force microscopy revealed an almost
Film production with groundnut extraction cake and its physico-mechanical pro...AI Publications
The edible films have been produced from protein containing foods especially nuts by casting process and no available researches found on using the extracted proteins in dried extraction cake of groundnut seed.The aim of this research was to get an edible film from dried extraction cake of groundnut seed and to characterise their physico-mechanical, optical and barrier permeabilities with different concentration of alkali solution (NaOH). The films presented high values of L* (average as 84.8) in terms of lightness.The tensile strength (MPa) and elongations at break (%) decresed with increase in alkali solution. The alkali solutions increased the water vapour permeabilites (WVP) but decreased oxygen permeabilites (OP) of the films. The protein fraction of extraction cake of groundnut seeds showed the potential to be processable into the edible films. Arginine (Arg) and cysteine (Cys) were the major amino acids in the films.The produced films were used to package olive oil for 60 days of storage at room temperature.The peroxide values of olive oil increased less that conditioned in produced films and good barrier plastic material (PP) during storage period.The films improved the olive oil chemical stability and it showed suitable film properties.
Radiation Processing And Functional Properties Of Soybean (Glycine Max)Amit K. Das
This article discusses the effects of radiation processing on soybean and its functional properties. Radiation processing at doses of 10, 20, and 30 kGy reduced the cooking time of soybean and increased the oil absorption capacity of soy flour without affecting proximate composition. Irradiation also improved the functional properties of soybean protein isolate, including solubility, emulsification activity, and foam stability. These changes enable uses of soybean in products like soy milk, tofu, and tofu-fortified patties. The value addition effects of radiation processing are beneficial for better utilization of soybean.
Properties of biopolymers produced by transglutaminase treatment of wpi and g...Eduard Hernàndez I PMP®
Byproduct utilization is an important consideration in the development of sustainable processes. Whey
protein isolate (WPI), a byproduct of the cheese industry, and gelatin, a byproduct of the leather industry,
were reacted individually and in blends with microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) at pH 7.5 and 45 C.
When a WPI (10% w/w) solution was treated with mTGase (10 U/g) under reducing conditions, the viscosity
increased four-fold and the storage modulus (G0) from 0 to 300 Pa over 20 h. Similar treatment
of dilute gelatin solutions (0.5–3%) had little effect. Addition of gelatin to 10% WPI caused a synergistic
increase in both viscosity and G0 , with the formation of gels at concentrations greater than 1.5% added
gelatin. These results suggest that new biopolymers, with improved functionality, could be developed
by mTGase treatment of protein blends containing small amounts of gelatin with the less expensive whey
protein.
11.production of cellulose from barley husks as a partial ingredient of formu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on producing cellulose from barley husks to use as a partial ingredient in fish feed formulations. Barley husks were pretreated through hot water treatment and liquid oxidation using hydrogen peroxide. Testing found the barley husks contained 66% cellulose after pretreatment. This cellulose could provide a cost-effective carbohydrate source in fish feeds. The study aims to utilize an agricultural byproduct while reducing the costs of tilapia fingerling feeds.
Production of cellulose from barley husks as a partial ingredient of formulat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on producing cellulose from barley husks to use as a partial ingredient in fish feed formulations. The study involved pretreating barley husks through hot water treatment at 100°C followed by liquid oxidation with 30% H2O2 at 60°C. This process successfully extracted cellulose from the barley husks, yielding 66% cellulose. The extracted cellulose can potentially reduce the cost of fish feed production by providing a digestible carbohydrate source for the feed. The study provides a potential method for utilizing barley husks as a renewable source of cellulose.
THE POTENTIAL OF EDIBLE COATING OF BETEL LEAF ON THE QUALITY OF GIANT GOURAMI...IAEME Publication
Fresh fish has several disadvantages if left for a long time, namely damage and
deterioration in quality. If it is not inhibited, the fish will experience continuous
deterioration of quality. Therefore, fresh fish such as gourami, which are popular
within consumers, need a special care to reduce damage and maintain quality to stay
fresh for a long time. The author tried to examine the use of edible coating on gourami
with additional essential oils with betel leaf (Piper betel) to sensory quality, and shelf
life of gourami fillets (Osphronemus Gouramy). This study used a Randomized Block
Design (RBD) method with three groups. Each group has six replications with total of
18 (eighteen) samples. Organoleptic test, TPC, and pH tests are the main parameters
in this study. Edible coat of 4% chelelatin with 1% betel leaf essential oil affecting the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami. It was able to maintain fillets for 12 hours
with room temperature. As well as edible coat of 4% gelatin with 1% betel leaf essential
oil were able to maintain the total number of bacteria according to SNI standard until
the 12th hour of shelf life with room temperature that is equal to 4.9x10. In conclusion,
the addition of gelatin with betel essential oil had significant influence towards the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami fillets. In addition, it is also able to maintain
the shelf life of gourami for 12 hours of storage with room temperature
Production and characterization of fermented rice flour containing gamma-amin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fermented foods provides therapeutical attributes beyond their basic nutritional value and are known to reduce disease risk. Broken rice was fermented using Enterococcus faecium NCIM 5593 and its fermentation characteristics was studied. Attempts were made to formulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) containing fermented rice flour (GFRF) by lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation enhanced the level of GABA and antioxidant phenolics. GFRF exhibited potential antioxidant capacity evaluated against DPPH (77.89±1.85 mg vitamin C equivalent/g dry matter) and ABTS (163.21±2.81 mg vitamin C equivalent/g dry matter) radicals. Fermentation significantly increased the levels of proteins and reduced carbohydrate content. Microstructure of GFRF was also influenced, where its starch granules where released from its enclosed structure after fermentation. In addition, fermentation enhanced the whiteness of the flour. This investigation shows evidence that fermentation modified the functionality of GFRF and can be used as a functional food ingredient. Further studies are directed towards studying the effect of GFRF extract to ameliorate neurotoxin induced oxidative dysfunctions and neurotoxicity in mice model.
Waste Minimization and Energy Conservation in Gelatin Production by Raw Mater...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes opportunities for waste minimization and energy conservation in gelatin production through cleaner production methods. It discusses the current gelatin production process and identifies several stages where cleaner production options could provide environmental and economic benefits. These include using smaller raw material sizes to speed up processes, reusing waste water, optimizing filtration equipment, and directly packaging gelatin to reduce storage needs. Adopting these cleaner production methods could conserve significant amounts of water, energy and resources while also reducing costs during gelatin production.
The document discusses the effect of cross-linking modification on the structural and film-forming characteristics of pearl millet starch. Pearl millet starch was modified using different concentrations of epichlorohydrin (EPI) as a cross-linking agent. The degree of cross-linking increased with higher EPI concentrations. Cross-linked starches showed reduced breakdown and setback viscosity but increased pasting temperature. They also had improved resistance to heat, acid, and shear compared to native starch. The cross-linking improved the moisture barrier properties and mechanical strength of edible films formed from the modified starches.
This document summarizes research on the hydrodynamic properties of gelatin. Gelatin is obtained through partial hydrolysis of collagen, the main structural protein in skin and bone. Intrinsic viscosity measurements were taken of gelatin solutions at varying temperatures to determine properties like molecular weight and shape. The results showed that gelatin exhibits random coil shapes in solution and undergoes a coil-to-helix transition below 35°C. Intrinsic viscosity was found to decrease with increasing temperature, reflecting a decrease in intermolecular interactions. These findings provide insight into gelatin's behavior in industrial processes and food applications.
Solid state fermentation of Lathyrus sativus and sugarcane bagasse by Pleurot...Innspub Net
This research paper investigates the solid state fermentation of Lathyrus sativus (khesari plant) and sugarcane bagasse by Pleurotus sajor-caju. The researchers pretreated the substrates with lime and alkali to increase their digestibility. They found that lime treatment and presoaking increased the accumulation of reducing sugars and soluble proteins during the 8-week fermentation. The highest levels of reducing sugars (22.15 mg/g) and soluble proteins (22.80 mg/g) were observed in the lime treated and presoaked mixture of khesari plant and sugarcane bagasse. Pretreatment also enhanced the cellulolytic enzyme activity of the fungal
The document discusses several current projects involving collagen and its applications. It describes developing a collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone defects, analyzing its pore size and efficacy. It also mentions exploring collagen-silver nanoparticle composites for wound care and using collagen coatings for tissue culture. Developing a hemostatic material using collagen and kaolin for heavy bleeding is also summarized.
3 2011-comparative study of functional properties of commercial and membrane ...Bảo Dung Phan
Membrane processing of yellow pea protein isolates resulted in 28-68% lower phytic acid levels and generally enhanced functional properties compared to a commercial pea protein isolate. The membrane processed isolates had superior solubility, lower viscosity, better heat-induced gel formation, and lower gelling temperatures than the commercial isolate. Membrane purification using ultrafiltration and diafiltration is an effective way to improve the functional qualities of pea protein for use in foods.
Exploring the potential of red kidney beans Dr Asif Ahmad
This study explored the potential of red kidney beans to develop a protein-based food product. The beans were found to contain 25.78% protein as well as carbohydrates, fiber, fat, ash, and various minerals. A protein isolate was prepared from the beans and its functional properties including solubility, emulsification, gelation, and foaming were evaluated at different pH levels. The solubility, emulsifying activity, foam capacity, and stability were dependent on pH, with minimum values observed around pH 4-5 and maximum values around pH 10. Gelation properties improved at acidic pH. Thus, red kidney bean protein isolate has functional properties that can be modified by pH for use in various food formulations.
A study with enzymatic membrane reactor for conversion of lactose in to galac...Pallavi Kumari
The formation of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose by commercially available Biolacta FN5 (β- galactosidase, EC 3.2.1.23) derived from Bacillus circulans was studied under immobilized enzyme condition. The present work utilizes hydrophobic membrane (0.22 m pore size) for immobilization of enzyme. Experiments were conducted in a three compartment cell. The middle compartment (~25 mL) being separated by immobilized membranes was utilized for feed lactose solution; whereas, adjacent compartments were filled with distilled water. The reacted mixture solution was analyzed for tri-, tetra- and penta- forms of GOS which depended on varying amounts of initial lactose (ILC) and enzyme concentrations. Total GOS formation increased from 7 to 28% for ILC from 50 to 200 g/L. However, tri-saccharide was the major (67%) in comparison to tetra (27%) and penta (6%) forms of GOS. There was marginal difference of GOS formations while comparing the result (GOS yield) under both free (~30%) and immobilized (~28%) conditions.
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
This scientific study compared the in vitro protein digestion of Frog Performance's FrogFuel product to competing whey products under conditions simulating the human digestive tract. FrogFuel showed complete degradation of proteins within 15 minutes, while competing products still had over 70% of proteins remaining at that time point. Electrophoresis and densitometry analysis indicated that FrogFuel's predigestion with fruit enzymes results in faster breakdown than competing products in the simulated gastric environment. The study concludes that FrogFuel's predigestion leads to more efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients in the human body.
Similar to Physicochemical Properties of Gelatin Extracted from Buffalo Hide Pretreated with Different Acids (20)
ON OPTIMALITY OF THE INDEX OF SUM, PRODUCT, MAXIMUM, AND MINIMUM OF FINITE BA...UniversitasGadjahMada
Chaatit, Mascioni, and Rosenthal de ned nite Baire index for a bounded real-valued function f on a separable metric space, denoted by i(f), and proved that for any bounded functions f and g of nite Baire index, i(h) i(f) + i(g), where h is any of the functions f + g, fg, f ˅g, f ^ g. In this paper, we prove that the result is optimal in the following sense : for each n; k < ω, there exist functions f; g such that i(f) = n, i(g) = k, and i(h) = i(f) + i(g).
Toward a framework for an undergraduate academic tourism curriculum in Indone...UniversitasGadjahMada
We analyse policy documents as well opinions of stakeholders contributing to the development of the undergraduate academic tourism curriculum, namely: The Government which develops the general framework for curriculum development in Indonesian universities; non-governmental tourism associations which assist universities with opinions and guidance; tourism academics who develop and implement the curriculum in the classroom; and tourism trade associations. Two issues characterize the development of the tourism curriculum namely: determining the appropriate balance between vocational and academic frameworks, and an aspiration to move from inter- to mono-disciplinary instruction.
Association of the HLA-B alleles with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson s...UniversitasGadjahMada
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a common cause of life-threatening cutaneous adverse drug reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Previous studies have reported a strong association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN.We investigated the association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN in Javanese and Sundanese patients in Indonesia. Nine unrelated patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN and 236 healthy Javanese and Sundanese controls were genotyped for HLA-B and their allele frequencies were compared. The HLA-B*15:02 allele was found in 66.7% of the patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN, but only in 29.4% of tolerant control (p = 0.029; odds ratio [OR]: 6.5; 95% CI: 1.2–33.57) and 22.9% of healthy controls (p = 0.0021; OR: 6.78; 95% CI: 1.96– 23.38). These findings support the involvement of HLA-B*15:02 in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN reported in other Asian populations. Interestingly, we also observed the presence of the HLA-B*15:21 allele. HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-B*15:21 are members of the HLA-B75 serotype, for which a greater frequency was observed in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN (vs tolerant control [p = 0.0078; OR: 12; 95% CI: 1.90–75.72] and vs normal control [p = 0.0018; OR: 8.56; 95% CI: 1.83–40]). Our findings suggest that screening for the HLA-B75 serotype can predict the risk of CBZ-induced SJS/TEN more accurately than screening for a specific allele.
Characteristics of glucomannan isolated from fresh tuber of Porang (Amorphoph...UniversitasGadjahMada
Porang is a potential source of glucomannan. This research objective was to find a direct glucomannan isolation method from fresh porang corm to produce high purity glucomannan. Two isolation methods were performed. In first method, sample was water dissolved using Al2(SO4)3 as flocculant for 15 (AA15) or 30 (AA30) minutes with purification. In second method, sample was repeatedly milled using ethanol as solvent and filtered for 5 (EtOH5) or 7 (EtOH7) times without purification. The characteristics of obtained glucomannan were compared to those of commercial porang flour (CPF) and purified konjac glucomannan (PKG). High purity (90.98%), viscosity (27,940 cps) and transparency (57.74 %) of amorphous glucomannan were isolated by EtOH7. Ash and protein level significantly reduced to 0.57% and 0.31%, respectively, with no starch content. Water holding capacity (WHC) of EtOH7 glucomannan significantly enhanced, whereas its solubility was lower than those of PKG due to its ungrounded native granular form.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus from Indonesian Isolates Bas...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was conducted to analyze phylogenetic of Indonesian newcastle disease virus(NDV) isolates based on fusion (F) protein-encoding gene, with aim to determine which genotype group of Indonesian NDV isolates, compared to vaccine strain that circulating in Indonesia.
Land Capability for Cattle-Farming in the Merapi Volcanic Slope of Sleman Reg...UniversitasGadjahMada
This research carried out to study the cattle farming development based on the land capability in rural areas of the Merapi Volcanic slope of Sleman Regency Yogyakarta after eruption 2010. Samples taken were Glagaharjo village (Cangkringan Sub-District) as impacted area and Wonokerto village (Turi Sub-District) as unimpacted area. Survey method used were to land evaluation analysis supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Materials used were Indonesian topographical basemap (RBI) in 1:25000 scale, IKONOS image [2015], land use map, landform map, and slope map as supple- ments. Potential analysis of land capability for cattle forage using the production unit in kg of TDN per AU. The result showed that based on the land capability class map, both villages had potential of carrying capacity for forage feed that could still be increased as much as 1,661.32 AU in Glagaharjo and 1,948.13 AU in Wonokerto.
When anti-corruption norms lead to undesirable results: learning from the Ind...UniversitasGadjahMada
This paper analyzes how and why adverse side-effects have occurred in the implementation of two articles of Indonesia’s anti-corruption law. These articles prohibit unlawful acts which may be detrimental to the finances of the state. Indeed, the lawmakers had good intentions when they drafted the two articles. They wanted to make it easier to convict corrupt individuals by lowering the standard of evidence required to prove criminal liability. The implementation of these articles has raised legal uncertainty. The loose definition of the elements of the crime enables negligence and imperfection of (public) contracts to be considered as corruption. The Constitutional Court has issued two rulings to restrict and guide the interpretation of these articles. However, law enforcement agencies (Supreme Court and public prosecutors) have been unwilling to adhere to the rulings. There are two possible reasons for this. First, as has been argued by several commentators, the law enforcement agencies have misinterpreted the concept of Bunlawfulness^. Besides, the law enforcement agencies wish to be seen to be committed to prosecuting and delivering convictions in corruption cases. To do so, they need to maintain looser definitions of the elements of the offence. This paper endorses the Constitutional Court rulings and provides additional reasons in support of their stance. The paper can be considered as a case study for other countries that may be contemplating similar legislation.
Receptor binding and antigenic site analysis of hemagglutinin gene fragments ...UniversitasGadjahMada
We reported a retrospective study on hemagglutinin (HA) gene fragments of Avian Influenza (AI) viruses recovered between 2010 to 2012, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. The results provide information about the receptor binding sites (RBS) and antigenic sites character of HA gene of AI viruses in Indonesia. Viral RNA was extracted from allantoic fluid of specific pathogen free (SPF) of chicken embryonated eggs inoculated by AI suspected samples. Amplification was performed by using H5 specific primers to produce amplification target of 544 bp. The resulting sequences were analyzed with MEGA-5 consisting of multiple alignment, deductive amino acid prediction, and phylogenetic tree analysis. The results showed that out of the 12 samples amplified using RT-PCR technique, only 7 were detected to be avian influenza serotype H5 viruses. Sequence analysis of AIV H5 positive samples, showed a binding preference towards avian type receptors. Antigenic site analysis is consistent with the previous report, however, the antigenic site B at position 189 showed that the residue had undergone mutation from arginine to methionine. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these viruses were clustered into clade 2.1.3. Our report supports the importance of the previous study of RBS and antigenic properties of HPAI H5N1 in Indonesia.
Sustaining the unsustainable? Environmental impact assessment and overdevelop...UniversitasGadjahMada
Bali faces serious environmental crises arising from overdevelopment of the tourism and real estate industry, including water shortage, rapid conversion of agricultural land, pollution, and economic and cultural displacement. This article traces continuities and discontinuities in the role of Indonesian environmental impact assessment (EIA) during and since the authoritarian ‘New Order’ period. Following the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the ‘Reform Era’ brought dramatic changes, democratizing and decentralizing Indonesia’s governing institutions. Focusing on case studies of resort development projects in Bali from the 1990s to the present, this study examines the ongoing capture of legal processes by vested interests at the expense of prospects for sustainable development. Two particularly controversial projects in Benoa Bay, proposed in the different historical and structural settings of the two eras—the Bali Turtle Island Development (BTID) at Serangan Island in the Suharto era and the Tirta Wahana Bali Internasional (TWBI) proposal for the other side of Benoa in the ‘Reform Era’—enable instructive comparison. The study finds that despite significant changes in the environmental law regime, the EIA process still finds itself a tool of powerful interests in the efforts of political and economic elites to maintain control of decision-making and to displace popular opposition forces to the margins.
Magnetogama is an open schematic handassembled fluxgate magnetometer. Compared to another magnetometer, Magnetogama has more benefit concerning its price and its ease of use. Practically Magnetogama can be utilized either in land or attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Magnetogama was designed to give open access to a cheap and accurate alternative to magnetometer sensor. Therefore it can be used as a standard design which is directly applicable to the low-budget company or education purposes. Schematic, code and several verification tests were presented in this article ensuring its reproducibility. Magnetogama has been tested with two kind of tests: a comparison with two nearest observatories at Learmonth (LRM) and Kakadu (KDU) and the response of magnetic substance.
Limitations in the screening of potentially anti-cryptosporidial agents using...UniversitasGadjahMada
The emergence of cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract caused by Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907, triggered numerous screening studies of various compounds for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity, the majority of which proved ineffective. Extracts of Indonesian plants, Piper betle and Diospyros sumatrana, were tested for potential anticryptosporidial activity using Mastomys coucha (Smith), experimentally inoculated with Cryptosporidium proliferans Kváč, Havrdová, Hlásková, Daňková, Kanděra, Ježková, Vítovec, Sak, Ortega, Xiao, Modrý, Chelladurai, Prantlová et McEvoy, 2016. None of the plant extracts tested showed significant activity against cryptosporidia; however, the results indicate that the following issues should be addressed in similar experimental studies. The monitoring of oocyst shedding during the entire experimental trial, supplemented with histological examination of affected gastric tissue at the time of treatment termination, revealed that similar studies are generally unreliable if evaluations of drug efficacy are based exclusively on oocyst shedding. Moreover, the reduction of oocyst shedding did not guarantee the eradication of cryptosporidia in treated individuals. For treatment trials performed on experimentally inoculated laboratory rodents, only animals in the advanced phase of cryptosporidiosis should be used for the correct interpretation of pathological alterations observed in affected tissue. All the solvents used (methanol, methanol-tetrahydrofuran and dimethylsulfoxid) were shown to be suitable for these studies, i.e. they did not exhibit negative effects on the subjects. The halofuginone lactate, routinely administered in intestinal cryptosporidiosis in calves, was shown to be ineffective against gastric cryptosporidiosis in mice caused by C. proliferans. In contrast, the control application of extract Arabidopsis thaliana, from which we had expected a neutral effect, turned out to have some positive impact on affected gastric tissue.
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of Amomum compactum essent...UniversitasGadjahMada
This document summarizes research on the development of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for Amomum compactum essential oil. Key points:
- Virgin coconut oil was selected as the carrier oil due to its high solubility of the essential oil compared to other oils tested.
- A D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the SNEDDS formulation, with emulsification time and transmittance as the response variables.
- The optimized formulation contained 10% Amomum compactum essential oil, 10% virgin coconut oil, 65.71% Tween 80 surfactant, and 14.29% PEG 400 co-surfactant.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Realtime monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L−1 may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a selfassembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg−1·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors.
APPLICATION OF CLONAL SELECTION IMMUNE SYSTEM METHOD FOR OPTIMIZATION OF DIST...UniversitasGadjahMada
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2. Physicochemical Properties of Gelatin Extracted from Buffalo Hide Pretreated with Different Acids
https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.5.708 709
by alkaline pretreatment alone; indeed, the alkaline pre-
treatment of hides for gelatin extraction has been found to
be time consuming and produces low-purity gelatin
(Ofori, 1999).
Several studies on improving the efficiency of gelatin
extraction have been carried out, including those utilizing
acid pretreatment. Such pretreatment can increase the
yield of gelatin by degrading the triple-helical structure of
collagen, which becomes unstable in the presence of
crosslinking terminations, and increases the solubility of
collagen (Niu et al., 2013). Acid treatment aids the release
of acid-soluble proteins, fats, and other components, dis-
rupting interactions between collagen molecules and thus
increasing the extraction efficiency. The yield and func-
tional properties of the obtained gelatin are affected by
the acid type or concentration and pretreatment time
(Ahmad and Benjakul, 2011). Since strong acids achieve
better extraction efficiencies at lower concentrations than
weak ones (Niu et al., 2013), this study was designed to
determine the yields and physicochemical properties of
gelatins extracted from buffalo hide pretreated with acids
of different types and concentrations. The originality of
this study was the right type of acid for pretreatment on
gelatin extraction from buffalo hide which resulted the
highest yield.
Materials and Methods
Extraction of buffalo hide gelatin
Three hides of male buffaloes (3-4 years) purchased
from C.V. Panji Jaya in the Cegoroyoso village of the
Pleret sub-district (Bantul, Indonesia). The physical and
chemical properties of female cattle's skin may differ in
pregnancy and breastfeeding. Hides were washed with
tap water and soaked in a 2% for 24 h (w/v) aqueous lime
solution until the hair was completely removed. The hide
was scraped to remove residual fat by fleshing knife,
rinsed with tap water until the surface pH of the hide
reached 7-7.5, and stored at -20°C until further use (Said
et al., 2011). Prior to gelatin extraction, the frozen hide
was thawed at 4°C for 24 h and cut into small pieces (1×1
cm2
) (Ktari et al., 2014).
Gelatin extraction was based on a modification of a
previously reported method (Niu et al., 2013). Buffalo
hide pieces were soaked in 0.5 M NaOH (1:4 w/v) for 2
h, followed by further soaking in hydrochloric, acetic, or
citric acids (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 M (1:4 w/v)) for 4
h. Subsequently, the hides were drained and washed six
times until a pH of 5-6 was reached. All pretreatment pro-
cesses were repeated three times for each of the two sam-
ples used.
The pretreated hides were soaked in distilled water (1:4
w/v) at 65°C (Memmert WNB7-45 type water bath) for 5
h, followed by further soaking at 70°C for 5 h in prepara-
tion for the second extraction step. The extracted gelatin
was sieved (< 200 mesh) and dried in a cabinet drier at
50-55°C for 48 h until the moisture less than 12% (Muly-
ani et al., 2017), and the yield was calculated using the
following formula (Kim et al., 2012; Ktari et al., 2014):
Each type of acid pretreatment with highest yield value
was tested for gelatin properties including gel strength,
viscosity, protein pattern color, functional groups by FTIR
and amino acid profile.
Gel strength
Dried gelatin (6.67 g) was dissolved in distilled water
(100 mL), and the obtained solution was magnetically
stirred, heated at 60°C for 15 min, and incubated for 16-
18 h at 10°C in the refrigerator. Subsequently, the strength
of the prepared gel (expressed in g Bloom) was measured
using a texture analyzer (Zwick/20.5, Zwick Roell AG,
Germany) at a probe speed of 0.5 mm/s and 4 mm depth.
The Probe with a 12.7 mm diameter flat faced cylindrical
plunger (Benjakul et al., 2009; Wulandari et al., 2016).
Viscosity
Dried gelatin was dissolved in distilled water at 60°C
for 15 min, and the viscosity of this prepared solution was
measured using a digital viscometer (Brookfield, spindle
No. 6) at 60 rpm at 25°C (Niu et al., 2013).
Color measurement
The color of dried gelatin was measured with a chro-
mometer (Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Japan) utilizing
the Hunter system and is expressed in terms of lightness
(L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*). The values of L
range from 100 = white to 0 = black, whereas a takes val-
ues from -50 = green to +50 = red, and b adopts values
from -50 = blue to + 50 = yellow (Pranoto et al., 2007).
Proximate analysis
The moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents of the buf-
falo hides and gelatins were determined by proximate
Yield %( )
Dry gelatin weight
Fresh hide weight
--------------------------------------------- 100×=
3. October 2017 Volume 37 Issue 5
710 https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.5.708
analysis according to AOAC guidelines (AOAC, 2005),
with each measurement carried out in triplicate.
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy ana-
lyses
FTIR spectra (Shimadzu PC-8201) were recorded in the
range of 4000-650 cm-1
, using pellets containing 2 mg gel-
atin powder and 100 mg KBr (Kaewruang et al., 2013).
Molecular weight distribution
A solution of buffalo hide gelatin (2 mg/mL) was pre-
pared by dissolving dried gelatin in deionized water. Sod-
ium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) was performed according to a modified me-
thod of Laemmli (1970) with a protein molecular weight
marker (14-245 kDa; 1st Base, BIO 5150 Prestained Pro-
tein Ladder) used as a standard. Solubilized samples were
mixed at 4:1 (v/v) ratio with the sample buffer (1.5 M Tris
HCl pH 6.8, containing 10% SDS and 50% glycerin). The
mixtures were boiling water for 2 min. The loading vol-
umes of the sample and protein marker solutions equaled
15 and 10 µL, respectively. The separating and stacking
gel concentrations were 12 and 5%, respectively. The em-
ployed electrophoresis system (ATTO PAGERUN AE-
6531, ATTO Corp., Japan) utilized a constant voltage of
120 V and 15 mA/gel. After separation, the separating gel
was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 and de-
stained using water:methanol:acetic acid (4:5:1) (Suryanti
et al., 2016; Wulandari et al., 2016).
Amino acid analysis
Buffalo hide gelatin (0.1 g) was heated with 6 M HCl
(0.5 mL) at 112 °C for 24 h on a heating block, and the
reaction mixture was filtered through a 0.45-µm mem-
brane filter prior to analysis. A 1-µL aliquot of the hydro-
lyzed sample was derivatized using the Waters AccQ-
Fluor reagent and subjected to HPLC analysis (Waters
2996 separation module equipped with a 260 nm wave-
length, PDA detector), and the modified amino acids were
separated on a Waters AccQ-Tag amino acid analysis col-
umn (Nova-Pak C18, 1.7 µm, 2.1×100 mm). The flow rate
of solvent was 0.7 mL/min at 49°C temperature of analy-
sis. The concentrations of amino acids in the standard
equaled 2.5 mM, with the exception of cysteine, which
was present at a level of 1.25 mM (Ktari et al., 2014).
Statistical analysis
Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA),
with the differences between means evaluated by the least
significant difference (LSD) method. Data analysis was
performed using SPSS statistical software, version 20.0
(SPSS Inc, USA).
Results and Discussion
Yield
The extraction of gelatin from buffalo hides pretreated
with 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 M acids resulted in variable
yields (p<0.05), which ranged from 6.30±1.77 to 29.17±
2.10%. The yields of gelatin obtained after HCl and citric
acid pretreatments showed a similar dependence on con-
centration, in contrast to the results obtained using acetic
acid (Fig. 1). For HCl, the yield increases with increasing
acid concentration up to 0.9 M, with further concentration
increases resulting in decreased yields. In the case of cit-
ric acid, the highest yield is obtained at a concentration of
0.6 M, remains relatively unchanged at 0.9 and 1.2 M, and
decreases at 1.5 M. For acetic acid, the yield increases with
increasing concentration up to 1.5 M. Since HCl is a strong
inorganic acid and citric acid is a weak but tribasic org-
anic acid, both produce more hydrogen ions than the weak
monobasic acetic acid at the same concentration, facilitat-
ing the dissolution of the intra- and intermolecularly cross-
linked collagen. As these cross-links are cleaved, the tri-
ple-helical structure of collagen is changed to random coils
to afford gelatin, with optimum extraction conditions cor-
responding to the highest gelatin yield. Niu et al. (2013)
stated that the optimum acid concentration for pretreat-
ment depends not only on the solution pH, but also on the
types and concentration of anions, i.e., on the type of acid
used. For example, phosphoric acid pretreatment presum-
ably provides a greater swelling power compared with
acetic acid, destabilizing the cross-links in the telopeptide
region, the amide bonds of the collagen triple helix, and
the non-covalent intra- and intermolecular cross-links,
which result in a compact structure (Ahmad and Benjakul,
2011).
Gel strength
Gelatin is highly capable of forming hydrogen bonds
with water molecules to form a stable three-dimensional
gel, which is characterized in terms of gel strength in the
gelatin industry (Nikoo et al., 2014; Zarai et al., 2012).
The gel strength of buffalo hide gelatin is high, varying
between 230.79±24.58 and 259.62±21.36 g Bloom (Table
1). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference
4. Physicochemical Properties of Gelatin Extracted from Buffalo Hide Pretreated with Different Acids
https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.5.708 711
between treatments (p>0.05). All acid type treatments
produced gelatin with high gel strength. In comparison,
the gel strengths of commercial gelatin (bovine skin gela-
tin, Sigma) and the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of
America (GMIA, 2012) standard equal 208.26±5.06 and
50-300 g Bloom, respectively. These characteristics of
buffalo hide gelatin are attributed to its high contents of
proline and hydroxyproline (Table 2), which are thought
to impart stability to the triple-helical collagen structure
via hydrogen bonding between free water molecules and
the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyproline residues (Ktari
et al., 2014; Nagarajan et al., 2012). In general, the gel
strength of buffalo hide gelatin does not significantly vary
(p>0.05) between samples pretreated with 0.9 M HCl, 1.5
M acetic acid, and 0.6 M citric acid (the concentrations at
which the highest yields are obtained, Fig. 1). At these
concentrations, the molecular chains of collagen are bro-
ken down in an optimal way, achieving the right balance
between maximum yield and high gel strength. Gelatin
with shorter chains might not effectively undergo aggre-
gation, complicating the development of junction zones,
and thereby leading to poorer gel performance (Sae-Leaw
and Benjakul, 2015).
Viscosity
The viscosity of gelatin can be used as an indicator of
its quality. The high viscosity indicates good gelatin qual-
ity. The viscosity increase with increasing gelling tempera-
ture, melting point and gel strength (Ratnasari et al., 2013).
The buffalo skin gelatin viscosities ranged from 12.66 to
24.10 cP (Table 1), and are higher than those of commer-
cial bovine skin gelatin (Sigma, 11.95 cP) and the GMIA
Fig. 1. Yields of gelatin obtained from buffalo hides pretreated with different acids at different concentrations (value with
the same letters are not significantly different (p>0.05). a, b for 0.9 M HCl; d, e, f for 1.5 M acetic acid and g, h for 0.6 M citric acid).
Table 1. Physicochemical properties of gelatins obtained from buffalo hide pretreated with different acids
Property CA 0.6 Ma
AC 1.5 Ma
HA 0.9 Ma
BSGa
Moisture (%)b
4.41 ± 0.04 11.09 ± 0.03 7.08 ± 0.04 8.40 ± 0.17
Protein (%)b
93.73 ± 0.16 85.96 ± 0.51 91.12 ± 0.03 86.38 ± 0.02
Ash (%)b
0.62 ± 0.06 2.67 ± 0.14 0.56 ± 0.01 0.97 ± 0.04
Gel strength (g Bloom)ns
259.62 ±21.36 230.79 ± 24.58 240.70 ± 10.98 208.26 ± 5.06
Viscosity (cP) 24.10 ± 3.75c
12.66 ± 0.59e
16.98 ± 2.50d
11.95 ± 0.61
Lightness (L*
) 74.09 ± 0.41c
74.70 ± 2.43c
70.94 ± 1.07d
76.16 ± 0.29
Redness (a*
) 4.80 ± 0.33c
1.16 ± 0.29e
1.66 ± 0.12d
2.07 ± 0.11
Yellowness (b*
) 13.89 ± 0.85e
21.41 ± 1.99c
17.55 ± 1.97d
26.80 ± 0.31
a
CA, AC, and HA correspond to pretreatment with citric, acetic, and hydrochloric acids, respectively. BSG, bovine skin gelatin. Results are means
± standard deviation (n=4).
b
Moisture, protein, and ash values represent the means ± standard deviations of two replicates.
c-e
Different letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Results are means ± standard deviation (n=4).
ns
not significantly different (p>0.05).
5. October 2017 Volume 37 Issue 5
712 https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.5.708
standard (1.5-7.5 cP). The viscosity and hydroxyproline
content of the gelatin isolated after citric acid pretreat-
ment were higher than those of the gelatin obtained after
hydrochloric or acetic acid pretreatment (Table 2). Based
on the corresponding protein pattern, citric acid pretreat-
ment produces gelatin with a molecular weight distribu-
tion similar to that observed for hydrochloric acid pretreat-
ment, but the corresponding band seems thinner. This
finding implies extensive degradation of the triple-helical
structure during HCl pretreatment, which produces shorter
molecular chains than those obtained after citric acid pre-
treatment. The viscosity of gelatin is known to be partially
controlled by its molecular weight and molecular weight
distribution (Shyni et al., 2014). Pretreatment using 0.3-1.5
M citric acid produced gelatin with optimal chain lengths,
resulting in high viscosity and gel strength (Mulyani et
al., 2016). Moreover, the gelatin obtained using the citric
acid pretreatment exhibited the highest purity among the
other pretreated samples, having a protein content of 93.73
±0.16% and an ash content of 0.62±0.12% (Table 1).
Color
In principle, color does not affect the functional proper-
ties of gelatin, being used to satisfy consumer preferences,
and thus, having only an aesthetic value (Ratnasari et al.,
2013; Shyni et al., 2014; Zarai et al., 2012). Color can be
characterized in terms of lightness (L), redness (a), and
yellowness (b). Buffalo hide gelatin produced using the
HCl pretreatment exhibits the greatest color similarity to
bovine skin gelatin. In the cases of the acetic and citric
acid pretreatments, the produced gelatins are brighter than
that pretreated with HCl (p<0.05). The redness and yel-
lowness values of the gelatin obtained utilizing the acetic
acid pretreatment are lower than those of the gelatin ob-
tained using the citric or hydrochloric acid pretreatment,
which is probably due to the occurrence of non-enzyma-
tic browning reactions in the latter cases. The darkening
is caused by the Maillard reactions of free amino acids
released by the acids in contact with C=O components in
the gelatin (Jridi et al., 2015; Mulyani et al., 2016).
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra
FTIR spectroscopy has previously been used to identify
the functional groups and secondary structure of gelatin
(Muyonga et al., 2004). The FTIR spectra of the buffalo
hide gelatins obtained via the different pretreatments are
shown in Fig. 2. They are similar to those of bovine skin
gelatin, and thus, indicate the similarity of the correspon-
ding functional groups. Four peaks are detected in the
amide region, namely, amide A (3,410-3,448 cm-1
), amide
I (1,635 cm-1
), amide II (1,527-1,334 cm-1
), and amide III
(1,242-871 cm-1
) bands. The amide A band is associated
Table 2. The Profile of amino acid contents (mg/g) of gelatins obtained from buffalo hide pretreated with different acids, as
compared with those of bovine skin gelatin
Amino acid CA 0.6 Ma
AC 1.5 Ma
HA 0.9 Ma
BSGa
Aspartic acid 39.59 56.31 51.70 39.08
Glutamic acid 77.62 109.30 102.61 79.49
Serine 27.39 34.83 38.04 28.99
Histidine 5.49 6.59 7.58 5.67
Glycine 165.40 214.53 230.61 179.63
Arginine 53.14 69.47 78.71 56.66
Alanine 59.83 83.24 81.01 63.50
Tyrosine 5.06 6.06 6.99 3.48
Tryptophan 0.14 ND 0.12 ND
Methionine 6.45 7.62 8.88 7.03
Valine 14.45 19.36 19.96 15.27
Phenylalanine 0.14 ND 0.12 ND
Isoleucine 10.27 12.94 13.38 10.28
Leucine 20.86 27.63 28.91 21.48
Lysine 34.54 47.75 44.11 34.70
Cysteine ND ND ND ND
Proline 84.01 112.26 113.21 88.14
Hydroxyproline 64.45 29.20 21.80 42.06
a
CA, AC, and HA correspond to pretreatment with citric, acetic, and hydrochloric acids, respectively. BSG, bovine skin gelatin. Results obtained
from duplicate readings.
6. Physicochemical Properties of Gelatin Extracted from Buffalo Hide Pretreated with Different Acids
https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.5.708 713
with the stretching vibrations of NH groups, indicating
the coiled structure of the gelatin, since stretching vibra-
tions of free NH groups are usually observed at 3,400-
3,440 cm-1
(Nagarajan et al., 2012; Sinthusamran et al.,
2014). These vibrations are very useful for the IR spectro-
scopic analysis of protein secondary structure (Kittiphat-
tanabawon et al., 2010). Amide II bands are ascribed to an
out-of-phase combination of a CN stretch with in-plane
NH deformation modes of the peptide group, whereas
amide III bands are indicative of disorder in the gelatin
molecules and are probably associated with the loss of the
triple-helical structure (Sinthusamran et al., 2014). Among
the samples, bovine skin gelatin shows the highest trans-
mittance, and that obtained using the HCl pretreatment
exhibits the lowest (i.e., the highest absorption intensity).
Pretreatment with hydrochloric acid produces gelatin with
a larger degree of triple-helix-to-coil structure degradation
and disorder, as compared to the cases of citric and acetic
acids.
Protein patterns
The protein patterns of buffalo hide gelatins extracted
using different acids (Fig. 3) show the presence of α (~100
kDa) and β (~200 kDa) chains as well as several degraded
peptides (24-66 kDa). Pretreatment with 0.9 M HCl yields
a gelatin with a molecular weight of 24-138 kDa, simi-
larly to the case of 0.6 M citric acid, while the pattern ob-
served for 1.5 M acetic acid is thinner than that of bovine
Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of gelatin obtained from buffalo hide pretreated with different acids.
Fig. 3. SDS-PAGE patterns of gelatins obtained from buffalo hide pretreated with different acids, as compared to that of bov-
ine skin gelatin. M, protein molecular weight standard; CA, citric acid; AA, acetic acid; HA, hydrochloric acid; BSG, bovine skin gelatin.
7. October 2017 Volume 37 Issue 5
714 https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.5.708
skin gelatin. The formation of coil structure and short pep-
tides, indicative of collagen degradation, is more prono-
unced for the HCl and citric acid pretreatments, with the
highest gelatin yield obtained in the case of HCl. During
extraction, collagen is converted into low-molecular-wei-
ght gelatin due to the breakdown of cross-linked collagen
chains (Kaewruang et al., 2013). Zarai et al. (2012) rep-
orted that proteins with molecular weights lower than that
of α chains are produced by the degradation of α, β, and
g components during gelatin extraction and preparation.
Amino acid composition
Table 2 presents the amino acid profile of the buffalo
hide and bovine skin gelatins, showing that the former is
dominated by glycine, proline, glutamic acid, and imino
acids (proline + hydroxyproline). The proline and hydroxy-
proline contents of the gelatin obtained using the hydro-
chloric or citric acid pretreatment are higher than those of
the gelatin obtained using the acetic acid pretreatment or
the bovine skin gelatin. Buffalo hide gelatin also exhibits a
higher gel strength than bovine skin gelatin, since the –OH
groups of hydroxyproline facilitate the formation of junc-
tion zones, and thus, enhance gel strength. The higher con-
tent of imino acids and alanine observed for buffalo hide
gelatin contribute to its increased viscoelasticity by prom-
oting the formation of a triple-helical structure in the gel-
atin and its stabilization (Sarbon et al., 2013).
Conclusions
This study shows that the highest yield of gelatin from
buffalo hide was obtained by pretreatment with 0.9 M HCl.
All type of acids produce gelatin with the physicochemi-
cal properties equivalent to comercial bovine gelatin and
comply with GMIA industry standards. Pretreatment with
0.6 M citric acid had the highest viscosity compared than
0.9 M HCl and 1.5 M acetic acid. Thus, the high gel
strength and viscosity of the prepared gels recommend
buffalo hide as an alternative source of gelatin.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by a grant from the “Penelitian
Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PUPT)” 2016, Directorate
General of Higher Education, Ministry of Research, Tech-
nology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia,
and was coordinated by the Research Institution and Com-
munity Service (RICS) and the Center of Food and Nutri-
tion Studies (CFNS) of Gadjah Mada University.
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