This document contains a 25 question multiple choice exam on the introduction to philosophy of the human person. The exam covers key philosophers and concepts in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy. It also includes questions testing understanding of logical fallacies and the main tenets of Islam and Jainism.
The document discusses the components and purpose of a concept paper, including presenting the research question, demonstrating the importance of answering the question, and describing how the researcher will collect and analyze data to answer the question. It also outlines the typical parts of a concept paper as an introduction, body, and conclusion. The body should provide supporting details for the thesis statement while the conclusion summarizes the paper and emphasizes the importance of the concept.
Sdo navotas creative_writing_q2_m4_explore different staging modalities vis-a...DepEd Navotas
Here are the similarities and differences between the two scripts:
Similarities:
- Both are scripts for plays/dramas
- Both include descriptions of the setting/locations
- Both include information about the number and types of characters
Differences:
- Script A is from the movie 1917 while Script B is an original one act American drama script
- Script A does not include character descriptions while Script B provides some details about the ages and roles of the characters
- Script A seems to be a scene from a larger work while Script B is a self-contained one act play
- Script A does not provide information about length or difficulty level while Script B includes estimates for length and level of difficulty for the set
-
Practical Research 1 Module 1 - REVISED.pdfAlwinSostino2
Here are the key points about Dewey's theory of connected experiences:
- Learning comes from experiences, both positive and negative. The value is in making connections between actions and consequences.
- Experiences should be exploratory and allow for reflection. Learners should be able to connect new knowledge to past experiences.
- Education is the continual reconstruction of experiences to better understand and interact with the world. It is a lifelong process.
This document outlines various ways to elucidate or clarify concepts, including definition, explication, and clarification. It provides examples of each technique. Definition can be informal, formal, or extended. Explication involves further explaining a text to expand its meaning. Clarification organizes ideas from abstract to concrete to arrive at a working definition. The document also includes sample activities and assignments for students to practice elucidating concepts.
PHILO_Q1_Mod4_The Human Person in the Environment.pdfLawSchool5
This document provides an introduction to a module on "The Human Person in the Environment" for senior high school students. It includes information on copyright, the development team for the module, and an introductory message for both the facilitator and learner. The module aims to help learners understand key concepts of environmental philosophy and how humans should ethically deal with the environment.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts and principles of institutionalism, one of the major social science ideas. It defines institutions and institutionalism, discusses the three functions of isomorphism, and identifies formal and informal institutions. Important theorists on institutionalism like David Mitrany and Jean Monnet are also briefly described. The document aims to introduce learners to the basic ideas of institutionalism.
This document contains a 25 question multiple choice exam on the introduction to philosophy of the human person. The exam covers key philosophers and concepts in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy. It also includes questions testing understanding of logical fallacies and the main tenets of Islam and Jainism.
The document discusses the components and purpose of a concept paper, including presenting the research question, demonstrating the importance of answering the question, and describing how the researcher will collect and analyze data to answer the question. It also outlines the typical parts of a concept paper as an introduction, body, and conclusion. The body should provide supporting details for the thesis statement while the conclusion summarizes the paper and emphasizes the importance of the concept.
Sdo navotas creative_writing_q2_m4_explore different staging modalities vis-a...DepEd Navotas
Here are the similarities and differences between the two scripts:
Similarities:
- Both are scripts for plays/dramas
- Both include descriptions of the setting/locations
- Both include information about the number and types of characters
Differences:
- Script A is from the movie 1917 while Script B is an original one act American drama script
- Script A does not include character descriptions while Script B provides some details about the ages and roles of the characters
- Script A seems to be a scene from a larger work while Script B is a self-contained one act play
- Script A does not provide information about length or difficulty level while Script B includes estimates for length and level of difficulty for the set
-
Practical Research 1 Module 1 - REVISED.pdfAlwinSostino2
Here are the key points about Dewey's theory of connected experiences:
- Learning comes from experiences, both positive and negative. The value is in making connections between actions and consequences.
- Experiences should be exploratory and allow for reflection. Learners should be able to connect new knowledge to past experiences.
- Education is the continual reconstruction of experiences to better understand and interact with the world. It is a lifelong process.
This document outlines various ways to elucidate or clarify concepts, including definition, explication, and clarification. It provides examples of each technique. Definition can be informal, formal, or extended. Explication involves further explaining a text to expand its meaning. Clarification organizes ideas from abstract to concrete to arrive at a working definition. The document also includes sample activities and assignments for students to practice elucidating concepts.
PHILO_Q1_Mod4_The Human Person in the Environment.pdfLawSchool5
This document provides an introduction to a module on "The Human Person in the Environment" for senior high school students. It includes information on copyright, the development team for the module, and an introductory message for both the facilitator and learner. The module aims to help learners understand key concepts of environmental philosophy and how humans should ethically deal with the environment.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts and principles of institutionalism, one of the major social science ideas. It defines institutions and institutionalism, discusses the three functions of isomorphism, and identifies formal and informal institutions. Important theorists on institutionalism like David Mitrany and Jean Monnet are also briefly described. The document aims to introduce learners to the basic ideas of institutionalism.
This document discusses elements of Filipino poetry including its history, form, and sensory techniques. Filipino poetry from the 1900s celebrated romanticism and focused more on formal elements like language over theme. It explores the senses poets employ - visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and auditory imagery - to create impressions for readers. Diction and rhyme scheme are also discussed as important poetic elements involving word choice, meaning, and structured sound patterns. Examples are given of different types of sensory imagery in poetry.
PHILO_Q1_Mod3_The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit.pdfLawSchool5
The document discusses the human person as an embodied spirit, explaining that a human person has a body, mind, and spirit that form their identity. It defines key terms like man, human, and person and describes humans as having both a cognitive self and physical self. The human person is presented as having an animating core or spirit that drives their thoughts, actions, and experiences in the world in an embodied way.
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - Introduction to PhilosophyJuan Miguel Palero
This is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about one of the core subjects in the k-12 curriculum of the Senior High School: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. On this presentation, it discusses about the definition, history and nature of the philosophy.
This document discusses the roles and significance of several prominent Filipino thinkers and their social ideas in contributing to Philippine national development, including Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, Apolinario Mabini, Virgilio Enriquez, and Zeus Salazar. It outlines how their ideas on topics like freedom, social progress, citizenship, indigenous psychology, and history writing from a Filipino perspective have influenced Philippine society, government, and national identity.
The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit: Limitations and TranscendenceAntonio Delgado
The document discusses the human person as an embodied spirit with limitations. It explains that human existence is embodied, and consciousness and embodiment are necessary for subjectivity, emotion, language, thought, and social interaction. It outlines three main limitations of humans as embodied spirits: 1) facticity, which refers to the unchangeable aspects of one's life and circumstances; 2) being spatial-temporal beings with limitations of time and an inability to be in two places at once; and 3) the body acting as an intermediary between our minds and the world in a limiting way.
Here are some ways students can live a life of abundance:
- Focus on personal growth and learning rather than material possessions. Pursue knowledge and new experiences that fulfill your potential.
- Build strong relationships with others through acts of kindness, compassion, and service. Make time for family and friends each day.
- Practice gratitude for the blessings you already have like health, education opportunities, supportive communities. An abundant mindset values what you have.
- Find purpose and meaning in small acts that uplift others, from volunteering to holding doors to leaving encouraging notes. Look for ways to spread abundance wherever you go.
- Take care of your mind, body, and spirit through exercise, meditation, journaling,
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON.pptxDenverNDiocares
1. The document provides an introduction to philosophy of the human person by discussing key concepts such as the three classes of people according to Pythagoras, the meaning and branches of philosophy, and characteristics of a philosopher.
2. It then examines ancient Greek philosophy, noting Thales of Miletus as the first Greek philosopher, and discusses the major branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and aesthetics.
3. The document concludes by outlining assignments for students to reflect on philosophical questions in their own lives.
Cultural, Social and Political InstitutionsMiss Chey
Education is a key social institution that teaches cultural norms and academic knowledge to help develop productive citizens and allow for self-actualization. Religions are belief systems that vary from animism to polytheism and monotheism. Health encompasses physical, psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being, while illness refers to specific diseases or impairments. Mass media such as print, television, radio, and social networks help disseminate information worldwide.
The document discusses the origins and development of major world religions. It begins by explaining how prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religion and how geography and culture influenced the establishment of religions. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the origins of religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It also summarizes the commonalities between the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which have over half the world's population. The document concludes by examining the geographical contexts of religions in the Western Frontier (West Asia), the Indian Subcontinent, and Eastern End (East Asia).
This document provides an overview of cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, and xenocentrism. It discusses how cultural relativism is important for cultural understanding and avoiding ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is the view that one's own culture is superior, while cultural relativism recognizes that different cultures should be understood on their own terms rather than judged. The document also briefly discusses xenocentrism, which is the opposite view that other cultures are superior to one's own.
This document provides materials for a Career Guidance Program module for Grade 12 students. The module aims to help students create a Lifelong Learning Plan and express their passion for their chosen career. It includes activities and worksheets to guide students through identifying learning goals and gaps, and developing a plan to continuously pursue education and skills to advance in their career. The document provides examples and templates to help students conduct a career gap analysis and draft objectives, learning strategies, timelines and verification methods for their Lifelong Learning Plan. It also includes a reflection activity where students write their own career philosophy and put together an airplane puzzle to symbolize their career taking off.
This document provides information about a module on Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions, including:
- It was published by the Department of Education and covers contemporary art, integrative art, and contemporary art forms from the Philippine regions.
- The module aims to define contemporary arts, explain integrative art, infer integrative art in contemporary art, and identify and classify contemporary art forms from the regions.
- It contains sections on what learners need to know, a pre-test to assess prior knowledge, lessons and activities, and references.
The document discusses the human person and embodied spirit. It defines key concepts like the person, soul, spirit, and embodiment. It explains that the human person is defined by the union of the body and spirit, where the body and spirit are integrated. The document also discusses human limitations like facticity, being temporal and spatial, and having the body as an intermediary. However, it notes that humans have the ability to transcend limitations through qualities like awareness, choice, interaction, and dignity. The document provides examples of how limitations can be opportunities for growth and exploring new possibilities.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy by defining what philosophy is and outlining some of its main branches and questions. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and the science that studies beings through human reason alone. The core branches outlined are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Metaphysics examines fundamental questions about existence, reality, and the nature of being. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge. Logic analyzes principles of reasoning. Ethics explores questions of morality and right conduct. The document lists examples of basic questions addressed within each branch.
This document discusses philosophical perspectives on interpersonal relationships. It covers several key points:
1. Existentialism views interpersonal relationships through the lens of one's awareness of self and others. Relationships involve acknowledging others as separate individuals.
2. Intersubjectivity refers to the shared understanding between individuals through social interaction. Deeper relationships involve viewing others as genuine and unique.
3. Some philosophers like Sartre saw relationships as frustrating and inauthentic, while others like Husserl and Marcel emphasized empathy, availability, and genuine dialogue between individuals.
4. Christianity defines ideal relationships as fellowship, love, support and care for others as exemplified through God's relationship with humanity
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems lesson 1.pptxJunJunSenon
This document provides an introduction to studying world religions and belief systems. It outlines the course competencies, which are to differentiate between belief systems, worldviews, religion, and spirituality. The module will explore the common characteristics and elements of religions. It defines key terms like religion as involving beliefs and practices focused on deities, while spirituality involves recognizing something greater and divine in nature. The document also distinguishes eastern and western belief systems and provides processing questions for students to reflect on their own faith.
The document summarizes the evolution of government in the Philippines from pre-Hispanic times to the present. It describes the social class systems of early Filipino societies and the governments that were established under Spanish colonial rule, American rule, Japanese occupation, and independence. Key details include the establishment of the Katipunan secret society, various revolutionary governments, the implementation of commonwealth status, and the presidents that have led the country. It also provides an overview of the executive and legislative branches of the current Philippine government system.
This document provides an overview of different lessons related to literary analysis and Philippine literature. It discusses close reading and critical interpretation of texts. It introduces various traditional and 21st century literary forms and genres. It also covers contextual interpretation and reading approaches, specifically literary philosophical context and literary biographical context. Students are provided examples and practice questions to help them identify these different contextual reading strategies.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy, explaining that it originated in ancient Greece and involves examining life's biggest questions through reason rather than faith. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses Thales as the first Western philosopher, noting that philosophical activity is characterized by examining wide generalizations, fundamentals, and integrating ideas into a coherent whole. The main branches of philosophy are also introduced.
PHILO_Q1_Mod2.1_Methods of Philosphizing.pdfLawSchool5
This module introduces the philosophy of epistemology. Epistemology studies how humans acquire knowledge and determine what is true. It has two main goals: 1) to show how knowledge can be acquired and 2) to validate if acquired knowledge is truly knowledge. Knowledge is a mental grasp of reality obtained through perception or reason based on perception. There are two main ways of acquiring knowledge - through the senses like sight and touch, and through rational thinking using the mind. The process of acquiring knowledge starts with reality, then using the senses to perceive reality, and thinking rationally about sense perceptions to gain understanding.
This document discusses elements of Filipino poetry including its history, form, and sensory techniques. Filipino poetry from the 1900s celebrated romanticism and focused more on formal elements like language over theme. It explores the senses poets employ - visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and auditory imagery - to create impressions for readers. Diction and rhyme scheme are also discussed as important poetic elements involving word choice, meaning, and structured sound patterns. Examples are given of different types of sensory imagery in poetry.
PHILO_Q1_Mod3_The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit.pdfLawSchool5
The document discusses the human person as an embodied spirit, explaining that a human person has a body, mind, and spirit that form their identity. It defines key terms like man, human, and person and describes humans as having both a cognitive self and physical self. The human person is presented as having an animating core or spirit that drives their thoughts, actions, and experiences in the world in an embodied way.
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - Introduction to PhilosophyJuan Miguel Palero
This is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about one of the core subjects in the k-12 curriculum of the Senior High School: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. On this presentation, it discusses about the definition, history and nature of the philosophy.
This document discusses the roles and significance of several prominent Filipino thinkers and their social ideas in contributing to Philippine national development, including Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, Apolinario Mabini, Virgilio Enriquez, and Zeus Salazar. It outlines how their ideas on topics like freedom, social progress, citizenship, indigenous psychology, and history writing from a Filipino perspective have influenced Philippine society, government, and national identity.
The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit: Limitations and TranscendenceAntonio Delgado
The document discusses the human person as an embodied spirit with limitations. It explains that human existence is embodied, and consciousness and embodiment are necessary for subjectivity, emotion, language, thought, and social interaction. It outlines three main limitations of humans as embodied spirits: 1) facticity, which refers to the unchangeable aspects of one's life and circumstances; 2) being spatial-temporal beings with limitations of time and an inability to be in two places at once; and 3) the body acting as an intermediary between our minds and the world in a limiting way.
Here are some ways students can live a life of abundance:
- Focus on personal growth and learning rather than material possessions. Pursue knowledge and new experiences that fulfill your potential.
- Build strong relationships with others through acts of kindness, compassion, and service. Make time for family and friends each day.
- Practice gratitude for the blessings you already have like health, education opportunities, supportive communities. An abundant mindset values what you have.
- Find purpose and meaning in small acts that uplift others, from volunteering to holding doors to leaving encouraging notes. Look for ways to spread abundance wherever you go.
- Take care of your mind, body, and spirit through exercise, meditation, journaling,
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON.pptxDenverNDiocares
1. The document provides an introduction to philosophy of the human person by discussing key concepts such as the three classes of people according to Pythagoras, the meaning and branches of philosophy, and characteristics of a philosopher.
2. It then examines ancient Greek philosophy, noting Thales of Miletus as the first Greek philosopher, and discusses the major branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and aesthetics.
3. The document concludes by outlining assignments for students to reflect on philosophical questions in their own lives.
Cultural, Social and Political InstitutionsMiss Chey
Education is a key social institution that teaches cultural norms and academic knowledge to help develop productive citizens and allow for self-actualization. Religions are belief systems that vary from animism to polytheism and monotheism. Health encompasses physical, psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being, while illness refers to specific diseases or impairments. Mass media such as print, television, radio, and social networks help disseminate information worldwide.
The document discusses the origins and development of major world religions. It begins by explaining how prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religion and how geography and culture influenced the establishment of religions. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the origins of religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It also summarizes the commonalities between the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which have over half the world's population. The document concludes by examining the geographical contexts of religions in the Western Frontier (West Asia), the Indian Subcontinent, and Eastern End (East Asia).
This document provides an overview of cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, and xenocentrism. It discusses how cultural relativism is important for cultural understanding and avoiding ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is the view that one's own culture is superior, while cultural relativism recognizes that different cultures should be understood on their own terms rather than judged. The document also briefly discusses xenocentrism, which is the opposite view that other cultures are superior to one's own.
This document provides materials for a Career Guidance Program module for Grade 12 students. The module aims to help students create a Lifelong Learning Plan and express their passion for their chosen career. It includes activities and worksheets to guide students through identifying learning goals and gaps, and developing a plan to continuously pursue education and skills to advance in their career. The document provides examples and templates to help students conduct a career gap analysis and draft objectives, learning strategies, timelines and verification methods for their Lifelong Learning Plan. It also includes a reflection activity where students write their own career philosophy and put together an airplane puzzle to symbolize their career taking off.
This document provides information about a module on Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions, including:
- It was published by the Department of Education and covers contemporary art, integrative art, and contemporary art forms from the Philippine regions.
- The module aims to define contemporary arts, explain integrative art, infer integrative art in contemporary art, and identify and classify contemporary art forms from the regions.
- It contains sections on what learners need to know, a pre-test to assess prior knowledge, lessons and activities, and references.
The document discusses the human person and embodied spirit. It defines key concepts like the person, soul, spirit, and embodiment. It explains that the human person is defined by the union of the body and spirit, where the body and spirit are integrated. The document also discusses human limitations like facticity, being temporal and spatial, and having the body as an intermediary. However, it notes that humans have the ability to transcend limitations through qualities like awareness, choice, interaction, and dignity. The document provides examples of how limitations can be opportunities for growth and exploring new possibilities.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy by defining what philosophy is and outlining some of its main branches and questions. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and the science that studies beings through human reason alone. The core branches outlined are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Metaphysics examines fundamental questions about existence, reality, and the nature of being. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge. Logic analyzes principles of reasoning. Ethics explores questions of morality and right conduct. The document lists examples of basic questions addressed within each branch.
This document discusses philosophical perspectives on interpersonal relationships. It covers several key points:
1. Existentialism views interpersonal relationships through the lens of one's awareness of self and others. Relationships involve acknowledging others as separate individuals.
2. Intersubjectivity refers to the shared understanding between individuals through social interaction. Deeper relationships involve viewing others as genuine and unique.
3. Some philosophers like Sartre saw relationships as frustrating and inauthentic, while others like Husserl and Marcel emphasized empathy, availability, and genuine dialogue between individuals.
4. Christianity defines ideal relationships as fellowship, love, support and care for others as exemplified through God's relationship with humanity
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems lesson 1.pptxJunJunSenon
This document provides an introduction to studying world religions and belief systems. It outlines the course competencies, which are to differentiate between belief systems, worldviews, religion, and spirituality. The module will explore the common characteristics and elements of religions. It defines key terms like religion as involving beliefs and practices focused on deities, while spirituality involves recognizing something greater and divine in nature. The document also distinguishes eastern and western belief systems and provides processing questions for students to reflect on their own faith.
The document summarizes the evolution of government in the Philippines from pre-Hispanic times to the present. It describes the social class systems of early Filipino societies and the governments that were established under Spanish colonial rule, American rule, Japanese occupation, and independence. Key details include the establishment of the Katipunan secret society, various revolutionary governments, the implementation of commonwealth status, and the presidents that have led the country. It also provides an overview of the executive and legislative branches of the current Philippine government system.
This document provides an overview of different lessons related to literary analysis and Philippine literature. It discusses close reading and critical interpretation of texts. It introduces various traditional and 21st century literary forms and genres. It also covers contextual interpretation and reading approaches, specifically literary philosophical context and literary biographical context. Students are provided examples and practice questions to help them identify these different contextual reading strategies.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy, explaining that it originated in ancient Greece and involves examining life's biggest questions through reason rather than faith. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses Thales as the first Western philosopher, noting that philosophical activity is characterized by examining wide generalizations, fundamentals, and integrating ideas into a coherent whole. The main branches of philosophy are also introduced.
PHILO_Q1_Mod2.1_Methods of Philosphizing.pdfLawSchool5
This module introduces the philosophy of epistemology. Epistemology studies how humans acquire knowledge and determine what is true. It has two main goals: 1) to show how knowledge can be acquired and 2) to validate if acquired knowledge is truly knowledge. Knowledge is a mental grasp of reality obtained through perception or reason based on perception. There are two main ways of acquiring knowledge - through the senses like sight and touch, and through rational thinking using the mind. The process of acquiring knowledge starts with reality, then using the senses to perceive reality, and thinking rationally about sense perceptions to gain understanding.
DISS_mod1_Introduction to Social Sciences with Natural Sciences and Humaniti...RaymondJohnBaliling
The document provides background information on social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. It discusses:
1. The emergence of social sciences from ancient philosophy and their development through major historical periods like the Age of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution.
2. Key figures like Auguste Comte who coined the term "sociology" and thinkers like Marx who provided early theories in social sciences.
3. Definitions of social sciences as the study of human societies and relationships, natural sciences as the study of natural phenomena based on evidence, and examples of branches under natural sciences.
The document discusses the differences between social sciences and applied social sciences. Social sciences study society and human behavior, while applied social sciences apply theories from social sciences to address real-world problems. It then focuses on counseling as an applied social science. Counseling aims to help clients address problems through clarification and behavior change. The goals of counseling include facilitating change, promoting decision-making, enhancing coping skills, and improving relationships. Counseling's scope includes individual, group, and community-based services.
DISS_mod2_Nature and Functions of Social Sciences Disciplines.pdfRaymondJohnBaliling
The document provides an overview of the nine core disciplines within social sciences - anthropology, demography, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, psychology, and sociology. It defines each discipline, explains their functions and nature. The disciplines are distinct but interconnected fields that aim to study and understand human society and behavior through various lenses.
Here are the key points about functionalism:
- It views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
- It focuses on how social institutions like the family, education system, religion serve functions in maintaining social order and the overall functioning of society.
- It believes that societies seek to maintain equilibrium and social integration through shared norms and values.
- Functionalists study how institutions like the family socialize members and transmit cultural values to the next generation.
- They see deviance and crime as inevitable in all societies and as playing a role in promoting social change. But too much deviance risks disrupting the social order.
So in summary, functionalism emphasizes how social
This document is a self-learning module on personal development for senior high school students in the Division of General Santos City. The module aims to help students better understand themselves and others as they make important career decisions. It uses experiential learning approaches and activities to explore themes of self-concept, personality development, and decision-making. The module is designed to be used independently by students at their own pace. It includes introductory messages, learning objectives, pre-assessments, lesson discussions, independent practice activities, and assessments.
Developmental Changes in Middle and Late AdolescenceKokoStevan
This document is a self-learning module on personal development for 11th grade students. It discusses developmental changes that occur in middle and late adolescence. The module is divided into several sections that introduce a topic, provide activities for students to practice and learn, and assess their understanding. It aims to help students understand the developmental tasks and challenges of adolescence, evaluate their own development with input from others, and identify ways to become responsible and prepared for adulthood.
Hahjajajakaak the same treatment opportunities and then we are not 🚭🚭🚭 the morning I can get everything else was wondering what the hell is what we have done ✅ I think it's your birthday 💐 the same time to music video ❤️❤️
The document provides information about three social science disciplines: Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science. It discusses the nature, goals, and perspectives of each discipline. Anthropology is the study of humanity, past and present, using both scientific and humanistic methods. Its goals include understanding human evolution and cultural diversity. Anthropologists take a holistic and culturally relative perspective and emphasize fieldwork. Sociology emerged in response to social changes in the 19th century. It scientifically studies human society and social behavior from a value-neutral perspective with the goal of improving social adjustment. Political science examines government, law, and politics using perspectives from other social sciences.
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Analyze the Significance of
Cultural, Social, Political, and
Economic Symbols and Practices
This document is the introduction to a module on phenomena of light for senior high school physical science. It provides background context on light phenomena observable in nature. The module will cover reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission, and scattering of light. It includes one lesson on phenomena of light. Upon completion, learners will be able to describe and explain different light phenomena and relate light properties to natural occurrences. The document outlines what learners need to know and lists the learning objectives.
The document discusses defending a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments. It provides steps to take such as making issue criteria, collecting evidence from proper sources, and using appeals to support claims. Reasonable arguments must be backed by factual evidence cited from credible sources. The goal is to address all sides of an issue and present a position in a clear, understandable manner to persuade the audience.
This document provides information about a science module for 7th grade students. It includes an introductory message for teachers and learners. The module is divided into three lessons about biology and life processes. It explains what students are expected to learn and lists the parts of the module like objectives, activities, and assessments. References and contact information are provided at the end.
Here are the answers:
1. honey bee (Apis mellifera) B BUDDING
2. hydra (Hydra) A BINARY FISSION
3. planarian flatworm (Planaria) D TRANSVERSE FISSION
4. starfish (Asterias) C FRAGMENTATION
5. water flea (Daphnia) E PARTHENOGENESIS
This module discusses strategies to avoid communication breakdown and contains two lessons - Communication Breakdown and Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown. It is intended to help students understand how communication works among people to foster mutual understanding, identify barriers to effective communication, and use appropriate strategies to achieve relationship and community building goals. The module is designed to be used flexibly based on the needs of different learning situations.
This module discusses social stratification systems using sociological perspectives. It defines social stratification as the classification of people into socioeconomic classes based on occupation, income, wealth, and social status. There are generally considered to be three main social classes: the upper class, middle class, and lower class. The module examines the different views of Karl Marx and Max Weber on social desirables and social class. It also explains the concepts of social mobility and the different types such as horizontal, vertical, upward, and downward mobility. Finally, it discusses some issues related to social stratification in the Philippines concerning wealth, income, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and people with disabilities.
1. A sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to the receiver.
2. The receiver decodes the message transmitted by the sender.
3. Feedback is given by the receiver in response to the message received from the sender. This feedback allows communication to become a two-way process.
4. Context or environment influences the communication exchange between the sender and receiver at each step of the process.
1. A sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to the receiver.
2. The receiver decodes the message transmitted by the sender.
3. Feedback is given by the receiver in response to the message received from the sender. This completes the communication process.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020
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4. 4
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
5. 5
For the learner:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
6. 6
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the
module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
References This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.
7. 7
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you in
internalizing the methods of philosophizing starting with the dialectic method, the
pragmatic method, and the phenomenological method. The scope of this module
equips you with skills in philosophical reasoning and critical analysis of situations
you encounter in your daily life leading to acquiring wisdom. Moreover, the module
also orients you into distinguishing erroneous or wrong reasoning. We acknowledge
that language should be diverse to meet the vocabulary level of students including
yourself. However, since philosophy is a mental subject, we employ some
vocabularies for you to be familiarized with philosophical terms which could be
useful in your interaction with people. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
Lesson 1- Methods of Philosophizing
Lesson 2– Different Fallacies
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
1. Distinguish opinion from truth;
2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Explore some of the methods of philosophizing that philosophers employed.
2. Identify and give examples of different fallacies.
3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing.
8. 8
What I Know
Select the keyword that best fits the statement in each item. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which fallacy literally means hitting the person below the belt instead of
focusing on the issue at hand?
A. mora licensing
B. equivocation
C. argumentum ad baculum
D. ad hominem
2. According to Husserl, the success of natural science lead to the gradual
scientific rejection of__________.
A. spirit
B. matter
C. nature
D. existence
3. Who institutionalized the pragmatic method of philosophizing?
A. John Dewey
B. Socrates
C. Ludwig Wittgenstein
D. George Hegel
4. What is Husserl’s point of view with regards to consciousness?
A. The study of consciousness is the same as the study of nature
B. The study of human consciousness differs from the way scientists
study nature.
C. It does not matter whether we study consciousness similarly or
differently than the way scientists study nature.
D. Husserl was not interested in the study of consciousness.
5. This fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization based on
insufficient evidence.
A. ad misericordiam
B. false analogy
C. hasty generalization
D. post hoc
9. 9
6. Which among these headlines presented information that are fair, objective,
and moderate?
A. It’s time to consider other means of cash aid distribution
B. Other countries around the world have much better means in cash
aid distribution
C. Government vows to faster distribution of coronavirus aid
D. We can also learn lesson from Vietnam how they distribute their cash
aid
7. Which among these headlines has no errors in terms of spelling, grammar,
and content?
A. Robredo Chides Government for Unclear Communication on New
Quarantine Rules
B. Robredo Blames the Government as They Don’t Have Clear Rules in
Quarantine
C. Robredo Charge the Government as Culprit of Confusion in Quarantine
D. Robredo blames those in Executive Branch for Communication’s
Unclear
8. Which among the following statements contain substantiated
generalizations?
A. “Drug war a massive failure”—Robredo
B. Robredo lies to world, shames the nation and herself in UN message
C. The real albatross on Leni Robredo’s neck
D. Let Leni plan on her own drug war
9. Which among the following authors could be the most credible according to
his or her Twitter account’s background?
A. Banat By – Simpleng tao na mahilig bumanat
B. Atom Araullo- Journalist. @ UNHCPPh Goodwill Ambassador
C. AkoNgaSY Lyco- Speak now or be silent forever. Follow me I will not
follow you
D. Senyora- Full time haciendera and professional husgadera
10.Which among the following publishers pose no particular agenda or bias?
A. Bulag Ang ABS-CBN sa Katotohanan by Antonio Brigas
B. ABS-CBN Naipasara Sanhi ng Di Pagrenew ng Prangkisa by GMA
News
C. Nararapat Lamang na Huwag ng Magbukas ang ABS-CBN by Balat
Sibuyas
D. Bye Bye Kapamilya by the Avengers
10. 10
Lesson
1 Methods of Philosophizing
Truth is one of the significant lessons in philosophy. It has been a topic of discussion
in its own right for many years. Moreover, its value and influence to man’s life cannot
be denied.
What’s In
ACTIVITY: Unscramble Letters (Critical Thinking)
Directions: Unscramble the following letters to identify the concept being described.
UNSCARMBLED LETTERS DESCRIPTION ANSWER:
L W K E D N G O
It is a mental grasp of reality reached either
by perceptual observation or by a process of
reason based on perceptual observation.
E G L Y E I O S P T M O
This is a science devoted to the discovery of
the proper method of acquiring and
validating knowledge.
N C P T E O C
It is an abstract or generic idea generalized
from particular instances.
R U T H T
This knowledge is validated which means
that it is highly based on the facts of reality.
N T G R U A E M
It is a group of statements, one or more of
which (the premises) is claimed to provide
support for, or reason to believe one of the
others (the conclusion)
Notes to the Teacher
The teacher should give a hint that methods of philosophizing would
equip them with knowledge and skills in acquiring wisdom and truth.
Unlike science, which uses observations through experiments in proving
a theory, philosophy utilizes “pure reasoning” to investigate a certain
reality or phenomenon to arrive at a certain truth.
11. 11
What’s New
ACTIVITY: Comic Strip (Critical Thinking, Communication, Character)
Directions: Analyze the comic strip and answer the following questions.
1. Look at the comic strip. Do you agree with the reasoning of the person inside
the car? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. If you are the biker, how would you react to the remarks of the person inside
the car?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Philosophers generally believe that reason is the road to wisdom. However they have
different interpretations of what reason consists of and some philosophers even
challenge the pre-eminence of reason in the pursuit of wisdom.
I. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
Here, we are going to explore some of the methods of philosophizing that
philosophers employ. According to Wilber (2006) Think of wisdom as the summit of
the mountain with different paths to get there. We are going to study the different
paths to wisdom the philosophers offer.
Source: https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1513293938691384&type=3
12. 12
1. The dialectic method
This method of philosophizing was conceived by the
Greek philosopher Socrates, (born 470 BCE) one of
the great philosophers of the ancient world.
Unfortunately, he did not leave any written words and
everything people know about him came from the
Dialogues written by his famous student, Plato.
Socrates’ aim was to achieve what he called the good
life which is based on the proper care of one’s soul (psyche in Greek). The soul,
according to Socrates, can be properly taken care of if we make it as good as
possible (Stumpf 2008). Since by its very nature the soul’s activity is to know,
the soul can only be good if we employ it in the activity of having a clear
awareness of the meaning of some words (Stumpf 2008). When we have a clear
awareness of what justice is, we harm our soul if we act contrary to what we
know, like harming others (which is the opposite of being just).
However, how can we achieve a clear understanding of words? We can achieve
this by an act of “disciplined conversation” (Stumpf 2008) which Socrates
compared to an intellectual midwife. Socrates called this method dialectic.
The method appears simple but anyone subjected by Socrates to this method
eventually felt its intense rigor.
The method starts with eliciting the definition of a
certain word from a person who appears to be
familiar (or “pretends” to be familiar) with its
meaning. Socrates then points out the
imperfections of the understanding of the person
through a series of questions. What Socrates desires
is for the person to realize his ignorance and
contradictions, and thereby correcting his own
mistakes and arriving at a complete knowledge of
the true meaning of the word.
The method, however, does not sit well with the ruling elites of Athens (the
city where Socrates lived). They accused him of not worshiping the Greek gods
SOCRATES
GEORGE HEGEL
13. 13
and corrupting the youth. His defense (which was dramatically recorded in
Plato’s dialogue the Apology) was a model of “forceful argument” (Stumpf 2008)
but it fell on deaf ears. In the end, he was forced to drink poison. Socrates was
the first philosopher to die fighting for truth.
The Socratic Method was modernized and treated in a different way by George
Wilhelm Hegel, a German philosopher. Hegel was an idealist. He believed that
the ideas of the human minds have access of what the world is like. People
are social beings and could be completely influenced by other people’s ideas.
An individual’s mind is influenced by means of a common language, customs
of one’s society, and the cultural institutions that one belongs to. Hegel refers
this to “Spirit” as the collective consciousness of a society which is
responsible for honing one’s consciousness and ideas.
Hegel also believed that the Spirit is constantly changing and evolving.
According to Hegel, the spirit changes through dialectic. First, there is an
idea about the world (much like a thesis), which has a natural characteristic
of having errors which give rise to the antithesis.
The thesis and antithesis can be eventually resolved by creating a synthesis
which is a new idea comprised of the essentials of both the thesis and the
antithesis.
To Hegel, society and culture follow this design, and one could understand
all of human history without the use of logic or empirical data simply by using
logic (Klein, 2013).
14. 14
2. The Pragmatic Method
Hundreds of years after the death of Socrates, a new philosophy emerged as
inspired by the idea of change initiated by the evolutionary thoughts of Hegel
and Darwin in 19th century America. This philosophy became known as
pragmatism. It was started by Charles S. Pierce (1839-1914), popularized by
William James (1842-1910) and institutionalized in American culture by John
Dewey (1859-1952).
We will explore this briefly to complete the methods since
a thorough presentation of this theory was already
provided in module 2.1.
According to the pragmatists, philosophy seems to offer
a set of beliefs about human beings and his relationship
to the world. Pragmatists offer no such beliefs. Rather,
they seek to make philosophy relevant by solving real life
problems. It is purely a philosophy of method and not of
substance.
What pragmatism aims is to test the dogma of science, religion and philosophy
by determining their practical results. The pragmatic test is: if I practice this
belief, will it bring success or failure? Will I solve problems or create problems?
Successful experience is the verification process of truth for the pragmatists
(Stumpf 2008).
3. The Phenomenological Method
The phenomenological method was conceived by
Edmund Husserl (born in 1859), one of the greatest
intellects of of the 19th century. His ideas and
method influenced the thoughts of some of the 20th
century philosophical giants: Martin Heidegger,
Jean-Paul Sartre, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty
among others.
What prompted Husserl to develop phenomenology? To answer this, we have
to look back at Husserl’s time and place: the 19th century Europe. At that time,
JOHN DEWEY
EDMUND HUSSERL
15. 15
science was on the ascendancy prompted by the great discoveries of Galileo,
Newton, and Darwin among others. Husserl himself was impressed by the
achievements of science. Unfortunately, according to Husserl, science brings
a certain attitude which is counterproductive to the human soul: the
naturalistic attitude (or simply naturalism).
Naturalism in this context is the idea that everything can be explained in
terms of matter or the physical. Since man is not only physical (i.e. body) but
also spiritual, this naturalistic attitude brings a distorted view of man by
banishing the spiritual from the world which includes the banishment of
ideas, values, and cultures (Husserl, 1965).
To counter the naturalistic tendency, Husserl returned to the idea of the
thinking self which was given preeminence by the 17th century French
philosopher, Rene Descartes. More specifically, the layman’s term given to the
thinking self is “one’s immediate experience.”
Husserl’s main purpose was to build a philosophy free from any biases or
preconceived ideas. One can only do this if one returns to immediate
experience. Husserl said that he was only looking to “things and facts
themselves, as these are given in actual experience and intuition” (quoted by
Stumpf 2008). This experience is not the objective world of science separate
from us, but the world as it appears to us or (borrowing the term of the 18th
century German philosopher Immanuel Kant) the phenomenal world - hence,
the term phenomenology.
However, our beliefs about human beings and the world prevent us from
seeing clearly this immediate experience which he calls “pure subjectivity”.
Thus, to know the truth, we have to put aside one by one all our limiting
beliefs about the world which represents our biases. Husserl calls this process
phenomenological epoche (epoche is the Greek word for bracketing).
Bracketing is not ignoring. It is an act of stepping back at our biases and
prejudices to make sure that they do not influence the way we think. Only
facts provided by immediate experience must influence us.
16. 16
4. The Primary and Secondary reflections
Another influential intellectual movement which had its roots in the 19th
century ideas of Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) and Friedrich Nietzsche
(1844-1900) was existentialism.
Kierkegaard’s ideas were in part a reaction against the overly ambitious
system building the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831).
On the other hand, Nietzsche’s ideas were a reaction
against the religious and rational value system still
prevalent in 19th century Europe (Stumpf 2008).
While Kierkegaard was religious and Nietzsche was
atheistic (atheism is the denial of the supernatural),
they both grounded their philosophy on the personal
choices of the individual which becomes one of the
important tenets of existentialism.
In the 20th century, Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
and his partner, Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) popularized atheistic
existentialism while Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973) and Karl Jaspers (1883-1969)
promoted religious existentialism. Religious existentialists saw certain
parallels between existential ideas and religious themes like the fall of Adam
and Eve which can be compared to the theme of inauthentic existence in
existentialist philosophy (Stumpf 2008).
After that brief overview on existentialism, let us focus our attention on one
existentialist method identified by Gabriel Marcel: the primary/secondary
reflection.
For Marcel, reflection is not just a disinterested look at experience. It emerged
when something valuable is at stake. Marcel gave an example of a watch.
Suppose you try to take a watch from your pocket. To your surprise, the watch
that you expect to be there is not there. A break from your ordinary routine
happened. From this break, reflection appears in the form of a question:
Where is my watch? Then, a host of questions, connected to the first one,
followed: Where was the last time I’ve seen my watch? Was there a hole in my
pocket? You try to retrace your steps from this moment back to the time when
you last saw your watch.
GABRIEL MARCEL
17. 17
From this example, you will see that reflection arise when there is a disruption
from your normal routine and when something valuable is at stake.
Then, Marcel identified two levels of reflection: primary reflection and
secondary reflection. Marcel applied these two levels of reflection to the most
fundamental question: Who am I?
Nowadays, we try to answer this question by filling up a form given by our
school for example. The form asked us to write our name, age, gender,
address, name of parents, etc. To answer this, of course we have to think to
distinguish who we are (the self) against other things (the non-self or objects).
This is the primary reflection.
Yet, we had an uneasy feeling that all the information we put on the form
(although true) do not fully capture who we really are (Marcel 1970). We view
that our self is bigger and more expansive than what is there on the form.
Thus, we are not merely thinking but we are thinking about thinking and
about the process we perform in answering the form. This is the secondary
reflection.
The result of secondary reflection is a more expansive view of the self until it
embraces the world. Thus, the separation of the self and the world brought
about by primary reflection were united by the secondary reflection.
5. The Analytic Method
Another reaction to the Hegelian system building
philosophy is the analytic approach initiated by
philosophers at Cambridge University (England):
George Edward Moore (1873-1958), Bertrand Russell
(1872-1970) and Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951).
The task of analytic approach is not to create another
system of ideas to counter the Hegelian system but
to clarify how philosophers used words through an
analysis of language (Stumpf 2008). As quoted by Stumpf, Wittgenstein said
that ‘the object of philosophy is the logical clarification of thought’ so that ‘the
result of philosophy is not a number of philosophical propositions, but to
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN
18. 18
make propositions clear”. Analytic philosophers employed various methods of
linguistic analysis such as the principle of verification and logical analysis
(Rudolf Carnap). What we are going to use is the method of Wittgenstein.
We can divide Wittgenstein’s philosophy in to the earlier Wittgenstein and the
latter (or the new) Wittgenstein. The earlier Wittgenstein followed the idea of
his mentor and close friend Bertrand Russell who view language in only one
way: stating facts. Wittgenstein’s first book (the only one published during his
lifetime) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1919) reflected this idea.
However he soon realized that words had multiple functions depending on the
context to which it occurs. Wittgenstein used the analogy of “tools in a tool
box” (Wittgenstein 1968). If we look at the tools inside a tool box ‘there is a
hammer, pliers, a saw, a screw driver, a ruler, a glue pot, glue nails and screw.
The functions of words is as diverse as the functions of these objects’ (quoted
by Stumpf 2008).
What Wittgenstein wants is to analyze language in the way actual people used
it in ordinary situations and not to construct an ideal language based on logic
and mathematics like what Russell seems to be doing.
To analyze language, we have to realize that it follows rules. If there are rules
in every aspect of life, there are certainly rules on how we put together and
communicate words. Wittgenstein believed that these rules are like the rules
of games (Wittgenstein 1968)-language games. For example, the usage of
words like “demand”, “supply”, “money”, “price” in the context of economics
differ from its usage in everyday life. These are technical words and they follow
certain rules (i.e. the language game) within that discipline that affects the
way these words are used.
19. 19
Lesson
2
DIFFERENT FALLACIES
You have just learned that it is not enough to acquire knowledge but you
should analyze if that knowledge you have acquired is truthful or not. Philosophizing
involves the gift of speech and the gift of intelligence that enable us to reason out
and detect the falsity or truthfulness of a statement. When one reasons out, he/she
expresses his opinion and when others disagree, then argument begins. In
philosophical parlance argument is not an emotional reptilian word war or a
territorial show of force between persons but a philosophical method in knowing the
truth of a certain phenomenon or reality. It is a set of statements which includes the
premises and conclusion (the latter is the one that claims the truth of the premises)
(Cornejo & Ebia, 2017).
However, there are arguments that are erroneous or based from faulty
reasoning called Fallacies (Abella, 2016). Unconsciously, we are culprits of this in
our daily interaction with people including our families and friends. Even TV
commercials intentionally employ some faulty reasoning to convince their target
market to purchase their products. Lawyers outwit each other by employing some
fallacies to defend their clients. I am sure you are familiar with the famous “Flip Top
Battles” group in today’s digital world. Shall we say a modern dialectical approach
which appeal not only to the mind but also to our aesthetic sense? They entertain
audience and it is awesome how they display their wit to outsmart each other in a
poetic manner. It becomes an art and aesthetically superb, but if you go beyond
entertainment and analyze their statements there are a lot of faulty reasoning going
on. Below are some of the Fallacies which we believe you need to be aware of. Abella,
Roberto D. in his book “Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person” laid
down some of these fallacies:
20. 20
FALLACY Short Description Examples
1.Argumentum ad
Hominem
“Attacking the
Person”
Hominem came from Latin word
“homo” which means man. This
fallacy literally means hitting the
person below the belt instead of
focusing on the issue at hand.
“How can we believe him
when he talks about
social distancing, he is a
lawyer who is a liar.”
2. Argumentum ad
Baculum
(Appeal to Force)
Baculum is a Latin word which
means scepter or stick. A scepter
is a symbol of authority. Normally
it is the Pope who carries it in his
hands. This is committed when a
person uses threat or force to
advance an argument.
“TV Patrol is the best
news program on TV. If
you don’t believe me, I
won’t let you watch the
TV.
3. Argumentum ad
Misercordiam
(Appeal to Pity)
Misercordiam came from Latin
word Misericordia which means
pity or compassion. A person uses
emotion such as pity to convince
someone
“Forgive me officer, there
are lot of boarders in this
apartment including
myself. Only the owner
was issued a quarantine
pass. We don’t have
food, we can’t give our
ATM to the owner. That’s
why I went out. So I did
not violate the
Bayanihan Act Heal as
One.”
4. Argumentum ad
Populum
“Appeal to people”/
Bandwagon fallacy
Populum is the Latin word for
people. Most of TV commercials
are guilty of this argument which
exploit people’s vanity, desires,
etc.
“I’m sure you want to
have an i phone. Almost
80% of your schoolmates
are using it.”
5. Argumentum ad
Tradition
“Appeal to Tradition”
Traditio means tradition.
Advancing an idea since it has
been practice for a long time.
All of us in the family,
from our ancestors up to
now, are devout
Catholics, so it is only
right that you will be
baptized as a Catholic.
6. Argumentum and
Ignorantiam
“Appeal to Ignorance”
Ignorantiam a Latin word for
ignorance. Whatever has been
proven false must be true and vice
versa
According to Zecharia
Sitchin, the author of the
book “Cosmic Code,
“Adam was the first test
tube baby. Since nobody
proves otherwise,
therefore it is true.”
7. Petitio Principii
(Begging the
Question)
According to Merriam Webster’s
dictionary (www.merriam-
“God exists because the
Bible says so. The Bible
21. 21
webster.com>dictionary>petitiopr
incipii)
, it is a fallacy in which a
conclusion is taken for granted in
the premises. Also called-“circular
argument.”
is inspired. Therefore we
know that God
Exists.”
8. Hasty
Generalization
This fallacy is committed when
one reaches a generalization
based on insufficient evidence
Our neighbor who is a
police officer was
convicted of being a drug
dealer, therefore, all
police officers are drug
dealers.
9. Cause and Effect Assuming that the effect is related
to a cause because both events
occur one after the other.
“My teacher didn’t
collect the homework
two weeks in a row
when my friend was
absent. Therefore, my
friend being absent is
the reason why my
teacher doesn’t collect
the homework.”
10. Fallacy of
Composition
Infers that something is true of a
part, is true of a whole
“You are a doctor,
therefore you came from
a family of doctors.”
11. Fallacy of Division Infers that something is true of
the whole, must also be true on its
parts
“Your family is smart,
therefore you are
smart.”
12. Fallacy of
Equivocation
Using the same term in a different
situation with different meaning.
“Humans walk by their
legs. The table has legs.
Therefore the table
walks by its legs.”
FACTS VERSUS OPINION: FOCUS ON INFORMATION LITERACY
Today's students, many of whom do most of their research online, are able to
access a nearly limitless supply of information -- much of it came from unknown
sources. In fact, the very nature of the medium allows anyone with an Internet
provider and a small amount of skill to disseminate whatever information he or she
chooses. The result is a World Wide Web of overflowing information, on the other
hand, it also contains inadvertent ignorance and blatant biases.
A. IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS OF A QUALITY WEBSITE
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Michigan State University reference librarian Terry Link suggests examining the
following factors when evaluating the quality of a Web site:
Authority: Who is the author and what are his or her qualifications? Who is the
publisher and what is the purpose of the site?
Verifiability: Are sources provided?
Timeliness: Is the information current? When was it posted and/or last
updated?
Relevance: Does the material contain unsubstantiated generalizations?
Bias: Is the language emotional or inflammatory? Does the information represent
a single opinion or a range of opinions?
Orderliness: Is the page arranged in an order that makes sense? Are underlying
assumptions identifiable? Is the information consistent?
Clarity: Is the information clearly stated? Does the author define important
terms?
Validity: Do the facts presented support the conclusions?
Likewise, when we critique sources, we must first understand the difference between
fact and opinion.
FACT OPINION
A fact is a statement that can be proven
true or false.
An opinion is a statement of belief which
may or may not be backed up by facts,
but cannot be proven true or false.
Is objective Is subjective
Is discovered Is created
States reality Interprets reality
Can be verified Cannot be verified
B. THE EVALUATION PROCESS
In considering the kinds of sources or sites, Robert Harris, a professor of English
at Southern California College suggests that students should ask themselves,
"Which sources are likely to be fair, objective, lacking hidden motives, showing
quality control?" Harris recommends selecting sites that include as many of the
following as possible:
the author's name, title, and/or position.
the site's organizational affiliation, if any.
the date the page was created or updated.
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contact information, such as an email or snail-mail address.
Once students have located sources that appear appropriate and credible, Harris
advises students to subject the sites to the CARS checklist for informational quality.
The four components of the CARS checklist are:
Credibility: What about this source makes it believable?
Accuracy: Is the information provided up-to-date, factual, detailed, exact, and
comprehensive?
Reasonableness: Is the information fair, objective, moderate, and consistent?
Support: Can the information be corroborated?
C. HOW DO I KNOW?
Harris suggests that, when evaluating those four components, students examine the
sites based on the following:
Type -- determine whether the URL includes .gov (government), .edu or .ac
(educational/academic), .com (commercial), .org (nonprofit organization), or. ~
(personal page).
Publisher -- determine whether the organization, agency, school, business, or
individual maintaining the site is likely to have a particular agenda or bias.
Author -- determine the author's education, training, and background to find out
whether he or she is a trained expert, an experienced enthusiast, or an
uninformed observer.
Structure -- determine whether the format is clear, logical, and easily navigable.
Language -- determine whether the text contains emotional, inflammatory,
profane, or confusing language. Count the number of spelling, grammatical, and
typographical errors. Too many mistakes can indicate carelessness and suggest
informational errors as well.
Dates -- determine when the information was published and/or updated. If
possible, check the publication dates of supporting data.
Graphics -- determine whether images and animations take up a
disproportionate amount of space in relation to their informational value. Decide
whether the graphics convey information, add interest, provide interactivity, or
simply distract.
Links -- determine whether the site's bibliography and/or links contain both
supportive and contradictory information.
24. 24
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1: FACT VS. OPINION (Critical Thinking)
Directions: Analyze the following statements. Write F if it is FACT and O if it is
OPINION. Write your answer before the number.
1. According to the latest survey, families are purchasing more household items on
credit.
2. You can hear all the news you need to know from the BBC Radio 1 news team.
3. The professor argues that the effect of carbon emissions on the surrounding
environment will only get worse.
4. The research team has discovered a new method for conducting this chemical
analysis.
5. The latest poll shows a marked increase in employee dissatisfaction.
6. I think public opinion will change over time.
7. This book is an enjoyable story of life in a small village.
8. The use of computers at the college has increased and the stationery budget has
doubled in the last few years.
ACTIVITY 2: I-BILIB (Critical Thinking, Communication,)
Directions: Analyze the following pictures. Write BILIB if the picture followed CARS
(Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, and Supported) and write NOT if it did not
follow CARS according to Robert Harris. Afterwards, explain your answer.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
25. 25
ACTIVITY 3: LET’S APPLY (Critical Thinking, Character)
Directions: Fill in the table below with the main proponents of methods of
philosophizing. For each method, answer the questions: “How can you find truth
using this method?” and “On what real-life situation can you apply this
method?”
Methods of
Philosophizing
Main
Proponent(s)
How can you find
truth using this
method?
On what real-life
situation can you
apply this
method?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
26. 26
1. Dialectic
2. Pragmatic
3. Phenomenological
4. Primary and
Secondary
Reflections
5. Analytic
What I Have Learned
ACTIVITY: IMPORTANT POINTS TO PONDER
(Critical Thinking, Character, Communication)
Direction: Complete the statements below:
I learned that Truth is_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
I feel that Truth is important because________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
I commit to uphold the truth by __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
27. 27
What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 1: WIN AN ARGUMENT (Communication, Critical Thinking, Character,
Collaboration)
Directions: By using the graphic organizer of dialectic method below, answer the
question: How do you criticize someone’s opinion/argument in a way that makes
sense and is respectful? Try to talk or interview two persons that have contrasting
idea about the question, then write your own synthesis to their answers.
THESIS ANTI-
THESIS
SYNTHESIS
28. 28
ACTIVITY 2: COMIC CON
(Critical Thinking, Character, Communication, Creativity)
Directions: Draw a comic strip that portrays ONE type of fallacy. Explain your work.
Explanation:_______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
29. 29
Assessment
Select the keyword that best fits the statement in each item. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What type of fallacy is present in the statement, “Before we begin the debate,
everyone here should know that my opponent is a convicted felon”?
A. mora licensing
B. equivocation
C. argumentum ad baculum
D. ad hominem
2. According to Husserl, the success of natural science lead to the gradual
scientific rejection of__________.
A. spirit
B. matter
C. nature
D. existence
3. When Husserl described human experience as the immediate data of
consciousness, he meant _________________.
A. Pure subjectivity
B. Pure objectivity
C. materialism
D. dualism
4. What is Husserl’s point of view with regards to consciousness?
A. The study of consciousness is the same as the study of nature
B. The study of human consciousness differs from the way scientists
study nature.
C. It does not matter whether we study consciousness similarly or
differently than the way scientists study nature.
D. Husserl was not interested in the study of consciousness.
5. What type of fallacy is present in the statement, “My father smoked four
packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine.
Therefore, smoking really can’t be that bad for you”?
A. ad misericordiam
B. false analogy
C. hasty generalization
D. post hoc
30. 30
6. Which among these headlines presented information that are fair,
objective, and moderate?
A. It’s time to consider other means of cash aid distribution
B. Other countries around the world have much better means in cash
aid distribution
C. Government vows to faster distribution of coronavirus aid
D. We can also learn lesson from Vietnam how they distribute their cash
aid
7. Which among these headlines has no errors in terms of spelling, grammar,
and content?
A. Robredo Chides Gov’t for Unclear Communication on New Quarantine
Rules
B. Robredo Blames the Government as They Don’t Have Clear Rules in
Quarantine
C. Robredo Charge the Govrnment as Culprit of Confusion in Quarantine
D. Robredo blames those in Executive Branch for Communication’s
Unclear
8. Which among the statements contain substantiated generalizations?
A. “Drug war a massive failure”—Robredo
B. Robredo lies to world, shames the nation and herself in UN message
C. The real albatross on Leni Robredo’s neck
D. Let Leni plan on her own drug war
9. Which among the following authors could be the most credible according to
his or her Twitter account’s background?
A. Banat By – Simpleng tao na mahilig bumanat
B. Atom Araullo- Journalist. @ UNHCPPh Goodwill Ambassador
C. AkoNgaSY Lyco- Speak now or be silent forever. Follow me I will not
follow you
D. Senyora- Full time haciendera and professional husgadera
10.Which among the following publishers pose no particular agenda or bias?
A. Bulag Ang ABS-CBN sa Katotohanan by Antonio Brigas
B. ABS-CBN Naipasara Sanhi ng Di Pagrenew ng Prangkisa by GMA
News
C. Nararapat Lamang na Huwag ng Magbukas ang ABS-CBN by Balat
Sibuyas
D. Bye Bye Kapamilya by the Avengers
31. 31
Additional Activities
ACTIVITY: EVERYDAY FALLACIES (Critical Thinking, Communication, Character)
Directions:
A. Observe conversations of your parents and identify three (3) common fallacies.
B. Watch commercials on TV and news and take note of the fallacies committed.
Identify 5 fallacies and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. In your relationship with your family, what common fallacy or fallacies you
commit as an alibi for any wrongdoing? Narrate at least two occasions.
2. Do you think Fallacy can help us in finding the truth? Why or why not?
3. What methods of philosophizing do you think are most useful in finding the
truth? Explain?
32. 32
Answer Key
References
Books
Abella, Roberto D. (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.
Quezon City: C&E Publishing
Binswanger, Harry. (2014). How We Know. New York: TOF Publications.
Copi, Irving M. and Cohen, Carl (2002). Introduction to Logic (11th edition). New
Jersey: Prentice Hall
Cornejo, N. & Ebia, E. Philosophy of Human Person. Mindshapers Co., Manila.2017
Hurley, Patrick J. (2011). A Concise Introduction to Logic (11th edition). Boston:
Cengage Learning
Klein, Paul S. (2013). Philosophy 101. California: Adams Media
Mabacquiao, N. (2017). Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing.
Peikoff, Leonard (1990). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton
Assessment
1.
D
2.
A
3.
A
4.
B
5.
C
6.
D
7.
A
8.
A
9.
B
10.
B
What
I
Know
1.
D
2.
A
3.
A
4.
B
5.
C
6.
D
7.
A
8.
A
9.
B
10.
B
33. 33
Rand, Ayn (1990). Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (2nd edition). New York:
Meridian
Stumpf, Samuel Enoch & Fieser, James (2008). Socrates to Sartre and Beyond (8th
edition). New Yok: McGraw Hill
Wilber, Ken (2006). Integral Spirituality. Boston: Integral Books
Websites
Biography.com Biography of Edmund Husserl (July 2020). Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmund-Husserl
Biography.com Biography of John Dewey (July 2020). Retrieved from:
https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-dewey
Britanica. Biography of Ludwig Wittgenstein (July 2020). Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ludwig-Wittgenstein
Britanica. Biography of Socrates (July 2020). Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Socrates
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Gabriel Marcel (July 2020). Retrieved from:
https://www.iep.utm.edu/marcel/
Lazarus C. (2017). Facts, Truths, Beliefs, Opinions, and "Alternative Facts".
Psychology Today. Retrieved from:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/think-well/201703/facts-truths-
beliefs-opinions-and-alternative-facts
Merriam-Webster. July 17, 2020, (n.d.). Petitio principii. In Merriam-Webster.com
dictionary. Retrieved from:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/petitio%20princip
St. Joseph’s College (2019). Evaluating Sources: Fact Checking, Fake News, and
Bias: Fact vs Opinion. Retrieved from:
https://brooklyn.sjcny.libguides.com/c.php?g=648836&p=4692986
Starr L.(2009). Fact, Fiction, or Opinion? Evaluating Online Information. Education
World. Retrieved from:
https://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/curr194.shtml
34. For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph