Physiological processes like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and translocation affect crop production. Photosynthesis is the most important process whereby plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll and sunlight. It provides energy and organic molecules for plants and the basis for the food chain. The key factors that influence photosynthesis are internal factors like chlorophyll and leaf age and anatomy as well as external environmental factors such as light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and water availability.
Photosynthesis (Light and Dark reaction of photosynthesis)Shekhar Tidke
Importance of photosynthesis. Light reaction of photosynthesis, Dark reaction of photosynthesis. Hill, and Blackman reaction or C3 cycle or Calvin Cycle
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?, IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF LEAF ADVANTAGE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,LEAVES AND LEAF STRUCTURE,CHLOROPHYLL, TYPES OF REACTIONS, LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION, CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPORYLATION, MECAHANISM OF ATP SYNTHESIS, SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LIGHT REACTION, CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), C3 AND C4 PLANTS, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS,
Photosynthesis is a biological process used by many cellular organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in organic compounds that can later be metabolized through cellular respiration to fuel the organism's activities.
Photosynthesis is important to living organisms because it is the number one source of oxygen in the atmosphere. Almost all the oxygen in the atmosphere is due to the process of photosynthesis. If photosynthesis ceased, there would soon be little food or other organic matter on Earth, most organisms would disappear, and Earth’s atmosphere would eventually become nearly devoid of gaseous oxygen.
Photosynthesis is an inevitable process that keeps us alive.It is the main source for food and it's byproduct keeps us breathing. This ppt is the detailed explanation of photosynthesis and the components involved in it. Here you can easily understand the concept and you are able to strengthen your grip on this topic.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Photosynthesis (Light and Dark reaction of photosynthesis)Shekhar Tidke
Importance of photosynthesis. Light reaction of photosynthesis, Dark reaction of photosynthesis. Hill, and Blackman reaction or C3 cycle or Calvin Cycle
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?, IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF LEAF ADVANTAGE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,LEAVES AND LEAF STRUCTURE,CHLOROPHYLL, TYPES OF REACTIONS, LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION, CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPORYLATION, MECAHANISM OF ATP SYNTHESIS, SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LIGHT REACTION, CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), C3 AND C4 PLANTS, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS,
Photosynthesis is a biological process used by many cellular organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in organic compounds that can later be metabolized through cellular respiration to fuel the organism's activities.
Photosynthesis is important to living organisms because it is the number one source of oxygen in the atmosphere. Almost all the oxygen in the atmosphere is due to the process of photosynthesis. If photosynthesis ceased, there would soon be little food or other organic matter on Earth, most organisms would disappear, and Earth’s atmosphere would eventually become nearly devoid of gaseous oxygen.
Photosynthesis is an inevitable process that keeps us alive.It is the main source for food and it's byproduct keeps us breathing. This ppt is the detailed explanation of photosynthesis and the components involved in it. Here you can easily understand the concept and you are able to strengthen your grip on this topic.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Growth and development of crops result from
the interaction of various physiological
processes, namely:
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Transpiration
Translocation
• These processes form the basis for crop
yield.
4. PHOTOSYNTHESIS is considered as
the most important biological
process. Why?
Makes organic molecules (glucose)
out of inorganic materials (carbon
dioxide and water).
It begins all food chains/webs.
Thus all life is supported by this
process.
It also makes oxygen gas!!
6. What do plants need for
photosynthesis?
.Water
.Carbon dioxide
.Light
.chlorophyll
7. Phot synthesis
means "putting together with light."
Plants use sunlight to turn water and
carbon dioxide into glucose. Glucose is a
kind of sugar.
Plants use glucose as food for energy
and as a building block for growing.
Autotrophs make glucose and
heterotrophs are consumers of it.
8. TWO TYPES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
. ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the phototrophic
process of obigate anaerobes, where light energy is
captured and converted toATP, without the production of
oxygen. Water is therefore not used as an electron
donor.
. OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the most common
and is seen in plants, algae and cyanobacteria. It is a
non-cyclic photosynthetic electron chain where water
is the initial electron donor and, as a consequence,
molecular oxygen is freed as a byproduct.
10. SIGNIFICANCE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Green plants possess the green pigment, chlorophyll
which can capture, transform, translocate and store
energy which is readily available for all forms of life on
this planet.
Photosynthesis is a process in which light energy is
converted into chemical energy.
Except green plants, no other organism can directly
utilize solar energy to synthesize food; hence they are
dependent on green plants for their survival.
11. SIGNIFICANCE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
During photosynthesis, oxygen liberated into the
atmosphere makes the environment livable for all
aerobic organisms.
Plants and plant products are the major food sources
of almost all organisms on the earth.
Fossil fuels like coal, gas, and oil represent the
photosynthetic products of the plants belonging to early
geological periods.
14. THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGAN
LEAF- chief site of photosynthesis.
STRUCTURAL PARTS
upper and lower epidermis - stomates
mesophyll cells - chlorophyll
vascular bundles - transport
• The Mesophyll
oupper side: - palisade parenchyma - regular shaped
palisade cells
olower side: - spongy parenchyma - irregular
shaped
15. STOMA
This opening how plants exchange gases!
Check it! Can you name the two important
gases that go in and out of the leaves?
Why are the
stomata
located on the
underside of
leaves?
18. The photograph below is an elodea leaf
(magnification X 400). Individual cells are
clearly visible. The tiny green structures within
the cells are chloroplasts
this is where
photosynthesis
happens.
23. Leaves are green because
they contain
the pigment:
CHLOROPHYLL
Leaves have a large
surface area to absorb
as much ligh as
possible
24. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
The photosynthetic pigments of higher plants are divided into
two classes:
.CAROTENOIDS (carotene and xanthophyll) absorb
light in the regions of the spectrum not absorbed by the
chlorophylls and transfer that energy to chlorophyll to
be used in photosynthesis.
CHLOROPHYLL- the principal pigment involved in
photosynthesis. It is a large molecule and absorbs light
maximally in the violet blue and in the red region of the
visible spectrum and reflects green light and thus
leaves appear green in color. (ROYGBIV)
25. Visible light is only
a small part of the
electromagnetic
spectrum (all forms
of light).
26. Chlorophyll…
Location at the partition between two adjacent
thylakoids.
Its basic unit is a porphyrin ring system, a
structure composed of four pyrrole nuclei joined
by carbon linkages.
The center of porphyrin is occupied by a single
magnesium atom.
27. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
2 KINDS OF CHLOROPHYLL
chlorophyll a (bluish green)- can be found in all
autotrophic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria.
chlorophyll b (yellowish green)
RATIO: 3a:1b •
OTHER PIGMENTS: carotene, xanthophyll
LIGHTABSORPTION: most intense in red and blue and
lowest in green
28.
29. .Absorbing Light Energy to make chemical energy:
GLUCOSE!
.Pigments: Absorb different colors of white light (ROY
G BIV)
.Main pigment: Chlorophyll a- REACTION
CENTERS!
.Accessory pigments: Chlorophyll b, xanthophyll,
carotenoids- HARVESTING CENTER
These pigments, that is the reaction center and the
harvesting center are packed into functional clusters
called photosystems
30. About 250-400 Chl-a molecules constitute a single
photosystem. Two different photosystems have
different forms of chlorophyll a in their reaction
centres.
In photosystem I (PSI), chlorophyll– a with
maximum absorption at 700 nm (P700) and in
photosystem II (PSII), chlorophyll– a with peak
absorption at 680 nm (P680), act as reaction
centres. (P stands for pigment).
The primary function of the two photosystems,
which interact with each other is to trap the solar
energy and convert it into the chemical energy also
called assimilatory power (ATP and NADPH2).
.
31. PHOTOSYSTEM I PHOTOSYSTEM II
Maximum Light 700 nm wavelength 680 nm wavelength (P680)
Absorption (P700)
Primary
Electron
Acceptor
iron protein (Fe-S-
protein)
PHEOPHYTIN -is a
modified chlorophyll-a
molecule with 2 hydrogen
atoms in place of
magnesium ion.
Electron
Carriers
plastocyanin,
ferredoxin and
cytochromes.
heophytin, plastoquinone,
and cytochromes.
32. LIGHTABSORPTION
In general, leaves absorb about 83% of light,
while reflecting 12% and transmitting 5%
Of the 83% absorbed, only 4% is actually
used by the plants during photosynthesis, the
remainder is dissipated as heat
33. PHOTOCHEMICAL and
BIOSYNTHETIC PHASE
.The entire process of photosynthesis takes place inside
the chloroplast. Photosynthesis involves two successive
steps --- light reactions and dark reactions.
.LIGHT REACTIONS- take place in the grana of the
chloroplasts where chlorophyll can be found located on
the membranes
.DARK REACTIONS- take place at the stroma of the
chloroplasts where it is absent from chlorophyll.
34. LIGHT REACTION…
The light reaction of light dependent reaction
occurs in the chloroplast of the mesophyll cells of
the leaves.
The main purpose of the light reaction is to
generate organic molecules such asATP and
NADPH which are needed for the subsequent
dark reactions.
35. LIGHT REACTION…STEPS!
Chlorophyll absorbs the red and blue segment
of the white light and photosynthesis occurs most
efficiently at these wavelengths.
When the light falls on the plant, the chlorophyll
pigment absorbs this light and electron in it gets
excited.
This process occurs as a photosystem.
Remember photosystems?? The PSI and PSII.
36. LIGHT REACTION…STEPS!
The chlorophyll pigments which are excited give up
their electrons and to compensate for the loss of
electrons, water is split to release four hydrogen ions
and four electrons and oxygen.
The electrons finally reach the reaction center where
they combine with NADP+ and reduce it to NADPH.
NADP+ - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate.
NADPH- Dihydronicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate.
37. LIGHT REACTION…STEPS!
While the electrons are taken care of, the built up of
hydrogen ions inside the thylakoid lumen is of equal
importance.
The hydrogen ions building up inside the lumen
creates a positive gradient and in the presence of the
enzymeATP synthetase, these hydrogen ions combine
withADP in the nearby region to formATP.
The oxygen that is a waste product is released by the
plant into the atmosphere and some of it is used in
photorespiration if the plants needs to.
38. Sun
Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.
• At each step
along the
transport chain,
the electrons
lose energy.
Chlorophyll passes energy down through the
electron transport chain.
Energized electrons provide energy that
toADP
splits
H2O
bonds P
forming
ATP
H+
NADP+ oxygen
released
NADPH
for the use in
light-independent reactions
39. .In plants and simple animals, waste products are
removed by diffusion. Plants, for example, excrete O ,
2
a product of photosynthesis.
40. LIGHT REACTION…
The end product of light reaction,ATP and NADPH
are used to fix CO2.
The synthesis ofATP by the light - induced
phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group to a
molecule) ofADP is known as photophosphorylation
Two types of photophosphorylation are non- cyclic
photophosphorylation and the Cyclic
phtophosphorylation.
41. NON-CYCLIC
PHTOPHOSPHORYLATION. PHTOPHOSPHORYLATION.
Only PSI is functional.
CYCLIC
Both PSI and PSII are functional.
Water is the primary source of the Electron comes from the
electrons chlorophyll P700 molecule and
returns to the same chlorophyll
P700
molecule and returns to the same
and H+. It gets photolysed through
the process called Photolysis;
NADP is the final acceptor of the
electrons and H+ ions.
Oxygen is evolved as a bye product. Oxygen is not evolved because
there is no photolysis of water.
This mainly takes place in all green This process is found mainly in
plants and cyanobacteria except
photosynthetic eubacteria.
photosynthetic eubacteria e.g.
purple sulphur bacteria.
42. DARK REACTION…
Occurs in the stroma
Primary process by which inorganic carbon is
converted to carbon.
CO2 is reduced by the reducing power generated in
the first step and carbohydrates are produced
Carbon fixation reactions produce sugar in the leaves
of the plant from where it is exported to other tissues of
the plant as source of both organic molecule and
energy for growth and metabolism.
43. DARK REACTION…
The end product of light reaction,ATP and NADPH
are used to fix CO2.
Occur both in the presence or absence of light.
The end product of light reaction,ATP and NADPH
are used to fix CO2.
The carbon dioxide fixation/ reduction into
carbohydrates can occur via three pathways:
44. DARK REACTION… 3 Pathways
1. CALVIN BENSON CYCLE/ REDUCTIVE PENTOSE
PATHWAY
Fixation and reduction of one molecule of CO2
requires three molecules of ATP and 2 NADPH.
Occurs in the mesophyll cell chloroplast
CO2 acceptor is RUBP
RUBP carboxylase enzyme is needed
The first stable product is 3-PGA
45. DARK REACTION… 3 Pathways
2. C4 OR HATCH SLACK PATHWAY
- First product is 4- C oxaloacetic acid. STEPS are
a. carboxylation of PEP to OAA, PEP carboxylase is
enzyme involved
b. reduction of OAAto malate or aspartate
c. decarboxylation of malate in the bundle sheath cells
to form pyruvic acid
d. transfer of pyruvic acid to the mesophyll cell
e. fixation of carbon dioxide to form 3-PGA
Presence of KRANZANATOMY.
46. DARK REACTION… 3 Pathways
3. CAM OR CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM
PATHWAY – operates in orchids, pineapple, other
succulent plants wherein stomates are closed during the
day and open during the night.
48. INTERNAL FACTORS
CHLOROPHYLL
The amount of chlorophyll present has a direct
relationship with the rate of photosynthesis because
this pigment is directly involved in trapping light energy
responsible for the light reactions.
49. INTERNAL FACTORS
LEAF AGE AND ANATOMY
Newly expanding leaves show gradual increase in rate of
photosynthesis and the maximum is reached when the
leaves achieve full size. Chloroplast functions decline as
the leaves age. Rate of photosynthesis is influenced by
variation in
(i) number, structure and distribution of stomata,
(ii) size and distribution of intercellular spaces
(iii) relative proportion of palisade and spongy tissues and
(iv) (iv) thickness of cuticle.
50. INTERNAL FACTORS
DEMAND FOR PHOTOSYNTHATE : Rapidly growing
plants show increased rate of photosynthesis in
comparison to mature plants.
51. EXTERNAL FACTORS
Remember… CONCEPT OF LIMITING
FACTORS!
What are the external factors???
The major external factors which affect
the rate of photosynthesis are
temperature, light, carbon dioxide,
water, and mineral elements.
52. EXTERNAL FACTORS
LIGHT: The rate of photosynthesis increases with
increase of intensity of light within physiological limits
or rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to light
intensity.
53. EXTERNAL FACTORS
TEMPERATURE:
Very high and very low temperature affect the rate of
photosynthesis adversely.
Rate of photosynthesis will rise with temperature
from 5°-37°C beyond which there is a rapid fall, as
the enzymes involved in the process of the dark
reaction are denatured at high temperature.
Between 5°-35°C, with every 10°C rise in
temperature rate of photosynthesis doubles.
55. EXTERNAL FACTORS
CARBON DIOXIDE :
Since carbon dioxide being one of the raw materials
for photosynthesis, its concentration affects the rate
of photosynthesis markedly.
Because of its very low concentration (0.03%) in the
atmosphere, it acts as limiting factor in natural
photosynthesis.
56.
57. EXTERNAL FACTORS
WATER
Water has an indirect effect on the rate of
photosynthesis.
Loss of water in the soil is immediately felt by the
leaves, which get wilted and their stomata close down
thus hampering the absorption of CO2 from the
atmosphere.
This causes decline in photosynthesis.
58. EXTERNAL FACTORS
WATER
Water has an indirect effect on the rate of
photosynthesis.
Loss of water in the soil is immediately felt by the
leaves, which get wilted and their stomata close down
thus hampering the absorption of CO2 from the
atmosphere.
This causes decline in photosynthesis.
59. EXTERNAL FACTORS
MINERAL ELEMENTS
Some mineral elements like magnesium, copper,
manganese and chloride ions, which are components
of photosynthetic enzymes, and magnesium as a
component of chlorophylls are important.
Their deficiency would affect the rate of
photosynthesis indirectly by affecting the synthesis of
photosynthetic enzymes and chlorophyll.