The document discusses the importance of studying history. It explains that history helps people and societies understand how they developed over time. By learning about past events and experiences, people can gain national pride from successes and learn from mistakes. Studying history also helps provide context for current situations and explains how past decisions and influences have led to present realities. More broadly, history contributes to identity, moral understanding, citizenship, and develops important skills like assessing evidence and interpreting conflicting sources. Understanding the past is seen as key to understanding the present and making informed decisions about the future.
This document discusses proper waste disposal and management. The goals are to maintain a cleaner environment, reduce disease, and protect soil and water from contamination. Proper waste disposal can increase recycling and reuse rates while decreasing landfill waste. The objectives outlined ensure environmental protection, job growth, consumer awareness, and effective solid waste management. The mission is to educate people on proper waste separation and disposal to reduce pollution and protect the environment.
Neoliberalism refers to economic policies that emphasize free market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending. The document discusses how neoliberal policies have been implemented globally since the 1970s, often at the behest of international financial institutions. It argues that neoliberalization has led to increasing inequality and poverty while benefiting wealthy elites. In the Philippines specifically, trade liberalization under the WTO/IMF has devastated the agricultural and industrial sectors and made social services less accessible by increasing costs and privatizing public services.
The document discusses the traits and characteristics of Filipinos. It identifies several positive traits such as being hospitable, respectful, having strong family ties, being generous, hardworking, loving, family-oriented, adaptable, creative, and able to survive difficult circumstances. It also notes some negative traits like complaining, being judgmental, engaging in backstabbing, favoritism, crab mentality, tardiness, gossiping, being nosy, and making excuses. Overall, the document provides an overview of both the good and bad qualities commonly associated with people from the Philippines.
Sources of History- Readings in the Philippine HistoryRomalieGalleto
The first chapter of the Readings in the Philippine History. It comprises of the discussions about sources of history and historical methods to critically examine historical evidences from different accounts and sources
This is the first chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the course guide from Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. Meaning and Relevance of History
2. Distinction of Primary and Secondary source; External and Internal Criticism
This document discusses various theories related to popular culture, including:
- Gender theories which examine stereotypes and exploitation in media.
- Marxism and cultural hegemony theories which analyze how economic classes influence culture.
- Cultural liberalism and pluralism which advocate for individual freedom and respect for diversity.
- Theories of mass society, cultural industry, and globalization which examine the industrialization and spread of culture through media and technology.
- Interactionism looks at how people interact and influence each other to create shared meanings and culture.
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, Spanish colonizers introduced the Roman alphabet and banned the native Alibata script. They also brought European literature and established the first printing presses. This period saw the development of oral literature, religious drama, songs, and poetry in Tagalog as a form of resistance. The American period was characterized by the introduction of free public education in English, which led to the emergence of a new educated class and literature in English, including novels, short stories, poems, and works that imitated American models. Significant works during this time included Banaag at Sikat, the first Tagalog novel, and "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife", one of the earliest short stories in
This document discusses proper waste disposal and management. The goals are to maintain a cleaner environment, reduce disease, and protect soil and water from contamination. Proper waste disposal can increase recycling and reuse rates while decreasing landfill waste. The objectives outlined ensure environmental protection, job growth, consumer awareness, and effective solid waste management. The mission is to educate people on proper waste separation and disposal to reduce pollution and protect the environment.
Neoliberalism refers to economic policies that emphasize free market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending. The document discusses how neoliberal policies have been implemented globally since the 1970s, often at the behest of international financial institutions. It argues that neoliberalization has led to increasing inequality and poverty while benefiting wealthy elites. In the Philippines specifically, trade liberalization under the WTO/IMF has devastated the agricultural and industrial sectors and made social services less accessible by increasing costs and privatizing public services.
The document discusses the traits and characteristics of Filipinos. It identifies several positive traits such as being hospitable, respectful, having strong family ties, being generous, hardworking, loving, family-oriented, adaptable, creative, and able to survive difficult circumstances. It also notes some negative traits like complaining, being judgmental, engaging in backstabbing, favoritism, crab mentality, tardiness, gossiping, being nosy, and making excuses. Overall, the document provides an overview of both the good and bad qualities commonly associated with people from the Philippines.
Sources of History- Readings in the Philippine HistoryRomalieGalleto
The first chapter of the Readings in the Philippine History. It comprises of the discussions about sources of history and historical methods to critically examine historical evidences from different accounts and sources
This is the first chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the course guide from Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. Meaning and Relevance of History
2. Distinction of Primary and Secondary source; External and Internal Criticism
This document discusses various theories related to popular culture, including:
- Gender theories which examine stereotypes and exploitation in media.
- Marxism and cultural hegemony theories which analyze how economic classes influence culture.
- Cultural liberalism and pluralism which advocate for individual freedom and respect for diversity.
- Theories of mass society, cultural industry, and globalization which examine the industrialization and spread of culture through media and technology.
- Interactionism looks at how people interact and influence each other to create shared meanings and culture.
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, Spanish colonizers introduced the Roman alphabet and banned the native Alibata script. They also brought European literature and established the first printing presses. This period saw the development of oral literature, religious drama, songs, and poetry in Tagalog as a form of resistance. The American period was characterized by the introduction of free public education in English, which led to the emergence of a new educated class and literature in English, including novels, short stories, poems, and works that imitated American models. Significant works during this time included Banaag at Sikat, the first Tagalog novel, and "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife", one of the earliest short stories in
The document describes the social hierarchy that existed in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. At the top were the Peninsulares, Spaniards born in Spain who held the highest social status and political power. Below them were the Insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines who faced some discrimination. The Ilustrados constituted an educated Filipino middle class influenced by Spanish liberal ideals. Mestizos and Indios comprised the mixed-race and native Filipino populations at the lower levels of society.
The document contains summaries of several songs related to environmental protection and climate change:
1) The first song discusses air and water pollution problems and how economic growth should not harm the environment.
2) The second song encourages caring for the environment, which provides fresh air and was given by God. It says factories cause pollution and hinder development.
3) The third song calls people to act on climate change and says words alone are not enough; action is needed to enact solutions.
4) The fourth song calls on working together to save Mother Nature and find solutions rather than causes of obstruction.
5) The fifth song discusses protecting natural wonders and civilization from pollution, drought, starvation and war through
Values are integral parts of culture that generate behavior and create social expectations. Filipino values were influenced by its ancestors and colonizers. Positive Filipino values include bayanihan spirit of cooperation, damayan sympathy for others, familism prioritizing family, being fun-loving, hospitality, compassion, regionalism favoring own region, friendliness, flexibility, religiosity, respect for elders, resourcefulness, and utang na loob obligation to help others. Negative values comprise bahala na fatalism, colonial mentality favoring foreign goods, crab mentality hindering others' success, euphemism avoiding offense, being late, copying others, seeking wealth without work, fatalism accepting fate, procrast
A Comparative Analysis of the 19th Century and the Present in the Philippines...Jerilyn
1. During the Spanish period in the 19th century, the Catholic church had significant political and social power in the Philippines. Priests served in many government roles and prohibited other religions.
2. The Philippines was a colony of Spain and governed by a monarch and governor-general. Only men could vote and hold government positions.
3. Economically, the Galleon Trade system limited foreign trade and there was a tobacco monopoly. Women's roles were strictly domestic at home and they had few education and career opportunities.
Philippine History- Social Status during Spanish Era-last years of Spanish co...anne sarmiento
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, Spanish rule established a complex social hierarchy. The principalia class, composed of local leaders, were exempt from forced labor and granted certain political rights. The ilustrados constituted the educated Filipino middle class exposed to liberal Spanish ideals in the late 19th century. Indigenous Filipinos were at the bottom of the social pyramid as indios, while Spaniards held the most power either born in the Philippines or Spain. The Spanish also introduced economic reforms and industries that developed the Philippines' economy and trade, while social changes like education and architecture reflected Spanish colonial influence over three centuries.
Pre-Colonial Philippine literature originated from various ethnic groups that inhabited the archipelago. Verses were composed in various forms including octosyllabic, dodecasyllabic, riddles, maxims, epigrams, and were used to entertain, educate, curse or preserve culture. Some common pre-colonial poetic forms included tanaga, ambahan, and ancient metrical tales that told stories about heroes and myths. Folk songs were also an important part of pre-colonial literature and expressed the people's lifestyles through various genres.
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data in a research paper. It explains that data should be presented in chronological order through statistical tables and graphs, textual presentation, and interpretation or inferences. The chapter focuses on guidelines for tabular presentation, including constructing tables with titles, numbers, headings, bodies, and notes. It also discusses graphical presentation of data through common graphs like bar graphs, line graphs, circle graphs, pictograms, and map graphs. The chapter notes that textual presentation involves using statements with numbers to describe data and supplement tables and graphs. It concludes that interpretation should follow each table and include conditions, possible causes, possible effects, and comparisons to previous studies.
Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines.pptxFritzilAnneNarciso1
1) Indigenous science refers to the complex knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their interactions with the natural world, including agriculture, herbal medicine, weather prediction, food preservation, plant and animal classification, and more.
2) Indigenous science is collectively experienced and lived within a given culture, incorporating everything from metaphysics to practical technologies, both past and present.
3) Indigenous science is part of culture, and how science is approached depends largely on the cultural practices of the people. Indigenous beliefs also develop values like motivation, cooperation, practicality, and reflection that are consistent with scientific attitudes.
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature from 1946 to 1999. It describes the major periods after independence from the US including the Rebirth of Freedom, Period of Activism, Period of the New Society, and Period of the Third Republic. Key developments are outlined such as genres that emerged, themes addressed, influential authors and works, and how literature reflected the political climate of the times. Media like newspapers, films, songs, and comics are also discussed.
- President Corazon Aquino delivered a speech to a Joint Session of the U.S. Congress on September 18, 1986 in Washington D.C.
- She emphasized that the fight against the Marcos administration was not in vain, despite the hardships, as they fought for honor and democracy.
- Aquino took on the responsibility of continuing to offer the Filipino people a democratic alternative to the oppressive rule they had endured for over 20 years under Marcos.
The document summarizes the Bill of Rights section of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It outlines 22 sections that establish various rights and protections for people, including the right to life, liberty, and property; freedom of speech; freedom of religion; rights of the accused such as due process and speedy trial; prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment; and protections against double jeopardy and ex post facto laws. Sections 1-11 establish various civil and political rights, while Sections 12-22 outline additional rights for those who have been accused of crimes.
In 19th century Philippines, society was stratified into three classes. The highest class consisted of Spanish officials, Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain), and friars who ruled over the Filipinos. Below them were the middle class of native Filipinos and mestizos of mixed ancestry. The lowest class, considered the poorest, were the indios or ethnic Filipinos ruled by the Spaniards.
The document discusses literature in the Philippines under the republic from 1946-1985. It describes how the country transitioned from a Euro-Hispanic style of literature to an Anglo-American style due to US influence through programs like the Fulbright exchange. This led to a merging of traditions as indigenous styles blended with the two dominant foreign traditions. It also discusses how existentialist works came to the Philippines in the 1950s following the deaths of Ramon Magsaysay and Claro Recto, leaving the cultural scene open to more US influence. This period saw Filipino writers exploring identity and developing a uniquely Filipino literary tradition by combining multiple influences.
Social System of Pre-Colonial Period in the PhilippinesAnne Valino
Prepared by: Anne Mariz Valino
Compilation of Articles: Bonita Montina Jusay
Central Luzon State University
College Of Veterinary Science and Medicine
Subject: History 100
This document discusses the nature and morality of human acts. It defines human acts as actions that are consciously and freely done, requiring knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness. Human acts are distinguished from acts of man, which are actions beyond one's consciousness and control. The morality of a human act depends on its object, intention, and circumstances. Some acts are intrinsically evil regardless of intention due to their object. To determine the morality of an act, one must consider whether the object, intention, and circumstances together are good or bad.
1. Art is defined as a craft or specialized skill in Latin. It involves experience rather than just facts.
2. Art is assumed to be universal, spanning generations and continents, with age not determining whether something is art. Works are enjoyed for their beauty rather than just their age.
3. Art is also assumed not to be nature itself but rather a human expression and interpretation of nature. Art represents a perception or view of reality directed by the artist.
Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Laguna to a wealthy family. He was a gifted student from a young age, excelling in his studies and showing a talent for art and languages. He was taught at home by his mother initially before attending private schools. Rizal later studied medicine in Manila, Madrid and Paris, earning his medical degree. Throughout his childhood and education, Rizal demonstrated an intense curiosity and desire to learn.
This document discusses the origins of the early inhabitants of the Philippines based on three sources of information:
1) The biblical story of creation describes the first man and woman originating from Adam and Eve. Some believe the first settlers were Tharsis and his brothers.
2) The theory of evolution proposes that early Filipinos descended from apelike creatures thousands of years ago. Scientists believe people migrated in waves, including short Negritos 25,000 years ago, taller Indonesians 5,000 years ago, and Malays 2,000 years ago who established a more advanced culture.
3) Legends and folktales like the Story of Malakas and Maganda and the Story of the Brown People
1. Historians and archaeologists study artifacts and other evidence to reconstruct prehistoric life before writing was developed. Artifacts are objects made by people that provide clues about their tools, weapons, clothing and other aspects of daily life.
2. Geography influences how people live by determining what resources are available based on location and environment. Scarcity of resources in an area can affect things like economic systems and prices.
3. A civilization is a highly organized society with cities, economic and political systems, religions, job specialization, public works, writing, and cultural achievements like art and architecture.
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Pay Someone to Write My Assignment" – Need help with assignments? Entrust your tasks to professionals! Our service offers expert writers ready to craft high-quality assignments tailored to your needs. Save time, reduce stress, and achieve academic success. Get personalized assistance today and excel in your studies hassle-free!
The document describes the social hierarchy that existed in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. At the top were the Peninsulares, Spaniards born in Spain who held the highest social status and political power. Below them were the Insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines who faced some discrimination. The Ilustrados constituted an educated Filipino middle class influenced by Spanish liberal ideals. Mestizos and Indios comprised the mixed-race and native Filipino populations at the lower levels of society.
The document contains summaries of several songs related to environmental protection and climate change:
1) The first song discusses air and water pollution problems and how economic growth should not harm the environment.
2) The second song encourages caring for the environment, which provides fresh air and was given by God. It says factories cause pollution and hinder development.
3) The third song calls people to act on climate change and says words alone are not enough; action is needed to enact solutions.
4) The fourth song calls on working together to save Mother Nature and find solutions rather than causes of obstruction.
5) The fifth song discusses protecting natural wonders and civilization from pollution, drought, starvation and war through
Values are integral parts of culture that generate behavior and create social expectations. Filipino values were influenced by its ancestors and colonizers. Positive Filipino values include bayanihan spirit of cooperation, damayan sympathy for others, familism prioritizing family, being fun-loving, hospitality, compassion, regionalism favoring own region, friendliness, flexibility, religiosity, respect for elders, resourcefulness, and utang na loob obligation to help others. Negative values comprise bahala na fatalism, colonial mentality favoring foreign goods, crab mentality hindering others' success, euphemism avoiding offense, being late, copying others, seeking wealth without work, fatalism accepting fate, procrast
A Comparative Analysis of the 19th Century and the Present in the Philippines...Jerilyn
1. During the Spanish period in the 19th century, the Catholic church had significant political and social power in the Philippines. Priests served in many government roles and prohibited other religions.
2. The Philippines was a colony of Spain and governed by a monarch and governor-general. Only men could vote and hold government positions.
3. Economically, the Galleon Trade system limited foreign trade and there was a tobacco monopoly. Women's roles were strictly domestic at home and they had few education and career opportunities.
Philippine History- Social Status during Spanish Era-last years of Spanish co...anne sarmiento
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, Spanish rule established a complex social hierarchy. The principalia class, composed of local leaders, were exempt from forced labor and granted certain political rights. The ilustrados constituted the educated Filipino middle class exposed to liberal Spanish ideals in the late 19th century. Indigenous Filipinos were at the bottom of the social pyramid as indios, while Spaniards held the most power either born in the Philippines or Spain. The Spanish also introduced economic reforms and industries that developed the Philippines' economy and trade, while social changes like education and architecture reflected Spanish colonial influence over three centuries.
Pre-Colonial Philippine literature originated from various ethnic groups that inhabited the archipelago. Verses were composed in various forms including octosyllabic, dodecasyllabic, riddles, maxims, epigrams, and were used to entertain, educate, curse or preserve culture. Some common pre-colonial poetic forms included tanaga, ambahan, and ancient metrical tales that told stories about heroes and myths. Folk songs were also an important part of pre-colonial literature and expressed the people's lifestyles through various genres.
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data in a research paper. It explains that data should be presented in chronological order through statistical tables and graphs, textual presentation, and interpretation or inferences. The chapter focuses on guidelines for tabular presentation, including constructing tables with titles, numbers, headings, bodies, and notes. It also discusses graphical presentation of data through common graphs like bar graphs, line graphs, circle graphs, pictograms, and map graphs. The chapter notes that textual presentation involves using statements with numbers to describe data and supplement tables and graphs. It concludes that interpretation should follow each table and include conditions, possible causes, possible effects, and comparisons to previous studies.
Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines.pptxFritzilAnneNarciso1
1) Indigenous science refers to the complex knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their interactions with the natural world, including agriculture, herbal medicine, weather prediction, food preservation, plant and animal classification, and more.
2) Indigenous science is collectively experienced and lived within a given culture, incorporating everything from metaphysics to practical technologies, both past and present.
3) Indigenous science is part of culture, and how science is approached depends largely on the cultural practices of the people. Indigenous beliefs also develop values like motivation, cooperation, practicality, and reflection that are consistent with scientific attitudes.
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature from 1946 to 1999. It describes the major periods after independence from the US including the Rebirth of Freedom, Period of Activism, Period of the New Society, and Period of the Third Republic. Key developments are outlined such as genres that emerged, themes addressed, influential authors and works, and how literature reflected the political climate of the times. Media like newspapers, films, songs, and comics are also discussed.
- President Corazon Aquino delivered a speech to a Joint Session of the U.S. Congress on September 18, 1986 in Washington D.C.
- She emphasized that the fight against the Marcos administration was not in vain, despite the hardships, as they fought for honor and democracy.
- Aquino took on the responsibility of continuing to offer the Filipino people a democratic alternative to the oppressive rule they had endured for over 20 years under Marcos.
The document summarizes the Bill of Rights section of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It outlines 22 sections that establish various rights and protections for people, including the right to life, liberty, and property; freedom of speech; freedom of religion; rights of the accused such as due process and speedy trial; prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment; and protections against double jeopardy and ex post facto laws. Sections 1-11 establish various civil and political rights, while Sections 12-22 outline additional rights for those who have been accused of crimes.
In 19th century Philippines, society was stratified into three classes. The highest class consisted of Spanish officials, Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain), and friars who ruled over the Filipinos. Below them were the middle class of native Filipinos and mestizos of mixed ancestry. The lowest class, considered the poorest, were the indios or ethnic Filipinos ruled by the Spaniards.
The document discusses literature in the Philippines under the republic from 1946-1985. It describes how the country transitioned from a Euro-Hispanic style of literature to an Anglo-American style due to US influence through programs like the Fulbright exchange. This led to a merging of traditions as indigenous styles blended with the two dominant foreign traditions. It also discusses how existentialist works came to the Philippines in the 1950s following the deaths of Ramon Magsaysay and Claro Recto, leaving the cultural scene open to more US influence. This period saw Filipino writers exploring identity and developing a uniquely Filipino literary tradition by combining multiple influences.
Social System of Pre-Colonial Period in the PhilippinesAnne Valino
Prepared by: Anne Mariz Valino
Compilation of Articles: Bonita Montina Jusay
Central Luzon State University
College Of Veterinary Science and Medicine
Subject: History 100
This document discusses the nature and morality of human acts. It defines human acts as actions that are consciously and freely done, requiring knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness. Human acts are distinguished from acts of man, which are actions beyond one's consciousness and control. The morality of a human act depends on its object, intention, and circumstances. Some acts are intrinsically evil regardless of intention due to their object. To determine the morality of an act, one must consider whether the object, intention, and circumstances together are good or bad.
1. Art is defined as a craft or specialized skill in Latin. It involves experience rather than just facts.
2. Art is assumed to be universal, spanning generations and continents, with age not determining whether something is art. Works are enjoyed for their beauty rather than just their age.
3. Art is also assumed not to be nature itself but rather a human expression and interpretation of nature. Art represents a perception or view of reality directed by the artist.
Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Laguna to a wealthy family. He was a gifted student from a young age, excelling in his studies and showing a talent for art and languages. He was taught at home by his mother initially before attending private schools. Rizal later studied medicine in Manila, Madrid and Paris, earning his medical degree. Throughout his childhood and education, Rizal demonstrated an intense curiosity and desire to learn.
This document discusses the origins of the early inhabitants of the Philippines based on three sources of information:
1) The biblical story of creation describes the first man and woman originating from Adam and Eve. Some believe the first settlers were Tharsis and his brothers.
2) The theory of evolution proposes that early Filipinos descended from apelike creatures thousands of years ago. Scientists believe people migrated in waves, including short Negritos 25,000 years ago, taller Indonesians 5,000 years ago, and Malays 2,000 years ago who established a more advanced culture.
3) Legends and folktales like the Story of Malakas and Maganda and the Story of the Brown People
1. Historians and archaeologists study artifacts and other evidence to reconstruct prehistoric life before writing was developed. Artifacts are objects made by people that provide clues about their tools, weapons, clothing and other aspects of daily life.
2. Geography influences how people live by determining what resources are available based on location and environment. Scarcity of resources in an area can affect things like economic systems and prices.
3. A civilization is a highly organized society with cities, economic and political systems, religions, job specialization, public works, writing, and cultural achievements like art and architecture.
Pay Someone to Write My Assignment | do my assignment#essaywriting
Pay Someone to Write My Assignment" – Need help with assignments? Entrust your tasks to professionals! Our service offers expert writers ready to craft high-quality assignments tailored to your needs. Save time, reduce stress, and achieve academic success. Get personalized assistance today and excel in your studies hassle-free!
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Seeking academic relief? Pay someone to write your assignment and alleviate stress. Entrust tasks to professionals for top-quality results. Enjoy peace of mind knowing experts handle your workload. Achieve academic success without sacrificing time or sanity. Invest in tailored solutions and experience academic excellence effortlessly.
This document discusses sources and importance of history. It defines history and provides examples of definitions. It outlines key sources of historical information including oral traditions, historical sites, written records, and archives. It describes functions, advantages and limitations of oral traditions, historical sites, and written records as sources. Studying history is important as it allows understanding of how societies developed, cultural and technological advancements, and skills like critical thinking. History provides context to understand the present and predict the future.
Guide for students on the value of l cert historysiobhanpdst
The document provides an overview of the value of studying history for the Leaving Certificate. It discusses 10 main benefits: 1) history helps understand modern issues by providing context, 2) it increases awareness of human behavior and how societies change over time, 3) it fosters cultural appreciation and identity, 4) it develops ICT skills through online historical resources, 5) it cultivates skills valued by employers like independent thinking, 6) it sharpens communication skills like argumentation, 7) it builds research abilities through analyzing varied sources, 8) it enhances analytical skills like evaluating bias, 9) it allows studying topics from many perspectives, and 10) it offers opportunities to specialize or conduct local research.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to history and historical sources. It defines history as the study of the past based on written documents. It distinguishes between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials created during the period under study by eyewitnesses or participants. Secondary sources are analyses and interpretations of primary sources created later. The document lists different types of primary sources like published documents, unpublished documents, oral histories, and visual artifacts. It provides guidelines for evaluating both primary and secondary sources. The document emphasizes that both types of sources are important for historical research but primary sources are more credible evidence.
The term resource mobilization refers to all activities undertaken by an organization to secure new and additional financial, human and material resources to advance its mission. Inherent in efforts to mobilize resources is the drive for organizational sustainability.
Resource mobilization refers to all activities involved in securing new and additional resources for your organization. It also involves making better use of, and maximizing, existing resources. Resource mobilization is often referred to as ‘New Business Development’. The figure below shows how New Business Opportunities – which are intended to mobilize resources – form part of an organization’s overall functioning.
Why is resource mobilization so important?
Resource mobilization is critical to any organization for the following reasons:
1. Ensures the continuation of your organization’s service provision to clients
2. Supports organizational sustainability
3. Allows for improvement and scale-up of products and services the organization currently provides
4. Organizations, both in the public and private sector, must be in the business of generating new business to stay in business
What is meant by sustainability?
Although sustainability is often identified with having sufficient funds to cover an organization’s activities, it is actually a broader concept. There are three fundamental streams of sustainability: institutional, financial and programmatic. Each is vital to the survival of an organization. Below are the definitions of these three areas of sustainability:
Programmatic sustainability. The organization delivers products and services that respond to clients’ needs and anticipates new areas of need. Its success enables expansion of its client base.
Institutional sustainability. The organization has a strong, yet flexible structure and accountable, transparent governance practices. Its structure and good governance allows it to respond to the shifting priorities of its supporters and to new responsibilities toward its clients, while creating a positive work climate for its staff.
Financial sustainability. The organization draws on various sources of revenue, allowing it to support its ongoing efforts and to undertake new initiatives.
Figure 2 below shows how all of these streams of sustainability are exercised in an organization. The strategic plan is the anchor, in which an organization’s programs, structure and systems, as well as financials are reviewed and new business opportunities are identified. These new directions or new business opportunities are then pursued using a distinct resource mobilization strategy, such as writing proposals, submitting grant applications, or drafting business cases or business plans. All of these instruments are designed to showcase an organization’s programs, institutional structure, and financial health.
What are the 5 basic resources?
What are the five key resources you need for your business?
• Financial Resources.
• Physical re
History is the study of past societies and their developments over time. It examines what happened in the past, when, and how through analyzing evidence. Studying history helps understand the present by tracing the causes and effects between past and present. It also helps interpret current problems more accurately by showing how societies evolved over time. Examining "innumerable biographies" within their proper social and human contexts demonstrates how people have developed and advanced societies through history.
Inquiry "History and the Cheeseburger" by Simon Corvan, All Hallows' SchoolAnne Weaver
This was a presentation organised by the Brisbane Subcommittee of the School Library Association of QLD at St Rita's College in Brisbane, on August 8th. It looks at the nature of History inquiry in the Australian Curriculum and how teacher-librarians can support this.
The document provides an overview of history as a subject. It defines history as the study of past events and changes in society over time. The importance of history is discussed, noting that it allows people to understand the present and make better decisions by learning from the past. Two key concepts in history are explained: substantive or "first order" concepts that refer to the actual content, and procedural or "second order" concepts that allow for a deeper understanding of history. Examples of applying these concepts to analyze the French Revolution are provided, such as using unique concepts like King Louis XVI and organizational concepts like Napoleon Bonaparte.
This document discusses how technology can enhance student learning of statistics if teachers select tools they understand how to use effectively. It notes that technology should be chosen based on its interactivity, ease of use, and ability to facilitate collaborative learning while considering students' capacity to grasp the tools. The article directly relates to the author's research question about students' receptiveness to different technological aids.
The extreme history project foundations 2011 Marsha Fulton
The Extreme History Project is a public history organization whose aim is to facilitate building bridges between communities by examining their shared histories, often on the sites where that history occurred.
The document summarizes the key differences between Greek and Christian approaches to history. For the Greeks, history was a chronological account of past events explained through human actions and natural causes. Christians viewed history as demonstrating God's dealings with humanity and a source of religious truth, even for events long past. While the purposes of history differed, both traditions analyzed sources and events through their own presuppositions about causality and meaning.
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Essay On Importance Of Female Education.pdfPamela Brown
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Similar to Philippinehistory pre-colonial-period-2 (1) (20)
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Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
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Philippinehistory pre-colonial-period-2 (1)
1. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Pre-Colonial PeriodPre-Colonial Period
Arts & LettersArts & Letters
University of Santo TomasUniversity of Santo Tomas
ManilaManila
Prepared by:Prepared by:
Mr. Ernie Ronel T. MabahagueMr. Ernie Ronel T. Mabahague
3. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-the-Philippine-history
What is the importance of the Philippine
history?
“One useful analogy is to think of a country as a person, and its history
as the person's memories and experiences. A person learns, grows,
and matures based on his experiences. Good experiences serve as his
source of pride and confidence, while bad experiences serve as his
source of learning. The important thing is the person should process
these experiences and apply the lessons to what he plans for in the
future, History works the same way for a country. By understanding,
learning, and processing our experiences as a nation, we obtain
"national pride" from our good experiences and, hopefully, learn from
our bad ones.”
4. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-the-Philippine-history
What is the importance of the Philippine
history?
History, obviously, has a great impact on the present. It
explains why are we in certain situation and what events
led to that situation.
If History is taken with just dates and events then it is
limited and may not truly answer the "why".
If History, taken with a multidisciplinary approach then it
can explain a lot as you are looking under different lenses
such as Psychology, Political Science, Sociology,
Economics, among others.
5. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-the-Philippine-history
What is the importance of the Philippine
history?
•If we know and understand the reasons behind the smalls events that led to
our "current" situation then we may know how to solve our that situation.
For example, the "current" situation of OFWs working for other countries,
What caused them to become an OFW?
Here is just a list of possible reasons for being an OFW
Low Wage, e. i. not enough to support family
•No work available
•No educational attainment (e.g. only finished High School)
We can trace those reasons to other situations that led to that event,
6. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-the-Philippine-history
What is the importance of the Philippine
history?
We can trace those reasons to other situations that led to that event,
Economics: From micro events such as no money for college to macro
events such as the economy crashed or it is bad to begin with.
Sociology: We can also say that many are attracted to become OFWs
because others are doing it.
Psychology: Being an OFW may only be the last resort in order to
satisfy the needs of the family.
Political Science: In terms of the concept of power, a higher authority
such as a parent may then coerced that person to become an OFW.
(This stretches PoliSci far but this is only used as an example).
7. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-the-Philippine-history
What is the importance of the Philippine
history?
Note that History is just a lens to understand
society. The others "lens" include disciplines such
as the ones mentioned above.
A multidisciplinary approach is the best way to
understand the reasons behind our current
situation, history is just one of those approaches.
8. https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/archives/why-study-history-(1998)
• History Helps Us Understand People
and Societies
• history offers a storehouse of information about
how people and societies behave
• The past causes the present, and so the future.
Any time we try to know why something
happened—whether a shift in political party
dominance in the American Congress, a major
change in the teenage suicide rate, or a war in
the Balkans or the Middle East—we have to look
for factors that took shape earlier.
10. https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/archives/why-study-history-(1998)
• The Importance of History in Our Own
Lives
• History well told is beautiful.
• Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and
societies have actually functioned, and they prompt
thoughts about the human experience in other times and
places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire
people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct
quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate,
present-day utility.
21. https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/archives/why-study-history-(1998)
• What Skills Does a Student of History
Develop?
• The Ability to Assess Evidence. The study of
history builds experience in dealing with and assessing various
kinds of evidence—the sorts of evidence historians use in shaping
the most accurate pictures of the past that they can. Learning how
to interpret the statements of past political leaders—one kind of
evidence—helps form the capacity to distinguish between the
objective and the self-serving among statements made by present-
day political leaders.
23. https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/archives/why-study-history-(1998)
• What Skills Does a Student of History
Develop?
• The Ability to Assess Conflicting
Interpretations. Learning history means gaining
some skill in sorting through diverse, often conflicting
interpretations. Understanding how societies work—the
central goal of historical study—is inherently imprecise,
and the same certainly holds true for understanding what
is going on in the present day.
24. https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/archives/why-study-history-(1998)
• What Skills Does a Student of History
Develop?
Learning how to identify and evaluate conflicting
interpretations is an essential citizenship skill for which
history, as an often-contested laboratory of human
experience, provides training. This is one area in which
the full benefits of historical study sometimes clash with
the narrower uses of the past to construct identity.
Experience in examining past situations provides a
constructively critical sense that can be applied to
partisan claims about the glories of national or group
identity.
25. https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/archives/why-study-history-(1998)
• What Skills Does a Student of History
Develop?
xperience in Assessing Past Examples of
Change. Experience in assessing past examples of
change is vital to understanding change in society today
—it's an essential skill in what we are regularly told is our
"ever-changing world." Analysis of change means
developing some capacity for determining the magnitude
and significance of change, for some changes are more
fundamental than others.
28. Pre-Colonial Philippines
A. Society
1. Mode of Dressing
2. Ornaments
3. Houses
4. Social Classes
5. Status of Women
6. Marriage customs
7. Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and
Succession
29. Pre-Colonial Philippines
B. Politics
1. Government
2. Laws
3. Legislation
4. Judicial Process
5. Trial by Ordeal
C. Religion
1. Religious Beliefs
2. Burial
3. Divination and Ma
30. Pre-Colonial Philippines
D. Economic Life
1. Agriculture
2. Livestock
3. Fishing
4. Mining
5. Lumbering and Shipbuilding
6. Weaving
7. Trade
E. Culture
1. Languages
2. System of Writing
3. Literature
4. Music and Dance
5. Art
31. Long before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of
their own. This civilization partly came
from the Malay settlers and partly from
their response to the new environment.
Many of these customs and traditions,
government and way of life, have come
down to the present day, despite the
changes brought about by westernization
and modernization. This is why it is
possible to know about our distant past by
simply observing some customs and
practices that have resisted change and
modernization.
32. Society
Philippine pre-colonial society is both
different and the same as in the present.
Some aspects of the pre-colonial period
have survived into our time. The following
is a description of the way of life of pre-
colonial Filipinos.
33. Mode of Dressing
• male attire was composed of the
kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and
bahag (loincloth)
• the color of the kanggan indicates
rank – red for the chief, black or
blue for the commoners
• men also wear a turban called
putong, which also tell the social
status/achievement of the
individual wearing it
• female attire consisted of baro or
camisa (jacket with sleeves) and
saya or patadyong (a long skirt);
some women wore a piece of red
or white cloth on top of their skirt
called tapis
Bogobo man & woman
Kalinga & subuanon women
35. Ornaments
• men and women wore ornaments to
look attractive
• both wear kalumbiga, pendants,
bracelets, and leglets
• these ornaments were made of gold
• some wore gold fillings between the
teeth
• tattoos were also fashionable for some
pre-colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit
a man’s war record
• Islas del Pintados – term coined by the
Spaniards for the Visayans
37. Houses
• built to suit the tropical
climate
• called bahay kubo, made of
wood, bamboo, and nipa
palm; it was built on stilts and
can be entered through
ladders that can be drawn up
• some Filipinos, such as the
Kalingas, Mandayas and
Bagobos built their houses
on treetops
• others, such as the Badjaos,
built their houses on boats
38. Social Classes
• the society was made up of
three classes: nobles
(made up of the datu and
their families), mahadlika
or maharlika (freemen) and
the alipin (dependents)
• members of the nobility
were addressed with the
title Gat or Lakan among
the Tagalogs
39. • alipin or dependents acquired their status by
inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle
debts, or by committing a crime
• there were two kinds of dependents: aliping
namamahay and aliping sagigilid
• in the Visayas,
dependents
were of three
kinds : tumataban,
tumarampok, and
the ayuey
Maguindanao Sultan, nobles &
Alipins
40. Status of Women
• women in pre-colonial Philippine society
had the right to inherit property, engage in
trade and industry, and succeed to the
chieftainship of the barangay in the
absence of a male heir
• had the exclusive right to name their
children
• men walked behind them as a sign of
respect
41. Marriage customs
• men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are
called asawa, while concubines are called “friends”
• in order to win the hand of his lady, the man has to show
his patience and dedication to both the lady and her
parents
• courtship usually begins with paninilbihan
• if the man wins the trust of the parents, he does not
immediately marry the woman, but he has to satisfy
several conditions:
- give a dowry or bigay-kaya
- pay the panghihimuyat
- pay the wet nurse bigay-suso
- pay the parents himaraw
- bribe for the relatives called sambon (among the
Zambals)
42. • once he had settled all of the above
requirements, he brings his parents to meet with
the bride-to-be’s parents to haggle and make
the final arrangements; this is called
pamamalae or pamamanhikan or
pamumulungan
• the wedding ceremonies vary depending on the
status of the couple; but normally, those from
the upper class, a go-between was employed
• weddings are officiated by the priestess or
babaylan
• uncooked rice is thrown on the couple after the
wedding ceremony
45. • Muslim Filipinos have similar marriage customs; the
first stage was called pananalanguni or bethrothal; it
was followed by the consultation with the girl’s parents,
who relays their decision to the village chief, who in turn
informed the suitor’s parents of the decision
• dowry was also settled by the chief (pedsungud). This
was of seven kinds: 1. kawasateg, money given to the
bride’s close relatives; 2. siwaka, brassware given to
those who helped arrange the wedding; 3. enduatuan,
brassware or animals for the village chief; 4.
pangatulian, jewelry given to the bride’s mother and
aunts; 5. tatas, blade given to the girl’s uncle; 6.
langkad, money given to the girl’s parents as fine for
having bypassed the girl’s elder sister if she had any;
and 7. lekat, amount of money given to the girl’s
attendant.
46. • once everything is settled, the pegkawing, or the
wedding ceremony follows
• the wedding ceremony is officiated by the hadji
• six days of festivities followed, and only on the
seventh day could the couple sleep together
Muslim
wedding
47. Mixed Marriages, Inheritance and Succession
• mixed marriages were allowed in pre-colonial
society
• the status of children were dependent upon the
status of the parents
• often, the status of children in mixed marriages
is divided evenly between the parents
• single children of mixed marriage were half-free
and half-dependent
• legitimate children inherited their parents’
property even without any written will and was
divided equally among the children
48. • natural children inherited only a third of the
inheritance of legitimate children
• children of dependent mothers are given
freedom and a few things
• nearest relatives inherit the property of
childless couples
• in succession, the first son of the
barangay chieftain inherits his father’s
position; if the first son dies, the second
son succeeds their father; in the absence
of male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that
becomes the chieftain
50. Government
• unit of government was the barangay,
which consisted of from 30 to 100 families.
The term came from the Malay word
balangay, meaning boat
• barangays were headed by chieftains
called datu
• the subjects served their chieftain during
wars, voyages, planting and harvest, and
when his house needs to be built or
repaired; they also paid tributes called
buwis
52. • the chief or datu was the chief executive, the
legislator, and the judge; he was also the
supreme commander in times of war
• alliances among barangays were common and
these were formalized in a ritual called
sangduguan
• conflicts between or
among barangays
were settled by
violence; those who
win by force is
always right
53. Laws
• were either customary (handed down from
generation to generation orally) or written
(promulgated from time to time as necessity
arose)
• dealt with various subjects such as inheritance,
property rights, divorce, usury, family relations,
divorce, adoption, loans, etc.
• those found guilty of crimes were punished either
by fine or by death; some punishments can be
considered as torture by modern standards
• however, it must be noted that ancients did not
believe in endangering society by letting loose a
gang of thieves of recidivists who are incapable
of reform
54. Legislation
• before laws are made, the chief consults
with a council of elders who approved of
his plan
• they are not immediately enforced until the
new legislation is announced to the village
by the umalohokan, who also explains the
law to everyone
55. Judicial Process
• disputes between individuals were settled by a
court made up of the village chief and the
council of elders; between barangays, a board
made up of elders from neutral barangays acted
as arbiter
• the accused and the accuser faced each other in
front of the “court” with their respective
witnesses
• both took an oath to tell the truth; most of the
time, the one who presents the most witnesses
wins the case
• if the losing party contests the decision, he is
bound to lose in the end because the chief
always take the side of the winner
56. Trial by Ordeal
• to determine the innocence of an accused,
he is made to go through a number of
ordeals which he must pass
• examples include dipping one’s hand in
boiling water, holding a lighted candle that
must not be extinguished, plunging into a
river and staying underwater for as long as
possible, chewing uncooked rice and
spitting, etc.
• among the Ifugaos, ordeal by combat was
common, i.e. bultong (wrestling), alaw (duel)
59. Religious Beliefs
• pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the immortality
of the soul and in life after death
• they also believed in the existence of a number
of gods whom they worship and made offerings
to according to rank
• i.e. Bathalang Maykapal (Creator), Idinayale
(god of agriculture), Sidapa (god of death),
Balangaw (rainbow god), Mandarangan (war
god), Agni (fire god) Lalahon (goddess of
harvest), Siginarugan (god of hell), Diyan
Masalanta (goddess of love), etc.
61. • also showed respect for animals and
plants like the crocodile, crow,
tigmamanukin; some trees were not also
cut because they were thought to be
divine
• diseases were thought to be caused by
the temper of the environmental spirits
• Filipinos also venerated the dead by
keeping alive their memory by carving
idols of stone, gold or ivory called likha or
larawan; food, wine and other things were
also shared with the dead
62. • adored idols called anitos or diwatas to
whom they made offerings
• some anitos were considered bad;
however, they made offerings to them too
in order to appease them or placate their
anger
• priestesses such as the babaylan/ baylana
or katalona acted as mediums to
communicate with these spirits
63. Burial
• the dead was placed in a wooden coffin
and buried under the house complete with
cloth, gold and other valuable things
• upon the death of the person, fires were
made under the house and armed men
acted as sentinels to guard the corpse
from sorcerers
• professional mourners were hired to
accentuate the depth of mourning
64.
65. • sometimes, the relatives of the dead wore
rattan bands around their arms, legs and
necks and they abstained from eating
meat and drinking wine
• the ancients distinguished mourning for a
woman from that of a man – morotal (for
women) and maglahi (for men)
• mourning for a dead chief is called laraw,
and this was accompanied by certain
prohibitions like engaging in petty
quarrels, wars, carrying daggers with hilts
in the normal position, singing in boats
coming from the sea or river, and wearing
loud clothes
66.
67. • some ancients fasted and limited their
nutrition to vegetables; among the
Tagalogs, this is called sipa
• relatives of the dead who was murdered
would not end their mourning until they
have exacted vengeance or balata
• the celebration held on the ninth night
after the death of the person is called
pasiyam, in which a play called tibaw is
staged to honor the dead
68. Divination and Magic Charms
• ancient Filipinos are quite superstitious
and put much stock into auguries, and
magic charms
• they interpreted signs in nature like the
flight of birds, the barking of dogs, the
singing of lizards, and the like, as good or
bad omens depending on the
circumstances
• they also consulted with the pangatauhan,
or soothsayers, to tell their fortunes
69. • there was also a belief in the existence of
the aswang, mangkukulam,
manggagaway, tiyanak, and the tikbalang
• amulets and charms were also used by
the ancients like the anting-anting,
gayuma, odom or tagabulag, wiga or
sagabe, and tagahupa
• these beliefs were not eradicated with the
coming of Western civilization and most of
them were practiced behind the backs of
the Christian missionaries
• the result was a blending of pagan and
Christian beliefs that made Filipino
Catholicism unique
72. Agriculture
• main source of livelihood
• rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp,
bananas, oranges, and many species of
fruits and vegetables were grown
• done in two ways : kaingin system (slash
and burn) and tillage
• when the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, they noted that Cebu and
Palawan were abundant in many
agricultural foodstuffs
73.
74.
75. • agricultural productivity was enhanced
by use of irrigation ditches like those
found in the Ifugao Rice Terraces
• landholding was either public (less
arable land that could be tilled freely by
anyone) and private (rich and
cultivated lands belonging to nobles
and datus)
• some rented land and paid in gold or in
kind
76.
77. • the daily fare consisted of rice and boiled
fish, or sometimes pork or venison,
carabao or wild buffalo meat
• fermented the sap of palm trees and drank
it as liquor called tuba
Livestock
• Pre-colonial Filipinos raised chickens,
pigs, goats, carabaos, and small native
ponies
78. Fishing
• was a thriving industry for those who live
in the coast or near rivers and lakes
• various tools for fishing such as nets,
bow and arrow, spear, wicker basket,
hooks and lines, corrals and fish poisons
were used
• pearls fisheries also abound in Sulu
79. Mining
• comparatively developed before the coming of the
Spaniards
• the ancients mined gold in many parts of the archipelago
and were traded throughout the country and with other
countries
Fishing
with bow
& arrow
80. Lumbering and Shipbuilding
• were flourishing
industries
• Filipinos were said to be
proficient in building
ocean-going vessels
• all kinds of boats or
ships were built, which
the Spaniards later call
banca, balangay, lapis,
caracoa, virey, vinta and
prau
81.
82. Weaving
• home industry
that was
dominated
by women
• using crude
wooden looms,
textiles such as
sinamay from hemp, medrinaque from
banana, cotton, linen, and silk, were woven
83. Trade
• was conducted between or among barangays, or
even among the islands
• there was trade too with other countries such as
China, Siam, Japan, Cambodia, Borneo,
Sumatra, Java, and other islands of old Malaysia
• did not use any currency but conducted trade
through barter
• sometimes, goods were priced in terms of gold
or metal gongs
• Chinese traders noted that Filipinos were very
honest in their commercial transactions
84.
85. Philippine pre-colonial culture was basically
Malayan in structure and form. They had
written language which was used not just
for communication but also for literary
expression. They also had music and
dances for almost all occasions and a wide
variety of musical instruments that shows
their ingenuity.
Culture
86. Languages
• there are more than one hundred
languages in the Philippines, eight of
which are considered major languages.
They are: Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan,
Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,
Samarnon or Samar-Leyte, and
Magindanao
87.
88. • these languages are descended from
Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian
language
• the differences might be accounted for the
need to forming new words and phrases to
fit the new environment
• many of the words or terms in Filipino
languages were derived from Malayan
89.
90. System of Writing
• before the arrival of the Spaniards,
Filipinos used a syllabary which was
probably of Sanskrit or Arabic provenance
• the syllabary consisted of seventeen
symbols, of which three were vowels and
fourteen consonants
• no one is certain about the direction of
writing
• Fr. Pedro Chirino’s theory is that the
ancients wrote from top to bottom and
from left to right
91.
92. • pre-colonial Filipinos wrote on bark of
trees, on leaves and bamboo tubes, using
their knives and daggers, pointed sticks or
iron as pens and the colored saps of trees
as ink
• only a few of this writings survive into the
present because early Spanish
missionaries destroyed many manuscripts
on the ground that they are the work of the
Devil himself
• some pieces of literature, however, have
been handed down to us orally
93. Laguna Copperplate Inscription
By Hector Santos
http://isanghamahal.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html
Antoon Postma, a Dutch national who has lived most of his life among the Mangyans
in the Philippines and the director of the Mangyan Assistance & Research Center in
Panaytayan, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, was able to translate the writing. His effort
is all the more remarkable when you consider that the text was in a language similar
to four languages (Sanskrit, Old Tagalog, Old Javanese, and Old Malay) mixed
together…
The text was written in Kavi, a mysterious script which does not look like the ancient
Tagalog script known as baybayin or alibata. Neither does it look similar to other
Philippine scripts still used today by isolated ethnic minorities like the Hanunóos and
the Buhids of Mindoro, and the Tagbanwas of Palawan. It is the first artifact of pre-
Hispanic origin found in the Philippines that had writing on copper material…
Postma's translation provides a lot of exciting surprises. Like most other copperplate
documents, it gives a very precise date from the Sanskrit calendar which
corresponds to 900 A.D. in our system. It contains placenames that still exist around
the Manila area today. It also lists the names of the chiefs of the places mentioned.
The placenames mentioned prove the Philippine connection of the LCI. The names
are still recognizable today although almost eleven centuries have passed since the
document was issued. The placenames are Pailah (Paila), Tundun (Tundo), Puliran
(Pulilan), Binwangan (Binwangan), Dewata (Diwata), and Medang (Medang)…
95. • Translation of LCI1 (1) Hail! In the Saka-year 822; the
month of March-April; according to the astronomer: the
fourth day of the dark half of the moon; on (2) Monday.
At that time, Lady Angkatan together with her relative,
Bukah by name, (3) the child of His Honor Namwran,
was given, as a special favor, a document of full
acquittal, by the Chief and Commander2 of Tundun (4)
representing the Leader of Pailah, Jayade~a.~ This
means that His Honor Namwran, through the Honorable
Scribe4 (5) was totally cleared of a salary-related5 debt
of 1 kati and 8 suwarna (weight of gold): in the presence
of His Honor the Leader of Puliran
96. • (6) Kasumuran; His Honor the Leader of Pailah,
representing Ganasakti; (and) His Honor the Leader (7)
of Binwangan, representing Bisruta. And, with his whole
family, on orders of the Chief of Dewata (a), representing
the Chief of Mdang, because of his loyalty as a subject
(slave?)' of the Chief, therefore all the descendants (9) of
his Honor Namwran have been cleared of the whole debt
that His Honor owed the Chief of Dewata. This
(document) is (issued) in case (10) there is someone,
whosoever, some time in the future, who will state that
the debt is not yet acquitted of His Honor. . .
97. • It seems that,the Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription (LCI) can be
• considered the oldest calendardated Philippine "document" existing
• at present in the Philippines, predating the Pigafetta account by some
• 620 years. It also seems that the Philippines, or part of it, under
• whatever name, can now take its rightful place on the tenth Century
• map of Southeast Asia, in the presence of the Kingdoms of Sriwijaya
• (Sumatera), Mataram (Java), Angkor (Kampuchea), and the
• Cham Dynasty (Vietnam).
• De Casparis called the LCI: "One of the most important discoveries
• of late," because the Philippines has now been freed from its pre
• Spanish isolation, a well-organized form of government based on
• customary law has been shown to exist for more than a thousand
• years, and an important link in the history of the Malay (and the
• Tagalog) languages has been established.
98. Literature
• pre-colonial literature may be classified into :
floating or oral and written literature
• Tagalogs have the bugtong (riddle), suliranin
and indulanin (street songs), sabi (maxim),
sawikain (saying), talindaw (boat songs), diyuna
(song of revelry), kumintang (war song which
evolved into a love song), dalit and umbay
(dirge), tagumpay, balikungkong, dupayinin and
hiliraw (war songs), uyayi and hele (lullabies),
ihiman (bridal song), tagulaylay (mournful song),
tigpasin (rowing song), tingad (household song),
and kutang-kutang (couplets usually chanted by
the blind)
99. • songs, dance and the drama probably
developed simultaneously
• most of the pre-colonial drama was held in
the sambahan or places of worship
• these dealt with various subjects including
love, war, legends, the memory of the
deceased, and war heroes
100. • dramas developed into different forms
such as the pagbati, karagatan, tagayan,
pananapatan, sabalan, and tibaw
• the karagatan was a debate in verse in
which a problem is resolved; it developed
into the duplo during the Spanish period
and then into the balagtasan in 1924
during the American period
• tibaw on the other hand is perform during
the pasiyam
101. • Maranaw literature, inspired by Islam,
consisted of tutul (folk tale), tubad-tubad
(short love poems), pananaro-on (sayings
and proverbs), sowa-sowa-i (drama),
antoka (riddle or puzzle), and darangan
(epic poetry)
• Ilocano literature, for its part, has many
kinds of songs sung on different
occasions; this include dal-ot (song during
baptismal party, wedding, or a feast),
badeng (love song sung in a serenade),
and dung-aw (dirge)
102. • Filipinos were fond of composing epic
poetry, which is why the country is unique
for having more than twenty epic poems.
Examples of this are Hudhud and Alim
(Ifugao), Biag ni Lam-Ang (The Life of
Lam-Ang / Ilocano), Bantugan, Indarapatra
at Sulayman, and
Bidasari
(Moslems)
Igorots
reciting
Hudhud
103. Princess Bidasari story is like Snow White’s
Princess
Lanawen
to be won
by Prince
Bantugan
Indarapata &
Sulayman
104. Music and Dance
• Filipinos are naturally fond of both music
and dance, and usually, whenever
music is played, it is accompanied by
dance
105. • some examples of pre-colonial musical
instruments include kudyapi (Tagalog), bansic
or a cane with four holes and gangsa or a small
guitar (Negritos of Luzon), abafii a Malay music
instrument (Igorots), gongs, Jews harp, bamboo
flute, kutibeng or a guitar
with five strings (Ilocano),
kalaleng or a nose flute
and diwdiw-as or pan
pipe made of seven
bamboos reeds
(Tinguians)
106.
107. • examples of the native dances, which
depict different events include Potato
Dance, Torture Dance, Duel Dance,
Lovers Dance (Negritos); macasla dance
(Tagbanua), kinnotan or ant’s dance and
the kinnallogong or hat dance (Ilocano);
balitaw and dandansoy (Visayan);
balatong, dalit, hiliraw, kutang-kutang,
lulay, indulanin, kumintang, salampati,
tagulaylay, subli, barimbaw, and tagayan
(Tagalog)
108. • this shows that Filipinos
have songs and dances for
almost all occasions and
because of their frequent
association, their social
organization was more well-
knit than it is today
109. Art
• first glimpse can be seen in primitive tools
and weapons that were polished along
the lines of leaves and petals of flowers
• can also be seen in beads, amulets,
bracelets, and other ornaments made of
jade, red cornelian, and other stones
• dyed and ornamented their barkcloth with
designs of attractive colors
110. • in the Iron Age, aside from armlets,
bracelets, rings, and headbands, tattoos
also became fashionable; metals and
glass also came into use; weaving
became a preoccupation for women;
weapons were manufactured with designs
on their handles; pottery with incised
designs were made; and carvings made of
wood, bone, ivory or horn were also done
not only for the use of the living but also of
the dead
112. • the zigszag designs on ancient lime tubes
and the ornamental carvings on combs
reflect Negrito influence
• Indonesian influence can be seen in the
apparel of the Kalingas, Maranaos,
Manobos and Bagobos
• Malay influence can be traced to the wood
carvings found in utensils, boats, and
wooden shields of the people of Sulu,
Mindanao and Mountain Province
114. • Islamic influence can be gleaned from the
ornamental and decorative art of the
Lanao Muslims; most represent geometric
and plant designs because Islam is
iconoclastic
• Ifugao art deals with human and animal
representations but not fish and plant
forms; Ifugao art is functional