This document describes research into synthesizing and studying starch nanoparticles (StNPs) combined with different food gums to create an oral delivery system for salvianolic acid B (Sal B). Various gums including chitosan, gum arabic, guar gum, sodium alginate, and rosin were individually added to a short-chain glucan solution to prepare StNPs/gum nanocomposites through self-assembly. Sal B was embedded during the synthesis. The size, morphology, loading capacity, and in vitro release properties of the StNPs/gum nanocomposites were analyzed. The results showed the gums helped reduce the size of the StNPs and provided controlled release of
This document summarizes a study on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP) powder through chemical precipitation and an evaluation of its biodegradability. HAP was successfully synthesized using a precipitation method involving calcium nitrate and potassium phosphate solutions. The HAP powder was then used to fabricate pellets, which were subjected to biodegradation testing by soaking in buffer solution. Weight loss was observed in the pellets over 12 days, demonstrating the biodegradable nature of the synthesized HAP. The HAP showed properties similar to bone and is thus a promising biomaterial for applications like bone grafts and implants.
Tapioca starch-pullulan interaction during gelation and retrogradationMostafa Gouda
The interaction between pullulan (PU) and tapioca starch (TS) during gelatinization and retrogradation was
studied in this paper. TS and PU were prepared into a TS/PU composite system at the ratios of 10/0, 9.5/0.5,
9.0/1.0, 8.5/1.5 and 8.0/2.0 g/g. The addition of PU tended to decrease the peak, breakdown and final viscosity
of the composite system. The increasing tanδ of the dynamic viscoelastic measurement suggested that PU enhanced
the liquid-like properties of TS gels. The decreased setback values and the slower increase of the storage
modulus at 4 °C indicated that the short-term retrogradation of TS was restrained. Meanwhile, the peaks of X-ray
diffraction became lower and wider, revealing that PU could inhibit the long-term retrogradation of TS. The FTIR
spectra showed that the absorption peak of the O−H stretching gradually redshifted with increasing PU content,
suggesting that a strong intermolecular hydrogen binding occurred between TS and PU. From low-field nuclear
magnetic resonance, the spin-spin relaxation time decreased from 1687 ms (TS/PU=10.0/0) to 1427 ms (TS/
PU=8.0/2.0), illustrating that the addition of PU promotes the water retention ability of the TS paste.
Therefore, PU had an effect on TS gelatinization and retrogradation.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that studied the effects of extrusion process variables on the physical properties of oat-containing extrudates. The thesis used different oat fractions, including defatted oat endosperm flour and whole grain oat flour. It also added defatted oat protein concentrate and defatted oat bran concentrate. Extrusion trials were conducted using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Process variables tested included screw speed, water content, and feed rate. Measured physical properties of the extrudates were expansion, hardness, and water content. Results showed that screw speed most significantly affected the properties, with higher speed increasing expansion and decreasing hardness. Water content also
The document discusses incorporating hydroxyapatite into heat cured acrylic resin for dentures. It summarizes that FTIR and NMR testing showed that adding 2% or 5% hydroxyapatite resulted in a homogeneous mixture without chemical reaction. Biocompatibility testing on rabbits demonstrated that hydroxyapatite enhanced new bone formation when used in denture lining materials. The purpose of the study was to examine hydroxyapatite-incorporated denture bases and relining materials.
Physicochemical Properties of Gelatin Extracted from Buffalo Hide Pretreated ...UniversitasGadjahMada
The acid pretreatment of collagen molecules disrupts their crosslinks and assists in the release of acid-soluble proteins, fats, and other components. Generally, to achieve optimum extraction efficiency, strong acids may be used at a lower acid concentration compared to weak acids. This study aimed to determine the yield and physicochemical properties of gelatins extracted from buffalo hides pretreated with different acids. Hides were extracted with hydrochloric, citric, and acetic acids at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 M. A completely randomized design and the least significant difference test were used in the experimental design, and all measurements were performed in triplicate. The highest yield (29.17%) was obtained from pretreatment with 0.9 M HCl. The gel strength did not differ significantly (p>0.05) according to acid type (280.26-259.62 g Bloom), and the highest viscosity was obtained from the 0.6 M citric acid pretreatment. All the gelatins contained α- and β-chain components and several degraded peptides (24-66 kDa). The color and Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of the gelatin extracted using 0.9 M HCl were similar to those of commercial bovine skin gelatin. In general, the physicochemical properties of the gelatin complied with the industry standard set by the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America, revealing that buffalo hide could serve as a potential alternative source of gelatin.
THE POTENTIAL OF EDIBLE COATING OF BETEL LEAF ON THE QUALITY OF GIANT GOURAMI...IAEME Publication
Fresh fish has several disadvantages if left for a long time, namely damage and
deterioration in quality. If it is not inhibited, the fish will experience continuous
deterioration of quality. Therefore, fresh fish such as gourami, which are popular
within consumers, need a special care to reduce damage and maintain quality to stay
fresh for a long time. The author tried to examine the use of edible coating on gourami
with additional essential oils with betel leaf (Piper betel) to sensory quality, and shelf
life of gourami fillets (Osphronemus Gouramy). This study used a Randomized Block
Design (RBD) method with three groups. Each group has six replications with total of
18 (eighteen) samples. Organoleptic test, TPC, and pH tests are the main parameters
in this study. Edible coat of 4% chelelatin with 1% betel leaf essential oil affecting the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami. It was able to maintain fillets for 12 hours
with room temperature. As well as edible coat of 4% gelatin with 1% betel leaf essential
oil were able to maintain the total number of bacteria according to SNI standard until
the 12th hour of shelf life with room temperature that is equal to 4.9x10. In conclusion,
the addition of gelatin with betel essential oil had significant influence towards the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami fillets. In addition, it is also able to maintain
the shelf life of gourami for 12 hours of storage with room temperature
Functionalizing a dentin bonding resin to become bioactive (Tobias Tauböck)DrMarkHogan
OBJECTIVES: To investigate chemo-mechanical effects of incorporating alkaline bioactive glass nanoparticles into a light-curable dental resin matrix.
METHODS: An unfilled Bis-GMA/TEGDMA material was infiltrated with up to 20wt% of ultrafine SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Bi2O3 particles. The unfilled and filled resins were investigated regarding their viscosity before setting and compared to commercially available materials. Set specimens were immersed for 21 days in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C. Water uptake, pH, Knoop hardness, and degree of conversion of freshly polymerized and stored samples were investigated. Resin surfaces were viewed and mapped in a scanning electron microscope for the formation of calcium phosphate (Ca/P) precipitates. In addition, Raman spectroscopy was performed. Numeric values were statistically compared (p<0.01).><0.01).><0.01) increased the degree of conversion after 21 days. Ca/P precipitates formed on specimens filled with 20wt% of the particles, while they were scarce on counterparts loaded with 10wt%, and absent on unfilled resin surfaces.
SIGNIFICANCE: The results of the current study show that a Bis-GMA-based resin can be functionalized using alkaline nanoparticles. A material with bioactive properties and similar hardness as the unfilled resin was obtained by incorporating 20wt% of ultrafine SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Bi2O3 particles into the resin matrix.
IRJET- Use of Fly Ash from Soybean Husk and Maize Husk as an Adsorbent for Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using activated carbon extracted from soybean husk and maize husk as an adsorbent for removing fluoride from water. The study examines the effect of various parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and stirring rate on fluoride removal efficiency. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for maximum fluoride removal. Results showed that 50 minutes was sufficient contact time to reach equilibrium for both adsorbents. An adsorbent dose of 2g was found to be the equilibrium dosage. Maximum efficiency of 50.47% and 51.66% was observed for maize husk and soybean husk activated carbon respectively.
This document summarizes a study on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP) powder through chemical precipitation and an evaluation of its biodegradability. HAP was successfully synthesized using a precipitation method involving calcium nitrate and potassium phosphate solutions. The HAP powder was then used to fabricate pellets, which were subjected to biodegradation testing by soaking in buffer solution. Weight loss was observed in the pellets over 12 days, demonstrating the biodegradable nature of the synthesized HAP. The HAP showed properties similar to bone and is thus a promising biomaterial for applications like bone grafts and implants.
Tapioca starch-pullulan interaction during gelation and retrogradationMostafa Gouda
The interaction between pullulan (PU) and tapioca starch (TS) during gelatinization and retrogradation was
studied in this paper. TS and PU were prepared into a TS/PU composite system at the ratios of 10/0, 9.5/0.5,
9.0/1.0, 8.5/1.5 and 8.0/2.0 g/g. The addition of PU tended to decrease the peak, breakdown and final viscosity
of the composite system. The increasing tanδ of the dynamic viscoelastic measurement suggested that PU enhanced
the liquid-like properties of TS gels. The decreased setback values and the slower increase of the storage
modulus at 4 °C indicated that the short-term retrogradation of TS was restrained. Meanwhile, the peaks of X-ray
diffraction became lower and wider, revealing that PU could inhibit the long-term retrogradation of TS. The FTIR
spectra showed that the absorption peak of the O−H stretching gradually redshifted with increasing PU content,
suggesting that a strong intermolecular hydrogen binding occurred between TS and PU. From low-field nuclear
magnetic resonance, the spin-spin relaxation time decreased from 1687 ms (TS/PU=10.0/0) to 1427 ms (TS/
PU=8.0/2.0), illustrating that the addition of PU promotes the water retention ability of the TS paste.
Therefore, PU had an effect on TS gelatinization and retrogradation.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that studied the effects of extrusion process variables on the physical properties of oat-containing extrudates. The thesis used different oat fractions, including defatted oat endosperm flour and whole grain oat flour. It also added defatted oat protein concentrate and defatted oat bran concentrate. Extrusion trials were conducted using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Process variables tested included screw speed, water content, and feed rate. Measured physical properties of the extrudates were expansion, hardness, and water content. Results showed that screw speed most significantly affected the properties, with higher speed increasing expansion and decreasing hardness. Water content also
The document discusses incorporating hydroxyapatite into heat cured acrylic resin for dentures. It summarizes that FTIR and NMR testing showed that adding 2% or 5% hydroxyapatite resulted in a homogeneous mixture without chemical reaction. Biocompatibility testing on rabbits demonstrated that hydroxyapatite enhanced new bone formation when used in denture lining materials. The purpose of the study was to examine hydroxyapatite-incorporated denture bases and relining materials.
Physicochemical Properties of Gelatin Extracted from Buffalo Hide Pretreated ...UniversitasGadjahMada
The acid pretreatment of collagen molecules disrupts their crosslinks and assists in the release of acid-soluble proteins, fats, and other components. Generally, to achieve optimum extraction efficiency, strong acids may be used at a lower acid concentration compared to weak acids. This study aimed to determine the yield and physicochemical properties of gelatins extracted from buffalo hides pretreated with different acids. Hides were extracted with hydrochloric, citric, and acetic acids at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 M. A completely randomized design and the least significant difference test were used in the experimental design, and all measurements were performed in triplicate. The highest yield (29.17%) was obtained from pretreatment with 0.9 M HCl. The gel strength did not differ significantly (p>0.05) according to acid type (280.26-259.62 g Bloom), and the highest viscosity was obtained from the 0.6 M citric acid pretreatment. All the gelatins contained α- and β-chain components and several degraded peptides (24-66 kDa). The color and Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of the gelatin extracted using 0.9 M HCl were similar to those of commercial bovine skin gelatin. In general, the physicochemical properties of the gelatin complied with the industry standard set by the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America, revealing that buffalo hide could serve as a potential alternative source of gelatin.
THE POTENTIAL OF EDIBLE COATING OF BETEL LEAF ON THE QUALITY OF GIANT GOURAMI...IAEME Publication
Fresh fish has several disadvantages if left for a long time, namely damage and
deterioration in quality. If it is not inhibited, the fish will experience continuous
deterioration of quality. Therefore, fresh fish such as gourami, which are popular
within consumers, need a special care to reduce damage and maintain quality to stay
fresh for a long time. The author tried to examine the use of edible coating on gourami
with additional essential oils with betel leaf (Piper betel) to sensory quality, and shelf
life of gourami fillets (Osphronemus Gouramy). This study used a Randomized Block
Design (RBD) method with three groups. Each group has six replications with total of
18 (eighteen) samples. Organoleptic test, TPC, and pH tests are the main parameters
in this study. Edible coat of 4% chelelatin with 1% betel leaf essential oil affecting the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami. It was able to maintain fillets for 12 hours
with room temperature. As well as edible coat of 4% gelatin with 1% betel leaf essential
oil were able to maintain the total number of bacteria according to SNI standard until
the 12th hour of shelf life with room temperature that is equal to 4.9x10. In conclusion,
the addition of gelatin with betel essential oil had significant influence towards the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami fillets. In addition, it is also able to maintain
the shelf life of gourami for 12 hours of storage with room temperature
Functionalizing a dentin bonding resin to become bioactive (Tobias Tauböck)DrMarkHogan
OBJECTIVES: To investigate chemo-mechanical effects of incorporating alkaline bioactive glass nanoparticles into a light-curable dental resin matrix.
METHODS: An unfilled Bis-GMA/TEGDMA material was infiltrated with up to 20wt% of ultrafine SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Bi2O3 particles. The unfilled and filled resins were investigated regarding their viscosity before setting and compared to commercially available materials. Set specimens were immersed for 21 days in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C. Water uptake, pH, Knoop hardness, and degree of conversion of freshly polymerized and stored samples were investigated. Resin surfaces were viewed and mapped in a scanning electron microscope for the formation of calcium phosphate (Ca/P) precipitates. In addition, Raman spectroscopy was performed. Numeric values were statistically compared (p<0.01).><0.01).><0.01) increased the degree of conversion after 21 days. Ca/P precipitates formed on specimens filled with 20wt% of the particles, while they were scarce on counterparts loaded with 10wt%, and absent on unfilled resin surfaces.
SIGNIFICANCE: The results of the current study show that a Bis-GMA-based resin can be functionalized using alkaline nanoparticles. A material with bioactive properties and similar hardness as the unfilled resin was obtained by incorporating 20wt% of ultrafine SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Bi2O3 particles into the resin matrix.
IRJET- Use of Fly Ash from Soybean Husk and Maize Husk as an Adsorbent for Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using activated carbon extracted from soybean husk and maize husk as an adsorbent for removing fluoride from water. The study examines the effect of various parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and stirring rate on fluoride removal efficiency. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for maximum fluoride removal. Results showed that 50 minutes was sufficient contact time to reach equilibrium for both adsorbents. An adsorbent dose of 2g was found to be the equilibrium dosage. Maximum efficiency of 50.47% and 51.66% was observed for maize husk and soybean husk activated carbon respectively.
This document summarizes a study investigating the use of graphene (GP), graphene oxide (GO), and Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) callus extract to improve the osteoinductive potential of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. PCL sheets were coated with combinations of GP, GO, and CQ solutions. The coated scaffolds showed improved roughness, wettability, strength and biocompatibility. Scaffolds containing GO-CQ or GP-CQ promoted osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without osteogenic factors, indicating their potential for bone regeneration. The combination of PCL-GO-CQ performed the best in supporting bone tissue growth.
Bio res 07_3_3317_fan_wbl_starch_stearate_mod_pcc_papermaking_2788Avi Kumar
This document summarizes a peer-reviewed article that studied modifying precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler using a starch-sodium stearate complex. Key findings include:
1) The modified PCC had a significantly increased particle size and changed morphology compared to unmodified PCC.
2) Paper made with modified PCC at the same ash content had higher brightness, lower opacity, and higher physical strength than paper with unmodified PCC.
3) Stock containing modified PCC had better retention compared to stock with unmodified PCC.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of physical parameters of α amylase producing brevibacillus boro...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bacteria have been regarded as treasure of many useful enzymes viz., amylases, proteases, lipases, hydrolases and reductases. Among them amylolytic enzymes have great biotechnological applications and economic exploitations. The production of α-amylases by fermentation had been thoroughly investigated and shown to be affected by a variety of physicochemical factors, such as the composition of the growth medium, the type of strain, cell growth, methods of cultivation, inoculum concentration, time of incubation, pH, temperature, salinity, carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources. The present study was carried out to optimize the α-amylase production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1 using ten different media viz., Nutrient broth, Luria Bertain broth, Clarks & Lub medium, Pikovskaya’s medium, Tendler's non-synthetic medium, Amylase production medium, Soluble starch beef extract medium, Soybean casein digest medium, Yeast extract peptone dextrose glucose medium and Tryptone glucose beef extract medium. Among these ten media, Pikovskaya’s (PK) medium proved to be optimal for α-amylase production (1861±17U/ml). The optimized α-amylase production in PK medium by submerged fermentation (SmF) was subjected to varying physical parameters such as 24hrs incubation time, 2% inoculum size, 370C, pH 7.0 and 1% NaCl. Alpha-amylase produced by B.borostelensis R1 have many applications in starch processing, desizing of textiles, paper sizing, detergent additive, bread improvement, ethanol production, sewage treatment, effluent treatment and other fermentation processes. Keywords: Pikovskaya’s medium, incubation time, inoculum size, temperature, pH and salinity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Gamma radiation was used on peaches to extend their shelf life. Peaches were irradiated with doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 kGy and stored at refrigerated temperatures. Nutritional parameters like moisture, acidity, sugars, and sensory attributes were analyzed over 3 weeks. The 0.75 kGy dose was found to be most effective at increasing shelf life to 3 weeks while maintaining quality. Irradiation helped reduce post-harvest losses and could overcome quarantine barriers by extending the lifespan of peaches, benefiting the economy.
Fabrication and evaluation of a stable flurbiprofen hydrogelpharmaindexing
This study aimed to fabricate and evaluate a stable 6% flurbiprofen hydrogel for topical delivery. Flurbiprofen hydrogel was prepared using carbopol 940 as the thickening agent. Stability studies were conducted over 28 days at different temperatures (2-40°C, 25°C, 40°C) by assessing parameters like liquefaction, color, phase separation, centrifugation and pH. The hydrogel showed no changes in these parameters, and pH values remained stable. Drug content of the hydrogel was 76.3% flurbiprofen. In vitro drug release studies found 79.46% of drug was released after 8 hours, indicating the formulation was stable for topical use.
The oral route is the most favorable route for administration of drugs because of accurate dosage, low cost of therapy, self medication, non-invasive method, and ease of administration leading to a high level of patient compliance. Of the oral Dosage forms, solid dosage form is the preferred class of product as tablet represents a unit dosage form in which one dose of drug is placed accurately.
Statistical based media optimization and production of clavulanic acid by sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology
(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
STATISTICAL BASED MEDIA OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF CLAVULANIC ACID BY SOL...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Statistical Based Media Optimization and Production of Clavulanic Acid By Sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Disinfection of dentinal tubules with 2% chlorhexidine,Charles Pereira
2. Chlorhexidine gel was the most effective at inhibiting the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, eliminating bacterial growth at both 200 and 400 micrometer depths over 5 days. Metronidazole gel showed moderate inhibition of 86.5%, followed by bioactive glass at 62.8% and calcium hydroxide at 58.5%. Chlorhexidine gel completely inhibited bacterial growth at all time intervals tested, demonstrating its strong antibacterial properties compared to the other medicaments.
Response of pulps of different origins to the upgrading effect of bulk added ...Prof. Dr. Tamer Y A Fahmy
Soy-protein is used, for the first time, as bulk binder in papermaking from wood pulps (hardwood and softwood pulps). Wood pulps represent the major pulps used for paper production. A green denaturing method, involving only biodegradable compounds, was found sufficient to expose the functional groups of proteins. Addition of denatured soy-protein caused a considerable increase in all strength properties of paper, at all beating degrees. The effect was highest in non-wood (for comparison) followed by hardwood and softwood pulps respectively. This could be correlated to ratio of fiber length/width, fines, and hemicellulose content of pulps. The less the ratio, and the higher the fines and hemicellulose content, the more was the increase in strength properties; due to more exposed surfaces. The outstanding effect of soy-protein was magnifying the desired opacifying effect and retention of inorganic fillers e.g. kaolin, while eliminating the loss in strength, which occurs normally due to fillers.
This document summarizes research on developing bioactive glass-based composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Key points discussed include:
- Bioactive glass particles are combined with natural/synthetic polymer matrices to create 3D biodegradable scaffolds for tissue regeneration.
- The scaffolds are studied to understand how bioactive glass affects properties like architecture, mechanics, degradation rate and bioactivity.
- Initial results found the bioactive glass helped cross-link the scaffold, improving mechanics while allowing it to still self-heal. The composite scaffold also showed more uniform porosity and better bioactivity than scaffolds without bioactive glass.
- Further biological evaluation of the composite scaffolds is still needed to fully understand their potential for tissue
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
Development and characterization of anionic liposaccharides for enhanced oralAdel Abdelrahim, PhD
The document describes the development and characterization of novel anionic liposaccharide derivatives for enhancing oral drug delivery. Liposaccharides containing d-glucose and lipoamino acids were synthesized. Their critical aggregation concentration and thermodynamic profiles were determined using isothermal titration microcalorimetry. The liposaccharides were found to be non-toxic and did not cause hemolysis or reduce cell viability. When mixed with the model drug tobramycin, one of the liposaccharides formed aggregates around 200 nm and increased tobramycin's partitioning between n-octanol and water, suggesting it may enhance the oral absorption of hydrophilic drugs.
This document discusses medium optimization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil and used to produce exopolysaccharide. Statistical methods like Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology using central composite design were used to optimize the culture medium. The optimized medium contained specific concentrations of cane molasses, yeast extract, NaCl, and CaCl2, which produced 4.92 g/L of exopolysaccharide. The exopolysaccharide showed antioxidant activity, with a 61.19% reduction of DPPH free radicals, greater than vitamin C. The biopolymer could have applications in industries and pharmaceuticals.
Phthalates, an alkyl aryl esters of 1, 2 benzenedicarboxylic acids are widely used as plasticizer. They show low water solubility, high oil solubility, high octanol-to-water partition coefficient and low volatility. Phthalates are easily released into the packed food because there is no covalent bond between the phthalates and plastics in which they are mixed. Phthalates may cause major ill effects like endocrine disruption, asthma and cancer. A study was conducted on tea (aromatic beverage), sambar (an Indian dish) and alcohol packed in polythene covers and plastic cups used in routine hotels and beverage shops. The samples were analyzed for plastic residues through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result shows that, the tea filled in polythene cover and alcohol filled in plastic cup did not show any leachate of phthalates. However, the sambar packed in the polythene cover showed leachate of phthalates. The diethylhexyl phthalate was observed to be 20% of Total Ion Chromatogram in sambar. Future studies can be carried out to identify the leaching effect of phthalates in different plastic packed food materials under different conditions.
This document summarizes research on improving the stabilization of nanoemulsions by partially replacing sodium caseinate (SC) with pea protein isolate (PPI). Nanoemulsions stabilized with SC alone showed creaming due to depletion flocculation from excess proteins. PPI alone also failed to produce stable nanoemulsions due to excessive droplet and protein aggregation. However, nanoemulsions stabilized with a 1:1 mixture of SC and PPI did not show any creaming or aggregation and remained stable for over 6 months. The interaction between SC and PPI in the aqueous phase was found to prevent the destabilization mechanisms seen in individual protein-stabilized nanoemulsions.
Nanosuspensions accelerate drug substance dissolution rates by increasing surface area and reducing particle size. The key to nanosuspension development is the identification of a suitable delivery system, such that nano-technology.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
This document summarizes a study investigating the use of graphene (GP), graphene oxide (GO), and Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) callus extract to improve the osteoinductive potential of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. PCL sheets were coated with combinations of GP, GO, and CQ solutions. The coated scaffolds showed improved roughness, wettability, strength and biocompatibility. Scaffolds containing GO-CQ or GP-CQ promoted osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without osteogenic factors, indicating their potential for bone regeneration. The combination of PCL-GO-CQ performed the best in supporting bone tissue growth.
Bio res 07_3_3317_fan_wbl_starch_stearate_mod_pcc_papermaking_2788Avi Kumar
This document summarizes a peer-reviewed article that studied modifying precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler using a starch-sodium stearate complex. Key findings include:
1) The modified PCC had a significantly increased particle size and changed morphology compared to unmodified PCC.
2) Paper made with modified PCC at the same ash content had higher brightness, lower opacity, and higher physical strength than paper with unmodified PCC.
3) Stock containing modified PCC had better retention compared to stock with unmodified PCC.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of physical parameters of α amylase producing brevibacillus boro...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bacteria have been regarded as treasure of many useful enzymes viz., amylases, proteases, lipases, hydrolases and reductases. Among them amylolytic enzymes have great biotechnological applications and economic exploitations. The production of α-amylases by fermentation had been thoroughly investigated and shown to be affected by a variety of physicochemical factors, such as the composition of the growth medium, the type of strain, cell growth, methods of cultivation, inoculum concentration, time of incubation, pH, temperature, salinity, carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources. The present study was carried out to optimize the α-amylase production of Brevibacillus borstelensis R1 using ten different media viz., Nutrient broth, Luria Bertain broth, Clarks & Lub medium, Pikovskaya’s medium, Tendler's non-synthetic medium, Amylase production medium, Soluble starch beef extract medium, Soybean casein digest medium, Yeast extract peptone dextrose glucose medium and Tryptone glucose beef extract medium. Among these ten media, Pikovskaya’s (PK) medium proved to be optimal for α-amylase production (1861±17U/ml). The optimized α-amylase production in PK medium by submerged fermentation (SmF) was subjected to varying physical parameters such as 24hrs incubation time, 2% inoculum size, 370C, pH 7.0 and 1% NaCl. Alpha-amylase produced by B.borostelensis R1 have many applications in starch processing, desizing of textiles, paper sizing, detergent additive, bread improvement, ethanol production, sewage treatment, effluent treatment and other fermentation processes. Keywords: Pikovskaya’s medium, incubation time, inoculum size, temperature, pH and salinity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Gamma radiation was used on peaches to extend their shelf life. Peaches were irradiated with doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 kGy and stored at refrigerated temperatures. Nutritional parameters like moisture, acidity, sugars, and sensory attributes were analyzed over 3 weeks. The 0.75 kGy dose was found to be most effective at increasing shelf life to 3 weeks while maintaining quality. Irradiation helped reduce post-harvest losses and could overcome quarantine barriers by extending the lifespan of peaches, benefiting the economy.
Fabrication and evaluation of a stable flurbiprofen hydrogelpharmaindexing
This study aimed to fabricate and evaluate a stable 6% flurbiprofen hydrogel for topical delivery. Flurbiprofen hydrogel was prepared using carbopol 940 as the thickening agent. Stability studies were conducted over 28 days at different temperatures (2-40°C, 25°C, 40°C) by assessing parameters like liquefaction, color, phase separation, centrifugation and pH. The hydrogel showed no changes in these parameters, and pH values remained stable. Drug content of the hydrogel was 76.3% flurbiprofen. In vitro drug release studies found 79.46% of drug was released after 8 hours, indicating the formulation was stable for topical use.
The oral route is the most favorable route for administration of drugs because of accurate dosage, low cost of therapy, self medication, non-invasive method, and ease of administration leading to a high level of patient compliance. Of the oral Dosage forms, solid dosage form is the preferred class of product as tablet represents a unit dosage form in which one dose of drug is placed accurately.
Statistical based media optimization and production of clavulanic acid by sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology
(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
STATISTICAL BASED MEDIA OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF CLAVULANIC ACID BY SOL...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Statistical Based Media Optimization and Production of Clavulanic Acid By Sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Disinfection of dentinal tubules with 2% chlorhexidine,Charles Pereira
2. Chlorhexidine gel was the most effective at inhibiting the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, eliminating bacterial growth at both 200 and 400 micrometer depths over 5 days. Metronidazole gel showed moderate inhibition of 86.5%, followed by bioactive glass at 62.8% and calcium hydroxide at 58.5%. Chlorhexidine gel completely inhibited bacterial growth at all time intervals tested, demonstrating its strong antibacterial properties compared to the other medicaments.
Response of pulps of different origins to the upgrading effect of bulk added ...Prof. Dr. Tamer Y A Fahmy
Soy-protein is used, for the first time, as bulk binder in papermaking from wood pulps (hardwood and softwood pulps). Wood pulps represent the major pulps used for paper production. A green denaturing method, involving only biodegradable compounds, was found sufficient to expose the functional groups of proteins. Addition of denatured soy-protein caused a considerable increase in all strength properties of paper, at all beating degrees. The effect was highest in non-wood (for comparison) followed by hardwood and softwood pulps respectively. This could be correlated to ratio of fiber length/width, fines, and hemicellulose content of pulps. The less the ratio, and the higher the fines and hemicellulose content, the more was the increase in strength properties; due to more exposed surfaces. The outstanding effect of soy-protein was magnifying the desired opacifying effect and retention of inorganic fillers e.g. kaolin, while eliminating the loss in strength, which occurs normally due to fillers.
This document summarizes research on developing bioactive glass-based composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Key points discussed include:
- Bioactive glass particles are combined with natural/synthetic polymer matrices to create 3D biodegradable scaffolds for tissue regeneration.
- The scaffolds are studied to understand how bioactive glass affects properties like architecture, mechanics, degradation rate and bioactivity.
- Initial results found the bioactive glass helped cross-link the scaffold, improving mechanics while allowing it to still self-heal. The composite scaffold also showed more uniform porosity and better bioactivity than scaffolds without bioactive glass.
- Further biological evaluation of the composite scaffolds is still needed to fully understand their potential for tissue
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
Development and characterization of anionic liposaccharides for enhanced oralAdel Abdelrahim, PhD
The document describes the development and characterization of novel anionic liposaccharide derivatives for enhancing oral drug delivery. Liposaccharides containing d-glucose and lipoamino acids were synthesized. Their critical aggregation concentration and thermodynamic profiles were determined using isothermal titration microcalorimetry. The liposaccharides were found to be non-toxic and did not cause hemolysis or reduce cell viability. When mixed with the model drug tobramycin, one of the liposaccharides formed aggregates around 200 nm and increased tobramycin's partitioning between n-octanol and water, suggesting it may enhance the oral absorption of hydrophilic drugs.
This document discusses medium optimization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil and used to produce exopolysaccharide. Statistical methods like Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology using central composite design were used to optimize the culture medium. The optimized medium contained specific concentrations of cane molasses, yeast extract, NaCl, and CaCl2, which produced 4.92 g/L of exopolysaccharide. The exopolysaccharide showed antioxidant activity, with a 61.19% reduction of DPPH free radicals, greater than vitamin C. The biopolymer could have applications in industries and pharmaceuticals.
Phthalates, an alkyl aryl esters of 1, 2 benzenedicarboxylic acids are widely used as plasticizer. They show low water solubility, high oil solubility, high octanol-to-water partition coefficient and low volatility. Phthalates are easily released into the packed food because there is no covalent bond between the phthalates and plastics in which they are mixed. Phthalates may cause major ill effects like endocrine disruption, asthma and cancer. A study was conducted on tea (aromatic beverage), sambar (an Indian dish) and alcohol packed in polythene covers and plastic cups used in routine hotels and beverage shops. The samples were analyzed for plastic residues through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result shows that, the tea filled in polythene cover and alcohol filled in plastic cup did not show any leachate of phthalates. However, the sambar packed in the polythene cover showed leachate of phthalates. The diethylhexyl phthalate was observed to be 20% of Total Ion Chromatogram in sambar. Future studies can be carried out to identify the leaching effect of phthalates in different plastic packed food materials under different conditions.
This document summarizes research on improving the stabilization of nanoemulsions by partially replacing sodium caseinate (SC) with pea protein isolate (PPI). Nanoemulsions stabilized with SC alone showed creaming due to depletion flocculation from excess proteins. PPI alone also failed to produce stable nanoemulsions due to excessive droplet and protein aggregation. However, nanoemulsions stabilized with a 1:1 mixture of SC and PPI did not show any creaming or aggregation and remained stable for over 6 months. The interaction between SC and PPI in the aqueous phase was found to prevent the destabilization mechanisms seen in individual protein-stabilized nanoemulsions.
Nanosuspensions accelerate drug substance dissolution rates by increasing surface area and reducing particle size. The key to nanosuspension development is the identification of a suitable delivery system, such that nano-technology.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
This document summarizes the development and evaluation of an in situ gelling system for the treatment of periodontitis using tinidazole as the model drug. Tinidazole was incorporated into gellan gum and poloxamer 407 polymer matrices using a 32 full factorial design to optimize the formulation variables. Nine formulations were developed varying the concentration of gellan gum (0.5-1.5% w/v) and poloxamer 407 (10-20% w/v). The formulations were characterized for appearance, gelling capacity, pH, viscosity, gelation temperature, drug content, syringeability and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation with maximum desirability contained 0.5% w/
In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of oral poly herbal formulations rashmi y...thepharmacyjournal
Aim: To evaluate the In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Oral poly herbal formulations.
Methodology: The In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin. The Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plants used for the preparation of six poly herbal formulations. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all poly herbal formulations were estimated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin at 50 - 250 μg/ml concentrations. The result was assessed UV spectrophotometer at 660nm and compared with the diclofenac sodium as standard drug.
Result: The result revealed that the all six oral poly herbal formulations possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity. But the formulations F5 and F6 exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation at 200μg/ml concentration 86.07% (using Egg's albumin) and 85.14% (using Bovine serum albumin) as compared to others formulations. The standard drug diclofenac sod. showed 98.06, 97.91% inhibition for Bovine serum and Egg's albumin methods, respectively.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the formulations is an effective inhibitor of protein denaturation and showed potent anti- inflammatory activity.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of positively charged liposaccharide derivati...Adel Abdelrahim, PhD
This document describes a study evaluating positively charged liposaccharide derivatives as oral absorption enhancers for delivering anionic drugs. Positively charged liposaccharide derivatives were synthesized and combined with the anionic model drug piperacillin through ion pairing. The conjugates were evaluated in vitro and in vivo to assess antimicrobial activity, plasma stability, permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers, and oral absorption. Results showed that ion pairing the liposaccharide derivatives with piperacillin improved permeability in Caco-2 cells without altering antimicrobial activity, indicating potential as oral absorption enhancers.
Polysaccharide coated liposomal formulations for dental targetingmilena glferraz
This document discusses polysaccharide-coated liposomal formulations for targeted drug delivery to the teeth. Negatively charged uncoated liposomes were the most stable in artificial saliva, while positively charged liposomes absorbed best to hydroxyapatite, a tooth enamel component. Coating positively charged liposomes with negatively charged polysaccharides like alginate improved their stability in artificial saliva. Negatively charged liposomes showed potential as a tooth-adhesive nanosystem for improved oral treatment, due to their stability in saliva and moderate absorption to enamel.
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of ranitidine oral in situ gels. Ranitidine was chosen as a model drug to develop a sustained release oral in situ gel system. Various polymers like sodium alginate, HPMC K15M, xanthan gum and HPMC K100M were used to formulate the in situ gels. 12 formulations were developed and evaluated for characteristics like visual appearance, pH, drug content, gelation time, viscosity and in vitro drug release. The results showed that xanthan gum was suitable for developing sustained release oral in situ gels of ranitidine.
1) The study aims to investigate the effects of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP NPs) and the root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica on barley growth under salinity stress conditions.
2) A hydroponic experiment will be conducted with barley seedlings under different treatment conditions: control, CaP NPs, P. indica, NaCl, and combinations of CaP NPs, P. indica and NaCl. Physiological, biochemical, electrophysiological and molecular analyses will be performed.
3) The research is expected to provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which CaP NPs and P. indica alleviate salinity stress in barley. An integrated
Ten Reliable Sources to Learn About Journal of Nano Medicine and Nanotechnologyscience journals
The nano medicine Journal enjoys reputation and popularity among the medical practitioners, as a novice technology in the biomedical research that offers innovative therapeutic practices. Nanotechnology as a medical application offers plethora of opportunities for the practitioners to explore innovative ways of drug delivery systems, therapies and In vivo imaging techniques.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.23
ABSTRACT- Atorvastatin calcium is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. It has
oral bioavailability of ≤12 %. It also undergoes high first pass metabolism. It is highly soluble in acidic pH and absorbed
more in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. In order, to improve the absorption and its oral bioavailability,
niosomes of Atorvastatin calcium have been formulated and evaluated on different parameters. Four niosomes
formulations of Atorvastatin calcium were successfully developed by modified ether injection technique using nonionic
surfactant i.e. Span 20, Span 40, Tween 20, Tween 40 and cholesterol at different concentrations. Key-words- Atorvastatin calcium, Niosomes, Surfactants, Cholesterol, Modified ether injection method, in-vitro release,
Stability studies
Abstracts from sps laboratory for the national conference in biosciences, sau...Saurashtra University
One-Day National Conference on Innovations in Biological Sciences
On 10 January 2020 in the Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Abstracts of the papers presented in this conference by the members of Prof. Satya P. Singh Lab
This document summarizes a study that developed and optimized chitosan-alginate nanoparticles for oral delivery of the drug rosuvastatin calcium. The nanoparticles were prepared using ionotropic gelation and characterized for properties such as size, surface charge, drug loading efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized nanoparticles had an average size of 349.3 nm, a zeta potential of +29.1 mV, high drug loading and entrapment efficiencies, and showed a fast initial release followed by more gradual release over 24 hours. The study demonstrated that the chitosan-alginate nanoparticle system improved rosuvastatin solubility and has potential to enhance its oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of ranitidine oral in situ gels. Ranitidine was chosen as a model drug and different polymers including sodium alginate, HPMC K15M, and xanthan gum were used to develop 12 formulations of in situ gels. The gels were characterized for visual appearance, pH, drug content, gelation time, viscosity and in vitro drug release. Sodium alginate based formulations showed suitable gelation and drug release properties. The results suggest xanthan gum is a suitable polymer for developing sustained release oral in situ gels of ranitidine.
This study investigated the effect of operational parameters on internal mass transfer resistance in a packed bed bioreactor using immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The parameters varied included chitosan coating, flow rate, glucose concentration, and particle size. S. cerevisiae cells were immobilized in alginate beads with and without chitosan coating. The results showed that chitosan coating, smaller bead size, higher flow rate, and lower glucose concentration reduced lag phase duration and improved glucose consumption time and ethanol production, due to reductions in internal and external mass transfer resistance. The optimal combination of parameters for maximum ethanol production consisted of smaller bead size (0.8 mm), higher flow rate (90 ml/min
Evaluation of fermentation period on the proximate composition and tanninCollins Prah Duodu
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of fermentation period on the proximate composition and tannin concentration of sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa) meal. Sheanut meal was fermented for 8 weeks using the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus as a biocatalyst. The results showed that crude protein and ash content significantly increased over the fermentation period, while moisture, crude fiber, and crude lipid content significantly decreased. Tannin content was also significantly reduced. A minimum of 5 weeks of fermentation was determined to be sufficient to significantly improve the nutritional profile and reduce tannins in the sheanut meal.
This document provides a synopsis for a Master's thesis project titled "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Films of Lisinopril". The project aims to develop fast dissolving films of the hypertension drug Lisinopril to improve patient compliance. Literature on fast dissolving drug delivery systems and films has been reviewed. The planned work involves preparing Lisinopril films using natural and synthetic polymers through various techniques and evaluating the films for properties like drug content, dissolution, and pharmacodynamics. If successful, the fast dissolving Lisinopril films could provide quick action and ease of administration benefits for hypertension patients.
Encapsulation of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 cells and evaluation of their s...Meng Xu
This document summarizes a study that encapsulated the probiotic Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 in pea protein isolate-alginate capsules to evaluate its survival during freeze-drying, storage, and under gastrointestinal conditions. The encapsulation process achieved a high yield of 85.69% and the capsules were freeze-dried. During freeze-drying, encapsulation did not improve survival compared to non-encapsulated cells. Storage tests at 22, 4, and -15°C found the highest survival (59.9%) for capsules stored at -15°C after 84 days. Capsules stored at -15°C showed weaker protection against gastric conditions compared to fresh
Similar to 2017 lixiaojingsynthesisandstudythepropertiesofstn ps_gumnanoparticlesforsalvianolicacidb-oraldeliverysystem-2 (20)
This document analyzes the chemical composition of different parts of the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), including the seed, pulp (juice), inner coat, and outer coat. Key findings include:
- The seed had the highest ash, protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate content as well as total energy. The juice had the highest moisture and vitamin C content.
- Minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, and manganese were most concentrated in different parts. No mineral ratios met ideal levels.
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This document summarizes a study that investigated the preparation and properties of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified early indica rice starch. The researchers prepared OSA starch from early indica rice starch through esterification reactions in aqueous slurry systems. They systematically studied factors that affected the esterification, including starch concentration, reaction time, pH, temperature, and amount of OSA. Analysis showed that OSA groups attached to the starch surface and pores formed, but crystallinity was unchanged. The OSA starch had improved viscosity and gelatinization properties. Optimal esterification parameters were identified.
This document summarizes a study on the rheological properties of chemically modified rice starch model solutions. Native rice starches have poor resistance to shear and stability to retrogradation, which can be altered through chemical modifications like acetylation, cross-linking, and dual modification. The study investigated the effects of different combinations of modification reagents on the rheological properties of starches isolated from three rice cultivars. Results showed that acetylation and dual modification increased viscosity while cross-linking decreased viscosity. Modified starches also showed improved flow behavior and consistency compared to native starches. The effect of modification was similar across cultivars but varied most for the cultivar with relatively higher amylose content.
1) Tapioca and potato starches were analyzed to investigate the effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at varying holding times and iterations.
2) Tapioca starch had a higher amylopectin short/long chain ratio and narrower gelatinization temperature range after HMT, while potato starch exhibited a widened range.
3) Decreases in properties like swelling power and solubility were less for tapioca starch than potato starch after HMT, indicating tapioca starch was less affected by HMT conditions.
El documento describe la actividad antioxidante del isoespintanol, un compuesto aislado de las hojas de Oxandra cf xylopioides, en diferentes modelos experimentales. Los resultados indican que el isoespintanol es un mejor reductor que el BHT en el ensayo FRAP y tiene un comportamiento antioxidante similar al BHT en otros ensayos. Sin embargo, el BHT es un mejor atrapador de radicales libres que el isoespintanol. Ambos compuestos no atrapan el radical superóxido ni inhiben significativamente la xantina oxidasa. El documento conclu
El documento describe los principios fundamentales de la medicina ayurvédica de la India. Explica que se basa en los cinco elementos, los tres tipos constitucionales y los siete chakras. El diagnóstico y tratamiento ayurvédicos buscan equilibrar los tres doshas (vata, pitta y kapha) mediante cambios en la dieta, ejercicio, meditación y otros estilos de vida para lograr una mente y cuerpo saludables.
Este documento presenta una introducción a conceptos básicos de química general como la materia, los estados de agregación, elementos y compuestos, propiedades generales y específicas, manejo de números, átomos, moléculas, iones e isotopos, símbolos químicos, fórmulas, nomenclatura, ecuaciones de reacción, soluciones y la ley de los gases. También explica conceptos como cambios de estado, densidad, puntos de fusión y ebullición, y conducción térmica y eléctrica.
Este documento trata sobre la química del carbono. Resume que el carbono forma una gran cantidad de compuestos complejos debido a que puede formar cadenas largas, anillos y enlaces múltiples. Explica que pequeñas variaciones en la estructura de los compuestos de carbono generan compuestos químicos diferentes.
Un grupo funcional es un átomo o conjunto de átomos que confiere características específicas a una molécula. Las moléculas con el mismo grupo funcional actuarán químicamente de manera similar. Los grupos funcionales más comunes incluyen alcoholes, aldehídos, cetonas, ácidos carboxílicos, éteres y ésteres. Cada grupo funcional define un tipo distinto de compuesto orgánico y el conjunto de compuestos que contienen el mismo grupo funcional constituye una familia de compuestos.
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1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313798730
Synthesis and study the properties of StNPs/gum nanoparticles for salvianolic
acid B-oral delivery system
Article in Food Chemistry · February 2017
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.059
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2. Synthesis and study the properties of StNPs/gum nanoparticles for
salvianolic acid B-oral delivery system
Xiaojing Li, Shengju Ge, Jie Yang, Ranran Chang, Caifeng Liang, Liu Xiong, Mei Zhao, Man Li, Qingjie Sun ⇑
College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 19 September 2016
Received in revised form 26 January 2017
Accepted 13 February 2017
Available online 16 February 2017
Keywords:
Polyphenol delivery
Ternary system
Stability
Short-chain glucan
Controlled release
a b s t r a c t
To fabricate stable sized and shaped controlled release delivery systems for salvianolic acid B (Sal B), dif-
ferent food gums were individually added to short-chain glucan solution to prepare starch nanoparticles
(StNPs)/gum nanocomposites by self-assembly, and Sal B was embedded in situ. The results showed that
size of StNPs was reduced to ca. 45 nm with the addition of chitosan and rosin, which decreased by over
50% than that of StNPs without the gum. The StNPs/guar gum nanocomposites had the largest size
(109.2 nm) among samples of StNPs with gums. The StNPs with chitosan and gum arabic exhibited an
obvious core-shell structure. The loading capacities of Sal B in StNPs, StNPs/chitosan, and StNPs/gum ara-
bic nanocomposites were 5.2, 8.26 and 8.08%, respectively. The in vitro release of Sal B from StNPs/gum
nanocomposites were sustained and prolonged for over 12 h, indicating that StNPs/gum nanocomposites
are good candidates to control Sal B release.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is the largest quantity of water-soluble
bioactive polyphenol of salviae miltiorrhizae (Hu, Liang, Luo, Zhao,
& Jiang, 2005). It is considered to be one of natural functional plant
metabolite with strongest antioxidant capacity currently known
(Zhao et al., 2008). Many reports showed that Sal B could be used
to scavenge free radicals and resist oxidant, and perform better
than vitamin E, vitamin C and mannitol (Zhou, Xie, Xu, Liang, &
Wei, 2014). In addition, Sal B as dietary supplement is usually
added to enhance the functionality of food (Xia et al., 2014; Lim,
Lee, Kim, Shin, & Kwon, 2016).
Current pharmacokinetic reports elucidated the low oral
bioavailability of Sal B. The oral bioavailability of salvianolic acid
B in freely moving rats was calculated to be 2.3% by Wu et al.
(2006). Moreover, Gao, Han, Zhang, Fang, and Wang (2009)
reported that the oral bioavailability of Sal B in dogs was calculated
to be only 1.07 ± 0.43%, which was too low to ameliorate blood vis-
cosity in beagle dogs. Recently, Zhu and Zhang (2015) studied the
pharmacokinetics of Sal B monomer in normal and hyperlipidemic
rats and concluded that Sal B could not play a therapeutic role
according to statistical results due to their low bioavailability.
Nano-sized particles have been used as the encapsulating mate-
rial in active ingredients or drug delivery carriers to decrease insta-
bility and improve bioavailability (D’Addio & Prud’homme, 2011).
Nanoparticles with particle size of less than 200 nm could be
absorbed by small intestinal epithelium cell, and thus enhance
the absorption of encapsulated phenolic phytochemicals (Li,
Jiang, Xu, & Gu, 2015). In addition, the longevity and stability of
the encapsulated drug increased, and its side effects reduced
(Craparo, Bondì, Pitarresi, & Cavallaro, 2011).
Starch, as the most abundantly available and low-cost biomate-
rial, has been widely used for synthesizing starch-based nanopar-
ticles for various biomedical and industry applications (Han,
Borjihan, Bai, Chen, & Jing, 2008). Previously, our group found that
short-chain glucan debranched from waxy maize starch could form
starch nanoparticles (StNPs) via recrystallization (Sun, Li, Dai, Ji, &
Xiong, 2014). However, the poor dispersibility of the synthesized
StNPs in aqueous solutions presents huge limitations. Surfactants
can be adsorb on the surface of nanoparticles and significantly
improve their dispersion stability in aqueous media (Raclesa,
Iacoba, Butnaruc, Sacarescua, & Cazacua, 2014). Food polysaccha-
rides are also natural surfactants for stabilizing nanoparticles as
opposed to conventional surfactants. Many studies have reported
evidence describing the effects of food gums on stabilizing
nanoparticles. Gum arabic could be used to fabricate stable sodium
caseinate nanoparticles resistant to high temperature and strong
acid and alkaline condition (Ye, Edwards, Gilliland, Jameson, &
Singh, 2012), and could improve the dispersion stability of zein
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.059
0308-8146/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author at: Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao,
China.
E-mail address: phdsun@163.com (Q. Sun).
Food Chemistry 229 (2017) 111–119
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Food Chemistry
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem
3. nanoparticles at pH 3.0–8.0 (Chen & Zhong, 2015). In addition,
selenium nanoparticles could keep favorable dispersion stability
in gum arabic solutions for about 30 days (Kong et al., 2014). More-
over, Hu and McClements (2015) reported that core-shell zein-
alginate nanoparticles had smaller size and were more stable over
a range of temperatures, pH values, and salt concentration than
pure zein nanoparticles.
On the other hand, food polysaccharides could also be used as a
template to prepare size-controlled and uniform nanoparticles or
nanofibers. Cellulose and chitosan (CS) can interact with metal
nanoparticles to control the nucleation of nanoparticles (Wei,
Sun, Qian, Ye, & Ma, 2009). Lokanathan, Ahsan Uddin, Rojas, and
Laine (2014) found that cellulose nanocrystals were capable of
minimizing the growth of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) through
steric hindrance. Yu, Si, Chen, Bian, and Chen (2006) reported that
sodium alginate (SA) played a template-like role in the synthesis of
polyaniline-SA nanofibers and affected the average diameter by
changing the concentration of SA.
To the best of our knowledge, there has not been a relevant
study on the monodispersed and size-controlled StNPs prepared
by adding polysaccharides as a template. The objectives of this
study were to (1) utilize different polysaccharides to coat or be
used as a template to prepare stable StNPs; (2) prepare stable
ternary nanoparticles using Sal B, StNPs, and different food gums
for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases; (3) understand
interaction the forces between StNPs and different polysaccha-
rides; and (4) determine the stability of complex nanoparticles
and the in vitro controlled release of Sal B. This research will bring
some enlightenment for the potential of starch nanocarrier’s appli-
cating in food and medicinal field.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
Waxy maize starch (98% amylopectin) was purchased from
Tianjin Tingfung Starch Development Co., Ltd (Tianjin, China).
Pullulanase (E.C.3.2.1.41, 6000 ASPU/g, 1.15 g/mL) was supplied
by Novozymes Investment Co. Ltd. (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Pancre-
atin (batch No. SLBC2100V) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Salvianolic acid B (Sal B, 95%)
was purchased from Shanghai Moqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shang-
hai, China). Chitosan (CS, degree of deacetylation 84.5%) was pur-
chased from Qingdao Haipu Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Qingdao,
China). Guar gum (GG) was purchased from Qingdao Tianxin Food
Additives Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, Shandong, China). Gum arabic (GA),
sodium alginate (SA), and rosin (RS) were obtained from Tianjin
Kaixin Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). All other
reagents were of analytical grade.
2.2. Preparation of gum solution
The stock solution of GG, GA, SA, CS, and RS were prepared by
dissolving 0.1 g gum in 10 ml distilled water (1% acetic acid
solution for CS, absolute ethyl alcohol for RS), respectively, and
was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was
centrifuged at 2000g for 5 min to remove the insoluble materials.
2.3. Synthesis of StNPs/gum nanocomposites
According to the method of Sun et al. (2014), short-chain glucan
powder was prepared and then dissolved in deionized water (10%,
w/v) by heating in a sealed tube at 120 °C for 30 min. After cooling
down to 25 °C, different food gum solutions were added into the
short-chain glucan solution to reach 0.1% (w/v) with vigorous
stirring, or equal distilled water as the substitute of food gum solu-
tion was added to prepare native StNPs. For the CS sample, to make
it soluble in the SGC solution, 1% (w/v) acetic acid was added. Then
the solutions were stored at 25 °C for 12 h. The suspensions were
washed several times with distilled water until neutrality was
achieved and were then vacuum freeze-dried to obtain StNPs/
gum nanocomposites or StNPs powder.
2.4. Synthesis of Sal B loaded StNPs/gum nanocomposites
Sal B (2 g) was added into the SGC solution (100 mL), and then
different food gums were added to reach 0.1% (w/v), with vigorous
stirring. The solutions were then stored at 25 °C for 12 h, and sus-
pensions were washed and vacuum freeze-dried as section 2.3. The
solution obtained from washing the Sal B loaded StNPs/gum
nanocomposites each time was mixed together for determining
loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency.
2.5. Determination of morphologies of the nanoparticles
Morphologies of StNPs, StNPs/gum nanocomposites, and StNPs/
gum-Sal B nanocomposites were taken with a Hitachi (Tokyo,
Japan) 7650 transmission electron microscope with an acceleration
voltage of 80 kV. The treatment condition of samples was in accor-
dance with our previous report (Li et al., 2016).
2.6. Determination of average size and size distribution of the
nanoparticles
The average size and size distribution of the nanoparticles were
determined by dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer
Nano (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) equipped with a He-Ne laser
(0.4 mW, 633 nm) and a temperature-controlled cell holder. The
measurements were performed according to the method of Liu,
Zhao, Ren, Zhao, and Yang (2011). The mean intensity-weighted
diameter was recorded.
2.7. Determination of zeta potential of the nanoparticles
The StNPs and StNPs/gum nanocomposites suspensions (0.01%,
w/v) were measured for their electrophoretic mobility by laser
Doppler velocimetry using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano, following
the method reported by Li et al. (2016).
2.8. Particle stability against environmental stresses
2.8.1. pH stability
According to the method of Joye, Nelis, and McClements (2015),
the StNPs and StNPs/gum nanocomposites were dispersed in dis-
tilled water at 0.1% (w/v), and their pH was adjusted at room tem-
perature by adding NaOH or HCl (0.05 mM) to obtain pH values
ranging from pH 3.0 to 9.0. The samples were then stored for
0.5 h, and their average size and zeta potential were measured as
described above (sections 2.7 and 2.8).
2.8.2. Temperature stability
The StNPs and StNPs/gum nanocomposites were dispersed in
distilled water at 0.1% (w/v) and incubated in water baths set at
different temperatures (30–90 °C) for 30 min. The samples were
then cool down to room temperature and then stored for 0.5 h,
and their average size and zeta potential were analyzed.
2.8.3. Ionic strength
The StNPs and StNPs/gum nanocomposites were dispersed in
NaCl solutions (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mM) at 0.1% (w/v).
112 X. Li et al. / Food Chemistry 229 (2017) 111–119
4. The samples were then stored for 0.5 h at room temperature for the
analysis of the particle size distribution and zeta potential.
2.9. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)
The thermal properties of StNPs and StNPs/gum nanocomposite
samples were investigated using a differential scanning calorime-
ter (DSC1, Mettler-Toledo, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland), as
described by Sun et al. (2014).
2.10. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD)
The X-ray diffraction pattern of the StNPs and StNPs/gum
nanocomposite samples was studied with an X-ray diffractometer
(Bruker AXS Model D8 Discover) under the conditions described by
Watcharatewinkul, Puttanlek, Rungsardthong, and Uttapap (2009).
Before determination, the samples were equilibrated to 20% mois-
ture content in a saturated relative humidity chamber for 24 h at
room temperature. The scanning range and rate were 5–40° (2h)
and 1.0°/min, respectively.
2.11. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra
The infrared spectra of StNPs and StNPs/gum nanocomposite
samples were recorded on an FTIR spectrophotometer (NEXUS-
870, ThermoNicolet Corporation), as described by Kunal, Banthia,
and Majumdar (2008). All samples were collected using KBr
method, and were then subjected to attenuated total reflectance
(ATR) spectroscopy in the range of 4000–400 cm1
, and the resolu-
tion was 4 cm1
.
2.12. Loading capacity and encapsulating efficiency
The mixed solution obtained from washing the Sal B loaded
StNPs nanocomposites (Section 2.4) was diluted to a suitable con-
centration, and the amount of Sal B was quantified at a wavelength
of 286 nm using a Persee UV-1810 spectrophotometer against a
predetermined Sal B standard calibration curve. The loading capac-
ity (LC) and encapsulating efficiency (EE) of the Sal B was calcu-
lated as follows:
EE ð%Þ ¼
Total amount of Salvianolic acid B weight Free Salvianolic acid B weight
Total amount of Salvianolic acid B weight
100
LC ð%Þ ¼
Total amount of Salvianolic acid B weight Free Salvianolic acid B weight
Total amount of nanoparticle weight
100
2.13. In vitro release studies
An in vitro drug release from the Sal B loaded StNPs nanocom-
posites and Sal B loaded StNPs/gum nanocomposites was mea-
sured using a United States Pharmacopeia XXIII dissolution
apparatus 2 (paddle apparatus) according to Liu et al. (2015) with
minor modifications. Briefly, nanocomposites powder (1 g) was
dispersed in dissolution media (900 mL) at a paddle rotation speed
of 50 rpm at 37 °C. The drug release analysis was continuously per-
formed in different dissolution media. In the first stage, drug
release was measured in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2,
0.1 M HCl solution with 0.05 M NaCl, 3.2 g/L pepsin) for 2 h. Then,
the pH of the medium was adjusted to 6.8 by adding an appropri-
ate amount of anhydrous Na3PO4. Pretreated pancreatin (0.45 g)
was then added to the medium to simulate intestinal environment,
and the drug release was measured in simulated intestinal fluid for
4 h. Afterwards, the pH was increased to 7.4 by adding anhydrous
Na3PO4 to simulate colon fluid, and this stage was maintained for
up to 24 h. Samples were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18 and
24 h, and equal fresh media were added at regular intervals. The
amount of Sal B released from the nanoparticles was determined
by a Persee UV-1810 spectrophotometer.
2.14. Statistical analysis
Each measurement was carried out using at least three fresh,
independently prepared samples. The data were subjected to sta-
tistical analysis using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, United States),
analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and expressed as
mean values ± standard deviations. Differences were considered
at a significant level of 95% (p 0.05).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Morphology and size of StNPs/gum nanocomposites
The food gum-templated StNPs’ surface morphology and actual
particle size were determined by transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and DLS. Fig. 1A shows that the StNPs without food gums
were spherical in shape and 70–90 nm in size. When food gums
were added to short-chain glucan solution to serve as template
material, four kinds of StNPs in spherical, spindly, core-shell, and
irregular shapes were prepared. Their size could be divided into
two groups: one of ultra-fine size with an average diameter of 9–
30 nm and the other larger with average diameter of 50–150 nm.
The obtained nanocomposites were much smaller in size compared
to conventional colloidal delivery systems. For example, liposomes
prepared by phosphatidylcholine were close to spherical with lar-
ger diameters (200–250 nm) (Lin et al., 2014). Moreover, Isacchi
et al. (2011) reduced the size of liposomes (140 nm) by increasing
the liposomal surface charge with the method of chemical grafting.
The homogeneous StNPs/CS nanocomposites (Fig. 1B) were
spherical, and their average diameter was in the range of 20–
50 nm. CS chains could be adsorbed on the surface of nucleus
formed during the recrystallization of the short-chain glucan and
limit further deposition of short-chain glucan, leading to the for-
mation of nanoparticles with reduced size. What is new is that
the StNPs/CS nanocomposites showed a clear core-shell structure
with some cavities, similar to the structure of vesicles. The
StNPs/GA nanocomposites (Fig. 1D) had morphology similar to that
of the StNPs/CS nanocomposites. The hollow nanoparticles had
diameters of about 50 nm. The vesicle-like structures are helpful
for the embedding of active ingredients. This is probably the first
report of vesicle self-assembled by short-chain glucan and CS
(GA). Generally, CS and GA coated nanoparticles exhibited solid
shape with a larger mean size compared to neat nanoparticles
(Chen Zhong, 2015; Wang, Yang, Yuan, Gao, Huang, 2016; Ye
et al., 2012). The StNPs/SA nanocomposites were spindly, monodis-
perse, and homogeneous (Fig. 1E). Yu et al. (2006) reported that SA
could play a significant role in the synthesis of polyaniline-SA
nanofibers, because SA with a linear structure could act as ‘‘nano-
fiber seeding” to control the shape of polyaniline nanomaterial.
When GG was added to short-chain glucan solution to fabricate
nanoparticles, irregular nanoparticles with obvious aggregation
could be observed (Fig. 1C), GG could be strongly adsorbed onto
the surface of the nucleus, and its complicated side chains
(Fig. S1) created huge steric hindrance. The RS-templated StNPs
showed a small particle size with an irregular spherical shape
(Fig. 1F). In addition, there were many ultrafine nanoparticles on
the surface of the irregular nanoparticles. This could be due to
the growth orientation of the short-chain glucan on the surface
of RS molecule.
X. Li et al. / Food Chemistry 229 (2017) 111–119 113
5. 3.2. Stability of StNPs/gum nanocomposites
3.2.1. pH stability
As shown in Fig. 2, the zeta potential of all the suspensions had
a similar decreased trend when the pH changed from 3.0 to 10.0.
Nanoparticles size was closely related with their zeta potential
(Dai et al., 2015). The high absolute values of zeta potential could
increase electrostatic repulsion among nanoparticles to prevent
aggregation. The zeta potentials of StNPs/GA nanocomposites’
and StNPs/SA nanocomposites’ suspensions went from 5.37 mV
to 20.2 mV and from 10.5 mV to 24.6 mV as pH values
increased from 3.0 to 10.0, respectively, which corresponded to
their decreased mean diameters. Similarly, Chen and Zhong
(2015) reported that zeta potential of GA coated zein nanoparticles
exhibited a decreasing magnitude trend when the pH increased
from 3.0 to 8.0, which induced their decrease in mean diameters.
The RS-templated StNPs were stable in size (43.4–46.9 nm) across
the entire pH range (3.0–10.0) and were ideal for the encapsulation
and transportation of nutraceuticals and drugs.
3.2.2. Temperature stability
The zeta potential of StNPs with or without food gums was
stable at temperatures from 30 °C to 60 °C (Fig. S2), which could
be attributed to the maintenance of the StNPs’ integrity. With
increasing heating temperature (80–90 °C), above the melting tem-
perature (see Table 1), the integrity of the StNPs and nanocompos-
ites was destroyed, resulting in the decreased surface electrical
charge of the nanoparticles.
Heating treatment could increase the collision frequency
between nanoparticles, and StNPs structure was destroyed when
exceeding their melting temperature, which may promote particle
aggregation. As shown in Fig. S2, all StNPs, with or without food
Fig. 1. TEM images and particle size distribution of starch nanoparticles without (A) or with chitosan (B), Guar gum (C), Gum arabic (D), Sodium alginate (E) and Rosin (F).
114 X. Li et al. / Food Chemistry 229 (2017) 111–119
6. gums, were stable in particle size at temperatures from 30 °C to
60 °C. The diameter of the StNPs, StNPs/CS nanocomposites, and
StNPs/GG nanocomposites began to increase at 70 °C, which could
have a close correlation with their low melting temperature (see
Table 1). In contrast, the StNPs/SA nanocomposites, StNPs/GA
nanocomposites, and StNPs/RS nanocomposites were destabilized
when temperature increased to 80 °C. When the temperature
was 90 °C, the size of the StNPs increased to 634.5 nm, which is
almost 7 times larger than that of the StNPs at 30 °C. The increase
in the size of the StNPs with food gums was less than that of the
StNPs after exposure to 90 °C; particularly, the StNPs/SA nanocom-
posites and StNPs/RS nanocomposites increased only to 155.7 nm
and 123.4 nm. This could be attributed to the interaction between
SA or RS and short-chain glucan. Similarly, Joye, Davidov-Pardo,
and McClements (2015) reported that sodium caseinate could
make zein nanoparticles keep stable at 90 °C, though the size of
zein nanoparticles increased from 100 nm to 270 nm due to the
coating of sodium caseinate.
3.2.3. Ionic strength stability
Salt plays an important role in improving flavor and extending
the shelf life of food products during food processing. Therefore,
research on the effect of salt concentration on the nanoparticles
stability is meaningful. The stability of StNPs and StNPs/gum
nanocomposites against ionic strength is shown in Fig. S3. All
StNPs sample suspensions were stable in particle size with the
addition of salt (200 mM NaCl). However, the particle size of
StNPs increased with increasing salt concentration (200 mM
NaCl). This could be attributed to the decreasing net charge of
the StNPs, from 10.39 mV to 4.4 mV with salt concentrations from
200 mM to 500 mM (Fig. S3A). Similarly, the dispersion of GA
coated zein nanoparticles was stable in salt solution (300 mM
NaCl) (Chen Zhong, 2015). Compared with pure StNPs, GA- and
SA-templated StNPs were much more stable (Fig. S3B) within the
range of salt concentration tested, which could be due to stronger
electrostatic repulsion provided by GA and SA. Recently, Joye et al.
(2015) found that the coating of anionic pectin could make gliadin
nanoparticles more stable at 50–200 mM NaCl. The coating of food
gums on the surface of nanoparticles could increase steric repul-
sion among nanoparticles. This was why StNPs/RS nanocomposites
were stable in size at the high salt concentration condition, though
their charge was lower than that of the StNPs without food gums.
3.3. Differential scanning calorimeter
The melting temperatures and enthalpies change (DH) of differ-
ent food gum-templated StNPs were determined, and the results
are shown in Table 1. Onset, peak, and conclusion temperatures
(To, Tp, and Tc) of StNPs were about 65 °C, 88 °C, and 101 °C, respec-
tively. These parameters were lower than those of StNPs prepared
by nanoprecipitation with a 1:4 ratio of short-chain glucan to abso-
lute ethanol (81 °C, 95 °C, 109 °C, respectively) (Qiu et al., 2016).
The incorporation of food gums markedly increased the To, Tp,
and DH of the StNPs (p 0.05). Interactions of polysaccharides
and starch might reduce starch-chain mobility to influence gela-
tinization properties of starch (Xu et al., 2012). Therefore, melting
temperature of nanocomposites increased when polysaccharide
interacted with short-chain glucan. Tp increased while Tc-To
decreased, indicating that food gums did indeed favor formation
of StNPs with uniform crystallinity and fine crystalline. Nanoparti-
cles with a larger number of double-helices and a more ordered
crystalline array would have higher DH (Altay Gunasekaran,
2006). As shown in Table 1, the DH of the StNPs exhibited signifi-
cant increase with the addition of food gums (p 0.05), which
could be that short-chain glucan assembled on the surface of food
gums (as a template) and formed more ordered crystalline arrays.
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Zeta
Potential
(mV)
pH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D
(nm)
pH
Fig. 2. Zeta potential and average particle diameter of starch nanoparticles without
(r) or with chitosan (j), Guar gum (N), Gum arabic ( ), sodium alginate ( ) and
rosin (d) under different pH.
Table 1
Thermal characteristics and crystallinity degree of starch nanoparticles (StNPs) without or with different food gums.
Sample Onset Temperature/°C Peak
Temperature/°C
Conclusion Temperature/°C DH/Jg1
Crystallinity Degree (%)
StNPs 65.64 ± 1.04d
88.99 ± 0.55d
101.93 ± 0.67b
11.20 ± 0.12f
53.72 ± 0.98c
StNPs/CS 73.96 ± 0.51a
92.46 ± 0.73b
103.99 ± 0.43a
15.05 ± 0.03e
58.16 ± 1.69b
StNPs/GG 70.43 ± 0.32c
90.86 ± 0.44c
104.22 ± 0.55a
18.87 ± 0.15a
62.35 ± 1.47a
StNPs/GA 72.15 ± 0.78b
91.09 ± 0.77b
103.57 ± 0.95a
17.67 ± 0.09b
58.67 ± 0.76b
StNPs/SA 74.45 ± 0.84a
95.06 ± 0.32a
101.74 ± 0.60b
15.75 ± 0.14d
55.24 ± 1.14c
StNPs/RS 72.70 ± 1.21ab
91.89 ± 0.66bc
103.49 ± 0.72a
16.46 ± 0.26c
64.09 ± 2.02a
Values represent the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate tests. Values in column having different superscripts (a, b, c, d) were significantly different (p 0.05).
StNPs represent starch nanoparticles, StNP/CS represent chitosan templeted or coating nanoparticles, GG represents Guar gum, GA represents Gum arabic, SA represents
Sodium alginate, RS represents Rosin.
X. Li et al. / Food Chemistry 229 (2017) 111–119 115
7. 3.4. X-ray diffraction pattern
All StNPs showed typical B-type XRD patterns with strong peaks
at 2h close to 5.6°, 15.3°, 17.1°, 22.5°, and 24.3° (Fig. S4), which was
in accordance with our previous reports (Sun et al., 2014). StNPs/
gum nanocomposites’ characteristic diffraction peaks intensity at
2h = 5.6°, 15.3°, and 17.1° increased significantly. The degree of
crystallinity of StNPs was 53.72%, higher than that of nanoparticles
using fractionated amylose (30.2–45.6%) and amylopectin (8.6–
9.2%) from potato starch reported by Qiu, Qin, Zhang, Xiong, and
Sun (2016), which indicated that StNPs fabricated from short-
chain glucan possessed a more compact structure. The degree of
crystallinity of the food gum-templated StNPs were also higher
than that of bare StNPs (Table 1). Interaction extent between
short-chain glucan, oriented arrange extent of the double helices,
numbers of double helices and crystal, and crystal size could cause
differences in crystallinity degree. The increasing crystallinity
degree of StNPs/gum nanocomposites could be caused by the
enhancement of interaction between short-chain glucan and the
oriented growth of crystal nuclei along the template. In addition,
the crystallinity degree of the StNPs/RS nanocomposites was
higher than that of the others, which indicated that most of the
RS served as a template in the growth of crystal nuclei, with few
coated on the surface of StNPs.
3.5. Fourier transform infrared spectra
To further understand why StNPs with different sizes and mor-
phologies could be successfully prepared using different food gums
as the template, FITR spectroscopy was applied to examine
whether there are interactions between SGCs and food gums. The
StNPs exhibited characteristic bands at 3305 cm1
(OAH stretch-
ing), 2918 cm1
(CAH stretching), 1647 cm1
(d (OAH) bending
of water), and 1353 cm1
(CH2) (Shi, Wang, Li, Benu, 2012).
The characteristic bands at around 1022, 1074, and 1156 cm1
were known as fingerprint region, which was caused by C-O ether
stretching vibration (Delval et al., 2004).
The FTIR spectra of five food gums were determined (data not
shown), though there are some differences among the FTIR spectra
of StNPs and five gums, StNPs and StNPs/food gum nanocompos-
ites had similar FTIR spectra. This could be due to the fact that
StNPs was supersaturated in this ratio of StNPs to food gums,
which is in good agreement with the recent reports (Assadpour,
Jafari, Maghsoudlou, 2017; Jafari, Sabahi, Rahaie, 2016).
Fig. S5 shows that the OH band of the StNPs was shifted to a lower
wavenumber when food gums were added, implying that hydroxyl
groups interaction between short-chain glucan and food gums
increased. The results suggested that hydrogen bonding between
StNPs and food gum molecules was a possible interaction in the
StNPs/gum nanocomposite system.
3.6. Loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency
Particle size, loading capacity, and encapsulation efficiency of
Sal B in StNPs/gum nanocomposites are listed in Table 2. Compared
with StNPs samples in the absence of Sal B, the particle size of
StNPs and StNPs/gum nanocomposites encapsulating Sal B showed
an increasing trend, which increased 59.6%, 32.7%, 72.1%, 17.7%,
80.5%, and 38.9%, respectively. However, their particle size was still
lower than 200 nm, which was in favor of increasing absorption
and the bioavailability of Sal B.
During the recrystallization of short-chain glucan, Sal B could be
tightly complexed inside short-chain glucan helices cavity. The
loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of Sal B in StNPs
were 5.21% and 31.25%, respectively, which was higher compared
to values reported in the literature. Isacchi et al. (2011) developed
liposomes as Sal B carriers and determined encapsulation effi-
ciency of Sal B loaded conventional and PEGylated liposomes.
The results showed that conventional and PEGylated liposomes
had low encapsulation efficiency (24.84% and 22.72%). Peng et al.
(2010) reported that loading capacity of Sal B in phospholipid com-
plex loaded nanoparticles was only 3.21%. Our results showed that
most food gums improved StNPs’ loading capacity and encapsula-
tion efficiency (Table 2). In particular, the loading capacity of
StNPs/CS, and StNPs/GA nanocomposite could reach to 8.26% and
8.08%, respectively, because they can interact with StNPs through
hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions to form a compact
covering layer, leading to embedding more Sal B. However, the
loading capacity of the StNPs/GG nanocomposites was weaker than
that of the others, which could be due to the strong adsorption of
GG onto the surface of nucleus and its structure with a high degree
of branching increasing the difficulty of the recrystallization to
form a relatively loose structure. The loose StNPs/GG nanocompos-
ites could not protect Sal B from removal after water washing.
What is more, the StNPs/GG nanocomposites’ size was large, which
made them easy to aggregate and led to difficulty regarding the
embedding of Sal B.
3.7. Morphology of Sal B loaded StNPs/gum nanocomposites
The morphology of the Sal B loaded StNPs/gum was also charac-
terized by TEM. As shown in Fig. 3, there are some changes in the
shape of the StNPs samples with the loading of Sal B. Compared
with the StNPs/gum nanocomposites, less or even no core-shell
structure could be observed, which was because the cavities of
the StNPs/CS and StNPs/GA nanocomposites were filled up by Sal
B; the StNPs/SA-Sal B nanocomposites became slenderer than the
spindly StNPs/SA nanocomposites, while spherical nanoparticles
including StNPs, StNPs/GG, and StNPs/RS nanocomposites had no
significant differences in shape before and after the embedding
of Sal B. Though the aggregation degree of Sal B loaded StNPs
nanocomposites decreased compared to that of StNPs, the shape
of the Sal B loaded StNPs nanocomposites became more irregular,
and their granules were not integrated and formed by the aggrega-
tion of many small nanoparticles. This could be because Sal B
inhibited the formation of hydrogen bonds between nanoparticles.
Xiao et al. (2013) also found that green tea polyphenols signifi-
cantly inhibited the retrogradation of rice, maize, and potato
starches.
3.8. In vitro release studies
Fig. 4 illustrates the Sal B release profiles from StNPs and StNPs/
gum nanocomposites in simulated gastrointestinal environment.
StNPs was found to strongly retain the loaded Sal B in gastric envi-
ronment. After 2 h incubation, only 21.42% Sal B was released. Such
slow release in the stomach is desirable for an oral carrier, because
Table 2
Encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) of starch nanoparticles (StNPs)
without or with different food gums for Salvianolic acid B (SaB) and their average
particle diameter (D).
Sample D (nm) EE (%) LC (%)
StNPs-SaB 154.7 ± 3.51b
(96.9)A
31.25 ± 0.58c
5.21 ± 0.07c
StNPs/CS-SaB 57.2 ± 1.68f
(43.1) 49.57 ± 2.09a
8.26 ± 0.25a
StNPs/GG-SaB 187.9 ± 3.19a
(109.2) 30.16 ± 0.44d
5.03 ± 0.24c
StNPs/AG-SaB 112.9 ± 4.23d
(95.9) 48.49 ± 1.30a
8.08 ± 0.16a
StNPs/SA-SaB 136.1 ± 0.96c
(75.4) 40.32 ± 1.51b
6.72 ± 0.28b
StNPs/RS-SaB 63.5 ± 1.03e
(45.7) 38.97 ± 1.34b
6.50 ± 0.19b
Values represent the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate tests. Values in column
having different superscripts (a, b, c, d) were significantly different (p 0.05). ()A
showed average particle diameters of StNPs and StNPs with different gums.
116 X. Li et al. / Food Chemistry 229 (2017) 111–119
8. there would be more Sal B available for absorption in the intestine.
Intestinal a-amylase plays an important role in controlling Sal B
release from StNPs because starch is apt to be hydrolyzed by a-
amylase in the small intestine. Sal B loaded StNPs displayed an ini-
tial burst release in simulated intestinal fluid, and then sustained
release in simulated colon fluid for over 18 h. After 24 h incubation
in different conditions, 94.05% Sal B was released from StNPs,
higher than the cumulative release amount (77%) of Sal B from gly-
cyrrhetinic acid compound liposomes (Lin et al., 2014). However,
the simulated digestive fluid in the report of Lin et al. (2014) was
only physiological saline.
Most StNPs/gum nanocomposites showed better capacities in
controlling the release of Sal B in simulated gastric fluid. This
was due to the fact that GA, GG, SA, and RS in media with pH values
lower than 6.5 had poor solubility and were hard to swell, leading
to their strong contraction on the surface of StNPs. In particular,
only 10.36% Sal B was released from StNPs/SA nanocomposites
after incubated in simulated gastric fluid. Similar findings were
previously reported by Huang et al. (2014), who fabricated core-
shell gelatin-alginate composite microparticles, and found that
they could remain intact in gastric juice for at least 3 h, indicating
that the gelatin core could be well protected by alginate shell in
Fig. 3. TEM images of starch nanoparticles without (A) or with chitosan (B), Guar gum (C), gum arabic (D), sodium alginate (E) and Rosin (F) loaded with salvianolic acid B.
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
0
20
40
60
80
100
pH=7.4
pH=6.8
Cumulative
Release
(%)
Time (h)
StNPs
StNPs/CS
StNPs/GG
StNPs/GA
StNPs/SA
StNPs/RS
pH=1.2
Fig. 4. Cumulative release profile of salvianolic acid B loaded starch nanoparticles
(StNPs) and StNPs/gum nanocomposite in simulated gastric fluid (pH = 1.2),
intestinal fluid (pH = 6.8), and colon fluid (pH = 7.4).
X. Li et al. / Food Chemistry 229 (2017) 111–119 117
9. acid environment. Sal B release was greater from StNPs/CS than
StNPs in simulated gastric fluid (Fig. 4), which could be attributed
to the swelling of CS in acidic condition and breakdown of hydro-
gen bonds between StNPs and CS. However, the release of Sal B
showed a relatively slower releasing rate in most of StNPs/gum
nanocomposites than that in StNPs, which indicated the coating
of gums (except for CS) could significantly improve the capacity
of StNPs in controlling release of Sal B.
4. Conclusions
we have successfully complexed food gums (as a template) with
short-chain glucan to form StNPs/food gum nanocomposites with
controlled size to encapsulate salvianolic acid B (Sal B) and found
that biopolymer nanoparticles could be stable against pH, salt,
and high temperature. In addition, they showed different
morphologies such as spherical, spindly, and core-shell shapes.
Particularly StNPs/CS nanocomposites and StNPs/GA nanocompos-
ites, with hollow or solid nanoparticle structure, could be used as a
promising delivery system for nutrients or drugs in physiological
conditions. Additionally, our results demonstrate that StNPs/gum
nanocomposites performed well in carrying and controlled releas-
ing Sal B in artificial intestinal juice and blood fluid and are suitable
for delivering active compounds to blood fluid.
Acknowledgment
The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation, China (Grant No. 31671814).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.
02.059.
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