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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms
make their energy (glucose) from sunlight.
• Stored as carbohydrate in their bodies.
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2
3. Why is Photosynthesis important?
Makes organic molecules (glucose) out
of inorganic materials (carbon dioxide
and water).
It begins all food chains/webs. Thus
all life is supported by this process.
It also makes oxygen gas!!
5. Plants use sunlight to turn water
and carbon dioxide into glucose.
Glucose is a kind of sugar.
Plants use glucose as food for
energy and as a building block for
growing.
Autotrophs make glucose and
heterotrophs are consumers of it.
Photo-synthesisPhoto-synthesis
meansmeans "putting together with light.""putting together with light."
6. How do we know that plants make
carbohydrates from just carbon dioxide
water and light energy?
• For example:
Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648) planted a
willow branch weighing 5 pounds into 200
pounds of soil and then after 4 years the tree
weighed 169 lbs. and the soil was still
nearly 200 lbs.
Experiments!Experiments!
7. Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
sunlightsunlight
absorbed by chlorophyllabsorbed by chlorophyll
66COCO22 ++ 66HH22O + energyO + energy →→ CC66HH1212OO66 ++ 66OO22
As can be seen from the equation for photosynthesis, the
wood, bark, and root came from water and carbon
dioxide.
8. Check it!
Plants in Action
What is the
process
that uses
the sun’s
energy to
make
simple
sugars?
11. The photograph below is an elodea leaf X 400.
Individual cells are clearly visible. The tiny
green structures within the cells are
chloroplasts
this is where
photosynthesis
happens.
13. Plants
Leaves are green
because they
contain
the pigment:
chlorophyllchlorophyll
Leaves have aLeaves have a
large surface arealarge surface area
to absorb as muchto absorb as much
light as possiblelight as possible
"Thanks for the Glucose!""Thanks for the Glucose!"
15. Stoma
This opening how plants exchange gases!
Check it! Can you name the two important
gases that go in and out of the leaves?
Why are theWhy are the
stomatastomata
located on thelocated on the
underside ofunderside of
leaves?leaves?
16. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Absorbing Light Energy to make chemical
energy: glucose!
• Pigments: Absorb different colors of white light
(ROY G BIV)
• Main pigment: Chlorophyll a
• Accessory pigments: Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids
• These pigments absorb all wavelengths (light) BUT
green!
17. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Why do we see green?
• Green color from white light
reflected NOT absorbed
• Chloroplast: organelle
responsible for photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll: located within
Chloroplast
• Green pigment
18. Visible light is only
a small part of the
electromagnetic
spectrum (all forms
of light).
19. • LIGHT behaves as if it were composed of
"units" or "packets" of energy that travel in
waves. These packets are photons.
• The wavelength of light determines its color.
20.
21. Chlorophyll: A Light Absorbing PigmentChlorophyll: A Light Absorbing Pigment
The Solar Panel Chemical!The Solar Panel Chemical!
28. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• 2 Phases
• Light-dependent reaction
• Light-independent reaction
• Light-dependent: converts light energy into
chemical energy; produces ATP molecules to
be used to fuel light-independent reaction
• Light-independent: uses ATP produced to
make simple sugars.
29. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-dependent reaction (LIGHT Reaction)
• Requires light
• Occurs in chloroplast (in thylakoids)
• Chlorophyll (thylakoid) traps energy from light
• Light excites electron (e-)
• Kicks e- out of chlorophyll to an electron transport chain
• Electron transport chain: series of proteins in thylakoid
membrane
• Bucket brigade
30. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-dependent reaction (LIGHT Reaction)
• Energy lost along electron transport chain
• Lost energy used to recharge ATP from ADP
• NADPH produced from e- transport chain
• Stores energy until transfer to stroma
• Plays important role in light-independent reaction
• Total byproducts: ATP, NADP, O2
31. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• How did we get O2as a byproduct?!
• Photolysis: replaces lost electrons by splitting
water
32. Sun
Chlorophyll passes energy down through the
electron transport chain.
for the use in
light-independent reactions
bonds P
to ADP
forming
ATP
oxygen
released
splits
H2O
H+
NADP+
NADPH
Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.
Energized electrons provide energy that
• At each step
along the
transport chain,
the electrons
lose energy.
33. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-independent reaction (Dark Reaction)
• Does not require light
• Calvin Cycle
• Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
• Requires CO2
• Uses ATP and NADPH as fuel to run
• Makes glucose sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen
34.
35. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
• Light intensity: as light increases, rate of
photosynthesis increases
37. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
• Temperature:
• Temperature Low = Rate of photosynthesis low
• Temperature Increases = Rate of photosynthesis
increases
• If temperature too hot, rate drops